All Submission Categories

Unification of Four Fundamental Forces by Q-theory

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 4 Pages.

Force is a particle composed of standard neutrino (electron, muon, tau) and oscillating gravino (graviton, photon, gluon). Force is kinetic state and has mass. From the outside of our universe, three generation dark forces that we cannot understand are affecting weak force, electromagnetic force, and strong force. The sum of three generation dark forces is the dark energy. The four fundamental forces are unified by logarithmic parabolic equation. From this, the weak force is calculated as 1.010E-6 and the gravitational force as 5.904E-39.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Classifying Chemical Elements from Sixteen Oscillatory Patterns. a Periodic Table Required for Negative Mass Elements ?

Authors: Bruno R Galeffi
Comments: 7 Pages.

The immeasurable variety of oscillatory patterns pervading the vacuum constitutes the background of the physical universe. It also comprises the biofield that provides critical information for sustaining life. The existence of sixteen vibrating energies or “sounds” related to 128 chemical elements is set forth. Chemical elements with negative mass are proposed. The clustering of those negative mass elements could account for dark matter.
Category: Chemistry

Calculation of Up Charm Top Quark Masses by Q-theory

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 3 Pages.

Up, charm, and top quarks are the combination particles composed of the shell fermion of three generation anti-neutrinos and the inside boson of a pair of anti-neutrinos. When up quark collides violently, the most external electron anti-neutrino is peeled off and it is turned into charm quark. When the charm quark collides violently, the most external muon anti-neutrino is peeled off and it is turned into top quark. When the top quark collides violently, the most external tau anti-neutrino is peeled off, and a pair of anti-neutrino boson pops out. As the result of applying logarithmic elliptic equation to them, the mass of up quark was calculated as 2.254 MeV.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Field Theory of Temperature

Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 12 Pages. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Comments and objections are welcome.

Motivated by the well-known contradiction of special relativity and the heat equation, a wave equation for temperature scalar field is presented that also resolves the old issue of (Lorentz) transformation of temperature and entropy. As an inductive consequence it is proposed that single particles posses entropy.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Magnetic Symmetry of Geometrical Optics

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: Written in English, 6 pages, no figure.

We show that there exists a magnetic monopole in the $U(1)$ geometrical optics as a consequence of the magnetic symmetry in a $(4+d)$-dimensional unified space where the magnetic symmetry is a consequence of the extra internal symmetry. This magnetic symmetry restricts the gauge potential. The restricted (decomposed) gauge potential is made of the scalar potential as the unrestricted electric part and the vector potential as the restricted magnetic part. We also show that the refractive indices can be formulated in relation to the decomposed gauge potential. We treat the curvature in the curvature-refractive index relation of the $U(1)$ geometrical optics as an Abelian curvature form in the fibre bundle.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Behold the Mighty Hand of God: Joan of Arc, Instrument in Thwarting Global Fascism

Authors: Richard L Amoroso
Comments: 4 Pages. Preprint: Article submitted to Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) publication “The Ensign”, April 2021

The faithful acknowledge the hand of God in all things. It is evident that the evolution of humanity is guided, not random; “the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.” (Gen. 1:2). There is a particular instance, subtle until after the fact, having great import on the modern world. The holy sword of St. Catherine given the Blessed Virgin Joan of Arc, wielded by the hand of the Lord, is thrust 500 years into the future slaying the dragon of fascist Germany. In summary: 15th century France is being conquered by Briton. A 14-year-old peasant girl has a vision of a sword hidden behind an altar in St Catherine’s Church, leads an army given to her by the French Dauphine Charles VII resulting in restoring France as a nation. 300 years later, French King Louis XVI’s support is the major cause of victory in the American Revolutionary war for independence from Briton. Without France, instead of an immense America from sea to shining sea, there would have been 4 to 6 small North American nations. In another 200 years, WWII Allies barely defeat fascist Germany. Without the industrial strength of a United States of America, the likely loss of WWII challenges the Judeo-Christian-Islamic God’s eternal plan for the millennial return of the Messiah ruling in unity from Jerusalem (Israel) and the New Jerusalem (Zion) on the American continent.
Category: Social Science

A Heuristic Point of View on the Breathing in the Corona Virus Environment – a Review

Authors: Emanuel Gluskin
Comments: 15 Pages. It is an investigation related to human health

It is a mini-review of a study related to the breathing of a human having the corona virus disease. The motivating arguments and two essential results of the "macroscopic" analysis are carefully discussed. The weak points of the formal constructions are stressed in order to encourage a teacher to suggest good topics (some of which are formulated here) for students' projects, which creates some pedagogical slant.
Category: Classical Physics

On the Change in Electrical Power Caused by Loading an Electrical Circuit with an Impedance

Authors: Aloys J. Sipers, Joh. J. Sauren
Comments: 12 Pages.

In this paper we apply the theory of two-ports to present and to proof two real-valued theorems and two complex-valued theorems on the difference in electrical power of an unloaded and a loaded circuit driven by a voltage source or a current source, respectively.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Worry About Annual Output a Few of kg Neutrons in Nuclear Power Station?

Authors: Yanming Wei
Comments: 6 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

It is important to investigate how many neutrons are produced and where fissional neutrons are going in uranium fuel reactor, as hazard assessment on nuclear wastes does need reliable data, but it seems hard to find a pie chart depicting different percentages for all possible destinies of neutrons, so some calculations herein need correction in future.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Interpretation and Solution of the Cosmological Constant Problem.

Authors: Stéphane Wojnow
Comments: 2 Pages.

The cosmological constant problem or vacuum catastrophe has long been a mystery of physics. We bring a solution and a simple interpretation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Generalized Bargman-Michel-Telegdi Equation for the Fermilab Muon Experiment

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 10 Pages. The original ideas

The influence of the bremsstrahlung on the spin motion of muon is expressed by the equation which is the analogue and generalization of the Bargmann-Michel-Telegdi equation. The new constant is involved in this equation. This constant can be immediately determined by the experimental measurement in FERMILAB of the spin motion of muon, or, it follows from the classical limit of genneralized SM electrodynamics with radiative corrections (Pardy, 2008; 2009).
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Calculation of Neutrino and Gravino Masses by Q-theory

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 5 Pages.

Gravino is a word coined by author and means graviton, photon, and gluon. The fundamental particles of everything are three generations of neutrinos and gravinos, and logarithmic elliptic equation is established at them. Everything is divided into ki-netic state and steady state. In kinetic state, the mass of electron neutrino was calculated as 0.1531 eV, and that of graviton, photon, and gluon were calculated as 2.495E-10 eV, 0.1600 eV, and 114.6 eV. In steady state, the masses of electron, muon, and tau neutrinos were calculated as 0.1384 eV, 166.0 keV, and 15.52 MeV, and that of graviton, photon, and gluon were calcu-lated as 2.760E-10 eV, 0.1638 eV, and 114.5 eV.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Calculation of Space Dimension by Q-theory

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 4 Pages.

Electron, muon, and tau are the combined particles composed of three generation neutrinos and three generation gravinos. The neutrinos make the shape of particles, and the gravinos make the force of particles. Muon is the particle that the outer shell of electron is peeled off, and tau is the particle that the outer shell of muon is peeled off. In previous study, logarithmic elliptic equation was suggested, and it was called as Q-theory. Applying this to electron, muon, and tau, the dimension of space is calculated as 6.00108.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

How to Find the Surplus Root (Prime Number) in Power Surplus of Prime Numbers

Authors: Takamasa Noguchi
Comments: 10 Pages.

There are already various formulas for calculating power remainders and roots of remainders. Based on these, I have created a simple and quick way to calculate it. However, there is no theoretical proof.
Category: Number Theory

The Cohomology of Manifolds

Authors: Antoine Balan
Comments: 2 pages, written in french

We define a cohomology for the exterior forms over a manifold. It generalizes the De Rham cohomology.
Category: Topology

Die Geschwindigkeit Kontinuierlicher Gravitationswellen
The Speed of Continuous Gravitational Waves

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 7 Pages.

Der Dopplereffekt durch die Erdumlaufbahn ermöglicht die Identifikation zahlreicher GW im Frequenzbereich um 0,3 mHz. Die Auswertung der Phasenmodulation ergibt einen höheren Frequenzhub als die relativistische Dopplerverschiebung erlaubt. Eine mögliche Erklärung ist, dass die Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit der GW geringer als die Lichtgeschwindigkeit und frequenzabhängig ist.

Supercontinent Pangeon Obscura: Contrasting Secular Geophysics with Theological Ratiocinations

Authors: Richard L Amoroso
Comments: 14 Pages. Preprint: Submitted to Scientific God Journal; https://www.scigod.com/index.php/sgj, 4-2021.

Before geologist E. Suess scientifically proposed a supercontinent he named Gondwanaland in 1885, over 3,300 years earlier, around 1450 BC, Moses wrote of a supercontinent in the Book of Genesis regarding division of Earth at the time of Peleg, “for in his days was the earth divided” (Gen. 10:25). The next step, the first sufficiently detailed and comprehensive theory of continental drift proposed in 1912 by meteorologist A. Wegener, postulated from geologic and paleontological data, that most geologic time had only one continent, which he called Pangea. Using the seven contemporary continents as puzzle pieces, geophysicists have proposed four versions of a Peleg-like Pangea supercontinent. Utilizing additional theological insights, in conjunction with the Hand of God putatively driving the evolution of continental drift, a 5th global supercontinent Pangeon Obscura is proposed, illustrating how Jerusalem (Israel) and Zion (New Jerusalem on the American continent) will merge to occupy the same location by the end of the Judeo-Christian-Islamic Millennium.
Category: Geophysics

Logarithmic Elliptic Equation and Change of Universe

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 7 Pages.

Logarithmic elliptic equation is very similar to the characteristics of superstring theory. Space is quantized by the logarithmic elliptic equation. Three generation quantum spaces make three generation particles and give them their characteristics such as mass and oscillation phenomenon. The whole universe is composed of a straight 6-dimensional space, and six generation quantum hole families quantize the dimensions one by one. This is the origin reason of the change of universe. The theory of everything is integrated by logarithmic elliptic and parabolic equations.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Anomalous Tracer Diffusion in Hard-Sphere Suspensions

Authors: Stephen Peppin
Comments: 16 Pages.

Coupled equations describing diffusion and cross-diffusion of tracer particles in hard-sphere suspensions are derived and solved numerically. In concentrated systems with strong excluded volume and viscous interactions the tracer motion is subdiffusive. Cross diffusion generates transient perturbations to the host-particle matrix, which affect the motion of the tracer particles leading to nonlinear mean squared displacements. Above a critical host-matrix concentration the tracers experience clustering and uphill diffusion, moving in opposition to their own concentration gradient. A linear stability analysis indicates that cross diffusion can lead to unstable concentration fluctuations in the suspension. The instability is a potential mechanism for the appearance of dynamic and structural heterogeneity in suspensions near the glass transition.
Category: Condensed Matter

A Theorem and Conjecture to Generalize Nicomanchus' Theorem

Authors: Suaib Lateef
Comments: 4 pages

In this paper, we prove that the sum of fifth powers of the first n natural numbers is a difference of two squares whose difference is the sum of the natural numbers. We also conjecture that the same is true for all odd powers.
Category: Number Theory

Darkness and Light

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 4 Pages.

Darkness is everywhere, but hardly anywhere within serious thought. We like to focus on light, and ignore the other side of the coin, impoverishing our vision and our physics. This deceptively simple essay considers gray areas where hard science and evolving human society interpenetrate. Here is a primary intersection of scientific physics and humanistic philosophy.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Optimal Vantage Points for Crowds

Authors: Eryk Kersting, Nicholas Kersting
Comments: 16 Pages. Added figures and some commentary

For a typically 2D distributed crowd of viewers all trying to get a line-of-sight (LOS) to the same object, the close-packed distribution favors only the few closest viewers who inadvertently occlude the line-of-sight (LOS) for the rest of the group stuck behind them. In this paper we study optimal arrangements of the viewers which guarantee everyone gets a LOS. We discuss analytical solutions and numerical simulations for N viewers of both the point-like as well as the extended line-like central object, suggesting applications ranging from focusing power sources to waiting at the airport baggage claim.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Quantum Space and Origin of Mass

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 12 Pages.

From the Higgs masses of Run 1 and 2016 measured at CMS, a very special value of 36.9% was found. Applying 36.9% to Run 1 and Run 2 of ATLAS, the Higgs mass is calculated to be 125.07 GeV at Run 1 and 125.06 GeV at Run 2. Also, when applying 36.9% to Run 1 and 2016 of CMS, 47 identical values are found. From 36.9%, the Hubble constant of 70.93 km/s/Mpc, the age of the universe of 13.785 BY, the dark energy ratio Ω of 68.45%, and the cosmological constant of 1.1020E-52 /m2 are simply calculated. The compressive strength of three generation quantum spaces makes the three generation particles and gives it a quantum mass. Since quantum space has a logarithmic property, the total mass of particles must be calculated as the logarithmic value. From the log-parabola equation of W Z H, the relationships of H^2 = Z^7 / W^5 and Ω = W^3 / Z^3 were derived. Therefore, substituting Z 91.1880 GeV of PDG 2024, the masses of W and H are calculated to be 80.36 GeV (= Z u2022 Ω^(1/3)) and 125.06 GeV (= Z / Ω^(5/6)). From more precise calculations, when the mass of Z is 91.1880 GeV, the values of Ω, W, and H were calculated to be 68.4523%, 80.3650 GeV, and 125.059 GeV. The value of Z / H is calculated as 72.9161%. Multiplying by 68.4523%, 2.00350 is calculated, which is similar to the g-2 factor of 2.002.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Explaining and the Precise Calculation of Anomalous Magnetic Momentum of Muons in Fnal on the Basis of Quantize Space and Time Theory

Authors: Hamid Reza Karimi
Comments: 11 Pages.

In this paper by using the quantized space and time theory we explain that why magnetic momentum of muons in Fermilab National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL) has anomaly and doesn't compatible with the predicted amounts in the standard model. Also the speed of muons in cyclotron will be calculated precisely.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Hubble Formula at Large Distances

Authors: V.P. Telnin
Comments: 1 Page.

A formula, for the relationship between the speed of galaxy and the distance to it, is proposed. It passes into the Hubble formula at small distances.
Category: Astrophysics

Boron, to Mumble, Pig Sweat

Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 14 Pages.

The presumed etymology of the Russian word Boron and its derivatives is reviewed. Attached is the translation of the article from Russian into English
Category: Linguistics

Prospects of a Unified Field Theory Including Gravity

Authors: Lucian M Ionescu
Comments: 6 Pages.

The generic relativistic version of a particle-eld theory, with non-isotropic sources, includes a Gravity force perturbation of Coulombian Force, with the usual Magnetic Force resulting from Lorentz transformations. The quark model of Standard Model, with fractional charge struc- ture of nucleons enveloped by electronic clouds, mandates such non- isotropic charges. Dynamic Nuclear Orientation (DNO), via electronic spin and LS- coupling, allows to invert the population of low energy Gravitational attraction states, and achieve Gravity Control. The 1994 scientic experiment of Dr. Frederick Alzofon has con- rmed Gravity Control can be achieved via DNO. Other researchers have contributed in the same general direction of unifying Electromagnetism and Gravity, supporting the non-isotropic charge concept, including Paul LaViolette, author of Subquantum Ki- netics.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Thermodynamic Inwardly Open System by Locally Decreasing Entropy Originates Life

Authors: Alfred Bennun
Comments: 17 Pages. 5 figures

The bosons emergence in the Big-Bang in the spaceless universe, by a causal coupling, originates the 4th dimensions. The chronology of bosons that occupied the same quantum state, could allow characterizing the expansion from which develops a treatment without ad hoc inflation. The fundamental property of quantum entanglement, allows 8E60 bosons, because occupied the same quantum state became causally interconnected, shaping space as an irreversible thermodynamic continuum. The uncoupling of forces results in the emission of gravitational waves, expanding outwardly emerging by enlarging space. The doubling of the time required for simultaneous photons splitting, increase the wavelength-locus by two, and decrease the frequency by half, by its screw motion distends to left and right the space. At the time of the initial first 100 seconds has dissipated the associated Big-Bang’s sound. Energy quantization within the plasma state, eventually leads into baryonic emergence, shaping the: protons, electrons and neutrinos/antineutrinos. The gravitational waves at primordial stages may create space disaggregation, which emergence of the quantum space confining energy by the quantum mechanics shaping of particles. Thus, separates the continuum of causality and the entanglement, defining quantum parameters of chemical bonding configurations for atoms and molecular structures. At the dark Ages the oscillation aligning the spins of hydrogen atoms, a quantum mechanics process, results in 21 cm photons emission. At present are detectable by its elongation to about 250m wavelength. The very large elongation of gravitational waves leads to a remaining vibrational power, impacting into the plasma leading to emission of sound waves as observed as wavelength decreasing acoustic peaks. The Recombination Era manifests the kinetics of collision between hydrogen molecules by the sound waves impacting in a wide angle over the soup of particles generating polarized CMB photons. The latter, has been characterized by black body emission of a thermal radiation, detected at present by the about average 2-3 cm of wavelength characteristic of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). This allows observed the homogenous structures that lead to develop inflation theory as a function of a greater than c velocity, which the presented solution to the problematic of homogeneity is solved by the Planck’s identical quantum states. The eventual accumulation into voids of thermal photons allows being a manifestation of the cosmological constant predicting to be a form of energy, resisting to gravitational attractions, response shown by the molecules of hydrogen, generating stars and galaxies.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Goldbach Conjecture Holds for 60

Authors: O. Kurwa
Comments: 1 Page.

A long standing conjecture by Goldbach states that every even integer greater than two can be written as a sum of two prime numbers. In this paper, we present the proof that the conjecture is true for 60.
Category: Number Theory

Is Our World an Intelligent Simulation?

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 11 Pages. Submitted to the journal.

Elon Musk seems to believe that our world is an intelligent simulation; that part of our world is simulated (part A), and part is not (part B): it is like augmented reality, made by highly advanced beings. I argue that part B is a galaxy, but part A is the Dark Matter surrounding that galaxy.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Natural Boundaries

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 6 Pages. Submitted to the journal.

My understanding of modern physical discoveries that does not modify the existing equations. Only the values become bounded, to avoid infinities and singularities: "the sand a boundary for the sea, an everlasting barrier it cannot cross. The waves may roll, but they cannot prevail; they may roar, but they cannot cross it." Jeremiah 5:22 NIV.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Living Systems Negative Entropy Thermodynamics with Growth, Repair, Carnot Cycle Comparisons and the Second Law Paradox

Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 10 Pages.

In this paper, we provide insight into understanding living system negative entropy growth and repair processes from a thermodynamic perspective. Living systems are viewed as cyclic from a daily perspective of work, sleep, nutritional consumption, waste, breathing, growth, and repair cycles. We assess growth and repair with an equivalency cyclic work model. In a repair, for example, the free energy of the system is restored close to the original state with some imperfect repair that also occurs. We illustrate this using an equivalent amount of cyclic work by comparing it to a heat engine and assessing its efficiency. Results of modeling suggest a type of living system heat engine and cyclic efficiency that we were able to compare to a Carnot type efficiency for repair and growth processes that are insightful in the thermodynamic framework compared to traditional medical methods. The efficiency is somewhat paradoxical in Second Law treatment as one might expect due to the spontaneous negative entropy nature of growth and repair in living systems compared to the spontaneous entropy nature of disorder in passive systems. We suggest a simple modification of the Second Law in negative entropy terms. We also suggest metrics that can be used to assess a living system’s ability to generate negative entropy using the fractional repair and a repair rate function that is comparable to an electric RC circuit charge-discharge model. Results provide new insights on how to approach living system negative entropy thermodynamics.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

To Know Them, Remove Them: an Outer Methodological Approach to Biophysics and Humanities

Authors: Arturo Tozzi
Comments: 26 Pages.

Set theory faces two difficulties: formal definitions of sets/subsets are incapable of assessing biophysical issues; formal axiomatic systems are complete/inconsistent or incomplete/consistent. To overtake these problems reminiscent of the old-fashioned principle of individuation, we provide formal treatment/validation/operationalization of a methodological weapon termed “outer approach” (OA). The observer’s attention shifts from the system under evaluation to its surroundings, so that objects are investigated from outside. Subsets become just “holes” devoid of information inside larger sets. Sets are no longer passive containers, rather active structures enabling their content’s examination. Consequences/applications of OA include: a) operationalization of paraconsistent logics, anticipated by unexpected forerunners, in terms of advanced truth theories of natural language, anthropic principle and quantum dynamics; b) assessment of embryonic craniocaudal migration in terms of Turing’s spots; c) evaluation of hominids’ social behaviors in terms of evolutionary modifications of facial expression’s musculature; d) treatment of cortical action potentials in terms of collective movements of extracellular currents, leaving apart what happens inside the neurons; e) a critique of Shannon’s information in terms of the Arabic thinkers’ active/potential intellects. Also, OA provides an outer view of a) humanistic issues such as the enigmatic Celestino of Verona’s letter, Dante Alighieri’s “Hell” and the puzzling Voynich manuscript; b) historical issues such as Aldo Moro’s death and the Liston/Clay boxing fight. Summarizing, the safest methodology to quantify phenomena is to remove them from our observation and tackle an outer view, since mathematical/logical issues such as selective information deletion and set complement rescue incompleteness/inconsistency of biophysical systems.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

The Human Vertebrae, the Number Phi, the Square Root of 2, the Number pi and the Number e

Authors: Muhammed Omar Badr
Comments: 2 Pages.

The numbers and proportions of the human vertebrae are not randomly organized but have relations to the number phi, the square root of 2, the number pi and the number e. This paper shows these relations.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

The 7 Elementary Fields of Particle Physics

Authors: Alan M. Kadin
Comments: 19 Pages. Poster presented at American Physical Society virtual meeting April 2021

The standard model includes over 60 particles, including antiparticles, flavors, and colors. That is too many to be truly fundamental. In a novel conceptual picture, these particles are mostly binary “molecules” of 7 elementary fields: the electric field and a conjugate charge field, the weak field and a conjugate lepton field, and 3 color fields (red, blue, and green). For example, the electron is composed of a charge field bound to a lepton field; a quark is composed of a charge field bound to a color field; and a gluon is two coupled color fields. This picture further envisions distributed mass, charge, and spin associated with rotation of vector fields. Antiparticles and flavors follow simply within this picture. This is not yet a theory, but implications for development of a theory will be discussed.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Do Event Horizons Really Exist?

Authors: Alan M. Kadin
Comments: 12 Pages. Poster presented at American Physical Society virtual meeting April 2021

Black holes surrounded by event horizons are standard solutions of orthodox gravitational theory, and are universally believed to have been observed in galactic centers and binary stars. On the contrary, it is suggested here that the theory has never been proven in the strong-field regime, and that the convincing observations of compact astronomical objects do not validate the presence of event horizons with divergent spacetime. Indeed, it is easy to construct non-divergent spacetime models that give rise to compact objects without event horizons [1]. Recent detailed observations of black holes, such as those from the Event Horizon Telescope and the Laser Interferometric Gravitational-Wave Observatory, may be mostly confirmation bias of noisy data [2]. Until such time as the measurements have much higher resolution, the prudent scientific approach is to regard black holes and event horizons as interesting mathematical objects that may or may not exist in the real universe. [1] A.M. Kadin, “Gravitation and Cosmology Without Divergences,” 2018. https://vixra.org/abs/1804.0231 [2] A.M. Kadin, “Why We Should Be Skeptical of Black Holes,” 2020. https://vixra.org/abs/2005.0152
Category: Astrophysics

On the Negation Intensity of a Basic Probability Assignment (Bpa)

Authors: Xiangjun Mi, Chongru Huang, Bingyi Kang
Comments: 29 Pages.

How to obtain negation knowledge is a crucial topic, especially in the field of artificial intelligence. Limited work has been done on the negation of a basic probability assignment (BPA), and which has been studied in depth throughout the literature. However, the aspect of the intensity level of negation enforcement has not yet been investigated. Moreover, let us note that the main characteristic of intelligent systems is just the flexibility for the sake of being able to represent knowledge according to each situation. In general, researchers have a tendency to express the need for cognitive range in the negation. Thus, it would seem very useful to find a wide range of negations under intensity levels in a BPA. Based on these ideas, this paper first proposes a new approach of finding a BPA negation and gives a domain of intensity in which the negation is executed, which is called the negation space. Then, we investigate a number of desirable properties and explore their correlation with entropy. Numerical examples show the characteristics of the proposed negation solution. Finally, we validate the efficiency of the proposed method from the point of view of the Dempster-Shafer belief structure.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Limiting Fluctuations in Quantum Gravity to Diffeomorphisms

Authors: Brian Slovick
Comments: 8 Pages.

Within the background field formalism of quantum gravity, I show that if the quantum fluctuations are limited to diffeomorphic transformations, all the quantum corrections vanish on shell and the effective action is equivalent to the classical action. I also show that this choice of fields renders the path integral independent of the on-shell condition for the background field, and therefore incorporates a form of background independence. The proposed approach may provide insight into the development of a finite and background independent description of quantum gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Axiom of Choice of Subsets

Authors: Antoine Balan
Comments: 1 page, written in french

We propose a new axiom, stronger than the axiom of choice, called the axiom of choice of subsets.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

An Elementary Proof of $0.999\dots=1$

Authors: O. Kurwa
Comments: 2 Pages.

One of the properties distinguishing irrational and rational numbers is the uniqueness (or the lack thereof) of their decimal representations. For example, the numbers $\pi$ and $1$ can be used as specimens of this phenomenon, as $\pi$ has precisely one expression as decimals, but $1=1.0=1.00=\dots$. In this paper, we provide an elementary proof for the fact that $0.999\dots$ is also a decimal representation of $1$, using the Lebesgue measure.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Four Spacetime Dimensions from Multifractal Geometry

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 15 Pages.

As paradigm of complex behavior, multifractals describe the underlying geometry of self-similar objects or processes. Building on the connection between entropy and multifractals, we speculate here that the generalized dimension of geodesic trajectories in General Relativity recovers the four-dimensionality of classical spacetime.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Factorization and Combined Sequences

Authors: Dante Servi
Comments: 10 Pages. Copyright by Servi Dante.

My research began with the distribution of primes and composite numbers, I believe I have identified the mechanism. In this article I deal with the factorization of composite numbers or the search for prime numbers that multiplied together give the composite number under examination as a result. From the very beginning of the research I came across those sequences of prime numbers and composite numbers that I called combined sequences, continuing the research I believe I have revealed all the main characteristics. In this article I propose a table that derives strictly from the combined sequence that I had already called [Sc<=11], for this reason I have identified it with the same name.
Category: Number Theory

Analysis and Possible Methods of Detection of QuarkStars

Authors: Simarjot Singh Monga
Comments: 8 Pages.

The observation of events like GW170817 have provided enormous opportunities and data to study many celestial objects. Among these infinite celestial objects, today we discuss and provide theoretical analysis and possible methods of detection of Quark Stars.
Category: Astrophysics

Quaternion Space-Time and Matter

Authors: Viktor Ariel
Comments: 13 Pages. Copyright by Author: CC0

In this work, we use the key assumption that division algebras play a key role in description and prediction of natural phenomena. Consequently, we use division algebra of quaternions to describe the four-dimensional space-time intervals. Then, we demonstrate that the quaternion space-time together with the finite speed of signal propagation allow for a simple, intuitive understanding of the space-time interval transformation during arbitrary motion between a signal source and observer. We derive a quaternion form of the Lorentz time dilation and suggest that it's real scalar norm is the traditional form of the Lorentz transformation, representing experimental measurements of the space-time interval. Thus, the new quaternion theory is inseparable from the experimental process. We determine that the space-time interval in the observer reference frame is given by a conjugate quaternion expression, which is essential for a proper definition of quaternion gradient operator. Then, we apply the quaternion gradient to an arbitrary quaternion potential function, which leads to the unified expressions of force fields. The second quaternion differentiation results in the unified Maxwell equations. Finally, we apply the resulting unified formalism to electromagnetic and gravitational interactions and show that the new expressions are similar to the traditional equations, with the novel terms related to scalar fields and velocity dependent components. Furthermore, we obtain two types of force fields and four types of matter density expressions, which require further theoretical and experimental study. Therefore, the new mathematical framework based on quaternion algebra and quaternion calculus may serve as the foundation for a unified theory of space-time and matter, leading to a useful enhancement of the traditional theories of special and general relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Galore of Time Independent Invariants of One Dimensional Dissipative Harmonic Oscillator

Authors: Debasis Biswas
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this work we find invariants of one dimensional dissipative harmonic oscillator from an elementary ansatz. It is shown that an elementary ansatz along with symmetry consideration yields new invariants of one dimensional dissipative harmonic oscillator.
Category: Mathematical Physics

How the Earth as a Cooling Star Created Abiotic Fuel

Authors: Ivo van der Rijt
Comments: 2 Pages.

This paper describes the Fisher-Tropsch synthesis that happened on Earth when it was a younger star.
Category: Chemistry

The Nature of the Reflection of Our Consciousness
Природа отражения нашего сознания

Authors: Robert Yusupov
Comments: 35 Pages. In Russian (please learn Russian) © Robert Yusupov APR 22 2021

The full title of this article is "Reasoning and Thinking of a Dialectical Materialist on the Nature of Reflection of Our Consciousness". Thinking on the nature of reflection. How do we perceive the material world around us? How does our eye perceive and reflect the material nature around us? What is the reflection mechanism? What is the essence of reflection? What is the essence of observation? How do we observe a continuous process? What are the physical aspects of observing a real continuous natural process? Here are the questions to be discussed. And this article also deals with problems and categories: "Continuous and discrete", "Dynamic and static", "Dynamic, continuous and static, discrete".

A Brief Motivation for Electric High-Thrust Propulsion in General; and in Particular for the Plasma Propulsion Concept “Helios”

Authors: Danny Kirmse, U. Eschrich
Comments: 21 Pages.

The journey to the planets and maybe to the stars one day is an old dream of the humankind; to leave mother earth and dare the next, the interplanetary, step of exploration. “Dare mighty things” is a key slogan of these days of Percy’s arrival on the red planet. And this it is, space travel is still the great adventure of our days. Almost everybody, who is involved in space travel related activities, is passionate and enthusiastic and knows that she or he is part of something huge. Several technologies and research topics are part of space travelling. One cannot distinguish between the importance of the different involved technologies. But though, the basis and the origin of this journey is called propulsion. So, propulsion may not be more important than other technologies; but it is the fundament. And without propulsion there is basically no space exploration thinkable. For this reason, the following pamphlet is supposed to reflect the basic of propulsion in a rather naive way, which is more focusing on understanding the simple relations than to serve scientific wording. The further purpose is to derive from these relations a necessity of a very specific type of propulsion; the continuous electric high-thrust propulsion.
Category: Classical Physics

Further Evidence that Dark Energy is Cosmic Gravity

Authors: Lindsay Forbes
Comments: 12 Pages.

I have proposed that Dark Energy is the gravitational pull of the cosmos. This second paper summarizes some of the additional evidence which supports my speculation. Follow the data, not the crowd. Two predictions - The rate of expansion of the universe will increase with time as the gravitational pull of the cosmos increases as we move out into the cosmos. The expansion of our universe will not be isotropic. There will be a dipole in the direction of the biggest and/or closest mass out there. The debate on the correct value of Ho continues. I don't want to spoil a good argument but they could both be right. An anisotropic universe will be strongly resisted but there is now even more evidence of a dipole in the sky. While the prospect of 'new physics' has much appeal there could be a much simpler explanation. Change the assumptions about the size of the universe and some of the biggest problems in cosmology can be explained. The universe has always been much bigger than we thought.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Gravitational Force Between Two Stars on a Galactic Scale

Authors: Kurt L. Becker
Comments: 31 pages, 11 drawings,

Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation does not take into account the interactions of streams of gravitons between stars. This paper explores a physical process which focuses the streams of anti-parallel gravitons flowing between two distant stars. The beam of space-time between two distant stars has a very special geometry in that the graviton-graviton interactions always result in radially bending the geodesics toward the line-of-centers between these two stars. This bends adjacent geodesics, which would have missed the disks of these two stars, to intersect their disks. The result is the empirical equation of Modified Newtonian Dynamics. At the end of this paper, an astronomic observation will be proposed which will determine whether the above hypothesis is true.
Category: Astrophysics

Names of Trees, Their Possible Etymology

Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 79 Pages. -

The probable origin of Russian tree names has been considered. Attached is a translation from Russian into English.
Category: Linguistics

On the Structure of the Force Field in Electro Gravitational Vacuum

Authors: Sergey G. Fedosin
Comments: 14 Pages.

Analysis of the field equations for the tensors of the mass and charge components of the general field shows that their source is the charge four-current. In this connection, an assumption is made that it is the charge component of the force field of the electrogravitational vacuum in the form of fluxes of charged particles within the framework of Le Sage's theory of gravitation, which is mainly responsible for both electromagnetic and gravitational interactions, as well as for the action of other fields inside bodies. The parameters of the vacuum’s charged particles can be determined quite accurately using the theory of similarity within the theory of infinite nesting of matter, so that the description of the cause of emergence of electromagnetic and gravitational forces is filled with specific content.
Category: Classical Physics

Density-Mediated Propagation, Direct-Gravity, and Interactions of the Higgs-Boson

Authors: Paul R. Gerber
Comments: 2 pages

Coupling parameters of the Higgs-boson to other particles are proportional to their mass. It is argued that this finding originates in the scalar property of the Higgs-boson in analogy to the gravitational field, a zero-mass scalar field.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Energy Might be the Only Unique, Distinct and Independent Entity in Nature

Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 10 Pages.

This article is the last of four articles that summarize a broad theoretical research work. The first three articles intended to investigate the nature and characteristics of the Entity of the Electric Charge. The first two parts of this research, dealing with Electric Charge, Energy, and Space, were already completed, and published in two articles [6], [7]. The first article concluded that the Electric Charge is a form of Energy, similarly to Mass being recognized as a form of Energy by Einstein's Special Relativity Theory. And since all the tangible, concrete and perceptible matter in the universe is composed of only two Entities: Mass and Electric Charge, then, the first article concluded that all the tangible, concrete and perceptible matter in the universe is just a form of Energy. The Second article provided a reasonable explanation to the mysterious Dark Energy and concluded that also Space might be a form of Energy. The third article was also completed, and it studied the origins of the Electrically Charged Bodies' Interactions. It provided an explanation to what causes the Attraction/Repulsion between Electric Charges, similarly to the explanation of Einstein's General Relativity Theory to what causes the Attraction between Mass Objects. As such, the third article is an expansion of Einstein's General Relativity Theory to include in it not only Mass Objects but also Electric Charges. This article, which, as stated above, is the fourth in this theoretical research work, derives additional conclusions from all the previous articles, with the most significant conclusion being that Nature, or the Existence, is composed of only one distinct and independent Entity: Energy. All other Entities used by Physics in order to understand or explain Nature, are actually redundant, and are necessary only to help us precept Nature, and, this article concludes, that all these other Entities are facets of Energy, or tools we use to explain how Energies convert from one form of Energy to another form of Energy, and how forms of Energies interact with each other.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Oligopoly Games for Use in the Classroom or Laboratory

Authors: Ate Nieuwenhuis
Comments: 23 pages, 9 tables, 1 colour figure

To illustrate that a Nash Equilibrium results from a flawed attempt to solve a game, this article studies two extensions of the classic oligopoly model of Cournot. The common cost function is quadratic, and the (still linear) inverse demand functions allow of differentiated goods. The model is a vector maximum problem, its Pareto Optimum is the solution. A Nash Equilibrium results from unwarranted conditioning on endogenous variables. The choice of parameters is discussed and six model variants are analysed numerically. Some comments are made on the use of the model in experimental economics.Keywords: Oligopoly game; Nash Equilibrium; Cournot Equilibrium; Bertrand Equilibrium; Vector maximisation; Pareto Optimum; Collusion. JEL: C61; C70; D21; D43; L11; L13.
Category: Economics and Finance

¿Invariante Cuántico en Gravitación Newtoniana? (Quantum Invariant in Newtonian Gravitation)

Authors: Carlos Alejandro Chiappini
Comments: 8 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

Newton pidió ser disculpado `por presentar solamente la ecuación de la fuerza gravitatoria, sin explicar la naturaleza y el origen de la gravitación. Dijo que dedicó mucho esfuerzo al tema sin resultados convincentes y que, por ese motivo, prefirió dejar la terea para generaciones futuras. Ejemplo de honestidad y de lucidez. Veremos en este documento que esa fórmula es hoy la puerta de ingreso a un ámbito donde las preguntas tienen respuestas estimulantes.

A Hypothetical Approach Towards Consciousness and the Human Personality

Authors: Jyoti Iksh
Comments: 5 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

I propose here a hypothetical approach towards Consciousness and the Human Personality. Approach presented here puts “field” at the foundation of physical and physiological laws and raises questions about certain areas of investigation which may be worthwhile for further investigation by those who have the necessary mathematical and mechanical wherewithal. Consciousness is interpreted as Quansciousness.
Category: Mind Science

Expansion of Our Universe Through the Eyes of a Microbiologist

Authors: Vladimir Aksayskiy
Comments: 2 Pages.

From the point of view of a microbiologist, the Hubble equation describes the expansion of the Universe as an exponential phase of the expansion of a colony of microbes-galaxies on the surface of a dark nutrient medium.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

О размерности и метрике пространства, в котором может существовать физическая система (On the Dimension and Metric of Space in Which a Physical System Can Exist)

Authors: A.N. Tarakanov
Comments: 5 Pages. Russian

Исходя из движения материальной точки по траектории в многомерном пространстве, рассматриваются все возможные геометрии такого пространства.

Folding Solution and Turing Machine

Authors: Domenico Oricchio
Comments: 1 Page.

A drone-and-stick folding solution.
Category: Physics of Biology

On the Dimension and Metric of Space in which a Physical System Can Exist

Authors: Alexander N. Tarakanov
Comments: 5 Pages.

Based on the movement of a material point along a trajectory in a multi-dimensional space, all possible geometries of such a space are considered.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Theory of Universe 1: Quantum Demystification

Authors: Mathan Thava
Comments: 57 Pages.

In this paper, I will propose a new theory to explain everything in our Universe . The view/theory described in this paper will show that the secret behind the Universe is much simpler than we think, and it is fundamentally classical. Initially, I wanted to cover everything in a single paper. But the text started to get enormous and clumsy, so I decided to split it into three parts. And this is the first part of the series where I will explain the new theory and apply it to some quantum phenomena to prove how well this theory addresses quantum theory’s mysteries and the Universe itself. I will conclude the paper by representing the inanimate Universe using a simple equation, Z=∫é In part-2 of this paper series, I will cover some of the misconception introduced by Einstein’s theories. Especially the spacetime concept, which I like to call Einstein’s catastrophe . Part-3 is a prequel to the theory introduced in this paper.
Category: Quantum Physics

Digital Object Identification Without Server

Authors: Domenico Oricchio
Comments: 1 Page.

An electronic label for scientific articles.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

A Novel Conflict Management Considering the Optimal Discounting Weights Using the BWM Method in Dempster-Shafer Evidence Theory

Authors: Lingge Zhou, Xiangjun Mi, Chongru Huang, Yanan Li, Bingyi Kang
Comments: 39 Pages.

Dempster-Shafer evidence theory (DST) is an effective tool for data fusion. In this theory, how to handle conflicts between evidences is still a significant and open issue. In this paper, the best-worst method (BWM) is extended to conflict management in DST. Firstly, a way to determine the best and worst basic probability assignment (BPA) is proposed. Secondly, a novel strategy for determining the optimal weights of BPA using the BWM method is developed. Compared to traditional measure-based conflict management methods, the proposed method has three better performances: (1) A consistency ratio is considered for BPA to check the reliability of the comparisons, producing more reliable results. (2) The final fusion result has less uncertainty, which is more conducive to improve the performance of decision making. (3) The number of BPA comparisons performed during operation (in conflict management) is reduced (especially matrix-based). A practical application in motor rotor fault diagnosis is used to illustrate the effectiveness and practicability of the proposed methodology.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

New Coordinate Vacuum Solution in Cosmological General Theory of Relativity

Authors: Sangwha Yi
Comments: 4 Pages. Thank you for reading

In the general relativity theory,we discover new vacuum solution by Einstein’s gravity field equation We investigate the new coordinate in cosmological general theory of relativity(CGTR).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Tetrad in Curved Space-Time in Cosmological General Theory of Relativity

Authors: Sangwha Yi
Comments: 5 Pages. Thank you for reading

In the cosmological general theory of relativity , we define the tetrad that moves in r-axis in the curved space-time. We study an accelerated motion in curved space-time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New Theory Expands Einstein's General Relativity Theory to Include Both Electric Charge and Mass Entities

Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 33 Pages.

Einstein's General Relativity Theory provides an explanation to the question of why two Mass Objects Attract each other according to Newton's Universal Gravitation Law: F =G⋅(m1⋅m2)/r2.The General Relativity Theory, based on mathematical elaboration, concluded that a Distortion of the Interwoven Space/Time Entity, caused by one Mass Object, guides all other Mass Objects how to move in an Accelerated Attraction towards it. Interestingly, Coulomb's Law: F = Ke⋅(q1⋅q2)/r2, that defines the Attraction/Repulsion Force between two Electrically Charged Bodies, has an identical structure to that of Newton's Gravitation Law's. So, it is reasonable to wonder whether the origins of the Attraction/Repulsion Force between two Electrically Charged Bodies are also similar. This question is this study's focus. The New Model presented in this article is based on Einstein's General Relativity Theory, and it proposes an answer to this question. That New Model describes three Interwoven Space/Time Entities, separated of each other: 1. A Mass Interwoven Space/Time Entity that guides the Accelerated Attraction Forces of Mass Objects, towards each other. This part of the model complies completely with Einstein's General Relativity Theory. 2. A Positive Electric Charge Interwoven Space/Time Entity that guides Positive Electrically Charged Bodies how to Repel from any other Positive Electrically Charged Body, and how to Attract to any Negative Electrically Charged Body in an Accelerated movement. 3. A Negative Electric Charge Interwoven Space/Time Entity that guides Negative Electrically Charged Bodies how to Repel from any other Negative Electrically Charged Body, and how to Attract to any Positive Electrically Charged Body in an Accelerated movement. According to That New Model, in both Mass Bodies' Attraction, and Electrically Charged Bodies' Attraction or Repulsion, the origins of the Attraction or Repulsion Acceleration Forces, is rooted in the Distortion of one of the Interwoven Space/Time Entities. So, this theory explains the origins of the Coulomb's Force analogously to the explanation of the Universal Gravitation Force's origins by the General Relativity Theory. As such, That New Model predicts that the Acceleration between two Electrically Charged Bodies Attracted-to, or Repelled-from each other, is usually dependent on the Electric Charge Bodies' magnitude, and not on their Mass magnitude. Based on this idea, the present study provides a detailed proposal for an experimental process, intending to validate the new theory.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Hubble Motion Without Dark Energy Giving an Alternative Model of the Universe

Authors: Michael John Olley
Comments: 6 Pages.

The explanation of Hubble Motion is fundamental to the Standard Model of Cosmology(SMC), in which the expansion of the universe from a singularity is powered by the anti-gravity property of dark energy. In this paper we show that the Hubble Motion of galaxies could be driven by gravity alone in a new model of the origin of the universe, which could provide the basis of alternatives to the SMC.
Category: Astrophysics

Wave Particle and Electron Spin

Authors: Kamal L Rajpal
Comments: 9 Pages, 6 Figures, 2 Animations.

A solitary electron in free space is not a fixed particle at rest in a given inertial frame of reference. It is always oscillating in a simple harmonic motion (SHM) in its own electromagnetic inertia field, even at zero kelvin temperature. A Newtonian particle exhibits uniform motion in a straight line. A quantum particle like the electron exhibits uniform motion along a sine wave path. This explains the physical concept of the wave-particle nature of the electron. As the mass of a quantum particle increases, the wavelength of the particle decreases as per French physicist Louis de Broglie. In the limiting case the sine wave becomes a straight line. Also, a hypothetical electron without an electric charge is like the bob of a simple pendulum without a string. In an electron-spin qubit, the electron can oscillate either clockwise or anti-clockwise and cannot oscillate both clockwise and anti-clockwise at the same time. It cannot be both spin-up and spin-down at the same time.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Derivation for the Gravitational Potential from the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle and the Principle of Least Action

Authors: James Conor O'Brien
Comments: 15 Pages.

In 2013 Mick McCulloch demonstrated a model for Gravity from the interactions of n, N quantum states acting under Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle in his paper "Gravity from the uncertainty principle.". In contrast to McCulloch, this paper demonstrates a broader derivation of Newtonian gravity using the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle and the Hamilton's Principle of Least Action, generalizing and systematizes McCulloch's model; it also seeks to show that gravitational time dilation and General Relativity as a whole might have their basis in Quantum Mechanics; and finally gives a program for the Inflationary model of the Big Bang, a mechanism for the pause of the Matter Dominated universe after the Big Bang, and the continuing Expansion of the Universe from considerations of the energy density of Universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Observation of the Influence of an Electromagnetic Field on a Radioactive Decay Rate

Authors: V. A. Yatsyshyn, A.D. Skorbun
Comments: 8 Pages.

The influence of the electromagnetic field on the rate of gamma pulses counting from radioactive samples after the action of the driver in the form of pulses of the electromagnetic field was observed. Controlled radionuclide is 137Cs. The sample was a sample of ordinary soil. At a certain time interval, there was an increase in the count rate, and then its decline. The magnitude of changes reached 3%. The observation lasted about one year.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Balance Sheet and Seniority Constraints on the Repayment Value of Claims

Authors: Mauro Padellini
Comments: 47 Pages.

The problem is addressed of how (different types of) funding transactions may affect the repayment value of (credit or equity) claims; to this purpose a novel prove for the existence and uniqueness of the payment vector, which does not make (explicit) use of the fixed point theorem and allows for the presence of claims with different seniorities (i.e. credit and equity claims), is proposed. Different components of the overall displacement (the reduction of repayment value), related to i) seniority structure, ii) network of bilateral exposure and iii) imbalances between external loss and external capital, are calculated by sequentially relaxing different constraints in the mixed linear program used for calculating overall displacement. The possibility that more credit may reduce overall displacement (due to borrowing-from-Peter-to-pay-Paul effect) and more equity capital may on the contrary increase overall displacement (due to its role in the transmission of financial displacement) is exemplified, along with the possible negative dependence of relative displacement (the ratio between overall displacement and total claims) on total claims.
Category: Economics and Finance

Evidence for the 1270x950 km Permian-Triassic Crater

Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 40 pages, 176 figures, 68 diagrams ; added page 13, updated pages 35-37

With this part of my study I want to present mineralogical evidence for my Permian-Triassic Impact-Hypothesis. I do this with the help of selected rock samples where I have found indication for shock-metamorphic effects in the samples. I used Micro-Raman Spectroscopy on quartz-grains in the samples, to provide first evidence for a shock event, that was caused by an Impact. In this study I present spectra of samples from six possible secondary impact craters of the Permian-Triassic Impact-Event (PTI) in Europe & Australia where a clear shift of the main Raman-peaks of the analysed quartz-grains is visible towards lower frequencies. This shift of the Raman peaks indicates that the Quartz was shocked with a shock-pressure in the range of 20–22 GPa. One sample from the possible Ø130x110 km „Bay of Lyon“ Crater even indicated a shock pressure of ≈24 GPa. New pages added to this Update present evidence for secondary-impact-structures in Western-Australia probably caused by the Ejecta-Ray-R4 of the PTI and caused by other ejecta-rays originating either from the BBC (PHC) or from the VLC. I also added links to studies which present indications for secondary impact structures on the Canary Islands and on the island Mallorca (Spain), caused by impacting ejecta from Ejecta-Ray-R1 of the PTI. First I give a short description of each possible Secondary Impact Crater of the PTI with the help of geophysical information (topography, gravity- & magnetic-anomaly maps). Then I show the spectra of the quartz-grains which provide evidence for an impact-shock-event. All spectra were made with a BRUKER Senterra-II Raman-Microscope with a wavenumber-precision <0.1 cm-1. The measured shifts of the quartz-peaks in the range of 1–4 cm-1 are precise and real. A diagram in the Appendix (see last pages) shows how the shift of the quartz-peaks depends on the shock -pressure the quartz-grain was exposed to, during the impact event. ( my thanks to Dr. Jürgen Sawatzki who supported my analysis). At last I want to ask the scientists who read my study, to help to proof the Permian-Triassic-Crater in the Arctic-Sea. The best way to proof it would be an analysis of drill-core-samples from the rim of the PTI-Crater. But first a proper analysis of samples from the described PT-Secondary Craters, for PDFs (planar-deformation-features) should be done. Please also read the Abstract and pages 4-6 of my Summary of the Geophysical Evidence.
Category: Geophysics

Beal Conjecture Proof & Beautiful Mathematics

Authors: A. A. Frempong
Comments: 6 Pages. Copyright © by A. A. Frempong

The symmetric structure of the Beal conjecture proof, in this paper, exemplifies the beauty in mathematics. The author applies basic mathematical principles to surely, instructionally, and beautifully, prove the original Beal conjecture that if A^x + B^y = C^z, where A, B, C, x, y, z are positive integers and x, y, z > 2, then A, B and C have a common prime factor. One will let r, s, and t be prime factors of A, B and C, respectively, such that A = Dr, B = Es, C = Ft, where D, E, and F are positive integers. Then, the equation A^x + B^y = C^z becomes D^xr^x + E^ys^y = F^zt^z. The proof would be complete after showing that the equalities, r^x = t^x, s^y = t^y and r = s = t, are true. The proof of the above equalities would involve showing that the ratios, (r^x)/(t^x) = 1 and (s^y)/(t^y) =1, which would imply that r = s = t. The main principle for obtaining relationships between the prime factors on the left side of the equation and the prime factor on the right side of the equation is that the power of each prime factor on the left side of the equation equals the same power of the prime factor on the right side of the equation. High school students can learn and prove this conjecture for a bonus question on a final class exam.
Category: Number Theory

The Geometry of the Discrete Act

Authors: Vincenzo Peluso
Comments: 22 Pages.

At the heart of physics is the representation of movement. But what movement is and how we are given to represent it is a metaphysical question. This article attacks the metaphysics underlying current physics from its origins and points to a radically different one as true. On this new basis a new geometry is built, the Geometry of the Discrete Act, more primitive than the Euclidean geometry that actually arises from it, and therefore a new physics. Indeed, it allows the purification and unification of all current theories and opens the way to a total understanding of nature within the limits of knowledge.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Analyzing the Influence of a Particle's Linear and Angular Velocity on the Equations of Liquid Motion

Authors: Vitalii Budarin
Comments: 13 Pages. Using the example of the Navier-Stokes equation

This paper has analyzed the equation of motion in terms of stresses (Navier), as well as its two special cases for an incompressible viscous current. One is the Stokes (Navier-Stokes) equation, and the other was derived with fewer restrictions. It has been shown that the Laplace equation in terms of linear velocity can be represented as a function of two variables ‒ the linear and angular speed of particle rotation. To describe the particle acceleration, all motion equations employed a complete derivative from speed in the Gromeka-Lamb form, which depends on the same variables. Taking into consideration the joint influence of linear and angular velocity allows solving a task of the analytical description of a turbulent current within the average model. A given method of analysis applies the provision of general physics that examines the translational and rotational motion. The third type of mechanical movement, oscillatory (pulsation), was not considered in the current work. The Stokes and Navier equations were used to solve two one-dimensional problems, which found the distribution of speed along the normal to the surface at the current flow on a horizontal plate and in a circular pipe. Both solution methods produce the same result. No solution for the distribution of speed along the normal to the surface in a laminar sublayer could be found. A relevant task related to the mathematical part is to solve the problem of closing the equations considered. A comparison of the theoretical and empirical equations has been performed, which has made it possible to justify the assumption that a rarefied gas is the Stokes liquid.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Proof of i) Balazard-Saias-Yor and Ii) Sondow-Dumitrescu Criteria for Validity of Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Debasis Biswas
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this paper two proofs of Riemann Hypothesis equivalent will be given. One equivalent is due to Balazard-Saias-Yor and another equivalent is due to Sondow-Dumitrescu.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Projection Theory: an Approach to the Theory of Everything

Authors: Norbert Buchholz
Comments: 44 Pages. norbert.buchholz@kabelmail.de [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

This paper is divided into two main sections. In Part I, which is the subject of this publication, the fundamentals of the projection theory and the insights and calculation possibilities resulting from this new concept are presented (see Abstract). In part II, based on the findings in part I that protons and neutronsare not spherically symmetric but cubic particles, a new concept for the structure of atomic nuclei is presented which has nothing to do with quarks and gluons but is based on classical ideas.Part II will be published at a later date in the "Nuclear and Atomic Physics" section.
Category: Classical Physics

Applying "Ab Initio" Hartree-Fock Methods to Exobiological Nanomolecules

Authors: Ricardo Gobato, Alireza Heidari, Lauro Figueroa Valverde, Abhijit Mitra
Comments: 6 Pages. Exobiology

he core of the work is based on the replace- ment of carbon atoms by silicon atoms, on the basis of four standard bases of DNA: A, C, G and T (adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine). Determining with minimum computational methods via "ab initio" Hartree-Fock methods, infrared spectrum and their peak absorbance frequencies. The option for simple replacement of carbon by silicon is due to the peculiar characteristics between both. Atomic interactions under non-carbon conditions were studied, with only the Hydrogen, Silicon, Nitrogen and Oxygen atoms, in STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure), for the four standard bases of DNA, A, C, G and T, thus obtaining by quantum chemistry four new compounds, named here as: ASi, CSi, GSi and TSi. Computational calculations admit the possibility of the formation of such molecules, their existence being possible via quantum chemistry. Calculations obtained in the "ab initio" Unrestricted and Restrict Hartree-Fock method, (UHF and RHF) in the set of basis used Effective core potential (ECP) minimal basis, UHF CEP-31G (ECP split valance) and UHF CEP-121G (ECP triple-split basis), CCpVTZ (Correlation-consistent valence-only basis sets triple-zeta) and 6-311G**(3df, 3pd) (Gaussian functions quadruple-zeta basis sets).
Category: Physics of Biology

Derived from First Principles Fine-Structure Constant Constants

Authors: Huang Shan
Comments: 1 Page.

If you don't feel the subtlety of it, you don't really like physics.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Anti-logic And Its Application

Authors: Thomas Pytaschek
Comments: 216 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

This article presents the first part of some thoughts and comments on a concept of anti-logic and its application on general problems within the existence.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

The Nikolian Disproof of the Riemann Hypothesis: Objective Contradiction Full Proof

Authors: N. Scott
Comments: 5 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the rules of viXra.org]

In this paper I will be proving that Re(z) being equal to more than one is the convergent half-plane beyond s>1. That of which is the pole or singularity of the whole functional system. I will be providing a counter-example and a forth-wright approach to the Riemann Hypothesis, Riemann Zeta Function. In the beginning I assumed that the calculations from these unreliable third-party sources of calculation were just normal. But then I was able to finally crack the problem of inserting the Riemann Zeta Function into an image of the formula.
Category: Number Theory

New Definitions of the Classification of Numbers

Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 2 Pages.

Using definitions and properties of sets I made a complete classification of all possible existing numbers. I used different variables and define them as known sets.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

On the Necessarily Finite Dimensions of the Electron

Authors: Osvaldo F. Schilling
Comments: 5 Pages. 1 figure.

In the past two years we have developed a method that allowed the association of mass, magnetic moments and elastic properties of baryons, in a way consistent with energy-flux data from protons in cosmic rays. In view of the role of Elasticity displayed in these flux data, baryons are necessarily sizeable objects ( loops of charge). Electrons follow a similar behavior. However, theories involving the electron are based upon a point-like concentration of charge and mass, which is inconsistent with Elasticity. Based upon the same set of cosmic-rays data previously used for the proton we argue that these data can be applied to demonstrate the necessarily finite dimensions of an electron, here regarded as a topological stabilized modification of quarks.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Collision Time of the Observable Universe is 13.8 Billion Years per Planck time: A New Understanding of the Cosmos based on Collision Space-Time

Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 23 Pages.

The escape velocity derived from general relativity coincides with the Newtonian one. However, the Newto- nian escape velocity can only be a good approximation when v ≪ c is sufficient to break free of the gravitational field of a massive body as it ignores higher-order terms of the relativistic kinetic energy Taylor series expansion. Consequently, it does not work for a gravitational body with a radius at which v is close to c, such as a black hole. To address this problem, we re-visit the concept of relativistic mass, abandoned by Einstein, and derive what we call a full relativistic escape velocity. This approach leads to a new escape radius where ve = c equal to a half of the Schwarzschild radius. Further, we show that one can derive the Friedmann equation for a critical universe from the escape velocity formula from general relativity theory. We also derive a new equation for a flat universe based on our full relativistic escape velocity formula. Our alternative to the Friedmann formula predicts exactly twice the mass density in our (critical) universe as the Friedemann equation after it is calibrated to the observed cosmological redshift. Our full relativistic escape velocity formula also appears more consistent with the uniqueness of the Planck mass (particle) than the general relativity theory: whereas the general relativity theory predicts an escape velocity above c for the Planck mass at a radius equal to the Planck length, our model predicts an escape velocity c in this case.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Quantum Reconciliation Via the Planck Constant

Authors: D.B. Libby
Comments: 10 Pages.

One of the long-standing conundrums of science is the exact mathematical relationship of quantum mechanics to Newtonian physics, as well as to relativistic physics. Herein it is shown to be possible to use the Planck constant as represented by the quantum formula for photon energy, E=hc/λ , where h is the Planck constant, and using an approach similar to Bohr’s classical mechanical solution for the atom, to construct equations that show the mathematical relationship among all three in fundamental terms. This has the possibility of showing how relativity applied to Newtonian physics produces a quantum mechanical result, and may lead to a better understanding of quantum mechanics from a non-statistical approach, as well as possibly allowing a direct calculation of quantum gravity.
Category: Quantum Physics

Graphic Demonstration of the Mechanism that Determines Prime Numbers.

Authors: Dante Servi
Comments: 6 Pages. Copyright by Servi Dante.

The mechanism that generates prime numbers and composite numbers requires an infinite series of cycles, each of which takes place in two pass; at the end of each cycle all the information possible and necessary to continue is obtained. I made an image that illustrates the first four cycles starting from 1; I maintain that although it is a mechanism that acts on numbers, with only four cycles of the graphic method I have adopted, I provide the demonstration of the mechanism without using any calculation.
Category: Number Theory

On the Resolution of Time Paradoxes by Altered Quantum Probabilities

Authors: Andrew Gray
Comments: 11 Pages.

The consequences of the ability to send information back in time, albeit with an error rate, are considered. It is shown that time paradoxes are avoided due to the error rate, but that in the process quantum probabilities within the time machine are altered. It is then shown that by setting up appropriate causal loops we may alter external quantum probabilities. Further, it is shown that probabilities can be altered in chaotic classical systems as well.
Category: Quantum Physics

Another Look at "Faulhaber and Bernoulli"

Authors: Ryan Zielinski
Comments: 7 Pages. This work is licensed under the CC BY 4.0, a Creative Commons Attribution License.

Let "Faulhaber's formula" refer to an expression for the sum of powers of integers written with terms of n(n+1)/2. Initially, the author used Faulhaber's formula to explain why odd Bernoulli numbers are equal to zero. Next, Cereceda gave alternate proofs of that result and then proved the converse, if odd Bernoulli numbers are equal to zero then we can derive Faulhaber's formula. Here, the original author will give a new proof of the converse.
Category: Number Theory

Possibilities to Identify Prime Numbers Without Rsa Decryption Algorithm and to Decipher Rsa Encryptions Indirectly (Using a Special List)

Authors: Nikolaus Castell-Castell, Tom Hermann Tietken
Comments: 13 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

In a certain part of the logic (where many identical individual parts are not changed or destroyed, but only rearranged), a result that comes about using a simple basic calculation should also be able to be traced back using a simple basic calculation. If it is easy to get a certain result when you multiply two numbers (factors) together, it should not be difficult to "recalculate" this result back to its two factors with an equally simple basic calculation. This present work explicitly does not deal with the above-mentioned procedure, how a number, which has arisen from the multiplication of two numbers (in the practice of cryptography, these are prime numbers), is again broken down into these two prime numbers ("factored") ! The present manuscript is only intended to illustrate what is possible with the application of the basic calculation types, which are accessible to everyone. For this purpose we have asked ourselves how one can even without an algorithm that directly breaks down (factored) "large numbers" (products), can come to similarly useful results. A suggested solution could be: You can also indirectly identify the prime numbers from which large products have arisen by creating lists in which all the numbers in question are stored in an orderly manner, continuously increasing.
Category: Number Theory

The Complex Curvature Is the Inverse of the Complex Radius

Authors: Abel Cavasi
Comments: 2 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

I don't know if anyone else has noticed, but if we consider that the radius and pitch of the helix is a complex number, then the curvature and torsion can be JUST THE INVERSE of this complex number.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Ungerade Orbital Parity and Symmetry with Balanced Positive and Negative Nuclear Magnetic Moments for Above Room Temperature, Lower Pressure Superconductivity

Authors: Reginald B. Little
Comments: 7 Pages. The author demonstrates the role of ungerade orbital parity for contributing to superconductivity.

The mystery of superconductivity has intrigued scientists for 110 years now. The author in 2014 specifically predicted the superconductivity in carbon, sulfur and hydrogen compounds [1] and generally predicted carbonaceous, hydrogeneous and sulfurous compounds in 2005 [2] with reference to scattering to asymmetric orbital motions and associated spin and orbital exchanges between nuclei and electrons. The emphasis was in 2005 upon stronger electron and nuclear interactions and electron phonon effects. But here the author develops more the ungerade parity of the p and f orbitals and their contributions to the superconductivity at lower pressures and higher temperatures. On the basis of such, the role of parity from the Origin and Inflation of the Universe is noted and Dark and Bright Energy and Matter in the mature Universe is reasoned. Moreover the superconductors are all reasoned by positive and negative NMMs with availability of ungerade parities of p and f subshells and their orbitals.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Gap Sequence and Gilbreath's Conjecture

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 9 Pages.

Motivated by Gilbreath's conjecture, we develop the notion of the gap sequence induced by any sequence of numbers. We introduce the notion of the path and associated circuits induced by an originator and study the conjecture via the notion of the trace and length of a path.
Category: Number Theory

Thermodynamic and Vortic Fine Structures of Real Schur Flows

Authors: Jian-Zhou Zhu
Comments: 12 Pages.

A two-component-two-dimensional coupled with one-component-three-dimensional (2C2Dcw1C3D) flow may also be called a real Schur flow (RSF), as its velocity gradient is uniformly of real Schur form. The thermodynamic and ‘vortic’ fine structures of 2C2Dcw1C3D flows are exposed and, in particular, the Lie invariances of the decomposed vorticity 2-forms of RSFs in d-dimensional Euclidean space E d for any interger d ≥ 3 are also proved. The two Helmholtz theorems of the complementary components of vorticity found recently in 3-space RSF is not coincidental, but underlied by a gen- eral decomposition theorem, thus essential. Many Lie-invariant fine results, such as those of the combinations of the entropic and vortic quantities, including the invariances of the decomposed Ertel potential vorticit 3-formsy (and their multiplications by any interger powers of entropy), then follow.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Evaluating the Alignment of the Polarized Starlight from 99 Stars in a Region off the Disk of the Milky Way

Authors: Richard Shurtleff
Comments: 12 page paper plus 53 page Appendix of calculations, 22 figures, 16 references

Detecting polarized starlight projects an intriguing pattern of polarization directions on the Galaxy. Polarized starlight is a well known tracer of Galactic Magnetic fields and acts as a tool for understanding the electrodynamics of the dust that contaminates the view of more distant objects. The polarization data is taken from the Heiles 2000 agglomeration catalog appended with data from the Berdyugin 2014 catalog. Here, the alignment of the polarization directions of a sample of stars well off the Galactic Disk is investigated with a recently devised test. The sample of 99 stars, located from Galactic longitude 15 degrees to 35 degrees and latitude 23 degrees to +35 degrees, is one of the more highly aligned regions among the many significantly aligned regions in the Galaxy. As determined by the Hub Test, the alignment occurs at the 20 sigma level, so chance alignment can be ruled out. The Hub Test's alignment function neatly separates the Celestial Sphere into four parts, two of alignment and two of avoidance, providing a full-sphere depiction of the collective alignment. This article is a Mathematica notebook which can be accessed via a currently viable link in the References.
Category: Astrophysics

Sagnac Dual-Polarized Ring Laser Interferometric Effects for Microgravimetry on EM-Wave Polarization

Authors: Richard L Amoroso
Comments: 15 Pages. Preprint of conference address: PIRT, Physical Interpretations of Relativity Theory, ХХI International Meeting 01-05 July 2019, Bauman State Technical University Moscow, Russia, submitted to Prespacetime Journal 3-26-2021.

Microgravimetric detectors have been studied for about 40 years; recent advances include free-fall gravimeters, spring-based gravimeters, superconducting gravimeters, and atom interferometers. The most recent gravimeter advance, a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) constructed from tiny mechanical structures micro-machined from silicon, evolved from accelerometers used in cell phones to viable miniature gravimeters. Our model uses a different approach; that of measuring gravitational interaction on the polarization of EM-waves by the utility of Sagnac Effect 4-mode dual-photon propagation ring laser apparatus in the context of a Dirac polarized vacuum in terms of Extended Electromagnetic Theory, where the postulated longitudinal B(3) EM-field supports a photon mass anisotropy framework for G-wave detection.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Irrationality Proofs: From e to Zeta(n>=2)

Authors: Timothy W. Jones
Comments: 23 Pages. Improvements

We develop definitions and a theory for convergent series that have terms of the form $1/a_j$ where $a_j$ is an integer greater than one and the series convergence point is less than one. These series have terms with denominators that can be used as number bases. The series for $e-2$ and $z_n=\zeta(n)-1$ are of this type. Further, both series yield number bases that can represent all possible rational convergence points as single digits. As partials for these series are rational numbers, all partials can be given as single decimals using some $a_j$ as a base. In the case of $e-2$, the last term of a partial yields such a base and partials form systems of nesting inequalities yielding a proof of the irrationality of $e-2$. Using limits in an unusual way we are able to give a second proof for the irrationality of $e-2$. A third proof validates the second using Dedekind cuts. In the case of $z_n$, using the $z_2$ case we determine that such systems of nesting inequalities are not formed, but we discover partials require bases greater than the denominator of their last term. We prove this property for the general $z_n$ case and, using the unusual limit style proof mentioned, prove $z_n$ is irrational. We once again validate the proof using Dedekind cuts. Finally, we are able to give what we consider a satisfying proof showing why both $e-2$ and $z_n$ are irrational.
Category: Number Theory

Red Shift Explained

Authors: Ivo van der Rijt
Comments: 2 Pages.

This paper explaines the red shift on the basis of the number of old (red)emitting stars in relation to younger (yellow,white) emitting stars and our observations.
Category: Astrophysics

The Laws of AI

Authors: Egger Mielberg
Comments: 14 Pages.

The truly transparent and predictable work of the artificial intelligence being created can significantly improve the quality of human life, as well as its safety. In our opinion, the self-awareness of artificial intelligence is achievable only if it is independent in making any decision. We present three basic laws of artificial intelligence focused primarily on the possibility of their practical implementation.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Revisiting Natural Resources-Globalization-Environmental Quality Nexus: Fresh Insights from South Asian Countries

Authors: Jian Xue, Zeeshan Rasool, RaimaNazar, Ahmad Imran Khan, Shaukat Hussain Bhatti, Sajid Ali
Comments: 21 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Widespread interference of human activities has resulted in major environmental problems, including pollution, global warming, land degradation, and biodiversity loss, directly affecting the sustainability and quality of the environment and ecosystem. The study aims to address the impact of the extraction of natural resources and globalization on the environmental quality in the South Asian countries for the period 1991–2018. A new methodology Dynamic Common Cor-related Effects is used to deal with cross-sectional dependence. Most previous studies use only carbon dioxide emissions, which is an inadequate measure of environmental quality. Besides carbon dioxide emissions, we have used other greenhouse gas emissions like nitrous oxide and methane emissions with a new indicator, “ecological footprint.” Long-run estimation results indicate a positive and significant relationship of natural resources with all greenhouse gas emissions and a negative association with the ecological footprint. Globalization shows a negative association with carbon dioxide emissions and nitrous oxide emissions and a positive relationship with the ecological footprint. Institutional performance is negatively correlated with carbon dioxide emissions, methane emissions, and ecological footprint while positively associated with nitrous oxide emissions. The overall findings highlight the pertinence of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and ecological footprint, proper utilizing of natural resources, enhancing globalization, and improving institutional performance to ensure environmental sustainability.
Category: Economics and Finance

Ungerade Parity, Balanced Positive and Negative Nuclear Magnetic Moments for Above Room Temperature Superconductivity

Authors: Reginald B. Little
Comments: 7 Pages. The author demonstrates the role of ungerade orbital parity for contributing to superconductivity.

The mystery of superconductivity has intrigued scientists for 110 years now. The author in 2014 specifically predicted the superconductivity in carbon, sulfur and hydrogen compounds [1] and generally predicted carbonaceous, hydrogeneous and sulfurous compounds in 2005 [2] with reference to scattering to asymmetric orbital motions and associated spin and orbital exchanges between nuclei and electrons. The emphasis was in 2005 upon stronger electron and nuclear interactions and electron phonon effects. But here the author develops more the ungerade parity of the p and f orbitals and their contributions to the superconductivity at lower pressures and higher temperatures. On the basis of such, the role of parity from the Origin and Inflation of the Universe is noted and Dark and Bright Energy and Matter in the mature Universe is reasoned. Moreover the superconductors are all reasoned by positive and negative NMMs with availability of ungerade parities of p and f subshells and their orbitals.
Category: Condensed Matter

Computability in the Theory of Theories

Authors: Philip Gibbs
Comments: 11 Pages. FQXi essay contest submission 2020

Information is the basic material of reality, but the processing of information raises paradoxes due to the self-referential nature of computability. This principle can be embraced in a theory of theories leading to the emergence of quantum mechanics, geometry and physics.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Day Without Yesterday

Authors: Miroslaw Kozlowski
Comments: 15 Pages.

Homo Sapiens and Universe have own Days Without Yesterday. For Universe it was before 1012 billions years, for Homo sapiens- before 10 5 years In my research the Yesterday Second was the Beginning of all Created. It seems that it was at negative time
Category: Astrophysics

Fate of the Universe, End of time?

Authors: Miroslaw Kozlowski
Comments: 8 Pages.

In research I consider the Euler Ramanujan- Riemann function as the tool for study the fate of time and Umiverse
Category: Astrophysics

Gentle Beukers's Proofs that Zeta(2,3) are Irrational

Authors: Timothy W. Jones
Comments: 14 Pages.

Although Beukers's proof that Zeta(2) and Zeta(3) are irrational are at the level of advanced calculus, they are condensed. This article slows down the development and adds examples of the techniques used. In so doing it is hoped that more people might enjoy these mathematical results. We focus on the easier of the two Zeta(2).
Category: Number Theory

Heuristics for Memorizing Trigonometric Identities

Authors: Timothy W. Jones
Comments: 11 Pages.

Trigonometric identities are hard to memorize. Frequently a plus or minus is the rub. We give various heuristics that help refine guesses as to an identity and get, with a little work, it correct. Heuristics, for us, are plausible arguments using graphs, consistency (with other identities), test points, and transformations. We also specify the utility of each identity in the context of advanced mathematics -- calculus -- with the hope that meaning adds to memorable credence.
Category: General Mathematics

The Greatest Mistakes of Modern Cosmology

Authors: Jiří Šrajer
Comments: 16 Pages.

Currently we have two theories describing the world: general theory of relativity describing the macroworld and quantum mechanics describing the microworld. Both theories are drastically different and do not match each other. In this article, I will try to show the greatest mistakes of modern cosmology and possible solutions that bring both theories together.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Striking Parallels Between Ancient Hinduism and Modern Physics

Authors: Deep Bhattacharjee
Comments: 5 Pages. Ancient Hindu Technologies, Eastern Mysticism, Hinduism & Modern Physics

The roots of modern physics lies in the ancient scripts of the most profound ‘Eastern Mythology’ – Hinduism. It is not difficult to believe that, those ‘mystic sages’ and their religious writings contains striking parallelism between the theories that physics has devel-oped today and those of Vedas, Upanishads, Vedantas, Mahabharats, Gitas and Ramayanas. The immense volume of ancient texts and the believer of a supreme, profound God, the creator of the creation, the oneness among many things, the omnipotent soul, the ruler of this universe, who itself is residing in the higher dimensions is a subject matter of unparallel researches of ‘Indology’ and the ‘Hinduism’ with resemblance to the modern theories of the theoretical and experimental physics that, developed as early as 7000 – 5000 BCE to present day is the subject matter of this paper. Due importance has been chalked out and criticized with respect to the cosmology, particle physics and the ‘eastern mysticism’ especially the ‘Hinduism’ beliefs and its importance to the present day theo-ries being tested in the laboratories which are the key role for the development of the modern day sciences, that also shows, that, the ancient Hinduism was so much developed around thousands and thousands of years ago, which even modern day physics got per-plexed to find a parallels with them that ‘How can those sages (Rishi’s and Muni’s) of the Indo-Aryan periods developed these ideas so long ago?’.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Note, Notation, Annotation, Criticism, Recommendation, Price and Censor

Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 18 Pages. -

The probable etymology of the words in the title is considered. Attached is the translation of the article from Russian into English.
Category: Linguistics

On the Fundamental Role of Massless Form of Matter in Physics: Quantum Gravity

Authors: Alexander P. Klimets
Comments: 32 Pages. 32 pp., English, Brest, Belarus

In the paper, with the help of various models, the thesis on the fundamental nature of the field form of matter in physics is considered. In the first chapter a model of special relativity is constructed, on the basis of which the priority of the massless form of matter is revealed. In the second chapter, a field model of inert and heavy mass is constructed and on this basis the mechanism of inertia and gravity of weighty bodies is revealed. In the third chapter, the example of geons shows the fundamental nature of a massless form of matter on the Planck scale. The three-dimensionality of the observable space is substantiated. In the fourth chapter, we consider a variant of solving the problem of singularities in general relativity using the example of multidimensional spaces. The last chapter examines the author's approach to quantum gravity, and establishes the basic equation of quantum gravity. The conclusions do not contradict the main thesis of the paper on the fundamental nature of the massless form of matter.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Game Played by 2π, the Fine-structure Constant and Feigenbaum Constants in Nuclides

Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 6 Pages. 1 figure.

In our previous papers, we exhibited the relationships of 2π, the fine-structure constant and Feigenbaum constants with nuclides. In this paper, we show that there should be direct relationships of the second Feigenbaum constant α≈2.5029 with nuclides 83Bi*126 and 84Po*125 (both with nucleon number 209) in the form of (209/83+209/84)=2.503. So it is supposed that 2π, the fine-structure constant and Feigenbaum constants play a game in the world of nuclides and hence determine the nucleon numbers of some nuclides at critical points. In the end, a picture indicating this kind of game is concluded.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

A Noncommutative Spacetime Realization of Quantum Black Holes, Regge Trajectories and Holography

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 13 Pages.

It is shown that the radial spectrum associated with a fuzzy sphere in a $noncommutative$ phase space characterized by the Yang algebra, leads $exactly$ to a Regge-like spectrum $G M^2_l = l = 1, 2,3, \ldots $, for $all$ positive values of $l$, and which is consistent with the extremal quantum Kerr black hole solution that occurs when the outer and inner horizon radius coincide $ r_+ = r_- = G M$. The condition $ G M_l^2 = l $ is tantamount to the mass-angular momentum relation $ M^2_l = l M_p^2 $ implying that the (extremal) horizon area is quantized in multiples of the minimal Planck area. Another important feature is the holographic nature of these results that are based in recasting the Yang algebra associated with an $8D$ noncommuting phase space, involving $ {\bf x}_\mu, {\bf p}_\nu, \mu, \nu = 0,1,2,3$, in terms of the $undeformed$ realizations of the Lorentz algebra generators $ J_{AB}$ corresponding to a $6D$-spacetime, and associated to a $12D$-phase-space with coordinates $ X_A, P_A; A = 0,1,2, \ldots, 5$. We hope that the findings in this work, relating the Regge-like spectrum $ l = G M^2 $ and the quantized area of black hole horizons in Planck bits, via the Yang algebra in Noncommutative phase spaces, will help us elucidate some of the impending issues pertaining the black hole information paradox and the role that string theory and quantum information will play in its resolution.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Gondwanaland Revisited: Updating the Relevance for Latter-day Saints

Authors: Richard L. Amoroso
Comments: 3 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

Division of Earth at the time of Peleg “for in his days was the earth divided” (Gen. 10:25; 1 Chron. 1:19) is curios to Latter-day Saints. The Prophet Joseph Smith foretold, “the islands shall become one land … and the earth shall be like as it was in the days before it was divided” (D&C 133:21–24); contemporary geophysicists have proposed reoccurrence of a Peleg-like Supercontinent. 50-years ago, Jay M. Todd wrote an interesting New Era article “Gondwanaland: What It Means to Latter-day Saints”: https://www.lds.org/new-era/1971/03/gondwanaland-what-it-means-to-latter-day-saints?lang=eng. Brother Todd mentions Austrian geologist Eduard Suess, who in 1885 was first to scientifically theorize a supercontinent, which he named Gondwanaland - a formation joining S. America, Africa, India, Australia, and Antarctica. Todd stated; “We as Latter-day Saints should know that the so-called Gondwanaland will exist again”. This presentation updates his 1971 article hinting at what may happen during the Millennium.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

200th Anniversary of Special Relativity

Authors: Özgen Ersan
Comments: 4 Pages. Please read again in the year 2105.

The special theory of relativity has been honored with high interpretations about human mental performance for more than a century and it played a role in increasing interest in science. With the improvement of methodology and its becoming more competent, the flaws of the theory and its superficial analyzing became transparent, and in its 200th anniversary it became the case for the error file in the history of science. Through this widely known example, this study summarizes the reasons why humanity is deceived oneself while searching for reality.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Formula of Integration

Authors: Antoine Balan
Comments: 1 page, written in french

We propose a formula which characterizes the integral.
Category: Functions and Analysis

The Possible Impact of the Islamic Zakat on Worldwide Poverty

Authors: Muhammed Omar Badr
Comments: 2 Pages.

Regarding an article of the World Bank from 2020 [1], 2017 9.2 percent of the world population was living with less than 1.90$ per day. 24.1 percent lived on less than 3.20$ per day. Islam is the Religion with the second biggest community in the world. In Islam, Muslims are committed to pay about 2.70 percent of their property to poor people per Islamic year (the Islamic year has 354 to 355 days). The focus and the question which this article treats, is whether Zakat is able to defeat worldwide poverty and if it is the solution for the most urgent problem of our time.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Respiratory Viruses Epidemic Dynamics Covid-19 Case Study and Forecast for 2021 in the Most Affected Countries

Authors: Johnny J. Mafra Jr.
Comments: 20 Pages.

It was researched and adopted a method to introduce a seasonal behavior on SIR model to study the dynamics of covid-19. This method is based on the calculation of β for each week of the year based on observed previous seasonal behavior for several countries and regions, which are the most affected in the world. Was also included in the model the vaccination, which will be a factor of major effect on this dynamic in 2021. The model was used to build a simulator and was done the determination of β and the forecast of covid-19 cases for USA, Brazil and India. β was found to range seasonally from 0,15 to 0,40 or from 0,10 to 0,80 depending on the region. It was found that vaccination will be very effective in reducing the cases in 2021 and that the herd immunity will be reached when around 55% of the population be immune. The simulation took to some unexpected findings, like the effect of lockdown in later waves of the epidemic and about the epidemic dynamics. It was found a condition for exogenic respiratory viruses that triggers a major epidemic and a condition that explains why a respiratory virus for which part of the population is already immune has a seasonal behavior, with a small number of cases. This dynamic explains the evolution of covid-19 in 2020 and 2021 and even the Spanish flu in 1918 and 1919.
Category: Statistics

Explaining Pomeranchuk Effect by Parity of Magnetic Moments of Leptons and Hadrons for Superconductivity in 3He and Graphene

Authors: Reginald B. Little
Comments: 3 Pages. The author demonstrates consistency of his theory of high temp superconductivity with also explaining Pomeranchuk Effect.

The Little Effect is presented for explaining the Pomeranchuk Effect and thereby further explaining superconductivity and superfluidity of 3He. On the bases of successes of Little Effect via positive and negative nuclear magnetic moments (NMMs) in particular negative NMMs of 3He, the superconductivity in twisted graphene is explained and also its recently discovered Pomeranchuk Effect.
Category: Quantum Physics

Mokosh and Make-up, Mare and Mop-up Operation

Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 31 Pages.

The origin of Russian words MAKIAZH and MARATHET is considered. Attached is the translation of the article from Russian into English
Category: Linguistics

Strange Property of Mobius Function

Authors: T. Nakashima
Comments: 2 Pages.

For mobius function, there is some strange reration. I intend to test one theorem.
Category: Number Theory

The Subjectivity of Reality

Authors: Bernard Riley
Comments: 29 pages, 30 figures

The lengths of time elapsed up till the present since the occurrence of all past events, as ‘measured numbers’ of Planck times, and also the ‘reduced numbers’ derived from the measured numbers by way of the Quantum/Classical Connection, a power-law equation, take values equal to integer and specific fractional powers of π, π/2 and e. Pairs of related events result in symmetrically related powers of π, π/2 and e. A geometrical basis is hypothesised for the storage of the measured and reduced numbers.
Category: Quantum Physics

Hypothese Einer Verletzung Der Lorentz-Invarianz in Der Äthertheorie Und Bestätigung Durch Die Experimente Von D. C. Miller
Hypothesis of a Violation of Lorentz Invariance in the Aether Theory and Confirmation by the Experiments of D. C. Miller

Authors: Sebastian Pliet
Comments: Pages.

Es wird die Hypothese aufgestellt, daß der Brechungsindex von bewegten Gasen in deren Ruhesystem anisotrop wird. Deswegen sollten Interferometer mit Luft im Lichtweg eine Phasenverschiebung messen können. Das theoretische Signal wird aus der Äthertheorie von Lorentz hergeleitet. Die Hypothese wird anhand von historischen Daten der Experimente von Dayton C. Miller auf dem Mount Wilson in den Jahren 1925–1926 geprüft. In ausgewählten Daten wird ein passendes Signal gefunden und bestätigt damit die Äthertheorie. Mit Hilfe einer Ausgleichsrechnung konnte die Geschwindigkeit v und der Apex, in äquatorialen Koordinaten (α, δ), der Bewegung des Sonnensystems im Äther bestimmt werden. Die kleinste Abweichung der Theorie von den Daten ergibt sich mit den Parametern v = (326 ± 17) km/s, α = (11,0 ± 0,2) h, δ = (-11 ± 5)°.

It is hypothesized that the refractive index of moving gases in their rest frame becomes anisotropic. Therefore interferometers with air in the light path should be able to measure a phase shift. The theoretical signal is derived from Lorentz's aether theory. The hypothesis is tested against historical data from Dayton C. Miller's experiments on Mount Wilson in 1925-1926. A suitable signal is found in selected data, confirming the aether theory. Using curve fitting, the velocity v and the apex, in equatorial coordinates (α, δ), of the motion of the solar system in the aether were determined. The smallest deviation of the theory from the data results with the parameters v = (326 ± 17) km/s, α = (11.0 ± 0.2) h, δ = (-11 ± 5) °.

Category: Relativity and Cosmology

HCR's Theorem

Authors: Harish Chandra Rajpoot
Comments: 9 Pages. Original Research Work

The author derives mathematical formula to analytically compute the V-cut angle (δ) required for rotating through the same angle (θ) the two co-planar planes, initially meeting at a common edge bisecting the angle (α) between their intersecting straight edges, about their intersecting straight edges until their new straight edges (generated after removing V-shaped planar region) coincide. As a result, we get a point (apex) where three planes intersect one another out of which two are original planes (rotated) & third one is their co-plane (fixed). This theorem is very useful for making specific pyramidal flat containers with polygonal (regular or irregular) base using sheet of paper, cardboard, polymer, metal or alloy which can be easily bent and butt-joined at the mating edges, closed right pyramids/bi-pyramids & polyhedrons having two regular n-polygonal & 2n congruent trapezoidal faces. The author has also presented some paper models for making pyramidal flat containers with regular pentagonal, heptagonal and octagonal bases.
Category: Geometry

Nucleon-Nucleon Binding: the Chemistry of Quarks

Authors: Bruno R Galeffi
Comments: 9 Pages.

The emergence of quarks inside the nucleon has indubitably one objective: nucleon-nucleon (NN) binding for baryonic matter clustering. The binding energy (BE) is directly proportional to the magnitude of the quark-quark (QQ) binding network between nucleons. Yet, predicting the QQ binding network in a particular nucleus requires a deeper understanding of the “chemistry” of quarks.
Category: Chemistry

Schrodinger Equation for Light

Authors: Miroslaw Kozlowski
Comments: 5 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

In this paper, the author developes the Schrodinger Equation (hyperbolic) for Lux.
Category: Quantum Physics

Factorization of a Semiprime (Pq-Number) in Polynomial Time Using Precalculated Tables

Authors: Jesus Sanchez
Comments: 37 Pages.

In this paper, it will be shown that it is possible to detect if a number p is prime [1] or not, using the following expression involving the q-polygama function [2] (represented as ψ) and being c whatever positive real number higher than zero: q_2=1/2π ∫_(-π)^π〖e^pjω ((ψ_q (1)+ln⁡(1-e^(-c-jω) ))/(ln⁡(e^(-c-jω) )) -(e^(-c-jω)+e^(-2c-2jω))/(1-e^(-c-jω) )) 〗 dω (1) If the result is zero, p is a prime number. If it is different from zero, the result will give information about the number of factors that the number p has. We will check that using this as a basis, we can obtain the following integral: q_3=1/2π ∫_(-π)^π〖e^pjω (∑_(k=2)^(k=∞)〖e^(-c(2+k)) e^(-2kjω) 1/(1-〖e^(-c) e〗^(-kjω) )〗) 〗 dω (2) And it is possible to obtain the sum of the factors of a semiprime number p [3] with it. Once we have the sum and the product of the factors, it is immediate to obtain the two factors of the semiprime number. The solution of that integral (solving it numerically) is obtained in polynomial time (quadratic). To do so, the second element of the product inside the integral has had to be calculated before and stored in a table (data base). Once this prework is done, the result is given in polynomial time (linear) independently of p or its size. You can check that this is possible because the second element of the product within the integral does not depend on p: ∑_(k=2)^(k=∞)〖e^(-c(2+k)) e^(-2kjω) 1/(1-〖e^(-c) e〗^(-kjω) )〗 (3)
Category: Number Theory

The 1599 Letter by Giordano Bruno’s Accuser, Celestino of Verona: All Is Not as It Seems

Authors: Arturo Tozzi
Comments: 2 Pages.

The heretic Capuchin Celestino of Verona, one of the harshest opponents of Giordano Bruno, wrote in 1599 to the Roman Inquisition and (anonymously) to the Venetian Inquisitor to inform himself. In a few months, he was burnt alive on the heels of an unusually short Inquisitorial trial. This traditional account, held by the most prominent scholars of Giordano Bruno too, states that the Venetian Inquisitor received an anonymous letter. Once the Pope came to know of this manuscript, he asked to run a handwriting analysis, suspecting Celestino himself. Here we show, based on a careful reading of the extant minutes of the proceedings of the Holy Office, that an alternative version can be provided which fully disagrees with the standard account.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

A Simple Unified Field Theory of General Relativity and Electromagnetism Without Extra Dimensions

Authors: Mueiz Gafer KamalEldeen
Comments: 3 Pages.

This paper presents a brief analysis of the basic concepts of electromagnetic phenomena and then tries to reorganize and situate them in the context of the theory of general relativity. Existence of electric charges in two opposite types and the apparent absence of equivalence principle are two major obstacles in this task which we will show how to take a leap over them both.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Bold Prediction on the Muon Anomalous Magnetic Moment, and Expected Resulted to be Published on April 7, 2021 by the Fermilab Muon G-2, and Its Explanation

Authors: Stephane H Maes
Comments: 6 Pages. All related details of the projects(and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

The proposed model of particles as Kerr Newman black hole (regularized Qballs of condensed Higgs bosons matching Kerr Newman solitons), as derived in the multi-fold theory, or in Burinskii works, implies a composite and extended model. As a result, the form factors involved in the computation of the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon have to be corrected, not just by all the radiative corrections to consider, but also to account for the fact that the Landé g-factor will differ now from 2. Also, in an experimental setup as in the Fermilab muon g-2, the soliton/Qball will be deformed by inertial effects (e.g. centripetal force) that can add an additional effect to the measured magnetic moment of the muons (or any other particle). However, effects remain negligible even if gravity at the Standard Model scales were to become non-negligible. We predict that the first discrepancy will be confirmed and that it is not linked to new particles or new forces. We will see if the results published on April 7, 2021 will agree.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Solution to the Twin Paradox and a New Interpretation of Inertial and Non-Inertial Reference Frames

Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 18 Pages.

In this paper we propose that the velocity in the Lorentz transformation ( LT ) equations and special relativity can only be instantaneous relative velocity between inertial reference frames. We will see that this interpretation will resolve the twin paradox and lead to a deeper understanding of inertial and non-inertial reference frames. Physicists failed to note that if the travelling twin suddenly decelerated from relativistic velocity to low velocity, all space and time coordinates and separations / intervals of events will also change suddenly, retroactively, in such a way as if the travelling twin had always been travelling at that low velocity. When the travelling twin returns to Earth and comes to rest relative to the stationary twin, all ‘memory’ of his/her past relativistic journey will be lost and time intervals of events will also change retroactively as if he/she had always been at rest relative to the stationary twin, as if he had never travelled at relativistic speeds. Only instantaneous velocity is relevant and all motion history of the twin is irrelevant in the Lorentz transformations. Therefore, the problem is symmetrical with respect to both twins. Intuitive and inconsistent application of time dilation (and length contraction), rather than rigorous and consistent application of Lorentz coordinate transformation of events, has caused the creation and persistence of the twin paradox. Lorentz transformation is fundamentally about coordinate transformation of events and time dilation and length contraction are only consequences of LT. The twin paradox is a result of a somehow mixed ( relativistic and classical) views of time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Ecosphere and Values of Nature Constant

Authors: Miroslaw Kozlowski, Janina Marciak-Kozlowski
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper we calculated the Habitable Zone Radius as the function of the Nature Constants only
Category: Astrophysics

Injured Earth

Authors: Miroslaw Kozlowski
Comments: 30 Pages.

In this paper we present the model for Atmosphere Waves of Viruses. The applications of the model to measured data of infections cases gave the following information: Infection time (average) for peoples 10-20 days, average time for chosen country for separable countries 11-120 days
Category: Physics of Biology

On Propagation of Light-Ray and Sagnac Effect in Kerr-Newman-Nut Spacetime

Authors: Bobur Turimov, Akhror Mamadjanove, Farruh Atamurotova, Kholida Boymurodova
Comments: 14 Pages.

The paper explores the light-ray propagation and Sagnac effect in Kerr-Newman-NUT spacetime. It has been analyzed the spacetime curvature structure of these solutions and represented that the Kerr-Newman-NUT spacetime is one of the exact analytical solutions for rotating regular black holes. The area of the horizon and ergosphere of the black hole has been explicitly derived. The electromagnetic feature of the Kerr-Newman-NUT black hole has been also discussed. The effect of the NUT parameter in capture cross-section of the photon by the black hole so-called the shadow black hole has been analyzed. Finally, the Sagnac effect in the Kerr-Newman-NUT space has explicitly discussed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Relativistic Rotational Angular Momentum

Authors: Raymond H. Gallucci
Comments: 6 Pages.

This is an exercise without a conclusion, intended to examine a phenomenon that, in the relativistic world, seems most difficult to comprehend, let alone explain – relativistic rotational angular momentum. Many have tackled the problem, first cited by Ehrenfest in 1909, and known since then as the “Ehrenfest Paradox,” primarily in terms of analyzing effects on the size and geometry of a relativistically rotating disk. Length contraction and time dilation interplay with aspects of general relativity and hyperbolic geometry according to the experts. Tackling this aspect is beyond me, so I try to examine a somewhat more predictable phenomenon, relativistic angular momentum as a result of relativistic mass increase in both a rotating rod and disk. No conclusions are drawn, but observations are offered as food for thought for the reader.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Aerosol Transport by Turbulent Continua

Authors: Rolf Warnemünde
Comments: 28 Pages.

The stochastic transport equations, derived rigorously under the condition of continnum uctuations in the framework of an ensemble theory, both in dierential and integral form, are then veried by establishing an unambiguous connection between this stochastics and the associated deterministics.
Category: Classical Physics

A Design for a Quantum Time Machine, Using Weak Measurement and Non-Orthogonal Post-Selection

Authors: Andrew Gray
Comments: 10 Pages.

A design for a time machine, capable of transmitting information backwards in time, is presented. It achieves this by combining weak measurement of photons with a post-selection of non-orthogonal polarisation states. The non-orthogonal outcomes are the result of using a certain photonic metamaterial. As it is based on weak measurement, the accuracy of the time machine is not very high, thus avoiding the occurrence of time paradoxes.
Category: Quantum Physics

Mathematical Modelling of COVID-19 and Solving Riemann Hypothesis, Polignac's and Twin Prime Conjectures Using Novel Fic-Fac Ratio With Manifestations of Chaos-Fractal Phenomena

Authors: John Yuk Ching Ting
Comments: 50 Pages. Rigorous Proofs on Riemann Hypothesis, Polignac's and Twin Prime Conjectures with incorporation of COVID-19.

COVID-19 originated from Wuhan, China in December 2019. Declared by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020; COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in unprecedented negative global impacts on health and economy. International cooperation is required to combat this "Incompletely Predictable" pandemic. With manifestations of Chaos-Fractal phenomena, we mathematically model COVID-19 and solve [unconnected] open problems in Number theory using our versatile Fic-Fac Ratio. Computed as Information-based complexity, our innovative Information-complexity conservation constitutes a unique all-purpose analytic tool associated with Mathematics for Incompletely Predictable problems. These problems are literally "complex systems" containing well-defined Incompletely Predictable entities such as nontrivial zeros and two types of Gram points in Riemann zeta function (or its proxy Dirichlet eta function) together with prime and composite numbers from Sieve of Eratosthenes. Correct and complete mathematical arguments for first key step of converting this function into its continuous format version, and second key step of using our unique Dimension (2x - N) system instead of this Sieve result in primary spin-offs from first key step consisting of providing proof for Riemann hypothesis (and explaining closely related two types of Gram points), and second key step consisting of providing proofs for Polignac's and Twin prime conjectures.
Category: Number Theory

Ravine, Burn, Cook, Heat, Steam: Their Probable Etymology

Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 8 Pages.

The probable etymology of Russian words given in the title is considered
Category: Linguistics

Rules for Counting Elements of an Infinite Set
Правила счета элементов бесконечного множества

Authors: Putenikhin P.V.
Comments: 56 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

The mistakes of Cantor and his followers in logical reasoning about infinite sets are revealed. The proof of the countability of the continuum, the countability of all real numbers is given. The erroneousness of reasoning in the problem of "Hilbert's Hotel" is shown.

Özel Göreliliğin 200 üncü Yıldönümü
200th Anniversary of Special Relativity

Authors: Özgen Ersan
Comments: 4 Pages. Lütfen 2105 yılında tekrar okuyunuz.

Özel görelilik teorisi, insanlık zihinsel performansı için yüksek yorumları yüzyılı aşkın süre taşıdı ve bilime ilgiyi artırıcı rol üstlendi. Yöntem biliminin gelişmesi ve daha yetkin hale gelmesiyle birlikte teorinin kusurları ve yüzeysel bakışı saydamlaştı ve artık 200 üncü yılında bilim tarihindeki yanılgılar dosyasının örnek vakası haline geldi. Bu çalışmada insanlığın bilim ararken aldanmasının nedenleri bu yaygın bilinen örnek üzerinden özetlenmektedir.

Neutrino Masses

Authors: Radomir Majkic
Comments: 13 Pages. There are no essential changes in this version; the Minimal Coupling section is set in the Appendix, and some observed errors are removed.

Abstract: It is possible to predict the neutrino masses within existing knowledge. The elastic weak current neutrino-nucleon interactions ( vi,n)->(l,n')~ ve,n) -> (e,p) are considered, and the vector |m_{e},mv, mt > =|1.35\times 10^(-8),\, 5.81\times 10^(-4),\,1.64\times 10^(-1) > eV/c^{2} of the increasing neutrino masses is predicted.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A New Proof of Positivity Criteria of Even Order Derivatives of Riemann Xi Function ξ(s)

Authors: Debasis Biswas
Comments: Copyright: Author. Two pages.

In this paper a new proof of positivity criteria of even order derivatives of ξ(s) will be given using analytical expression of Riemann Xi function ξ(s).
Category: Mathematical Physics

Spiritual Inoculation: A Paraphysical Methodology Achieving Coronavirus Immunity

Authors: Richard L Amoroso
Comments: 22 Pages. Preprint: Submitted to Scientific God Journal; https://www.scigod.com/index.php/sgj.

Specificity for spiritual inoculation realizing coronavirus immunity is corroborated in two pilot studies. In general, viral transmission is a two-step process, 1) Attachment to cellular surface adhesion receptors, and 2) cellular invasion through activation of epithelial entry receptors. Self-organized living systems (SOLS) are fundamentally autopoietic biochemical complexes utilizing syntropic mechanisms to continuously reduce entropy. By adducing the existence of an additional Unified Field based life-principle with an inherent action governing the homeostasis of SOLS, one postulates the utility of a noetic meditative process for spiritual inoculation achieving coronavirus immunity by suppression of viral adhesion mechanisms.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

From the Euclidean to the Hyperbolic Space in Particle Physics

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 14 Pages. original article

The Euler tetrahedron volume formula is used to define dimensionality of space and the Euclidean straight line and area. The double disk modul (DDM) is used to define trajectories on the metrical surfaces. The relations of generalized Lobachevskii geometry are derived and related to the Einstein equations. It is considered spherical and pseudospherical geometry, Riemann geometry, Lobachevskii and generalized Lobachevskii geometry, Poincare model, Beltrami model, gravity as deformation of space and Schwinger theory of gravity.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Strange Enough i^xi

Authors: Miroslaw Kozlowski
Comments: Pages.

In this paper I consider the strange real function f(x)= ixi , i=Sqrt[-1] and x is real . It is hard to find its application. But it is an example the subtle connection of the real and imaginary universe
Category: Algebra

Conformally Isometric Applications

Authors: Antoine Balan
Comments: 2 pages, written in french

We show that a conformally isometric application of the space is an isometry composed with an homothety.
Category: Geometry

Solvable Form of the Polynomial Equation X^n + an-1x^(n-1) + ...+a1x + A0= 0 (n = 2k + 1)

Authors: Quang Nguyen Van
Comments: 3 Pages.

It is know, there is no solution in radicals to general polynomial equation of degree five or higher with arbitrary coefficient. In this article, we give a form of the polynomial equations with odd degree can be solved in radicals. From there, we come up some solvable equations with one or more zero coefficients, especially for the quintic and septic equations.
Category: Algebra

Explanation How and Why the Decay Modes of Beauty Quarks Into Leptons Decay in LHCb on the Basis of the Quantized Space and Time Theory

Authors: Hamid Reza Karimi
Comments: 10 Pages.

In this paper by ‏using the quantized space and time theory, the internal structure of the beauty quark has been analyzed, and the different modes for decay of beauty quark have been predicted theoretically. Also it has been explained that why the decay of beauty quark into kaon and muons is 88% of its decay into kaon, electron and positron.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Einstein’s Field Equations– the Unimodular Defect (a Summary)

Authors: Stephen J Crothers
Comments: 2 Pages.

Albert Einstein first presented his gravitational field equations in unimodular coordinates. In these coordinates, the field equations can be written explicitly in terms of the Einstein pseudotensor for the energy-momentum of the gravitational field. Since this pseudotensor produces, by contraction, a first-order intrinsic differential invariant, it violates the rules of pure mathematics. This is sufficient to prove that Einstein’s unimodular field equations are invalid. Since the unimodular form must hold in the General Theory of Relativity, it follows that the latter is also unsound, lacking a proper mathematical foundation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Forcasting and Pattern Analysis of Dhaka Stock Market using LSTM and Phrophet Algorithm

Authors: Tanvir Rahman, Rafia Akhter, Kehinde Lawal, Shamim Ahmed Mazumder, Tamanna Afroz, Ataur Rahman
Comments: 3 Pages.

forecasting or predicting stock market price and the trend has been regarded as a challenging task because of its chaotic nature. The stock market is essentially a non-linear, non-parametric, noisy, and deterministically chaotic system because of liquid money, stock adequacy, human behavior, news related to the stock market, gambling, international money rate, and so on. In a country like Bangladesh, it is very difficult to find any prediction of the stock market especially the Dhaka stock market. Because its trends and forecasting depend on various factors. Understanding the pattern of the stock market and predicting their development and changes are research hotspots in academic and financial circles. Because financial data contain complex, incomplete, and fuzzy information, predicting their development trends is an extremely difficult challenge. Fluctuations in financial data depend on a myriad of correlated constantly changing factors. In this paper, financial productprice data are treated as a one-dimensional series generated bythe projection of a chaotic system composed of multiple factors into the time dimension, and the price series is reconstructed using the time series phase-space reconstruction (PSR) method. An RNN-based prediction model is designed based on the PSR method and long and short-term memory networks (LSTMs) for DL and used to predict stock prices and for predicting stock market data trend we use Facebook open-source model prophet The proposed and some other prediction models are used to predict multiple stock indices for different periods. A comparisonof the results shows that the proposed prediction model has a higher prediction accuracy.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Black Hole Is Hole Which Is Black

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 5 Pages. Submitted to the journal.

Presented evidence, that Black Hole is the hole. Namely, right behind the black surface (event horizon for non-rotational BH), there is no space nor time. No spacetime. Just as it would be prior to the Big Bang. The first composite image of the Black Hole from the Event Horizon Telescope is another evidence for that, with the resulting correction of the reported mass.
Category: Astrophysics

Stochastic Cosmology and the Vacuum Energy Parameter

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 14 Pages.

The Vacuum Energy Parameter (VEP) of standard cosmology denotes the fraction of the critical density attributed to the accelerated expansion of the Universe. Astrophysical evidence sets the numerical range of VEP at 0.692 +,- 0.012, yet the root cause of these values is currently unknown. Drawing from the stochastic interpretation of early-Universe cosmology, we develop here a derivation of the VEP based on classical diffusion theory and the Langevin equation. Predictions are shown to be in reasonable agreement with observations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Pythagorean proof of Fermat's Last Theorem

Authors: Federico Gabriel
Comments: 2 Pages.

This article proposes a new simply proof of Fermat's Last Theorem with Pythagorean triangles.
Category: Number Theory