All Submission Categories

Prove Np not equal P using Markov Random Field and Boolean Algebra Simplification

Authors: Sing Kuang Tan
Comments: Number of pages is 35

In this paper, we proved that Non-deterministic Polynomial time complexity (NP) is not equal to Polynomial time complexity (P). We developed the Boolean algebra that will infer the solution of two variables of a Non-deterministic Polynomial computation time Markov Random Field. We showed that no matter how we simplified the Boolean algebra, it can never run in Polynomial computation time (NP not equal to P). We also developed proof that all Polynomial computation time multi-layer Boolean algebra can be transformed to another Polynomial computation time multi-layer Boolean algebra where there are only 'Not' operations in the first layer. So in the process of simplifying the Boolean algebra, we only need to consider factorization operations that only assumes only 'Not' operations in the first layer. We also developed Polynomial computation time Boolean algebra for Markov Random Field Chain and 2sat problem represented in Markov Random Field form to give examples of Polynomial computation time Markov Random Field.
Category: General Mathematics

A New Inequality for the Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Ryong Gil Choe
Comments: 16 pages, 2 tables

There have been published many research results on the Riemann hypothesis. In this paper, we first find a new inequality for the Riemann hypothesis on the basis of well-known Robin theorem. Next, we introduce the error terms suitable to Mertens' formula and Chebyshev's function, and obtain their estimates. With such estimates and primorial numbers, we finally prove that the new inequality holds unconditionally.
Category: Number Theory

Classical Explanation of the Planck Formula e = hv and the Large Magnetic Moment of the Electron

Authors: Yefim Bakman
Comments: 7 Pages. 2 figures

The Planck formula was derived on a mathematical basis, and to date, the physical reason for the proportionality of the energy and frequency of a photon has not been explained. With regard to the magnetic moment of an electron, the dominant paradigm cannot explain why a small electron has a larger magnetic moment than a proton. Here, we show that the new paradigm explains both misunderstandings based on the definitions of space and mass.
Category: Classical Physics

Metaphysics

Authors: Emil Gigov
Comments: 2 Pages.

Absolute test of relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gesture Classification using Machine Learning with Advanced Boosting Methods

Authors: Abdurrahim Yilmaz, Dilanur Bayraktar, Melih Akman, Cemre Sahinoglu, Huseyin Uvet
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this paper, a detailed study on gesture classifica- tion using a dataset from Kaggle and optimizing the dataset is presented. The machine learning algorithms, which are SGD, kNN, SVM, MLP, Gaussian Naive Bayes classifier, Random Forest, LightGBM, XGBoost, and CatBoost classifiers, to conduct the research and, are used. The results are compared with each other to conclude which models perform the best in gesture classification. Except for the Gaussian Naive Bayes classifier, all methods resulted in high accuracy.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Non-local Perspective in General Relativity

Authors: Rayd Majeed Al-Shammari
Comments: 33 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

In special relativity speed of light is constant for all observers at any frame of reference but as Einstein proved later in some of his papers. This is not the same case in general relativity, when you have an accelerated frame of reference i.e. a deference in space-time curvature then the speed of light will be constant only for local observers and different for a non-local observers. For example, a distant galaxy away from us by billions of light-years due to the expansion of the universe moving at a velocity higher than the speed of light in relative to us, then if we try to measure the speed of light in that galaxy we should find it higher than the speed of light on our local perspective but it will be equal to the ordinary speed of light if it measured from a local observer in that distance galaxy. For another example a spacecraft using the hypothetical warped space-time drive, then the speed of light inside this spacecraft for the persons inside (i.e. local observers) will be unaffected, but for an outside observer in flat space-time (i.e. nonlocal observer) then the speed of light inside this spacecraft will be unobservable but it’s higher than the local speed of light. So by following this line of work I manage to confirm and develop Einstein's work.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Deriving the Pythagorean Theorem Using Infinitesimal Area

Authors: Russell P. Patera
Comments: 3 Pages.

The Pythagorean Theorem is derived by performing an infinitesimal rotation of a right triangle and using the equation for arc length and the equation for the area of a triangle.
Category: Geometry

Aura Detector based on Luminescence

Authors: Vitaliy Zamsha, Vladimir Shevtsov
Comments: 3 Pages.

Authors proposed some method of the aura detection of the object using photo multiplier device
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Projective Hyperbolic Geometry of Electromagnetic Fields

Authors: John Suss
Comments: 67 Pages.

We show that the e.m. field of a point charge is the acceleration part of a geodesic equation, in the Beltrami-Klein Ball model of hyperbolic geometry,in 3dim velocity space.The result is obtained by assuming that the interval of interaction is timelike instead of null.This gives rise to a formal 4 velocity of interaction and a rest frame for an inertial observer moving with the formal velocity.The geodesic between two points in the tangent space is given by projective velocity 4 vectors or bivectors.The moment of Lienard-Wiechert potential is the geodesic between the velocity of the source charge and the formal velocity of interaction,in bivector form.The Lorentz force is proportional to the geodesic between the velocity of the source charge and that of the interaction,in the rest frame of the test charge.The energy- stress tensor, the field Lagrangian density, the e.m energy density, the e.m. momentum density also have geometricmeanings.The inverse of the field is related to virtual, uniformly accelerated motions,described by a Rindler-like coordinate system.All e.m. entities are finite everywhere and Lorentz covariant.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

An Elementary Proof of Green-Tao Theorem

Authors: Marko V. Jankovic
Comments: 15 Pages.

In this paper an elementary proof of Green-Tao theorem is going to be presented. The proof represents an extension of the proof of the Polignac's conjecture (or twin prime, or Sophie Germain primes conjecture). It will be shown that arithmetic progressions that consist of prime numbers and that are of the length k (k is natural number), could be obtained through k-stage recursive type sieve process, and that their number is infinite.
Category: Number Theory

Prime Generation and Primality Test Using 2x+1 and Summation of a Constant

Authors: Mar Detic
Comments: 3 Pages.

We introduce another way to enumerate primes up to N using 2x+1 and the summation of a constant. By which can also be used for primality test of a given integer.
Category: Number Theory

Geometric Model of Elementary Particles

Authors: Ilya Boldov
Comments: 19 Pages.

The paper shows that the essence of mass as a physical phenomenon in N–dimensional space is a consequence of its extension in N+1 space. Leptons and quarks correspond to the symmetry groups of regular polyhedra in three-dimensional space and their mass is given by the volume of the corresponding polyhedron or the sum of the volumes of the corresponding polyhedrons for hadrons. When the particles decay due to the weak interaction, it is possible that one or more quark-antiquark pairs are born, and the symmetry group changes in the form of quark-lepton oscillation. The formulas for the decays of particles are given in a strict form without magical transformations. An attempt is made to systematize all known elementary particles into tables of quark combinations. The masses of all known elementary particles are calculated from the combined polyhedra.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Date, Price, Valuation, Qualification, Censor, Review, Resolution

Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 11 Pages.

The probable etymology of the Russian bush of words taken as borrowed is considered.
Category: Linguistics

New Scientific Paradigm and Gravity

Authors: Nikitin Aleksandr
Comments: 7 Pages.

The phenomenon of gravity can be cognized and used only on the basis of a new scientific paradigm, in which our world, the moving Cosmos, is the only entity that unites everything. Abstract categories, space, time, matter, etc. invented to describe the motion of the Cosmos, which has only one absolute property — to exist in motion, which is a non-mechanical periodic oscillating process of spherical convergence-divergence (concentration-dispersion) of matter-Cosmos (CDMC) according to the Hubble factor. There is neither long-range action nor short-range action. The movement of matter as a result of energy-mass induction, a material flow that forms a tensor dynamic material-energy field (MEF) with a difference in energy potentials, creates tension-acceleration on equipotential surfaces around material bodies, which determines the gravitational movement of matter.
Category: Astrophysics

Gravity: Phenomenon or Noumenon?

Authors: Nikitin Aleksandr
Comments: 7 Pages. (RUS)

Gravity as a phenomenon or noumenon can be cognized and used solely on the basis of new scientific paradigm, in which our world - the moving Cosmos - is the only entity that unites everything. Cosmos is considered as a tensor material-energy field (MEF). Abstract categories - space, time, matter, etc., were invented to describe the motion of the Cosmos, which has only one absolute property - to exist in motion, which is a non-mechanical periodic process of spherical drain-source (convergence-divergence) of matter-Cosmos to material bodies according to the Hubble-Plank factor, which is the cause of the formation, existence and movement of material bodies. This process of matter drain - material current, forming a difference in energy potentials, creates on equipotential surfaces around material bodies a tension-acceleration a (tensor material-energy field), explaining and gravitational motion of matter.
Category: Astrophysics

Quantum Impedance Matching to Gravitational Waves

Authors: Peter Cameron
Comments: 30 Pages. presented to the recent CERN-sponsored workshop https://cerncourier.com/a/accelerators-meet-gravitational-waves/ [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

Standard practice takes spacetime characteristic impedance to be c^3/G ~ 10^35 kg/s, and assumes that it is scale invariant. However, it is easy to show that this value applies at the Planck length, and not necessarily at scales of interest to the experimentalist. Given that impedance matching governs amplitude and phase of energy/information transmission, quantization of wavefunction interaction impedances is of particular interest in design of storage ring gravitational wave detectors and sources.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Linear and Non-Linear Refractive Indices in Riemannian and Topological Spaces

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: 6 Pages. Written in English, 1 Figure.

The refractive index and curved space relation is formulated using the Riemann-Christoffel curvature tensor. As a consequence of the fourth rank tensor of the Riemann-Christoffel curvature tensor, the refractive index should be a second rank tensor. The second rank tensor of the refractive index describes a linear optics. In case of a non-linear optics, if susceptibility is a fourth rank tensor, then the refractive index is a sixth rank tensor. In a topological space, the linear and non-linear refractive indices are related to the Euler-Poincare characteristic. Because the Euler-Poincare characteristic is a topological invariant then the linear and non-linear refractive indices are also topological invariants.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Mo and Mu, I Can, Anguish, Why, Therefore, Hem, Then

Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 10 Pages.

The probable origin of the bush of related Russian words is considered.
Category: Linguistics

Surface Roughness Measurement and Surface Smoothing Via Phase-Contrast Imaging and Either Grayscale Lithography or Laser Ablation

Authors: Kenneth C. Johnson
Comments: 13 Pages.

Surface roughness can be measured by using a phase-contrast, point-imaging system to measure the surface height at a focal point relative to an average surface height across an area surrounding the point. A scanning process (e.g., raster scanning or turning) is used to construct a surface height profile over an extended area. At the same time, a surface smoothing process can be applied by a grayscale lithographic process in which a photoresist-coated surface is exposed to a laser-writing beam, which is intensity-modulated in response to the surface height measurement. Alternatively, surface smoothing can be effected by direct laser ablation of the surface.
Category: Classical Physics

How To Gain Knowledge By Scientific and Religious Methods

Authors: Morris G. Anderson
Comments: 2 Pages.

We can obtain knowledge through scientific and religious methods. Both techniques require faith and patience built upon desire, belief, hope, and work. The religious method requires much more faith and effort than the scientific approach and enables us to obtain greater knowledge. The methods presented here are derived in part, from the writings of the Prophet Alma, contained in The Book of Mormon, Another Testament of Jesus Christ (see Alma Chapter 32), where he teaches us how to gain knowledge by conducting an experiment. I have learned much by applying these methods to the study of science and engineering. However, the most important knowledge I have obtained is, God lives and Jesus is the Christ! Key definitions are attached.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Teaching, Learning and AI

Authors: Lucian M Ionescu
Comments: 4 Pages.

Teaching and Learning occur concomitantly, with various weights, in any interaction between two systems. In this article we will explore some general aspects, in order to better understand how to plug-in Mathematica, as a mathematical software, to a Math college course, like Calculus III. The role of formal languages, especially adaptive grammars, is emphasized, as the “other side” of the approach focusing on automata.
Category: Education and Didactics

The Analytical Parsing and Crisis of Data Loss of Eyewitness Accounting for Future Social Scientists.

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 2 Pages.

A short discussion on the value of recording observational eyewitness account data and opinions from elderly humans to ensure both event-driven subjective data for future analysis as well as aggregate meta-data.
Category: Social Science

Mathematical-Physical Approach to Prove that the Navier-Stokes Equations Provide a Correct Description of Fluid Dynamics

Authors: Andreas Martin
Comments: 13 Pages.

This publication takes a mathematical approach to a general solution to the Navier-Stokes equations. The basic idea is a mathematical analysis of the unipolar induction according to Faraday with the help of the vector analysis. The vector analysis enables the unipolar induction and the Navier-Stokes equations to be related physically and mathematically, since both formulations are mathematically equivalent. Since the unipolar induction has proven itself in practice, it can be used as a reference for describing the Navier-Stokes equations.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Gravity Visualized Through the Field of Reference Frames Approach

Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 7 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

Einstein’s special theory of relativity, describes a fabric of space-time in which the speed of light is the same for all observers regardless on their inertial frame of reference (might also be referred to as reference frame or frame of reference). Based on that assumption, Einstein concluded in his special theory of relativity that two observers in two separate frames of reference will measure a difference in the flow of time, in length and in the exact time that events occur (relativity of simultaneity). A new approach that will enable to visualize the structure of this unique fabric of space - time in a single four dimensional (4D) image, will be the key to unify gravity with the quantum world.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Seeking String Theory in Free Algebras

Authors: Philip Gibbs
Comments: 7 Pages.

After decades of study, string theory still lacks a formulation which is non-perturbative, background independent and duality invariant. The free Lie algebra can be resolved into cyclic structures which can be mapped onto a closed string-like state in a given background. From this observation the idea that string theories may be reformulated in background free algebraic terms is explored.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Gradient Etherodynamics: Astronomical Phenomena as a Reaction of Matter to the Vortex Motion of the Ether

Authors: Avsharov Evgeny Mikhailovich
Comments: 118 Pages. In Russian [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

What one person calls God, another calls the laws of physics. Nikola Tesla. Nature does not write formulas, she knows neither integrals and differentials, nor divergences and rotors, nor "psi" and "xi" functions, she knows neither masses, nor lengths and times, nor "curved spaces" and "quanta", knows neither religions nor atheism, knows neither "Good" nor "Evil". But she created the most universal - the movement and rotation of the ether - as the primary substance, the environment from which Life is born - from the Proton to the Galaxies, from complete Chaos to highly organized Mind, realizing the main law of the Universe: the Continuous process of the transformation of Ether from nonexistence into Being (Life) and back.
Category: Classical Physics

Gradient Etherodynamics: Gravity and Inertia as a Reaction to the Accelerated Movement of the Ether

Authors: Avsharov Evgeny Mikhailovich
Comments: 25 Pages. In Russian [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Gravitational etheric transformer of the object of gravitation, under the pressure of ether in the external space, creates a laminar centripetal etheric flow, carries out the compression of this vortex flow, the final stage of which is the materialization of protons.
Category: Classical Physics

Gradient Etherodynamics: X-Ray Radiation as a Longitudinal Shock Aetheric Wave

Authors: Avsharov Evgeny Mikhailovich
Comments: 6 Pages. In Russian [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

X-ray characteristic radiation (X-Ray) is the result of the response of an elastic crystal lattice to an external mechanical shock with a short duration, resulting in a spherical longitudinal shock aether * wave with a very steep wavefront. X-ray radiation, from the point of view of "Gradient Aetherodynamics", and taking into account the characteristics of its propagation in the medium, is a superposition of shock longitudinal aetheric waves obtained by mechanical collision of "electrons" on the surface of the crystalline anode.
Category: Classical Physics

Solitons in Cellular Neural Networks

Authors: Makoto Itoh
Comments: 40 Pages.

The two-dimensional autonomous cellular neural networks (CNNs) having one layer or two layers of memristor coupling can exhibit many interesting nonlinear waves and bifurcation phenomena. In this paper, we study the nonlinear waves (solitons) in the one-dimensional CNN difference equations. From our computer simulations, we found that the CNN difference equations can exhibit many interesting behaviors. The most remarkable thing is that the first-order linear CNN difference equation can exhibit a train of solitary waves, if the initial condition is given by the unit step function. Furthermore, the second-order linear CNN difference equation can exhibit soliton-like behavior, if the initial condition is given by a pulse wave. That is, the solitary waves pass through one another and emerge from the collision. Furthermore, the solution exhibits the area-preserving behavior, and it returns exactly to its initial state (the recurrence of the initial state). In the case of the nonlinear CNN difference equation, we observed the following interesting behaviors. In the Korteweg-de Vries CNN difference equation, the three-dimensional plot of the interaction of the solitary waves looks like a chicken cockscomb. In the Toda lattice CNN difference equation, a train of solitary waves with a negative amplitude interact with a train of solitary waves with a positive amplitude, and they emerge from the collisions. Furthermore, after a certain period of time, the solution breaks down. In the Sine-Gordon CNN difference equation, the solution moves at constant speed, and it emerges from the collision. Furthermore, the solution returns the state which is roughly similar to the initial state. In the memristor CNN difference equations, the three-dimensional plots of solitary waves exhibit more complicated (chaotic or distorted) behavior.
Category: Mathematical Physics

A Continuous Gravitational Wave at 404.3 μHz

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 12 Pages.

Continuous gravitational waves are identified by their signatures: The amplitude is constant and the frequency increases slowly. In addition, the Doppler effect as a consequence of the Earth's orbit causes a characteristic phase modulation at 31.69 nHz. The long-term records from eleven superconducting gravimeters in Europe contain a set of spectral lines at 404.3 μHz that meet all three criteria and are likely generated by a gravitational wave. The determined values of frequency deviation and the time of maximum frequency deviation allow the calculation of the ecliptic coordinates of the source of the CGW.
Category: Astrophysics

A Relational Analysis of Quantum Symmetry

Authors: Carl Brannen
Comments: 18 Pages. To be submitted to Foundations of Physics

Carlo Rovelli's ``relational interpretation'' of quantum mechanics tells us that our understanding of quantum states is limited to their interactions with other quantum states. This implies that we have no understanding of the symmetry properties of a state vector except when considered in relation to at least one other state vector. The SU(3)xSU(2)xU(1) symmetry of the Standard Model is derived from their interactions and therefore cannot necessarily be applied to a single state vector. Steven Weinberg showed that mixed density matrices can have symmetries that are not available to state vectors. We explore the symmetry properties of finite symmetry groups for mixed density matrices. Just as mixed density matrices can define mixed states that require multiple state vectors, we find that the symmetries of mixed density matrices define ``mixed symmetries'' that are similar in structure to the symmetry of the Standard Model. We explore the point group symmetries and show one that gives the Standard Model symmetry. With this symmetry, we can generalize the Pauli spin matrices to a set that has irreducible representations matching the Standard Model plus a dark matter candidate.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

It's Time, Earlier, Dust and Ashes, Their Probable Etymology

Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 6 Pages.

The probable origin of Russian words specified in the title is considered
Category: Linguistics

The Field Strength of Subtle Energies Originating from Objects in our Galaxy

Authors: Jeffrey S. Keen
Comments: 20 Pages, 16 Figures, 7 Tables [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form and scholarly norm]

The main challenge in physics today is unifying quantum theory with gravity. This paper forms part of my 37-year study into the physics of Subtle Energies and contributes to the growing belief that the extended mind is involved in solving this problem. Subtle Energies have been known and recorded for thousands of years. They are associated with the Earth, astronomical sources, as well as with life-forms. They criss-cross the landscape, especially around Neolithic stone circles (possibly providing the motivation to build them). They easily pass through large solid objects, even the Earth, without any diminution. Yet to date, there is no explanation or comprehension, as only a few people can feel them, and even less can see them. Furthermore, currently, there are no detectors or accurate meters to measure them. Interestingly, some children under about 10 years old have the inbuilt ability to both see and feel them. Subtle energy beams usually consist of geometric shapes such as lines and spirals. This paper addresses several topics of current academic research into fundamental areas of physics and cosmology that involve the following aspects. The fact that the act of making an observation may affect the results of quantum physics experiments. Hence Noetics - specializing in the intersection of science and human experience. The structure of the universe and the role of Geometry is a more recent topic of growing academic interest. Further research into Entanglement – not only in the quantum world, but in the everyday macro world is also discussed, as is the theory of a “universal consciousness” and “the theory of everything”. Finally, whether there is any connection between subtle energies and dark energy. The interesting conclusions of this paper include unexpected relationships between Subtle Energies, their distances from the Sun, compatibility with general and special relativity, and gravity. These conclusions are supported by further evidence detailed in the Appendices which summarise historical published research in addressing the above aims. They have included experiments involving subtle energy beams created and measured during alignments across the solar system, such as eclipses of the sun and moon, to transits of Neptune and other planets by the moon, as well as the alignment of 3 planets one of which is the Earth. The convincing mathematical evidence extends to the centre of the Galaxy. It is expected that the findings may make a significant contribution to solving many of the above aims.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Backtesting Investigation of Effect of the Optimized S&P 500 Portfolio Diversification with L2 Regularization

Authors: Andrei Keino
Comments: 5 Pages.

The article presents problems related the to long - only optimized (with the help of the Markowitz model) portfolio diversification with L2 regularization. The backtesting for stocks selected from some subset of S&P 500 index for the 2002 - 2019 year interval with Markowitz portfolio optimization with L2 regularization was performed. The expected return was varied from 0.1 to 0.25, the regularization parameter was varied in the range 0.05 - 0.15. The results of backtesting are shown. The geometrical average of annual return for year interval 2002 - 2019, was about 0.13 - 0.14 in all the parameter range. It has been exposed, that the mean annual portfolio return for this year range actually nearly not depends on the expected return and the regularization parameter, if they are changes in aforementioned range, but the minima and the maxima of the annual portfolio return, i.e. the variance of the annual portfolio return, moreover, shows more pronounced dependency on these parameters of the optimized portfolio. The data of the backtesting seems to show the heteroscedasticity of a stock market.
Category: Economics and Finance

Ultimate AI-Memory I

Authors: Ruolin Jiu
Comments: 16 Pages.

A completely new learning rule of neural networks. Similar to the learning rule in the brain, completely different with gradient descent. This learning rule, is the foundation and the key of AI memory, will open a huge growth potential for Artificial Intelligence.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Blat, Reduced Social Responsibility, Sick, Ballet

Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 6 Pages.

The probable etymology of the words specified in the title is considered
Category: Linguistics

Neural Networks and Their Applications in Artificial Intelligence

Authors: Jan Helm
Comments: 45 Pages.

This paper presents in Part1 the basic theory of Neural Networks, and based on the standard (global) backpropagation algorithm, it introduces the local backpropagation algorithm: a layer-recurrent gradient algorithm with layer-specific target-vector. Furthermore in Part2 , it presents calculated application examples for global backpropagation networks, local backpropagation networks and evolving cross-mutated networks.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

One Can not Observe the Impact with Detector the Zero Cross-Section Dark Matter Particle: it is Invisible Matter

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 9 Pages. Submitted to the journal.

The indirect detection of Dark Matter is the gravitational anomalies in the cosmos, e.g. flat rotation curves in galaxies. The leading journals explain the lack of direct detection by the very small Impact Cross Section of the Dark Matter compounds. I argue that in the case of Particle Dark Matter the cross-section is infinitely small, so can never be directly detected. In such a case I would use the term "Dark Matter of Virtual Particles". The representative of it is the hypothetical sterile neutrino. I am not limiting my research by the Particle Dark Matter model.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Multi-Fold Black Holes: Entropy, Evolution and Quantum Extrema

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 16 Pages. All related details of the projects(and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles; that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure, and non-commutative geometry, that is Lorentz invariant, and where spacetime locations, and particles, can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales, and semi-classical models remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. It can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model without new Physics other than gravity. These considerations hint at an even stronger relationship between gravity and the Standard Model. In our original work on multi-fold universe, we derived area laws for black hole, and considerations on the black hole paradoxes. Our analysis of evolution of charged black holes was used to derive a new unification model based on democracy of forces and particles: the Ultimate Unification (UU), significantly different from conventional GUTs. The discrete structure of spacetime, and multi-fold mechanisms, also ensure the absence of gravitational or cosmological singularities Recently, progress has been made with conventional modeling of black holes, and with the AdS/CFT conjecture, it is believed to be very close to demonstrate a resolution (and/or the absence) of the information paradox. Something we had already hinted. Doing so, they also added to the modeling of the interior of black holes based on quantum considerations. Considering how we have so far been able to recover many conventional models in multi-fold universes, typically with variations, factual statements, and physical (and often microscopic) explanations of the effects, this paper is focused on deriving the equivalent model for the interior and evolution of black holes. It includes recovering the Page curve for multi-fold black holes, the quantum extremal surface inside a black hole, and resolution of the information paradox with a solution consistent with the conventional approach, but in 4D, and without dependency on the AdS/CFT correspondence, or the ER=EPR conjectures, and its wormholes. This last statement about dependencies is not totally honest, as the latter two conjectures are inherently factual in multi-fold universes, and multi-fold may be, or correspond to, wormholes. Anecdotally, we also obtain, that black holes behave as if they had singularities, despite the absence of singularity in a multi-fold universe. The quantum extremal surface plays a key role in significant recovery of information, and in explaining the Page curve, although different from conventional models.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Continuum Universe Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Vijay Shankar, Narayanankutty Karuppath
Comments: 9 Pages. submitted to a conference

The measurement problem in quantum mechanics has been a cause of much puzzlement over the years. The very idea of having two different versions of reality for the same system has been a cause for much debate. Often quantum mechanics textbooks follow the ‘shut up and calculate’ paradigm. This denies the opportunity for the common student to understand the consequence of one of the most elegant and beautiful aspects of science. The state of the art textbooks give a purely algebraic, perfunctory and monotonous approach where the real consequence of the system is not fully appreciated. A good reason for this is the considerable deviation of the quantum mechanical process from the commonsensical idea of truth, reality and reason. We tend to look at the world in a materialistic, deterministic, causal and objectivistic way. We tend not to accept a world of contradictions. A quantum measurement is essentially an amalgamation of contradictions, mystery and duality. It encompasses an implicit dependence on subjectivity and contradicts with causality as we know it. We look at the world as in the present. But a quantum mechanical measurement is a prediction of the future influenced by the observer or the measurer. This offers a philosophical and pedagogical conundrum. It poses a challenge on not just how our perception of the world might change in addition to providing a big challenge on how to make it compatible with the other successful theories of physics. The most common text book interpretation of quantum mechanics has been the Copenhagen Interpretation suggests the ‘collapse of the wave function’ as a mechanism of transition between duality. But a more bizarre yet elegant theory, extending quantum formalism to the classical domain, called the Many Worlds Interpretation has been catching up very quickly; it stands for the split of the universe when we make a quantum mechanical measurement. Consequently, reality as we is redefined as a universal wave function which is a superposition of several outcomes, which is incompatible with many of the successful concepts of physics and has several problems like the correct idea about probability or basis. We adapt the idea of the universal wave function, but instead suggest a continuum interpretation of quantum mechanics where the universal wave function represents the entire singular universe and the concept of atoms or electrons as conceptually a continuous part of it rather than a distinct separate entity. Such an interpretation could be compatible with other continuum theories like the Superfluid vacuum theory or the Higgs Field.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Non-linear Generalisation of Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 16 Pages. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Comments and objections are welcome.

A new definition for quantum-mechanical momentum is proposed which yields novel nonlinear generalisations of Schroedinger and Klein-Gordon equations. It is thence argued that the superposition and uncertainty principles as they stand cannot have general validity.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Wave-Function Collapse Discovered Inside-Out

Authors: Eric Stanley Reiter
Comments: 10 Pages.

We present a beam-split coincidence test of the photon model, previously done with visible light, now performed for the first time with gamma-rays. A similar new test is presented using alpha-rays. In both tests, coincidence rates greatly exceed chance, revealing the flaw of quantum mechanics (QM). A newly formulated threshold model predicted this flaw of QM. We use our threshold model to derive equations for effects thought to require conventional quantization. Conventional quantization denies sub-quantum states that are allowed by the threshold model. Our threshold model embraces Planck's second theory of 1911, where he used h as a maximum. We extended Planck's theory by similarly treating e and m so that all three constants of the electron (h, e, m, for action, charge, mass respectively) are realized as maximum threshold-constants. We then use ratios of those constants, like e/m = Qe/m , for the spreading wave. By quantizing the Q's and thresholding h, e, and m, a matter-wave can spread and load to a threshold upon absorption. Therefore, wave-function collapse is avoided. The quantum disconuity is still present. However our two-for-one effect in our experiments identify a pre-loaded state. Such a pre-loaded state reveals that a loading to a threshold is at play instead of a spooky wave-function collapse. We also identify several false assumptions that made any alternative to QM doomed to fail in experiments designed to reveal the distinction. The difficulty of realizing an experimental distinction between an inside-out threshold and quantization is why quantum mechanics maintained such a strong illusion. ER 5, 21, 2021.
Category: Quantum Physics

Theory of 3F4D Universe

Authors: Yogesh Vishwanath Chavan
Comments: 13 Pages. This Theory is Beyond Standard Model of Particle Physics

In this Theory, “Mass is Equivalent to Length of Imaginary Straight Line Segment” and “Direction to Imaginary Line Segment is Intrinsic Property of that Particle which is Equivalent to its Intrinsic Spin”. With this concept, all fundamental particles, Fermions and Bosons are described as Quanta Imaginary String particles with definite direction. For e.g. Unidirectional Imaginary Straight Line with fixed length are Massive Spin ½ Fermions; while Unidirectional Imaginary Quanta Curved Lines are Massless Spin 1 Bosons. Thus, it gives co-relation between Massless (Curved Imaginary Line) and spin = 1 properties of Boson as proved in QED theory. All Fundamental particles of Standard Model and Beyond Standard Model are arranged in one Simple Diagram in 3 Folds (Bottom Fold, Middle Upper and Lower Folds and Top Fold) and are projected in 4th Imaginary Dimension in order of decreased in Mass from TeV to approx. 0 eV. This Theory is Beyond Standard Model because it predicts New Fundamental Particles viz. Dark Matter (Spin=0 Massive Boson) along with Gravitons (Spin=2, Massless Bosons); 4th Pair of Neutrinos, Vertical Massless Boson (VMB) Particles and Tri-Axis Massive Boson (Spin=0) particle. Discovery of these new particles will act as Solid Proof to this theory. With this 3F4D representation of the Universe at atomic and sub-atomic level, it solves lot of current problems of SM of Particle physics like Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry, Origin of mass of hadrons like protons, Origin of mass and L.H. nature for neutrinos, Wave-particle duality of particles etc. giving true insight of fundamental particles. With proving that, Dark matter is not a Quanta Particle, rather it is a Single Entity and spreads/ expands throughout the Universe in the form of “Web of Spider”, it shows space-time is not empty, but it is filled with Continuous lines of Dark Matter and we, materialistic Massive objects are floating/ sailing w.r.t. current of this vast ocean. Correlation of its Continuity with Time, gives new definition to Time: “Time is neither Illusion nor 4th Dimension, but, it represents Continuous Flow of Single Entity, Dark Matter”. Space-Time is not Empty and is filled with Massive Dark Matter, hence, we have to add more terms to Newtonian Gravitational Equation to account for Gravitational Strength of Mass of Surrounding Dark Matter which represents Curvature of Space-Time in terms of Increase in its mass-density w.r.t. to Mass-Density of Flat Universe. Finally, using an Empirical Formula (h=k*c*Q; k=Boltzmann’s Constant=Mass in TeV Range) and Inverse relation of Mass-Density of DM with Age of the Universe (H^2=Constant*G*Mass-Density of DM); Unification of Gravity at TeV is achieved without consideration of “Gravitational Constant, G”, hence, Planck’s Scale is not required.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Proving the Axiom of Choice of Subsets

Authors: Ralf Donau
Comments: 1 Page.

A proof of The Axiom of Choice of Subsets proposed by Antoine Balan.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Note on Compensation for Precision Leveling Networks

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 9 Pages. In French.

In this article, we present some elements on the mode of the adjustment of the closure correction in precision levelling networks.
Category: Geophysics

Hypersphere World-Universe Model: Centre of Our Galaxy

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 25 Pages.

In 1937, Paul Dirac proposed: the Large Number Hypothesis and the Hypothesis of the variable gravitational “constant”; and later added the notion of continuous creation of Matter in the World. The developed Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) follows these ideas, albeit introducing a different mechanism of matter creation. In this paper, we show that WUM is a natural continuation of Classical Physics and it can already serve as a basis for a New Cosmology proposed by Paul Dirac. In 2013, WUM predicted the values of the following Cosmological parameters: gravitational, concentration of intergalactic plasma, and the minimum energy of photons, which were experimentally confirmed in 2015 – 2018. “The Discovery of a Supermassive Compact Object at the Centre of Our Galaxy” (Nobel Prize in Physics 2020) made by Prof. R. Genzel and A. Ghez is a confirmation of one of the most important predictions of WUM in 2013: “Macroobjects of the World have cores made up of the discussed DM particles. Other particles, including DM and baryonic matter, form shells surrounding the cores”.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Mapping Effective Field Theory to Multifractal Geometry

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 20 Pages.

Fractals and multifractals are well-known trademarks of nonlinear dynamics and classical chaos. The goal of this work is to tentatively uncover the unforeseen path from multifractals and selfsimilarity to the framework of effective field theory (EFT). An intriguing finding is that the partition function of multifractal geometry includes a signature analogous to that of gravitational interaction. Our results also suggest that multifractal geometry may offer insights into the non-renormalizable interactions presumed to develop beyond the Standard Model scale.
Category: Mathematical Physics

A Heuristic and Approximate Solution to the Oppermann’s Conjecture

Authors: Salman Mahmud
Comments: 8 Pages.

Here we have shown a heuristic and approximate solution to the unsolved oppermann’s conjecture. Firstly we have generated a formula to calculate the approximate number of multiples of a prime number ���� less than or equal to a number �� which are not the multiples of the prime numbers ��1, ��2, ��3, … , ����−1 and ���� < ��. Then we have generated another formula to calculate the number of prime numbers less than or equal to a number �� if the prime numbers less than √�� are given where √�� ≤ �� ≤ �� . By using these formulas and the main concept of these formulas we have presented our solution.
Category: Number Theory

A String Theorist Meets the Fisherman’s Son

Authors: David Martin Degner
Comments: 224 Pages.

Preface to the First Edition: Science is not done in a vacuum but rather in a historical and social context. This reflects mankind’s acquisition and use of knowledge over time. I have embedded my science and technology works in a screenplay that puts them into some kind of context. Some people will only read the science, some will only read the technology, some will only read the screenplay and some will read all three. The screenplay would be a comedy if not for the tragic condition of the human species on this planet. The model I present is the simplest theory possible because there is only one particle in its elementary particle bestiary, of which everything in the universe is made. I have named that particle the O umlaut particle and will refer to it as the Ö particle. There are only two possibilities regarding modern physics. Either just about everything is understood or just about nothing is understood. If the twin paradigms of modern physics, Einstein’s relativity theories and quantum mechanics, are wrong theories then nothing is understood today and modern physics collapses on itself like a house of cards. I am proposing that just about nothing is currently understood. [...]

Preface to the Second Edition: It is hard to believe almost fourteen years have gone by since the PDF Printing of the First Edition. This PDF Printing of the Second Edition is not a Second Edition in the usual sense where there is major new material included. But so many changes have been made, including correcting some embarrassing mistakes, that I believe it is deserving to be called a Second Edition to clearly distinguish it from the First Edition. The spirit and aim of this Second Edition are the same as the First Edition. My Universal Peace, Justice, Freedom, and Liberty is as topical now as it was in September 2007. My efficient Market and asset manager, eMaam, is as topical now as it was in September 2007. [...]

This work is still a solitary effort, without any help from anyone, so is somewhat unique in that regard. Therefore, I alone am responsible for both the content and any errors that still exist. If you have comments or suggestions I would be pleased to hear from you.

Ol and LО, Scrap, Break, Break Down

Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 3 Pages. -

Considered the probable origin of Russian words specified in the title
Category: Linguistics

The String with the Interstitial Massive Point

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 4 Pages. original article

We will consider the string, the left end of which is fixed at the beginning of the coordinate system, the right end is fixed at point l and mass m is interstitial between the ends of the string. We determine the vibration of such system. The proposed model can be also related to the problem of the Moessbauer effect, or, recoilless nuclear resonance fluorescence, being resonant and recoilfree emission and absorption of gamma radiation by atomic nuclei bound in a solid (Moessbauer,1958).
Category: Mathematical Physics

Quantum Partial Automorphisms of Finite Graphs

Authors: Teo Banica
Comments: 28 Pages.

The partial automorphisms of a graph $X$ having $N$ vertices are the bijections $\sigma:I\to J$ with $I,J\subset\{1,\ldots,N\}$ which leave invariant the edges. These bijections form a semigroup $\widetilde{G}(X)$, which contains the automorphism group $G(X)$. We discuss here the quantum analogue of this construction, with a definition and basic theory for the quantum semigroup of quantum partial automorphisms $\widetilde{G}^+(X)$, which contains both $G(X)$, and the quantum automorphism group $G^+(X)$. We comment as well on the case $N=\infty$, which is of particular interest, due to the fact that $\widetilde{G}^+(X)$ is well-defined, while its subgroup $G^+(X)$, not necessarily, at least with the currently known methods.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

A Statistical Approach to Two-Particle Bell Tests

Authors: Xianming Meng
Comments: 25 Pages. Bell inequality, probability law, quantum mechanics, realism, local hidden variable theory

Extensive experimental tests of the Bell inequality have been conducted over time and the test results are viewed as a testimony to quantum mechanics. In considering the close tie between quantum mechanics and statistical theory, this paper identifies the mistake in previous statistical explanation and uses an elegant statistical approach to derive general formulas for two-particle Bell tests, without invoking any wavefunctions. The results show that, for the special case where the spins/polarizations are in the same, opposite, or perpendicular directions, the general formulas derived in this paper convert to quantum predictions, which are confirmed by numerous experiments. The paper also investigates the linkages between the statistical and quantum predictions and finds that vector decomposition and probability law are at the heart of both approaches. Based on this finding, the paper explains statistically why the local hidden variable theory fails the Bell tests. The paper has important implications for quantum computing, quantum theory in general, and the role of randomism and realism in physics.
Category: Quantum Physics

An Extension of the Erdos-Turan Additive Base Conjecture Via Generalized Circles of Partition

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 9 Pages. This is a much simplified version of this paper with improved exposition.

This paper is an extension program of the notion of circle of partition developed in our first paper [1]. As an application we prove the Erdos-Turan additive base conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

A New Design for the Gravelectric Generator

Authors: Fran De Aquino
Comments: 7 Pages.

In a previous paper, we have proposed a system called Gravelectric Generator to convert Gravitational Energy directly into Electrical Energy [1]. Here we show a new design for the Gravelectric Generator. This system can have individual outputs powers of several tens of kW. It is easy to be built, and can easily be transported.
Category: Condensed Matter

Extending the Weak Equivalence Principle Beyond Massive Bodies

Authors: Tong Wang
Comments: 13 Pages.

The validity of the weak equivalence principle (WEP) for massive bodies has been empirically confirmed with extremely high precision. However, can this principle be applied beyond massive bodies? The WEP states that every massive body falls at the same rate in a gravitational field. Does a massless body fall at the same rate within the same field? Theoretically, a body can be massive, negative massive, or massless. We aim to extend the WEP beyond massive bodies. To accomplish this goal, for negative massive bodies, we experimentally derive that the WEP applies to them in the same way as massive bodies do. For massless bodies, we conclude that only a type of massless body—with zero net mass—has a role in the WEP. On the basis of this condition, we conclude that the WEP applies to massless bodies. Therefore, we extend the WEP to massless bodies and negative massive bodies satisfactorily.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

In Remembrance of Ortwin Schirmer: the Polaron Professor. Research in BaTiO3.

Authors: Thomas Kool
Comments: 3 pages

This review article is a personal account of my meetings with Ortwin Schirmer and the common research we had in BaTiO3.
Category: Condensed Matter

Mass and Radius of Proton Neutron Quark by Q-theory

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 7 Pages.

The logarithmic compressive strength of quantum space imparts mass to particle. If particles are tightly connected to each other, their sum mass should be calculated as logarithmic masses. If particles are free from each other, their sum mass should be calculated as arithmetic masses. Proton is composed of two up quarks, one down quark, one strong particle force, and one electromagnetic particle force. From the logarithmic masses, the proton was calculated as 89.8% mass of the measured value. Here, 5D dark force acts to the electromagnetic particle force, and the proton mass was calculated as 98.3% of the measured value. 6D dark force also acts to the strong particle force, and the proton mass was calculated as 99.8% of the measured value. Calculating this inversely, the mass of down quark was calculated as 4.756 MeV. Neutron is composed of one proton, one electron, and one shell anti-brane. Here, the electron is held in the form of particle inside neutron by the observer effect of the shell brane. The difference between the calculated mass and the measured mass of neutron was +8,966 eV. This value is the separating energy of shell brane, which is the reason of negative beta decay. From weak force fw times 1/2 hydrogen radius rH is equal to electromagnetic force fe times 4π/3 proton radius rP, the proton radius was calculated as 0.8746E-15 m in kinetic state and 0.8437E-15 m in steady state. From electromagnetic force fe times 1/2 proton radius rP is equal to strong force fs times 4π/3 quarks radius rQ, the up quark radius rU was calculated as 0.4398E-18 m in kinetic state and 0.4243E-18 m in steady state. All values in physics have two kinds of kinetic state and steady state.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Local-Ether Model and Quantum Electromagnetics Theory of Prof. Ching-Chuan Su

Authors: James Marsen
Comments: 20 Pages. License: CC BY-SA 4.0

This paper is intended to promote the work of the late Prof. Ching-Chuan Su of the National Tsing Hua University in Hsinchu, Taiwan. Between 2000 and 2006, he published a series of papers proposing a novel theory he called the Local-Ether Model along with a corollary theory he called Quantum Electromagnetics. Together, they present a unified qualitative and quantitative description of the fundamental phenomena of electromagnetic, gravitational, and quantum physics founded on the classical principles of absolute time and three dimensional Euclidean space. The Local-Ether Model postulates an ether model with unique properties which accounts for a comprehensive scope of the fundamental phenomena of the propagation of electromagnetic waves. This includes accounting for the apparently null results of Michelson-Morley type experiments. Electromagnetism is formulated to be invariant under Galilean relativity. The Quantum Electromagnetics theory presents a quantum mechanical approach to account for additional phenomena under the framework and principles of the Local-Ether Model. It incorporates the electrostatic and gravitational potentials with an equation that defines the behavior of microparticles and their associated de Broglie matter waves. The equation is applied to show that phenomena that are commonly cited as support for Einstein’s Relativity are actually due to the quantum nature of microparticles and their interaction with electromagnetic and gravitational fields. They include the dependence of mass on speed, the dependence of atomic clock rate on speed and gravitational potential, gravitational lensing, gravitational redshift, and the Shapiro delay. The equation is also applied to phenomena related to the interaction of microparticles, electromagnetic waves, and matter waves including the Ives-Stilwell and Davisson-Germer experiments. The Compton Effect and neutron interferometry are also addressed. This paper references the papers that comprise Prof. Su’s work including their abstracts and URL links. It also references his magnum opus: Quantum Electromagnetics: A Local-Ether Wave Equation Unifying Quantum Mechanics, Electromagnetics, and Gravitation.
Category: Classical Physics

Threshold Model Explains Unquantum Effect

Authors: Eric Reiter
Comments: 10 Pages.

We present a beam-split coincidence test of the photon model, previously done with visible light, now for the first time with gamma-rays. A similar new test is presented using alpha-rays. In both tests, coincidence rates greatly exceed chance, revealing the flaw of quantum mechanics. A newly formulated threshold model predicted these new tests and was used to derive equations for effects thought to require quantization. Quantization denies sub-quantum states that are allowed by the threshold model. The threshold model embraces Planck's second theory of 1911, where he used h as a maximum threshold. We extended Planck's theory by similarly treating e and m so that all three constants of the electron (h, e, m, for action, charge, mass respectively) are realized as maximum threshold-constants. We recognize ensemble effects, absent in spreading waves, for how we uncovered those constants. We then use ratios of those constants, like e/m = Qe/m , for the spreading wave. By quantizing the Q's and thresholding h, e, and m, a matter-wave can spread and load to a threshold upon absorption. Therefore, wave-function collapse is avoided. We also identify several false assumptions that made any form of classical model seem impossible. The difficulty of realizing an experimental distinction between thresholds and quanta is why quantum mechanics maintained such a strong illusion. ER 5, 21, 2021.
Category: Quantum Physics

Frozen Hydrogen-Helium Snowballs for Galactic Dark Matter

Authors: Alan M. Kadin
Comments: 5 Pages. Essay written for Gravity Research Foundation 2021

Most of the mass in galaxies is distributed in a halo larger than the galaxy itself, but not associated with stars or other known physical objects. Most candidates for this “dark matter” are novel fundamental particles or primordial black holes, rather than ordinary atoms. On the contrary, it is suggested here that dark matter in these extragalactic halos may comprise comet-like frozen hydrogen snowballs. If their temperature is close to that of cosmic black-body radiation (2.7K), these snowballs should be stable for long time periods. Recent observations suggest that similar hydrogen snowballs may exist in cold interstellar regions. If these snowballs can also trap helium atoms (which may be tested in cryogenic laboratory experiments), this could account for the invisible missing mass.
Category: Astrophysics

Embedding Cycles Within Adjacency Matrices to Represent Rational Generating Functions

Authors: Yonah Berwaldt
Comments: 24 Pages.

This paper explores populating adjacency matrices with connected cycles whose final outputs represent the coefficients of rational generating functions (RGFs). An RGF takes the form of: $p(x)/q(x) + r(x)$. The denominator, $q(x)$, takes the form of: Constant $\cdot (1-c_1x^{x_1})(1-c_2x^{x_2})... (1-c_nx^{x_n})$ where the $c_i$ are complex numbers and where factors can possibly have multiplicities greater than one. It is well known that a closed form solution exists for computing coefficients of RGFs. Also, one can write the linear recurrence relation associated with every RGF into a matrix format. Using matrices, one can compute coefficients for an RGF, such as Molien series for finite groups, in logarithmic time. What has not yet been shown (or is not yet commonly discussed) is that one can conceptualize an RGF as a system of connected cycles within an overarching adjacency matrix. For example, a single cycle of length two would have vertex A connect to vertex B which itself connects back to vertex A with a directed arrow of weight $c_i$. In this conceptualization, each coefficient of an RGF can be reproduced by taking a suitable adjacency matrix to an integer power. Nothing essential is lost by taking this perspective. Due to the self-similar nature of the matrix, we devise an algorithm that can calculate coefficients of RGFs in constant time. Using memoization, a technique for caching intermediate results, calculating coefficients of RGFs can also be done in logarithmic time. One observation is that, depending on the situation (i.e. what $q(x)$ is), there may be a computational benefit to taking the cyclical perspective. For example, for certain $q(x)$, the traditional matrix has cells containing positive and negative values whereas the cyclical approach has cells containing only positive values. The computational benefit is probably irrelevant for computers; however, it may be important for restrictive systems, such as biological systems / neural networks that may have a tight operating envelope. We make a final observation that each cyclical matrix representation can be thought of as a graph which is an epsilon away from being strongly connected. Studying the behavior of these matrices may yield insight into the behavior of a broader class of function. In essence, the study of sequences modeled by RGFs can be converted to the study of connected cyclical graphs that model the RGFs or vice versa.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Thrust in Physical Vacuum Space

Authors: Kiyoung Kim
Comments: 19 Pages.

The inertia in Newton’s first law and the action-reaction in Newton’s third law of motion are peculiar characteristics embodied in natural phenomena, from which the law of conservation of momentum and energy is established in classical mechanics in which the action in Newton’s third law is indispensable for the reaction. Nevertheless, some propellant-less devices have been developed, which can generate the thrust of spacecraft without propellant or any mechanical action; however, propellant-less device, the idea itself seems to be still in debate because it is impossible in the domain of contemporary physics. The feasibility of those devices is reviewed with physical vacuum in 4-D complex space.
Category: Classical Physics

Could the Diameter of The So-Called Inflated Universe Actually be the Hubble Circumference?

Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 5 Pages.

This short paper points out that the so-called diameter of the inflated universe, approximately Θ ≈ 8.8 × 10^26 m, basically is very close to or perhaps even identical to what we can call the Hubble circumference: Θ ≈ 2πR = 2π×c/H , at a Hubble constant of 66 (km/s)/Mpc these values are identical. The question is if Ho these facts are a pure coincidence or if the diameter of the so-called inflated universe truly could be directly linked to the Hubble circumference? Further, we discuss some possible implications on suggested minimum acceleration models that, in this interpretation, seems to fit galaxy rotations well without relying on dark matter. In particular, the “recently” introduced quantized inertia model seems robust in its predictions under this perspective. Inside the uncertainty, we can find in the various measurements of the Hubble constant.
Category: Astrophysics

The Theory on Thing's Limits. Part 1: the Norm of Identifying Truth (In Chinese)

Authors: Ding Jian
Comments: 6 Pages. The theory is applicable to all academic categories, and it is to provide an effective method for testing authoritative theories, clarifying chaos, and deriving new knowledge.

Things refer to the objects and phenomena in reality. Limits refer to the truths and the processes of approaching them. Then there is the principle of inertia, which is characterized by continuity, and a necessary condition for reasoning in reality. Therefore, things, limits and inertia are the three elements that constitute "The Theory on Thing's Limits". The truth must have absoluteness and immutability, does not exist in reality, and belongs to the category of metaphysics. The characteristic of the truths is that they cannot be proved by empirical methods, and can only be gradually approached by repeated practices. Based on this, this article has established the norm for identifying truth. It not only has achieved the unity of opposites of all knowledge, but can also according to have the characteristic of continuity on the change of objective things make bidirectional reasoning under the premise of mutual restrictions. From the quantitative change in the real space has gone deep into the qualitative change of ideal realm, it extends the philosophy of materialism to the category of metaphysics. As a result, the true nature of metaphysics has been restored. That is to say, it has neither divorced from practices, nor just observed objective things with a one-sided, isolated and static way of thought. The theory is applicable to all academic categories, and it is to provide an effective method for testing authoritative theories, clarifying chaos, and deriving new knowledge. Finally, according to the theory and norm therein, combining with the objective status quo, this article briefly has analyzed three examples and pointed out the crux of Einstein's special relativity.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Donor-Accepter Interaction and Free Radicals the Important Type of Chemical Bond

Authors: Dmitriy S. Tipikin
Comments: 35 Pages.

Donor-accepter interactions are especially important for the case of free radicals because the radical has an unpaired electron on the single occupied molecular orbital. It means the free radical is a universal strong accepter and not a bad donor and should be bonding to other molecules easily. This interaction is usually overlooked in chemistry of free radicals and may lead to errors in determination of chemical pathways.
Category: Chemistry

Neutrons Synod as a Cause of Nuclear γ-Radiation

Authors: Michael Tzoumpas
Comments: 7 Pages.

The interpretation of γ-radiation at the nuclear decay is based on the structure of the nuclei, that is, on two fundamental phenomena. First, on the inverse electric field of the proton and second, on the electric entity of the macroscopically neutral neutron, which behaves, at the nuclear scale, as a positively charged particle. The γ-radiation at the alpha decay (e.g. in radio Ra-226) can occur due to the neutrons synod (session), which reduces the negativity of the nuclear field and attenuates the connection of a nucleus He-4 (alpha particle), that exits the parent nucleus with the whole energy without γ-radiation or with less energy but with γ-radiation. Also, a beta decay β− can occur due to the neutrons synod in the nucleus (e.g. in boron B-12), resulting the emitted electron exits the parent nucleus with the whole energy without γ-radiation or with less energy but with γ-radiation. These strange phenomena will be explained.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

On the DNA Resonance Code

Authors: I.V. Savelev, N.V. Zyryanova, V.V. Guschin, A.V. Tovmash, D.S. Serdyukov, K.A. Kupriyanov, M.V. Myakishev-Rempel
Comments: 20 Pages.

The possible role of DNA sequence-dependent electromagnetic resonance in the formation of the morphogenic field is discussed. It is hypothesized that the basis of the morphogenic field is the resonant oscillations of clouds of delocalized electrons and protons in the stack of DNA bases, and that genomic repeats serve as universal resonators that provide two-way transfer of information between chromatin structures and the morphogenic field. The proposed algorithm for the resonant transformation of genomic information into the structure of the organism mediated by the morphogenic field is named "the DNA resonance code", and approaches to its decoding based on a combination of biophysics, spectroscopy, and experimental and computational genomics are proposed.
Category: Physics of Biology

On Music, Universes, and Minds

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 3 Pages.

A short thought experiment essay noting the similarities between the nature of a musical song with its listening observer and the physical Universe as conscious human minds understand and experience it.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

The World Has No Origin

Authors: Dan Visser
Comments: 30 Pages.

In this article I summerize a new perception of the Universe, called the “Rotational Torus Hologram Universe (RTHU)”, which is related to all of my articles in www.vixra.org/author/dan_visser . The RTHU predicts the Big Bang is not the origin of the Universe. The RTHU behaves like a "Hologram Carrousel". It is a bunch of materialized reality-holograms rotating as an inner torus, which is surrounded and intertwined by a dark energy second torus, while in each of these holograms the impression of a Big Bang-universe is performed. In an additional manuscript is also dimensionally shown how I modified the Einstein-equation by implementing a “Hologram Tensor”. This DAN-Tensor predicts a dark matter force by “duo-bits”, which replace and extend the Planck-boundary through “sub-quantum-kinetica”. In this way gravity and dark gravity have become normal in the RTHU and offers an additional fifth-force and new movement in vacuum. This article and manuscript are autentically written in Dutch for the benifit of collectors, because I also make paintings, which are related to my new universe-ideology. The original manuscript is in my possesion.
Category: Mathematical Physics

A New Derivation of Euler-Bohlin Invariant of Linearly Damped Harmonic Oscillator with Constant Frequency

Authors: Debasis Biswas
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this paper a simple derivation of Euler-Bohlin invariant is given without any kind of symmetry analysis.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Triboelectrization as a Mechanochemical Reaction: Molecular Mechanisms of Triboelectricity

Authors: Dmitriy S. Tipikin
Comments: 113 Pages.

In this book the comprehensive theory of the triboelectrization is outlined. The great emphasis is given to the triboelectrization of two polymers. There numerous proofs that this process of triboelectrization took place as a second step after mechanochemical reaction between two substances. Quantum chemistry calculations are present as well as electron paramagnetic resonance experiments capturing the intermediate radicals. Radical trap experiments with iodine as a radical trap are presented - radical traps shown as capable of elimination of triboelectricity in the model systems. Electrostatic field generated is measured both mechanically and using simple field-effect transistor device. The main conclusion - only one out of 100 billion of radicals is converted into the free charge, but the electrostatic force is so strong that despite the chemical products are only detectable by highly sensitive methods like EPR the generated free charges are easily detectable by observation of sparks in the air.
Category: Chemistry

Biochemistry Provides Inspiration for a New Kind of ai

Authors: J Gerard Wolff
Comments: 32 Pages.

This article is about the origin, development, and benefits of the "SP System" (SPS), which means the "SP Theory of Intelligence" and its realisation in the "SP Computer Model" (SPCM). The SPS is radically different from deep neural networks (DNNs), with many advantages compared with DNNs. As will be described, the SPS provides a promising foundation for the development of human-like broad AI. The SPS was inspired in part by: evidence for the importance of information compression in human learning, perception, and cognition; and the concept of `multiple sequence alignment' in biochemistry. That latter concept led to the development of the powerful concept of SP-multiple-alignment, a concept which is largely responsible for the intelligence-related versatility of the SPS. The main advantages of the SPS are: 1) The clear potential of the SPS to solve 19 problems in AI research; 2) Versatility of the SPS in aspects of intelligence, including unsupervised learning, and several forms of reasoning; 3) Versatility of the SPS in the representation and processing of knowledge; 4) Seamless integration of diverse aspects of intelligence and diverse forms of knowledge, in any combination, a kind of integration that appears to be necessary in any artificial system that aspires to the fluidity and adaptability of the human mind; 5) Several other potential benefits and applications of the SPS. It is envisaged that the SPCM will provide the basis for the development of a first version of the {\em SP Machine}, with high levels of parallel processing and a user-friendly user interface. All software in the SP Machine would be open-source so that clones of the SP Machine may be created anywhere by individuals or groups, to facilitate further research and development of the SP System.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

An Universe Age of 13.807 Billion Years Would Fit Perfectly Dirac's Large Number Hypothesis

Authors: George Bailey
Comments: Dirac's LNH confirmation, 13 pages

Paul Dirac noticed that the ratio between the dimensions of the universe (visible size and age) and the protons (diameter, duration of the passage of light through the proton) constitutes a large number of about 10^40. And that the ratio of the gravitational force and the electromagnetic force between an electron and a proton is roughly the same. From this he deduced that the strength of gravity is inversely proportional to the age of the universe. He could only make a rough estimate, because of course he did not yet know the more precise value of 13.8 billion years world age assumed today. Especially the evaluation of the data from the Planck space telescope has produced this value in the last 10 years. So today we are in a position for a more detailed evaluation. We will show that gravity could result from an universal time-energy uncertainty relation if we assume that the universe's age is 13.8 billion years. Furthermore we will give by this approach a precise and straightforward formula for the gravitational constant G without magic factors, powers or roots. Finally, we want to describe an approach with which the gravity can be explained as an asymmetry of attractive and repulsive electromagnetic forces by the fact that in a finite universe with age T(u) there can be no electromagnetic interactions with frequencies smaller than the reciprocal of T(u).
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On Goldbach’s Conjecture: An Algebraic and Combinatorial Formulation

Authors: Mar Detic
Comments: 5 Pages.

We present an algebraic and combinatorial formulation of Goldbach-type representations of integers as sums of primes. Every odd prime is written in the canonical linear form 2a + 1 (with a ∈ N0) and the sum of k primes becomes a linear Diophantine constraint on the corresponding a-variables. This transforms the problem into the study of integer lattice points on hyperplanes of the form Pk i=1 ai = N −k2 , together with primality filters on the linear forms 2ai + 1. We relate this combinatorial perspective to classical analytic heuristics (Hardy—Littlewood), additive-combinatorics sumset language, and partition/stars-and-bars counting, and we provide illustrative examples and an inline visualization for the k = 2 case.
Category: Number Theory

A Heuristic Point of View on the Breathing in the Corona Virus Environment – the "Naïve Theory"

Authors: Emanuel Gluskin
Comments: 29 Pages. It is a preparation for a Webinar devoted to the Corona Virus problem [Note: Oversized text reduced by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm and no immediate replacement is permitted]

It is an attempt to analyze the breathing (respiration) of an already ill, by the corona virus disease [1-9], person in simple equational terms.
Category: Classical Physics

Evaluating the Alignment of the Polarized Radio Waves from 27 Qsos in a Region Near the NGP

Authors: Richard Shurtleff
Comments: 10 page article plus a 51 page Appendix of calculations; 25 Figures; 17 References

The sample of 27 quasars with polarized radio emissions located in a region near the North Galactic Pole is shown to have highly aligned polarization directions. Furthermore, by extending their polarization directions around the Celestial Sphere, the convergence of their polarization directions is close to the sources. Thus, parallax forces the position angles to vary with locations of individual sources. The QSOs are taken from the JVAS1450 subset of the JVAS/CLASS 8.4-GHz surveys. The alignment is analyzed by the Hub Test. Fewer than about 70,000 randomly directed such samples would be as well aligned, a 4\[Sigma] result. Some underlying calculations are presented in a Mathematica-coded Appendix. Access to a .nb notebook is provided in the references.
Category: Astrophysics

What Gravity Is: Beyond Newton, Einstein Etc

Authors: Lucian M Ionescu
Comments: 11 pages. Old title was changed

Gravity is not a fundamental force; in a nut-shell it is the result of a non-commutative interaction of the electric'' (i.e. Coulomb type) fractional charges of the proton and neutron U(1) neutral when compensated by the electronic cloud. This is no longer true at the SU(2) Electroweak level, once spherical symmetry is broken to a finite Platonic group of symmetry within it. The fine splitting of energy levels due to the SU(2) structure of the electric charge can be controlled using a MASER to invert the population and orient the nuclei the right way to reduce and turn-off Gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Calculation of Everything by Q-Theory

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 8 Pages.

The purpose of this study is to describe the calculation algorithm for everything that was calculated in previous studies. All calculations are divided into kinetic state and steady state. When analyzing forces, kinetic state is correct, and when analyzing other particles, steady state is correct. The entire universe is the mixture of kinetic state and steady state at the ratio of dark energy. The origin of all things are three generation neutrinos, graviton, photon, and gluon. Other particles are a combination of the above 6 particles. Force is also a particle with mass, and from its analysis, the ratio of dark energy and dark matter is calculated as 2.692. Our universe is on a dimensional horizon within a 4D supermassive anti-black hole. From Schwarzschild formula, the ratio of dark matter and ordinary matter is calculated as 84.6%: 15.4%. The values of electron neutrino, light, weak force, gravitational force, up quark, charm quark, down quark, strange quark, H boson, cosmological constant, birth of life, stellar black hole, intermediate-mass black hole, supermassive black hole, the radius of Big Bang, and the mass of Big Bang were calculated as 0.1531 eV, 1.795E-36 eV, 1.010E-6, 5.904E-39, 2.254 MeV, 1277.7 MeV, 4.756 MeV, 95.16 MeV, 125.02 GeV, 1.0883E-52 /m2, 3.64E9 LY ago, 2.83 Mθ, 32.8 Mθ, 341 kMθ, 31.2 LY, 1.00E14 Mθ. The six generation Planck units are calculated, and from Planck mass and dark mass it is proved that universe expands at a constant velocity. The physical values of all multi-verse will be the same as above. Given the 4th digit of muon and tau neutrino masses, and the correct masses of top and bottom quarks, the calculations will be more accurate.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Reconstruction Proofs by Definition

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 7 Pages.

By clearly defining the two concepts of ∞ and 0, we can prove various theorems and unsolved conjectures from our new knowledge about numbers. And not only that, the interpretation of this definition can be extended to physics.
Category: Number Theory

Nuclear Valence Shell

Authors: Ilgaitis Prūsis, Peteris Prūsis
Comments: 6 pages, 2 tables, 3 figures

The study proves that the outer protons of the atomic nucleus form a shell. It determines the chemical properties of an atom because it shields the electric field of internal protons. Therefore, it can be called a Nuclear Valence Shell (NVS). The full NVS contains 8 protons. This corresponds to a 4-dimensional space inside nucleus with 2 protons in each dimension and explain Octet rule of periodic table of elements.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

The Representative Symbols of Judaism, Christianity, Muslim of Their Respective Faith and Laws Clarify The Way of Mankind Peace-Coexistence.

Authors: Yansha Yu-Sandstrom
Comments: 13 Pages.

Use symbols representing the beliefs of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam to clarify the same Truth that was expressed in different ways and methods.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

Designing an Electronic Mind Capable of Feeling, Thinking, Predicting, and Awareness

Authors: Milad Keramati
Comments: 5 Pages.

In a problem facing agent, a situation can be categorized as different patterns and action can be taken based on the available information (known as method) as oppose to a simple value. Doing so will decrease the variety of situations and actions and as a result simplify the problem. Simple patterns and methods are generated at first but by detecting important patterns and methods and creating similar patterns and methods, the agent will be able to better recognize the situation it's in and find better solutions for the patterns respectively and as a result systematically broaden its knowledge over time. By memorizing feelings (or rewards) and action result (situation) in a pattern, it's possible to make a tree of possible outcomes of an action related to a pattern and choose an action of the pattern that profit us the most by predicting future feelings and calculating the value and we know accuracy of our prediction based on similarity (or consistency) and number of results (or confidence). I've also given my opinion and defined some standards regarding artificial intelligence, reinforcement learning, and designing agent in this paper.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Calculation of Dark Energy and Dark Matter by Q-theory

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 6 Pages.

It is the 3D supermassive black hole that dominates the galaxy. With the same logic, it is the 4D supermassive black hole that dominates the universe. Its mass is 2π times heavier than physical calculation. The radius of our universe is about 13.77 billion light years. Substituting this into Schwarzschild formula, the ratio of dark matter and ordinary matter is calculated as 84.6%: 15.4%. From this, it can be understood that our universe is located on the dimensional horizon of 4D supermassive black hole. Author calls it Mommy Quantum Hole (MQH). In previous study, when the masses of muon and tau neutrinos are 170.0 keV and 15.50 MeV, the ratio of dark energy and dark matter was calculated as 2.692. Therefore, their ratio is 69.5%: 25.8%: 4.7%. Substituting 169.95 keV or 15.505 MeV, the calculated values are consistent almost with the values 68.3%: 26.8%: 4.9% measured from Planck satellite.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Barrier to the Vaidya Event Horizon

Authors: James C Austin
Comments: 6 Pages.

For distant observers stationary black holes are objects existing in the infinite future. This stems from asymptotic behaviour of inbound null geodesics at their critical radii. However, these objects either exist in a vacuum or are the source of an electromagnetic field if charged. By contrast, astrophysical black holes emit radiation [1] and exist in an environment containing accreting matter. More realistic models of black holes due to Vaidya [2] exchange mass-energy with their environment and consequently these solutions are non-stationary. Recently the Vaidya metric was presented in diagonal form [3], and this exposes features that may not be apparent in the traditional Eddington-Finkelstein form. One of these features appears to be an abrupt change in the direction of gravitational acceleration close to the critical radius, leading to a diverging potential barrier halting further collapse. It must be noted however, that this may only be a feature of the specific solution considered here, and such behaviour may not be generic. The purpose of this letter is to show how this comes about, and to suggest that, if true generally, would imply a resolution of the information paradox. 1. Hawking SW. Black hole explosions. Nature, 248 30 (1974). 2. Vaidya P. The Gravitational Field of a Radiating Star. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, A33 264 (1951). 3. Berezin VA, Dokuchaev VI and Eroshenko Yu N. Vaidya Spacetime in the Diagonal Coordinates. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics, 124(3) 446 (2017).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Do Causality Violations Initiating a Compactly Generated Cauchy Horizon Require Exotic Matter?

Authors: James C Austin
Comments: 8 Pages.

This short paper summarises the proof that a causality violation formed from a bounded region requires matter that violates the null energy condition. Therefore the answer to the question in the title is yes. This is one of the results on which Stephen Hawking based his Chronology protection conjecture. It is conjectured that the required negative mass density fields cannot cover sufficiently large regions of space-time to make causality violations a reality. This lends support to the idea that the evolution of the universe is an entirely unitary process. This work is intended to be more accessible than Hawking’s original, which was cast in terms of the Newman-Penrose formalism.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Unifizierte Relativistik Durch Gravitative Dopplerung Und Eine Fehlerkorrektur Durch Einheiten-Streckung
Unified Relativity by Gravitational Doppler and an Error Correction by Time and Length Units Stretching

Authors: Viktor Schatz
Comments: 81 Pages.

Entwurf einer Dissertations-Arbeit betreffend Relativismus. Überraschend wurde ein Deutungsfehler in der SRT Einsteins entdeckt. In einer neuen Deutung wurde ein relativistischer Messvorgang zum Strecken, anstatt Kontrahieren der Längeneinheit eingeführt,wodurch erst Distanzen kontrahiert gemessen werden. Die Folge ist, dass die Längen asymmetrisch wie Zeitdilatation nur bei „Bewegten“ sich strecken. Raumschiffe werden länger. Zweites Thema ist, dass Gravitonen als Dopplerung fähig postuliert und durch Gravitations-Dopplerung ein Gravitations-Level die Inertialsysteme unterscheidet. Damit wurde Gravitation als eine Ursache aller Relativistik-Phänomene entdeckt, geschwindigkeits- und statisch-gravitativ. Dadurch sind Zwillingsparadoxon nun begründet, man kann unterscheiden, welche „Uhren bewegte“ sind. Weitere Paradoxa wurden entdeckt und erklärt. Zweites Drillingsparadoxon, Energieparadoxon, Impulsparadoxon. Es wurde eine relativistische Korrektur der Planck-Konstante mit quadriertem Lorentzfaktor begründet. Und eine Anwendung für Periheldrehung der Himmelskörper aufgrund der Gravitationsdopplerung dargelegt.

Через эмиссионное финансирование к безналоговому бюджету и высокоэффективной экономике
Obtaining a Tax-Free Budget and a Highly Efficient Economy Through Financing with Issue Money

Authors: I. Oskembekov
Comments: 19 Pages.

Обеспечение доходов бюджета является важной задачей государства, которую оно преимущественно решало и решает через налогообложение. Однако такой способ решения нельзя считать эффективным. В работе рассмотрены принципиальные недостатки налогообложения, которые отрицательно влияют на экономическое состояние государства. Они, определяя негативную сущность налогообложения, дают основание говорить о задаче обеспечения доходов бюджета, как о проблеме государства. Еще одной важной проблемой является низкая эффективность экономики. Она обусловлена зависимостью экономики от оборотных средств, которая определяет большую долю затрат в производстве продукции. Данные проблемы имеют общее решение, идея которого предложена в работе. Идея сводится к организации новой деятельности, способной полностью обеспечивать доходы бюджета, не прибегая к налогообложению, и способной превратить экономику государства в высокоэффективную систему. На примере государственного бюджета России и российской экономики дано обоснование проблем. Рассмотрен механизм реализации предлагаемой идеи. Дан прогноз показателей новой экономики и бюджета.

Providing budget revenues is an important task of the state, which it has always solved and solves through taxation. However, this solution cannot be considered effective. The paper discusses the fundamental shortcomings of taxation, which negatively affect the economic state of the state. They, defining the negative essence of taxation, give reason to talk about the task of ensuring budget revenues as a problem of the state. Another important problem is the low efficiency of the economy. It is due to the dependence of the economy on working capital, which determines a large share of costs in production. These two problems have a common solution, the idea of which is proposed in the work. The idea boils down to organizing new activities capable of fully providing budget revenues without resorting to taxation, and capable of transforming the state into a highly efficient economic system. The problems are substantiated by the example of the state budget of Russia and the Russian economy. The mechanism for the implementation of the proposed idea is considered. A forecast is given for the indicators of the new economy and budget.
Category: Economics and Finance

All Measurement Outcomes are Subjective

Authors: Bernard Riley
Comments: 14 pages, 17 figures

If all measurement outcomes are subjective to the observer then so too are the values of the speed of light, the gravitational constant and the reduced Planck constant, and consequently the values of the Planck length, Planck time and Planck mass as well. The values, as numbers of the common units of measurement, of these constants, particle masses, the distances from Earth and the masses of celestial bodies and objects, and the characteristic temperatures of cryogens, are expressed as powers of π, π/2 and e. The powers are found to take integer, half-integer, quarter-integer, etc values. There are obvious implications for the value of the CMB temperature.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Error Correction Inapplicable to Really Superpositioned States

Authors: Masataka Ohta
Comments: 7 Pages.

QEC (Quantum Error Correction) assumes that qubit states are disturbed by errors primarily through interactions with their local environment states. The problem is that, when quantum states are superpositioned, QEC improperly assumes all the superpositioned terms share same local environment states and resulting errors though they are, in general, different term by term to which QEC with the fixed number of syndrome qubits is, except for some slightly superpositioned states such as two terms ones, not applicable. Further, fundamental difficulty to scale quantum parallelism regardless of implementation and physical details is derived from theory of Shannon.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Theory on Thing's Limits. Part 1: the Norm of Identifying Truth

Authors: Ding Jian
Comments: 9 Pages. The theory is applicable to all academic categories, and it is to provide an effective method for testing authoritative theories, clarifying chaos, and deriving new knowledge.

Things refer to the objects and phenomena in reality. Limits refer to the truths and the processes of approaching them. Then there is the principle of inertia, which is characterized by continuity, and a necessary condition for reasoning in reality. Therefore, things, limits and inertia are the three elements that constitute "The Theory on Thing's Limits". The truth must have absoluteness and immutability, does not exist in reality, and belongs to the category of metaphysics. The characteristic of the truths is that they cannot be proved by empirical methods, and can only be gradually approached by repeated practices. Based on this, this article has established the norm for identifying truth. It not only has achieved the unity of opposites of all knowledge, but can also according to have the characteristic of continuity on the change of objective things make bidirectional reasoning under the premise of mutual restrictions. From the quantitative change in the real space has gone deep into the qualitative change of ideal realm, it extends the philosophy of materialism to the category of metaphysics. As a result, the true nature of metaphysics has been restored. That is to say, it has neither divorced from practices, nor just observed objective things with a one-sided, isolated and static way of thought. The theory is applicable to all academic categories, and it is to provide an effective method for testing authoritative theories, clarifying chaos, and deriving new knowledge. Finally, according to the theory and norm therein, combining with the objective status quo, this article briefly has analyzed three examples and pointed out the crux of Einstein's special relativity.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Disproof of Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 2 Pages. Submitted to the journal.

In this short note, I am disproving the Riemann Hypothesis.
Category: Number Theory

A Novel Compact Tri-Band Antenna Design for WiMAX, WLAN and Bluetooth Applications

Authors: Peshal Nayak, Sudhanshu Verma, Preetam Kumar
Comments: 7 Pages.

A novel and compact tri-band planar antenna for 2.4/5.2/5.8-GHz wireless local area network (WLAN), 2.3/3.5/5.5GHz Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) and Bluetooth applications is proposed and studied in this paper. The antenna comprises of a L-shaped element which is coupled with a ground shorted parasitic resonator to generate three resonant modes for tri-band operation. The L-shaped element which is placed on top of the substrate is fed by a 50ohm microstrip feed line and is responsible for the generation of a wide band at 5.5 GHz. The parasitic resonator is placed on the other side of the substrate and is directly connected to the ground plane. The presence of the parasitic resonator gives rise to two additional resonant bands at 2.3 GHz and 3.5 GHz. Thus, together the two elements generate three resonant bands to cover WLAN, WiMAX and Bluetooth bands of operation. A thorough parametric study has been performed on the antenna and it has been found that the three bands can be tuned by varying certain dimensions of the antenna. Hence, the same design can be used for frequencies in adjacent bands as well with minor changes in its dimensions. Important antenna parameters such as return loss, radiation pattern and peak gains in the operating bands have been studied in detail to prove that the proposed design is a promising candidate for the aforementioned wireless technologies.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

A Modified Mid Point Rule

Authors: D Williams
Comments: 2 Pages.

A (better?) version of the Mid Point Rule for approximating integrals is given and tested against the standard version. As usual there are many unanswered questions for you to solve.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Specific Representation of Matter in Nature
Конкретное представление материи в природе

Authors: Robert Yusupov
Comments: 13 Pages. In Russian; Robert Yusupov © May 12, 2021

This article presents the author's reflections on the structure of nature and matter on the Planck scale of being. The author puts forward an idea, a hypothesis that all matter in the Universe is represented by quanta of matter. A quantum of matter is not a static material solid. A quantum of matter is material flesh pulsating in the rhythm of nature (elementary rhythm). Pulsation is a periodic contraction and expansion of a material ball, which is a visual image of a quantum of matter. The quantum of matter is the true "first brick" of the universe. At the heart of elementary particles is a quantum of matter. The time of nature is personified in the process of pulsation of a quantum of matter. This article reveals the secret of natural, universal absolute time. This article should be read before solving the problem of introducing matter into the bosom of physics as the main physical quantity. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ В настоящей статье представлены размышления автора об устройстве природы и материи на планковском масштабе бытия. Автор выдвигает идею, гипотезу, что вся материя во Вселенной представлена квантами материи. Квант материи это не статичная материальная твердь. Квант материи – это пульсирующая в ритме природы (элементарный ритм) материальная плоть. Пульсация – это периодическое сжатие и расширение материального шарика, являющегося наглядным образом кванта материи. Квант материи – вот истинный «первокирпичик» мироздания. В основе элементарных частиц лежит квант материи. Время природы олицетворяется в процессе пульсации кванта материи. В настоящей статье раскрывается тайна природного, вселенского абсолютного времени. Настоящую статью следует прочесть перед тем, как решать проблему введения материи в лоно физики в качестве основной физической величины.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Eine Vereinende Assoziations-Wechselwirkung Der Teilchen Als Modell Der Doppelspalt-Interferenz Und Aller Optischer Phänomene Und Der Unschärferelation
a Unifying Association-Interaction of the Particles as a Model of the Double-Slit Interference and

Authors: Viktor Schatz
Comments: 9 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements of viXra.org]

Doppelspalt-Interferenz stellt die Physik seit 215 Jahren zum Nachdenken und ein Ende ist nicht in Sicht. Quantenmechanik erklärt es immer durch eine Interferenz von 2 Wellen. Es wurde ein Teilchenmodell hypothetisch entworfen, das einer stehenden elektromagnetischen Welle entspricht, wo die Wellenberge Ladungen entsprechen. Diese alternierenden elektrischen und magnetischen Ladungen eines interferierenden Teilchens sind nur an jenen „stehenden Wellenberg- Orten“ wirksam, die entsprechend nahe an ebensolche des Wechselwirkungspartnerteilchens nahe heran kommen und elektrisch oder magnetisch anziehend und abstoßend interagieren. Das ergibt eine WW-ng, die den Pfad des bewegten Teilchens um einen Winkel ablenkt, der mit der Position der „stehenden Wellenberg-Orte“ korreliert. Es bedarf keiner zweiten Welle – diese Rolle übernehmen die Gitteratome der Interferenzvorrichtung an dem Rand eines Spaltes. Dort wirken Elektronen mit ähnlichen Mit gleichem Prozess funktioniert Transparenz, Dispersion, Opakheit und Reflexion.

Сверхсветовая передача сигналов
Superluminal Signaling

Authors: Putenikhin P.V.
Comments: 29 Pages. In Russian[Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements of viXra.org]

A modification of the traditional setup for teleporting the quantum state of a qubit is considered. On the transmitting side, it is changed to the opposite sequence of the CNOT gates and the Hadamard gates. The modified installation allows you to teleport now no longer just an unknown state of the qubit, but a state of entanglement of qubits. On the transmitter side, the installation translates two qubits into a state of entanglement, with the result that, at the receiver side, two qubits also end up in a state of entanglement. It is shown also the possibility of direct superluminal transmission of classical information using the gate CNOT.

Octet Rule and Space

Authors: Ilgaitis Prūsis, Peteris Prūsis
Comments: 5 pages, 3 figures

In contemporary physics and chemistry Octet rule states that an atomic shell is complete if it has eight electrons. It follows that there are eight basic groups in the periodic table of elements. Attempts to explain why there are exactly 8 groups are unsuccessful. The paper shows that it is determined by the structure of the atomic nucleus. There is a 4-dimensional space in the nucleus of an atom. It follows that a nuclear shell can contain 8 protons according to the Pauli principle. This corresponds to 8 groups in the periodic table. The atom is located in a 3-dimensional space. Therefore, the outer shell (8 electrons) may have 2 subshells p (6 electrons) and s (2 electrons).
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Quantum Invariant in Newtonian Gravitation?

Authors: Carlos Alejandro Chiappini
Comments: 9 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements of viXra.org]

The article begins by assuming that the energy, formulated in accordance with Newton's equation, is quantized. Quantized energy implies waves. In this case the wavelength is given by the distance between two bodies that gravitate mutually. In this context, consequences appear that are analyzed and formulated. The difference of 39 orders of magnitude between electromagnetic interaction and gravitational interaction is explained as an effect of phase dispersion. A threshold of approximately 4.4 .10^{-21} Kg^2 appears for the product of the masses. According to that, gravitation does not operate when the product is below that threshold.
Category: Classical Physics

A Rotor Problem from Professor Miroslav Josipovic

Authors: James A. Smith
Comments: 8 Pages.

We present two Geometric-Algebra (GA) solutions to a vector-rotation problem posed by Professor Miroslav Josipovic. We follow the sort of solution process that might be useful to students. First, we review concepts from GA and classical geometry that may prove useful. Then, we formulate and carry-out two solution strategies. After testing the resulting solutions, we propose an extension to the original problem.
Category: Geometry

Negentropy Second Law Proof

Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this letter, we provide a simple proof of a Negentropy Second Law. Although simple, the results may help clear up such confusion as the Schrodinger Paradox. This is because we contend that the Negentropy Second Law is already a part of the Second Law.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Einstein Versus Newton: Principle Theory and Einstein’s Cosmos

Authors: Dong-Yih Bau
Comments: 11 Pages.

A theory of the universe has yet to be uncovered because nature is not merely mechanical. We thus promote Einstein’s cosmos and principle theory, which we believe will lead the scientific community to the elusive pinnacle of science: a final theory of the universe. We first discuss the two scientific methods of Einstein’s principle theory and Newton’s mechanical universe and how they overcome the antithesis between empiricism and rationalism. We then apply these two methods to solve the problem of the universe as a (unified) whole. We demonstrate why Einstein’s principle theory subsumes the mechanical universe and, subsequently, how Einstein’s method can address this problem while Newton’s method cannot. The goals of this paper are not only to promote Einstein’s science, but also to begin to resolve the mysteries of the universe as a whole. We sincerely invite the scientific community to pursue principle theory and Einstein’s cosmos collectively.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Neues Kosmologie-Modell Abseits Der Raumexpansion Und Dunkler Energie
New Cosmology Model Apart from Space Expansion and Dark Energy

Authors: Viktor Schatz
Comments: 10 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

es wird eine alternative Modellerklärung für die „überlichtschnelle“ Spektren- Rotverschiebung ferner kosmischer Objekte vorgestellt. Sie besagt, dass aus noch ferneren Massen erstmals nach deren Entstehung Gravitationskraft-Vermittlerteilchen lichtschnell nach und nach erstmals eintrafen und ein zuwachsendes Gravitationshintergrundfeld in der Zeitgeschichte bildeten. Dadurch ist ein zeitlich verschieden starkes Hintergrund-Gravitationsfeld unterlagert und folglich sind relativistisch vergleichende Rotverschiebungs-Messungen an alten Spektren gegenüber lokalen neu Erzeugten relativistisch erklärt. Die Folge ist, dass keine Raumexpansions-Hypothese und keine Dunkle Energie benötigt werden. Eine Überlicht-Hypothese aufgrund einer unnötigen Raumexpansion entfällt ebenso. Ferner bewirken die hyperfernen Massen einen volumengravitativen, linear mit der Distanz zunehmend wirkenden Anziehungseffekt, der mit klassischem Gravitationsgesetz konform ist, wodurch ebenso die Raumexpansion durch Dunkle Energie zur Erklärung der auseinander laufender kosmischen Massenobjekte nicht benötigt wird.

On Representations of the Lorentz Group

Authors: Paul R. Gerber
Comments: 7 Pages. Interpretation of the representation space was not fully correct in version one.

The Lorentz group is a non-compact group. Consequently, it’s representations cannot be expected to be equivalent to representations of a unitary group. Actually, they act on a large-component space and a separated small-component space, in some sense analogous to 4-vectors. In contrast to representations of compact groups state vectors carry the actual value of the non-compact variables, the boost-vector. In the non-boosted state the small components vanish and the large components transform according to a representation of the rotation subgroup. Application of a boost then generates small components, a process that preserves norms. However, the norm now has a growing positive contribution from the large-components and a negative contribution from the small-components, growing absolutely to keep the total unchanged. General transformations are described in detail. The freedom to assign boost directions to the phases of small components leads to a topological symmetry with flavor-generating representations for two-sheeted representations.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Kinetic Capacity Effect of Photons and Rest Mass Particles, and a Relativistic Rest Mass Model

Authors: Viktor Schatz
Comments: 15 Pages.

In an Einstein like gedanken experiment, the relativistic changes of energies of a photon and a rest mass particle caused by the same relative movement were compared and it was found, that the same relative movement was causing very different energetic changes on the photons and rest mass particles: photons have significantly more “capacity” for kinetic energy. To explain this phenomena, which could be named kinetic capacity effect, a physical model of a “folded and looped photon” was created and checked quantitatively through relativistic Doppler effect for kinetic and total energies, and for linear momentum. De Broglie’s material wave was identified as modulation wave of two interfering waves of the correlated half photons inside of the particle, resulting in known group and phase velocities. Photons themselves were not changed in physical description, so Quantum Mechanics will stay in use with them, and Special Relativity has now extended abilities for entering into particles, opening a way through discussed model to unify both theoretical worlds. For the moment, the two classical theories, waves and relativity, have confirmed exact the hypothesis of present model.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Half Photon Effect Discovered for Mass Particles: Kinetic Capacity Effect of Photons and Rest Mass Particles

Authors: Viktor Schatz
Comments: 6 Pages.

In an Einstein like Gedanken Experiment, the relativistic changes of energies of a photon and a rest mass particle caused by the same relative movement were compared and it was discovered , that the same relative movement was causing very different energetic changes on the photons and rest mass particles: photons have significantly more “capacity” for kinetic energy then mass paricles. A mass particle behaves near to the speed of light as an half photon. The discovery was made back in 1999
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Complete Relativity: Nature of Observables

Authors: Mario Ljubičić
Comments: 62 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the rules of viXra.org]

A complete relativity of all observables with scale invariance in physical laws is postulated and discussed. Along with definitions of new terms which may be used in follow-up articles written in the context of the theory, in order to conform to this physics, a redefinition and generalization of some terms and factors already in use has also been suggested. In conclusion, the theory suggests that everything must be relative in order to exist and everything evolves in order to conserve this, existence conserving, relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Solar System: Nature and Mechanics

Authors: Mario Ljubičić
Comments: 165 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the rules of viXra.org]

Origin, mechanics and properties of the Solar System are analyzed in the framework of Complete Relativity. The analysis confirms the postulates and hypotheses of the theory with a high degree of confidence. During the analysis, some new hypotheses have emerged. These are discussed and confirmed with various degrees of confidence. To increase confidence or refute some hypotheses, experimental verification is necessary.

Main conclusions are:

Solar System is a scaled Carbon isotope with a nucleus in a condensed (bosonic) state and components in various vertically excited states.

Earth is a living being of extremely introverted intelligence.

Life is common everywhere, albeit extroverted complex forms are present on planetary surfaces only during planetary neurogenesis, anthropogenic climate change is only a part (trigger from one perspective) of bigger global changes on Earth and in the Solar System during planetary neurogenesis.

Major extinction events are relative extinctions, a regular part of transformation and transfer of life in the process of planetary neurogenesis.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Direct Derivation of Minkowski Space and Special Relativity from an Invariant Tensor Statement and a Condition of Simulta-Neity for the Null 4-Vector. Solutions for Time-Like and Space-Like Trajectories

Authors: David Escors
Comments: 7 Pages.

Derivation of special relativity classically relies on the use of two inertial reference frames separating at a constant velocity, combined with the constancy of the speed of light as a founding definition of simultaneity. Einstein´s original method for derivation provides the general framework in which special relativity is often taught. While this approach is intuitive for students, it is nevertheless confusing in some aspects and lacks clarity in certain steps. Hence, special relativity is very often questioned with paradoxes and apparent mathematical inconsistencies. In most instances, these paradoxes are set up under improper mathematical frameworks, or in systems which are not invariant under coordinate transformations. Here, Minskowski space and special relativity are fully derived from an invariant tensor statement valid in any reference frame, with the simultaneity condition imposed on the 4-dimensional null vector. This approach derives Minkowski space with a very limited number of steps in tensor space without the need of introducing separating inertial reference frames. From it, the main features of special relativity for bradyon and tachyon trajectories are derived. This solution is particularly adequate for students of special and general relativity, as it is simple, straightforward and mathematically consistent.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The LCK+ Seiberg-Witten Equations

Authors: Antoine Balan
Comments: 2 pages, written in french

We propose the LCK+ Seiberg-Witten equations which are the Seiberg-Witten equations for a LCK+ metric.
Category: Geometry

Lorentz Transformation of Gravitational Field

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 7 Pages.

The transformation relationship between different reference systems follows the principle of Lorentz transformation. In general relativity, the curvature of space-time caused by mass is regarded as a non-inertial frame of reference, so there is also a problem of frame of reference transformation. If the concept of virtual space-time is introduced, we can see that the existence of gravity can also introduce the Lorentz transformation relationship, so that we can deal with the problem of gravity in a simpler way. This article analyzes the static gravitational field, and obtains a result consistent with the Schwarzschild solution of relativity in a more concise way.
Category: Statistics

Integral Forms for the Quantum he Hamiltonian Approximation of Chemical Bonds in Rna and Protein Scaling Comparisons

Authors: Han Geurdes
Comments: 11 Pages. No comments

In the paper a mathematical method, originated from studies of nonlinear partial differential equations, is applied to the He approximation of outer electron chemical bonds. The results can be used in the study of large molecules like RNA and proteins. We follow a pairwise atom by atom coordinates approximation. Coordinates can be obtained from crystallography or electron microscopy. The present paper solely presents the proof of concept of the existence of an algorithm. It is expected that such algorithm can be employed in studies of larger molecules.
Category: Biochemistry

Troubles with Shannon’s Account of the Entropy in the Continuous Case

Authors: Arturo Tozzi
Comments: 1 Page. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

According to Shannon, the entropy for continuous stochastic processes has many properties analogous to the entropy for discrete processes. Nevertheless, there are some mathematical and physical problems with Shannon’s account. The obstacle arises in chapter 21 (Shannon 1948), when Shannon describes the continuous case of the entropy of ergodic ensemble of functions (i.e., the entropy of a set of functions together with a probability measure).
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Is the Many Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics Consistent?

Authors: Narayanankutty Karuppath, Vijay Shankar
Comments: 7 Pages. Article to be submitted to the Neuroquantology

Duality in quantum mechanical wave functions is manifest through the famous measurement problem. There have been several interpretations to explain this duality, but none have seen full consensus among physicists. The Copenhagen interpretation, which is at least to some extent the most widely accepted interpretation has the 'collapse' of the wave function (or state vector reduction) during measurement, does not attribute a physical reality to the wave function. Moreover, the idea of measurement having a role in defining reality shakes the very foundation of classical physics. On the other hand, the Many worlds interpretation proposed by Everett is a very brave attempt to attribute physical significance to the wave function. Though mathematically sound and elegant, 'the splitting of the universe' in the Many Worlds Interpretation completely redefines reality as we know it. We test Everett's original thought experiment in the presence of a super observer and for sequential measurements as well. We observe that the no-clone theorem helps the Many Worlds Interpretation, yet it does not provide a consistent picture for sequential measurements, unlike the Copenhagen Interpretation.
Category: Quantum Physics

Method for Discomposing the Product of Two Primes.

Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 2 Pages.

This paper is a solution for the problem of optimization in the discomposing a composite natural number formed by the product of two primes.
Category: Number Theory

Tutorial: Electric and Magnetic Dipoles -- Their Fields and Angular-Orientation Dynamics

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 11 Pages.

The idealized electric dipole is visualized as two charges of equal strength and opposite sign which are kept a fixed nonzero distance apart that is arbitrarily short. This configuration's electric dipole-moment vector is the charge strength multiplied by the fixed-length vector from the negative to the positive charge. We work out the electric fields of electric dipoles, and then obtain their angular-orientation equations of motion in a constant electric field by attributing a moment of inertia to them, which results in electric-dipole dynamics analogous to that of a pendulum. The idealized magnetic dipole is visualized as a closed current loop of arbitrarily small nonzero spatial extent. When its closed loop lies in a plane its magnetic dipole-moment vector is the loop current divided by the speed of light times the area the loop encloses times the unit vector normal to that plane. The vector-function form of the magnetic field of a magnetic dipole is identical to that of the electric field of an electric dipole. We obtain the angular-orientation equation of motion of a magnetic dipole in a constant magnetic field by attributing a proportional mass current to its circulating charge current, which results in magnetic-dipole dynamics analogous to gyroscope precession. The closely related quantum spin dynamics of spin-1/2 electrons in a constant magnetic field is then also discussed.
Category: Classical Physics

A Theory of the Extended Electron ( Anti-Particles of Dirac and Majorana )

Authors: Hoa Van Nguyen
Comments: 21 Pages. 13 figures

The electric charge of the electron is an effective one : it changes by the action of its velocity and the applying field . The purpose of this article is to present some consequences which are related to the effectiveness of the electric charge of the electron .
Category: Classical Physics

Multi-Fold Universe Dark Matter Effects Survive Low-Mass Galaxies with Dark Matter Deficits and Excesses

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 4 Pages. All related details of the projects(and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in-between entangled particles or regions. No New Physics is introduced in terms of new particles beyond the Standard Model or modifying long range gravity: only the modeling of gravity as emerging from entanglement, in a multi-fold universe. The observations of the existence of low mass galaxies, with excess of dark matter, in some cases, and with deficits in dark matters in others, were presented as proof that dark matter exists as cold dark matter. This paper shows that multi-fold dark matter effects of entanglement can explain the observations and are not in any ways weakened. Of course, it is to be added with the other examples, where our models explain dark matter, and galaxy behaviors, better than conventional explanations, and without requiring New Physics.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Multi-Fold Dark Matter Effects and Early Supermassive Black Holes

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 4 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in-between entangled particles or regions. No New Physics is introduced in terms of new particles beyond the Standard Model or modifying long range gravity: only the modeling of gravity as emerging from entanglement, in a multi-fold universe. The discovery of early supermassive black holes raises questions of how they could have formed 13 billion years ago. In this paper, we propose a way that can contribute to an explanation in multi-fold universes, with multi-fold dark matter effects due to entanglement.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Hidden Constants

Authors: Alaya Kouki
Comments: 138 Pages.

In this article we have unify the electromagnetic-field and the gravitational field by introducing a new universal constant. We define also the absolute degree of temperature as 1K=0.627 c/k √ha where "c" is the celerity of light, "k" the Boltzmann constant , "h" the Planck constant and "a" the mechanical impedance of vacuum .
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A New Proof of Functional Equation of Riemann Zeta Function

Authors: Debasis Biswas
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this paper a new proof of functional equation of Riemann Zeta function is given using analytical expression of Riemann Xi function.
Category: Mathematical Physics

On a Covering Method and Applications

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 9 Pages.

In this paper we introduce and develop a method for studying problems concerning packing and covering dilemmas and explore some potential applications.
Category: Geometry

Multichannel Optical Prism

Authors: Lev Ryzhikov
Comments: 7 Pages. The multichannel optical prism was developed and shown how to build-in such kind of prism in real optical device

Currently, many optical tests required the simultaneous measurement values of various technological or metrological parameters. These requirements primarily relate to production and metrological measurements. Examples include optical testing of deformations of parts (e.g., plates) under variable load, shifts of various components of high-precision equipment, and, of course, various metrological measurements of high-precision equipment, such as lithographic machines and different types of measuring and control devices. Simultaneous measurement of one parameter in different parts of the product allows to determine the error (e.g., deformation or alignment error) in object position. Observation and analysis of the position of specific points on the object allows one to judge about deviations both in position and deformation of the measured surface. The proposed multichannel optical prism allows to simultaneously observe several points located on the different parts of the object, as well as monitor their movement in working conditions. The prism must be built into the optical circuit of the measuring device. Some examples of such kind of devices will be discussed below.
Category: Classical Physics

Axiom for Zero: Conjugation Properties

Authors: Arjun Dahal
Comments: 1 Page.

In this article, we have discussed about conjugation property of zero, that seems vividly nonsense, and contradictical, along with Kritima's Equation.
Category: General Mathematics

Elementary Proof on Equivalence Principle

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 1 Page.

The equivalence principle discovered by Albert Einstein when constructing the general theory of relativity, that "in an infinitesimal region, the acceleration of motion is indistinguishable from the acceleration of gravity," has been reconfirmed as correct by my definition of the proof.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Set Theory INC# ∞# Based on Infinitary Intuitionistic Logic with Restricted Modus Ponens Rule (Part.II) Hyper Inductive Definitions

Authors: Jaykov Foukzon
Comments: Journal of Advances in Mathematics and Computer Science, Page 90-112 DOI: 10.9734/jamcs/2021/v36i430359 Published: 11 June 2021

In this paper intuitionistic set theory INC# ∞# in infinitary set theoretical language is considered. External induction principle in nonstandard intuitionistic arithmetic were derived. Non trivial application in number theory is considered.The Goldbach-Euler theorem is obtained without any references to Catalan conjecture.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Generalized Quantum Evidence Theory on Interference Effect

Authors: Fuyuan Xiao
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this paper, CET is generalized to quantum framework of Hilbert space in an open world, called generalized quantum evidence theory (GQET). Differ with classical GET, interference effects are involved in GQET. Especially, when a GQBBA turns into a classical GBBA, interference effects disappear, so that GQB and GQP functions of GQET degenerate to classical GBel and GPl functions of classical GET, respectively.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Wind and Vibration

Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 10 Pages. -

The probable etymology of Russian words WIND, VIBRATION, FIBER, GILL and ZEBRA words is considered. Attached is the translation of the article from Russian into English.
Category: Linguistics

How the Earth as a Cooling Star Created Alkenes (Olefins)

Authors: Ivo van der Rijt
Comments: 2 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

This paper describes various methods how Earth as a Cooling Star created alkenes.
Category: Chemistry

Simulation of Observable Properties of a Quantum Object on a Classical Computer

Authors: Torsten Krieg
Comments: 6 Pages.

Properties such as the energy and momentum of a quantum object can be calculated exactly in quantum theory, but they cannot be simulated on a classical computer. This is in part due to the fact that the physical nature of quantum objects is not yet understood (ontology problem). In this paper it is shown that it is possible to simulate observable properties of a quantum object on a classical computer. For this purpose, the wave describing the quantum object is considered as a physical element with a constant amplitude of a quarter of the Planck constant (Ψmax=h/4=const.). As a result, the values of energy and momentum, as well as the de Broglie wavelength, can be simulated without the aid of further parameters. This is expected to give new ideas to ontological issues.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Bilinski Dodecahedron is a Space-Filling (Tessellating) Polyhedron

Authors: Xavier Gisz
Comments: 8 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

These are currently four well known isohedral space-filling convex polyhedra: parellelepiped (the most symmetric form being the cube), rhombic dodecahedron, oblate octahedron (also known as the square bipyramid) and the disphenoid tetrahedron. In this paper it is shown that a Bilinski dodecahedron is an isohedral space-filling tessellating polyhedron, thus bringing the number of these to five.
Category: Geometry

Elementary Proof of Uncertainty Principle

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 1 Page.

I think that in addition to the fact that atoms are represented by electrons, protons and neutrons, the discovery of "mesons" in modern physics has had a significant impact on modern physics, especially quantum mechanics. In this paper, I will discuss the uncertainty principle, which is the fundamental equation of quantum mechanics, from my definitions.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Three Generation Black Holes and Birth of Universe by Q-theory

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 4 Pages.

Neutron star is graviton black hole that collapses gravitational force, stellar black hole is photon black hole that collapses electromagnetic force, and intermediate-mass black hole is gluon black hole that collapses strong force. Supermassive black hole is not black hole but quantum hole that quantize height Z dimension. In this study, their structure shape and minimum mass were calculated by logarithmic elliptic equation. Quasar is a photon black hole in 4D universe. This falls into our space and creates a galaxy with big bang. In the same way, it is our universe that a gluon black hole of 5D universe fell into 4D universe and was created with big bang.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Mnemonic for One-Letter Elements in the Periodic Table of Elements

Authors: Janko Kokošar
Comments: 2 Pages.

A mnemonic for one-letter elements in the periodic table of elements is shown. A mapping of these letters to keyboard letters is shown. This is also a basis for mnemonics for remembering the other chemical elements. At the same time, this is also a mnemonic for remembering some letters of the keyboard.
Category: Education and Didactics

Synthesizing Regular, Iterative, and Recursive Integration by Parts

Authors: Timothy W. Jones
Comments: 11 Pages.

We give a template for all forms of integration by parts: single use, iterative, and recursive.
Category: General Mathematics

A Marriage Between the Inner-Outer Method and Averaging Methods in a Special Case, or at Least an Attempt At.

Authors: Alon Ray
Comments: 8 Pages.

I had combined the methods of Averaging and Inner-Outer methods of solution in Perturbation theory of Ordinary Differential equations. Obviously one cannot solve analytically this ODE (i.e via elementary functions), perhaps through some sort of Special Functions' transformation which I haven't tried as of yet it may be feasible. What I have done is just take a simple specific example for the general ODE, I believe I was trying to find asymptotics for this specific example. This is my failed attempt for writing my thesis paper for M.Sc in Mathematics, my final attempt. Hope it's worth something to someone...
Category: Functions and Analysis

Cosmological Constant Problem and Six Generation Planck Units by Q-theory

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 4 Pages.

Planck length is the value on 0D, and cosmological constant is the value on 3D. Due to this, the incomprehensible value of 1E-121.54 is calculated at cosmological constant problem. This value is exactly same as the ratio of neutrino masses on 0D and 3D. There is a Planck length on 3D. Multiplying this by cosmological constant, the value of cosmological constant problem is exactly 1. From this, six generation Planck units are calculated, and six generation multi-universes can be analyzed. The Planck time on 3D was calculated as 10.13 billion years, which means that an incomprehensible universal event occurred at that time. This is the birth of simulation universe and the origin of life.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

New Roots Algorithm for Any Index Using the Same Method

Authors: Zeolla Gabriel Martin
Comments: 15 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

The proposal of this document was to find an alternative to the traditional forms of calculating radicals using an algorithm that works for any index, as the only method. This algorithm is designed for the set of integers, so I use the rest as the basis for the development of this document.
Category: General Mathematics

A Photon Is a Magnetic Dipole

Authors: Kamal L. Rajpal
Comments: 7 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

The most important discovery in physics in the last 100 years (1920-2020) was made by Dr. Myron Wyn Evans (1950-2019) in the year 1992 [1]. The discovery of the real longitudinal magnetic field B(3) of the photon [4,5,6] was a landmark historical event, with far reaching insights, in our understanding of the physical nature of the enigmatic photon. Circular or elliptical polarized light acts as a magnet upon interaction with matter. This is the ‘inverse Faraday effect’ (IFE). Thomas Young’s interference experiment (1803) is simple to perform but, even after more than 200 years is difficult to understand. This article explains the basic concepts for both IFE and the double slit using a simple graphical approach [2].
Category: Classical Physics

Expansion of the Universe According to the Hubble Equation Through the Eyes of a Microbiologist and Nuclear Physicist

Authors: Vladimir Aksayskiy
Comments: 3 Pages.

From the point of view of a microbiologist, the Hubble equation describes the expansion of the universe as an exponential phase in the growth of a colony of galaxies on the surface of a dark nutrient medium. From the point of view of a nuclear physicist - as an extended birth of children by fission of the nuclei of the parent element.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

New Models of Inertial Mass and Passive Gravitational Mass

Authors: Richard A. Peters
Comments: 18 Pages.

Any proposed model of gravity must exhibit the same behavior as the model it supersedes, even though the mechanism by which the new model operates differs dramatically from the old. In the old temporal inertial (TI) field model of gravity and inertia, an object does not possess passive gravitational mass; an object is not directly subject to gravity. This paper proposes a new model of passive gravitational mass and inertial mass within the fundamental strictures of the TI field model. In the new TI field model, the passive gravitational mass of an object is a measure of the response of the object, not to gravity, but to the acceleration of the TI field. In the volume of space surrounding a gravitational body (GB), the TI field is accelerated toward the center of mass of the GB. In the new model, the passive gravitational mass of an object still appears to be a measure of the response of the object to gravity. In the new model the property of passive gravitational mass of an object ensures that, within a gravitational field and absent non-gravitational forces, the object accelerates at the same rate as the TI field toward the center of mass of the GB. As the object is not directly subject to gravity and there is no difference in acceleration between the object and the TI field, there is no force on the object. In the new TI field model the inertial mass of an object no longer plays a role in the interaction between an object and gravity. In nongravitational interactions, it is the TI field that produces the inertial reaction force that opposes the application of a non-gravitational force, not the object itself.
Category: Classical Physics

The Multi-Fold Theory: a Synopsis so Far

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 22 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

This paper provides a synopsis and review of the multi-fold theory in preparation for more detailed reviews lectures and books. In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General Relativity (GR) at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model resulting into what we defined as SMG. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model without new Physics other than gravity. These considerations hints at a even stronger relationship between gravity and the Standard Model. Among the multi-fold SMG discoveries, the apparition of an-always in-flight, and hence non-interacting, right-handed neutrinos, coupled to the Higgs boson is quite notable. It is supposedly always around right-handed neutrinos, due to chirality flips by gravity of the massless Weyl fermions, induced by 7D space time matter models and hidden behind the Higgs boson or field at the entry points and exit points of the multi-folds. Massless Higgs bosons modeled as minimal microscopic black holes mark concretized spacetime location. They can condensate into Dirac Kerr-Newman soliton Qballs to produce massive and charged particles, thereby providing a microscopic explanation for a Higgs driven inflation, the electroweak symmetry breaking, the Higgs mechanism, the mass acquisition and the chirality of fermions and spacetime; all resulting from the multi-fold gravity electroweak symmetry breaking. The multi-fold theory has also concrete implications on New Physics. We see this paper as a draft to collect comment and feedback as we evolve it towards a fuller publication.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Proof of Polignac's Conjecture and Infinite Twin Primes

Authors: Jackson Lawrence Capper
Comments: 3 Pages.

We derive a generalised proof of Polignac’s Conjecture by regarding a prime in terms of its whole indivisibility and the consequent probability of prime intervals by applying the second Borel–Cantelli lemma. The specific case of the Twin Prime Conjecture is proven as an example.
Category: Number Theory

Calculation of Down Strange Bottom Quark Masses by Q-theory

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 6 Pages.

Down, strange, and bottom quarks are the combination particles composed of the shell fermion of neutrinos and the inside boson of a pair of neutrino and gravino. When down quark collides, the most external electron neutrino is peeled off and it is turned into strange quark. When the strange quark collides, the most external muon neutrino is peeled off and it is turned into bottom quark. When the bottom quark collides, the most external tau neutrino is peeled off, and a pair of neutrino and gravino boson pops out. All masses can be calculated from the measured masses of top quark, bottom quark, proton, Z boson and H boson. As the result of applying Q-theory, the mass of up, charm, down, strange quark was calculated as 2.254 MeV, 1277.1 MeV, 4.767 MeV, and 95.17 MeV. From these values, the cosmological constant was calculated as 98.4% of 1.1056E-52/m2.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Prevalence of Narcolepsy in Patients with H63D Syndrome

Authors: Anastasios Papadopoulos, Riku Honda, David Seideman, Alexandros Balaskas
Comments: 7 Pages.

H63D syndrome is a phenotype of a homozygous mutation of the HFE gene H63D, which is otherwise known to cause at most mild classical hemochromatosis. H63D syndrome leads to an iron overload in the body (especially in the brain, heart, liver, skin and male gonads) in the form of non-transferrin bound iron (NTBI) poisoning. Hallmark symptoms and causal factor for H63D syndrome is a mild hypotransferrinemia with transferrin saturation values >50%. H63D syndrome is an incurable multi-organ disease, leading to permanent disability. Our objective was to detect the prevalence of narcolepsy and narcolepsy with cataplexy in patients with H63D syndrome.
Category: Mind Science

Method to Encrypt Numbers in Binary System

Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 3 Pages.

This paper is an introduction to number cryptography. We use base-2 numerical systems and position properties to create a method which can convert numbers from binary to decimal and from decimal to binary in different ways depending of the integer used.
Category: General Mathematics

Multiple Sequence Alignment of Libation Formulae Suggest Linear a is Minoan-Greek

Authors: Olivier Samson
Comments: 16 Pages.

Here, we align multiple texts of various Libation formulae in Linear A. The alignment delineates words, and highlights synonymous syllables, of the Libation formulae. Remarkably, two vessels and their contents are specified and verify the proto-Greek origin of Linear A. The two vessels are: (1) “receptacle of grain” SU-TE-DA-KE (σιτοδόκος) followed by its content “grains” SE-TO-I-JA (σιτος,-oο) and (2) “receptacle of oil” I-RI-DE-KA (ελαιοδόκος) followed by its content “olive oil” A-RE-PI (ἄλειφαρ, oil) RE-NA (ἔλαιον, olive). We hypothesize that *301 is pronounced RI, and translate I-RI-WA-E (ἐλαιόω) into “olive-oil”, and I-RI-TI (ἀλείατα) into “wheat-meal”, both common in libation. Furthermore, the multiple sequence alignment juxtaposes the Goddess, I-DA-A (θεά or δεά in Tyrrhenian) and I-DA-MI (δαίμων) with JA-SA-SA-RA-ME, the Ashera poles (אשרים) and with JA-SA-RA-A-NA-NE, a luxuriant tree (רענן). In turn, the labrys inscription I-DA-MA-TE could refer to the God mother (θεά μήτηρ), Demeter (Δημήτηρ). Finally, we hypothesize that KA-NA-SI is derived from the noun “empty” (κενός), and the verb “to pour” (Εγκανασσειν). Interestingly, KA-NA-SI is aligned with the proto-Semitic synonymous translation “I emptied” RU-KA-NA-TI (רוקנתי) and RU-KA-JA-SI (ריקיתי). As such, we conclude Minoan is mainly a proto-Greek language, yet permeated with proto-Semitic influence.
Category: Archaeology

Calculation of Proton Mass and Neutron Mass by Q-theory

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 5 Pages.

The logarithmic compressive strength of quantum space imparts mass to particle. If particles are tightly connected to each other, their sum mass should be calculated as logarithmic masses. If particles are free from each other, their sum mass should be calculated as arithmetic masses. Proton is composed of two up quarks, one down quark, one strong particle force, and one electromagnetic particle force. From the logarithmic masses, the proton is calculated as 89.8% mass of the measured value. Here, 5D dark force acts to the electromagnetic particle force, and the proton mass is calculated as 98.3% of the meas-ured value. 6D dark force also acts to the strong particle force, and the proton mass is calculated as 99.8% of the measured value. Calculating this inversely, the mass of down quark is calculated as 4.756 MeV. Neutron is composed of one proton, one electron, and one shell anti-brane. Here, the electron is held in the form of particle inside neutron by the observer effect of the shell brane. The difference between the calculated mass and the measured mass of neutron was +8,966 eV. This value is the separating energy of shell brane, which is the reason of negative beta decay.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Collatz Conjecture: The Proof

Authors: Leszek Mazurek
Comments: Pages.

In this paper, we prove the Collatz conjecture. The proof consists of two parts. The first, shows that the Collatz conjecture is the equivalent of the statement that every positive integer can be presented as a certain equation. In the second part, we prove that for every initial positive integer, this equation can be found. To achieve this, we propose a procedure that can be iterated, and we prove that by doing this we arrive at this equation. We also prove that any initial positive integer can be presented in an infinite number of ways in the form of needed equation. Each such form represents the loop occurring when number 1 is reached. The analysis is conducted using binary representation of numbers.
Category: Number Theory

Sur Le Problème Des Trois Corps Et Les Equations De La Dynamique
Chapitre 1 - Nouvelle Edition Numérique

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 49 Pages. In French. Comments welcome.

[Note: This is Henri Poincare's paper edited by Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem]

Pendulum and Gravimeter Tests Misled by Remote Man-Made em Waves in Solar Eclipse Days Over Years (False Allais Effect)

Authors: Antonio Iovane
Comments: 18 Pages.

We report misleading effects of human-origin signals on very distant gravity experiments in solar eclipse days. Despite Newton's well-established gravity, some research has been underway for some years on alleged gravitational anomalies in the days of solar eclipses, as per still considered reports in mainstream peer-reviewed journals. In solar eclipse days some instruments, notably pendulums and gravimeters, had provided anomalies that were interpreted as unknown features of gravity. French physicist Maurice Allais is credited with first reporting pendulum anomalies during a solar eclipse in 1954. NASA researchers also wanted to investigate the matter, also because they were looking for an explanation for the so-called Pioneer anomaly (explained later), and promoted a worldwide test for the solar eclipse of August 11, 1999. We were recruited for that experiment in July 1999 following our proposal for an innovative experiment. We have since conducted two experiments with stationary pendulums and recorded surprisingly structured anomalies which after years of study proved unnatural. We report these tests with extensive control data, and a limited number of similar anomalies by others, some already published but still not as unnatural. In summary we analyze: our stationary pendulum test on Aug 11 1999 in South Italy (unpublished); our stationary pendulum test on May 31 2003 in South Italy (unpublished); a gravimeter test by University of Trieste (Italy) on Aug 11 1999 (unpublished); a report from Reading (UK) for the Aug 11 1999 eclipse (published); a report from Manavgat (Turkey) for the March 29 2006 eclipse (published); a report from Kiev (Ukraine) for the Sept 11 2007 eclipse (published). In the above experiments we found abnormal instrumental behaviors (sudden sharp micro-deviations) that obey a precise structure of equally spaced time markers. The timing scheme was always the same in all of the above experiments. Subsequent research revealed that the scheme matched the one used by a very distant source of high-power, man-made, controlled radio signals. We conclude that the measuring instruments tracked by chance a campaign of RF-based eclipse experiments over the years, not gravitational phenomena. We report in more detail our two pendulum experiments and the gravimetric test of University of Trieste, spending fewer words on the other tests already described in their respective articles.
Category: Classical Physics