All Submission Categories

No Conventional Sterile Neutrinos in a Multi-Fold Universe: Just SMG Business as Usual

Authors: Stephane H Maes
Comments: 5 Pages. All related details of the projects(and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles, that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-fold mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model. Different recent experiments have argued against, or in favor of a sterile neutrinos. In a multi-fold universe, or whenever we can add a non-negligible gravity contribution at the scales of the Standard Model, we showed how to explain the mass of the neutrino without New Physics and predict the number of generations for each fermions family, including the number of neutrinos flavors, to be exactly 3. Therefore, in a multi-fold universe, there should not be conventional sterile neutrinos: right-handed flavored neutrinos no ability to interact with W± and Z0 (they only interact only with the Higgs and though gravity) suffice to explain the neutrino oscillation anomalies encountered so far. The results extend to SMG.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Temporal Mechanics (E): Time-Space Logistics

Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 39 Pages.

This paper, the fifth in a series of 5 papers summarising Temporal Mechanics, presents the over-arching and underlying idea of a “logistic” of time-space, as a process of having proposed new definitions for time and space to then deliver via theoretic modelling more ideal results than achieved by Einstein’s special and general relativity, quantum mechanics, and the standard model of particles, namely delivering the same basic constants and metrics for known particle and associated field phenomena, while then proposing a next step for theoretic development, namely quantum-based and Planck-scaled particle mass and associated gravity; here, Temporal Mechanics is able to derive the lightest particle by understanding how a DIR (destructive interference resonance) of a Planck length would lead to particle formation, and not just particle formation, yet the formulation of a basic Planck scaled theory of gravity, correctly deriving the value of “G” from the elementary particle level.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Truly Two-Dimensional Black Holes Under Dimensional Transitions of Spacetime

Authors: Wanpeng Tan
Comments: 6 Pages. Essay written for the Gravity Research Foundation 2021 Awards for Essays on Gravitation

A sufficiently massive star in the end of its life will inevitably collapse into a black hole as more deconfined degrees of freedom make the core ever softer. One possible way to avoid the singularity in the end is by dimensional phase transition of spacetime. Indeed, the black hole interior, two-dimensional in nature, can be described well as a perfect fluid of free massless Majorana fermions and gauge bosons under a 2-d supersymmetric mirror model with new understanding of emergent gravity from dimensional evolution of spacetime. In particular, the 2-d conformal invariance of the black hole gives rise to desired consistent results for the interior microphysics and structures including its temperature, density, and entropy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Fermat's Last Theorem: A Simple Proof

Authors: P.G. Bass
Comments: 15 Pages.

This paper provides a simple proof of Fermat’s Last Theorem via elementary algebraic analysis of a level that would have been extant in Fermat’s day, the mid seventeenth century. The proof is effected by transforming Fermat's equation to an nth order polynomial, which is solved for 5 cases revealing a pattern that enables an extrapolation to the general case.
Category: Number Theory

Notes on the Collatz Conjecture

Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this article I wanted to contribute with some of my own investigations on the Collatz conjecture. Based on the ideas of parity and analyzing the conjecture from an algebraic point of view.
Category: Number Theory

Relativistic Analysis of Sagnac Effect in the Reference Frame of the Accelerating Observer

Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 14 Pages.

We present a simple, clean relativistic derivation of the Sagnac effect from the perspective of the rotating observer/detector. The well-known Sagnac formula just emerged right on the first run of the calculation, without any tweaking of arguments to get the desired result. The key, novel idea introduced in this paper is that two observers moving with the same velocity at the same point of space simultaneously at a given instant of time will observe the same, identical phenomenon ( for example, interference fringe position) at that point, regardless of their motion history before that instant of time. Therefore, we introduce an imaginary inertial observer who is moving with the same instantaneous velocity at the point of light detection as the accelerating observer. The two observers (the real accelerating observer and the imaginary inertial observer) will observe identical phenomena at that point of space and time. Thus, acceleration of the detector/observer is irrelevant and the known non-relativistic Sagnac effect can be understood within the framework of special relativity theory. However, for relativistic speeds, Lorentz transformation / special relativity predicts different fringe shifts for the stationary and the rotating observers. This is a theoretical disproof of special relativity, along with experimental evidences such as the Silvertooth and the Marinov experiments.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Simultaneity and Synchronization by Rods in Relativity as a Simple Geometry Problem

Authors: Rodrigo de Abreu
Comments: 27 Pages.

In this paper it is reconsidered the physical meaning of the one-way speed of light, that has also been addressed in other recent papers, complemented with a simple geometric approach. Usually in the standard Special Relativity what is considered is the Einstein one-way speed of light that has been introduced by Einstein in the 1905 article “by definition”. In the standard interpretation the one-way speed of light is not considered since the Einstein speed of light is considered the speed of light. However, in our previous work we have shown that this is a terminological confusion. Now we explain why this is so with a very simple geometric Pythagorean approach that complement recent papers about the same subject. With this approach the measurement of the one-way speed of light and the solution of the conventionality of simultaneity and synchronization controversy is addressed. This proposed formulation is based on the existence of a gap of “synchronizations” with a rod that standard formulation is unable to detect.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Circular Arguments in String and Superstring Theory from a Multi-fold Universe Perspective

Authors: Stephane H Maes
Comments: 18 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

Following our derivation of multi-fold models, we revisited the main aspects and claims of self-consistencies of strings and superstrings. Rather than focusing on their relationship to multi-fold universes, we used our lessons learned to show how many claims or results rely on circular arguments coming from the resonance dual model: many consistent results are derived from this model rather than proofs of self-consistency. The previously shown incompatibility between the standard model and superstrings if quantum gravity is asymptotically stable remains standing post analysis of superstrings self-consistency claims. Its applicability to the real universe repositions the role of superstrings and its derived conjectures and models. No matter what, it demonstrates that claims of self-consistency are not validation of the theory as model of the real universe: experimental validations or invalidations are required, as many have argued before.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Uwb-GCN: Accelerating Graph Convolutional Networks Through Runtime Workload Rebalancing

Authors: Tong Geng, Ang Li, Tianqi Wang, Chunshu Wu, Yanfei Li, Antonino Tumeo, Shuai Che, Steve Reinhardt, Martin Herbordt
Comments: 13 Pages.

In this paper, we propose an architecture design called Ultra-Workload-Balanced-GCN (UWB-GCN) to accelerate graph convolutional network inference. To tackle the major performance bottleneck of workload imbalance, we propose two techniques: dynamic local sharing and dynamic remote switching, both of which rely on hardware flexibility to achieve performance auto-tuning with negligible area or delay overhead. Specifically, UWB-GCN is able to effectively profile the sparse graph pattern while continuously adjusting the workload distribution among parallel processing elements (PEs). After converging, the ideal configuration is reused for the remaining iterations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first accelerator design targeted to GCNs and the first work that auto-tunes workload balance in accelerator at runtime through hardware, rather than software, approaches. Our methods can achieve near-ideal workload balance in processing sparse matrices. Experimental results show that UWB-GCN can finish the inference of the Nell graph (66K vertices, 266K edges) in 8.1ms, corresponding to 199x, 16x, and 7.5x respectively, compared to the CPU, GPU, and the baseline GCN design without workload rebalancing.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

EIA 2020: An Environmental Compromise

Authors: Niteesh Shanbog
Comments: 7 Pages.

The battle between conservation and industrialization gains a new dimension with the recent changes to the EIA brought out by the Government of India. While the Government wants to cut down on the red tape and inefficiency associated with the lackadaisical bureaucracy, the new amendments significantly compromise on the basic principles of environmental conservation. This essay, while exploring the need for the new laws with regards to India’s growing economic aspiration, also discusses why messing around with the environment is not a wise idea. The social and moral aspects of changing environmental laws, which actually accelerates environmental degradation is also looked at. This essay concludes that economic growth by compromising with nature is not sustainable in the long term and that this policy must have a relook.
Category: Climate Research

Cometary Origin of COVID-19

Authors: Edward J. Steele, Reginald M. Gorczynski, Robyn A. Lindley, Gensuke Tokoro, Daryl H. Wallis, Robert Temple, N. Chandra Wickramasinghe
Comments: 9 Pages. The paper has been revised since first submission, and now re-submitted to a new journal

The evidence for the cometary origin then rapid global spread of COVID-19 through 2020 is critically reviewed. We outline why it is an alternative plausible scientific explanation to the current bat/pangolin animal jump theories. In our view this explanation is consistent with all the available temporal unfolding scientific data (genomic, immunologic, epidemiologic, geophysical, astrophysical and astrobiological). Thus COVID-19 arrived as infective cryopreserved virions in cometary meteoritic dust clouds from space in a bolide strike in the stratosphere over China on October 11 2019. Prevailing high-level and low-level wind systems then globally distributed the infective viral dust clouds, striking different regions at different times. Given this possibility, a new space challenge for mankind is to develop near- Earth early warning biological surveillance (and mitigation) systems for incoming cosmic in- falls of micro-organisms and viruses from the cometary dust and meteorite streams that our planet routinely encounters as it orbits the Sun.
Category: Physics of Biology

New Physics with LHCb to Explain Loss of Lepton Universality, or Just Gravity?

Authors: Stephane H Maes
Comments: 5 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General Relativity (GR) at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model resulting into what we defined as SMG. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model without new Physics other than gravity. These considerations hints at a even stronger relationship between gravity and the Standard Model. Recently, there has been a flurry of enthusiasm following announcement of 3.1-sigma violation of lepton universality at LHCb. Many articles, papers and pundits see it as hints of New Physics. In this paper we hypothesize that gravity could explain these observation, instead of New Physics understood as new particles or forces. The proposal can be strongly justified in a multi-fold universe with SMG. It could also make sense, in general, whenever SMG can be motivated.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

L(0 1/2 1) Entropy Space, Quantum Time-Space and Unified Field Theory

Authors: Yajun Liu
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this paper, we get a characteristic equation with an entropy form and we find that it is interesting when put physic constants h and C into the equation, we get a Unified Field Equation.
Category: Mathematical Physics

L(0 1/2 1) Entropy Space and Proofs of Prime Conjuctures

Authors: Yajun Liu
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper, we get a characteristic equation of L1/2 space and we find that using this equation we can give proofs of the Prime Conjectures.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Standard Model of Particle Physics and the Hilbert Repository

Authors: J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 77 Pages. This is part of the Hilbert Book Model Project

The word space is used in many ways and most of these applications give this word a different meaning. This makes the notion of space very obscure. Especially philosophers, mathematicians, and physicists have attributed a huge number of interpretations of the noun “space”. This has led to a huge number of different forms of space. Humans live in an environment that is characterized by space and time. This paper focuses on the most elemental meanings that mathematicians and physicists attribute to the word “space”. Next, the immediate extensions of this elementary space are investigated. Since physicists investigate our physical reality, the paper also investigates how physical reality treats the notion of space. This leads to a revolutionary new mathematical concept that is called the Hilbert repository. It exposes great similarity with part of the Standard Model of particle physics. This model exposes what experimenters have discovered about these elementary object types.
Category: Quantum Physics

How to Find the Quadratic Residue for Prime Numbers

Authors: Takamasa Noguchi
Comments: 7 Pages.

Explanation of how to find the quadratic residue.
Category: Number Theory

Cantor's Paradox

Authors: Antonio Leon
Comments: 11 Pages.

This paper discusses Cantor’s paradox of the set all cardinals, and proves that in Cantor’s set theory every set of cardinal C originates at least 2C inconsistent infinite sets.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Hierarchical Relationship Alignment Metric Learning

Authors: Lifeng Gu
Comments: 5 Pages.

Most existing metric learning methods focus on learning a similarity or distance measure relying on similar and dissimilar relations between sample pairs. However, pairs of samples cannot be simply identified as similar or dissimilar in many real-world applications, e.g., multi-label learning, label distribution learning. To this end, relation alignment metric learning (RAML) framework is proposed to handle the metric learning problem in those scenarios. But RAML learn a linear metric, which can’t model complex datasets. Combining with deep learning and RAML framework, we propose a hierarchical relationship alignment metric leaning model HRAML, which uses the concept of relationship alignment to model metric learning problems under multiple learning tasks, and makes full use of the consistency between the sample pair relationship in the feature space and the sample pair relationship in the label space. Further we organize several experiment divided by learning tasks, and verified the better performance of HRAML against many popular methods and RAML framework.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Representation Learning by Ranking Under Multiple Tasks

Authors: Lifeng Gu
Comments: 9 Pages.

In recent years, representation learning has become the research focus of the machine learning community. Large-scale pre-training neural networks have become the first step to realize general intelligence. The key to the success of neural networks lies in their abstract representation capabilities for data. Several learning fields are actually discussing how to learn representations and there lacks a unified perspective. We convert the representation learning problem under multiple tasks into a ranking problem, taking the ranking problem as a unified perspective, the representation learning under different tasks is solved by optimizing the approximate NDCG loss. Experiments under different learning tasks like classification, retrieval, multi-label learning, regression, self-supervised learning prove the superiority of approximate NDCG loss. Further, under the self-supervised learning task, the training data is transformed by data augmentation method to improve the performance of the approximate NDCG loss, which proves that the approximate NDCG loss can make full use of the information of the unsupervised training data.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

First Principles of Consistent Physics

Authors: Wanpeng Tan
Comments: Pages. See https://www.wanpengtan.com/smm/ for other related papers

For a consistent picture of fundamental physics and cosmology, three first principles are proposed as the foundations. That is, quantum variational principle that provides the formalism, consistent observation principle that set physical constraints and symmetries, and spacetime inflation principle that determines physical contents (particle fields and interactions). Under these three principles, a series of supersymmetric mirror models are constructed to study various phases of the universe at different spacetime dimensions and the dynamics between the phases. In particular, mirror symmetry, as the orientation symmetry of the underlying geometry, plays a critical role in the new framework.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Evaluating the Alignment of the Polarized Starlight from 893 Stars in a Region on the Disk of the Milky Way

Authors: Richard Shurtleff
Comments: 37 pages, 8 figures

Detecting polarized starlight projects an intriguing pattern of polarization directions on the Galaxy. Polarized starlight is a well known tracer of Galactic Magnetic fields and is a tool for studying the dust that contaminates the view of more distant objects. The alignment of the polarization directions of a sample of stars on the Galactic Disk is investigated with a recently devised test. The Hub Test offers numerical metrics based on the geometry of spherical geodesics, i.e. great circles, to judge alignment. The test always compares the directions of two vectors at a single point, a process that avoids comparing the directions of two vectors at distinct points; no parallel transport needed. The sample of 893 stars, located from longitude 90° to 160° and latitude -15° to +15°, is among the best aligned regions on the Disk. The alignment function provides a full-sphere depiction of the collective alignment. The metrics include the likelihood that random polarization directions would produce equal or better alignments. For the 893 star sample considered here, the alignment occurs at the 54sigma level. The alignment function has minima along an equator, which, for this sample, coincides with the Galactic Disk, and the function has maxima at poles, here coincident with the Galactic Poles. The source of the polarization data is the Heiles 2000 agglomeration catalog. This article is a Mathematica notebook which can be accessed and run via a link in the References.
Category: Astrophysics

A New Method To Instantly Factorize Any Product Of Multiplied Two Small Or Large Twin Prime Numbers.

Authors: Olvin Dsouza
Comments: 9 Pages.

I have found an new method to factorize any certain large numbers p*q = n products of numbers instantly. This method works for any small or large product integers ‘n’ of any digits may be millions, billions or even trillions of digits. This method is all about instantly reversing (factorizing) and knowing the two factors i.e specially of two small or large multiplied twin prime numbers or any terms (not divisible by 2 or 3) and having a gap of two.
Category: Number Theory

Going to the Root of Quantum Measurement Problem

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 6 Pages. Submitted to the journal.

We can not think of measurement devices as if they would be a part of nature. Why? Because it violates the definition of nature, becoming the tautology: nature is what (measures) nature.
Category: Quantum Physics

Delayed Choice and Nonlocal Memory of Quantum Systems

Authors: V. A. Kuz`menko
Comments: 3 Pages.

One possible variant of experimental study of the memory properties of quantum systems is proposed.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Earth-Moon Distance Increment Generated by the Expansion of the Universe

Authors: Jesus Delso Lapuerta
Comments: 7 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

The Earth-Moon distance increment is generated by the expansion of the universe, Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR) experiment confirms that the Moon is spiraling away from Earth at a rate of 38 mm per year. Dark matter gravity force is generated by the expansion of the universe, gravitational force is not strong enough and an extra centripetal force is needed due to this expansion, energy related to this new force is stored in the dark matter energy tensor D(4,0) related to the Riemann curvature. The cosmological redshift energy loss due to the expansion of the universe is stored in the dark matter energy tensor D(4,0). The Cosmic Microwave Background energy loss has been stored in the dark matter energy tensor D(4,0) Dark matter gravity is generated by D(4,0) energy related directly to the S(4,0) tensor, however this gravity is attributed to exotic particles never detected, galaxies in our universe are rotating with such speed that the gravity generated by their observable matter could not possibly hold them together   Total Energy T(4,0) and energy tensors are defined to complete the General Relativity field equations. The Ricci decomposition is a way of breaking up the Riemann curvature tensor into three orthogonal tensors, Z(4,0), Weyl tensor C(4,0) and S(4,0)
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

50 Years in Physics

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 8 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

I am a Doctor of Sciences in Physics. I belong to the school of physicists established by Alexander Prokhorov–Nobel Prize Laureate in Physics. I am a Laser Physicist by education, having published over 150 papers. I graduated from Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology with High Honors in 1970. I am eternally grateful to Academician A. M. Prokhorov and Prof. A. A. Manenkov, whose influence on my scientific life has been decisive. 19 years ago, I developed an interest in Cosmology. I have been elaborating a model I dubbed World-Universe Model (WUM) and published a series of papers in the Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology WUM is a natural continuation of Classical Physics, and it can already serve as a basis for a New Cosmology proposed by Paul Dirac in 1937. In my view, there is a principal difference between Physics and Mathematics. I am convinced that Physics cannot exist without Mathematics, but Mathematics must not replace Physics. I absolutely agree with John von Neumann who said: “The sciences do not try to explain, they hardly even try to interpret, they mainly make models. By a model is meant a mathematical construct, which, with addition of certain verbal interpretations describes observed phenomena. The justification of such a mathematical construct is solely and precisely that it is expected to work”.
Category: Classical Physics

Information Preserving in Ukulele Transcription

Authors: Mauro Padellini
Comments: 5 Pages.

The problem is addressed of how to make up for the limited range of the instrument in ukulele transcription.
Category: Linguistics

Webster's Universal Spanish-English Dictionary, the Graphical Law and A Dictionary of Geography of Oxford University Press

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 27 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study the Webster's Universal Spanish-English Dictionary by Geddes and Grosset. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised( unnormalised). We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,βH=0) i.e. a magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Isingmodel with four nearest neighbours in absence of external magnetic field. H is external magnetic field, β is 1/(k_B T) where, T is temperature and k_B is the Boltzmann constant. Moreover, we compare the Spanish language with two other Romance languages, the Basque and the Romanian languages respectively. On the top of it, we compare the Spanish-English Dictionary with A Dictionary of Geography of Oxford University Press by Susan Mayhew and find a tantalizing similarity between the Spanish and the jargon of Geography.
Category: Condensed Matter

Explaining Representation by Mutual Information

Authors: Lifeng Gu
Comments: 11 Pages.

Science is used to discover the law of world. Machine learning can be used to discover the law of data. In recent years, there are more and more research about interpretability in machine learning community. We hope the machine learning methodsaresafe,interpretable,andtheycanhelpusto find meaningful pattern in data. In this paper, we focus on interpretability of deep representation. We propose a interpretable method of representation based on mutual information, which summarizes the interpretation of representation into three types of information between input data and representation. We further proposed MI-LR module, which can be inserted into the model to estimate the amount of information to explain the model’s representation. Finally, we verify the method through the visualization of the prototype network.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Datasailr an R Package for Row by Row Data Processing, Using Datasailr Script

Authors: Toshihiro Umehara
Comments: 8 Pages.

Data processing and data cleaning are essential steps before applying statistical or machine learning procedures. R provides a flexible way for data processing using vectors. R packages also provide other ways for manipulating data such as using SQL and using chained functions. I present yet another way to process data in a row by row manner using data manipulation oriented script, DataSailr script. This article introduces datasailr package, and shows potential benefits of using domain specific language for data processing.
Category: Statistics

United States Mass Shootings Triggered by Serotonin Spikes from Seasonal Pollen Level Drops

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 39 Pages.

Humans, like all life, are sensitive to their environment. Mentally ill or unstable individuals can be triggered into impulsive and violent activities from spikes in serum serotonin. Serum histamine level is directly proportional to environmental allergen levels, but serum serotonin level is inversely proportional to serum histamine levels with human males having 52% more serotonin than females. Data appears to show an association between the dates of violent acts from mentally ill individuals and the dates of dramatic decreases in pollen levels thus indicating a possible precursor or triggering relationship. This knowledge could be used as a potential predictor for law enforcement and medical agencies for a given city. Mental health professionals would be advised to lower serotonin boosting meds and antihistamines and even supplement sedative medications to male patients in the timeframes of mid-March to the end of June, for spring tree pollen - especially juniper, and from mid-September to the end of November, for fall pollen - primarily ragweed.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

LOVE and HATE in Christianity

Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 18 Pages. -

The contradiction in the Christian worldview is examined. Attached is a translation of the article from Russian into English.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

Can Frozen Hydrogen Snowballs Account for Galactic Dark Matter

Authors: Alan M. Kadin
Comments: 16 Pages. Poster presented at American Physical Society virtual meeting March 2021 [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

•DARK MATTER: Most mass in galaxies is invisible –what is it? •>80% of matter lies in halo around galaxies, but not in stars or other visible objects. •Cannot be dilute gas of H2and He –absorption lines would appear in spectra. •Popular theories suggest novel particles or novel dark objects such as black holes.

Classical Circuit Simulations for Superconducting Quantum Circuits

Authors: Alan M. Kadin
Comments: 18 Pages. Poster presented at American Physical Society virtual meeting March 2021 [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

•Classical superconducting circuit simulators are powerful and available. •Include Josephson junction as basic element. •Provide efficient time-domain simulations of complex circuits. •May show effects otherwise attributed to quantum circuits.

Is Our Universe Designed to Constrain Intelligence?

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 3 Pages.

A short and informal philosophical and speculative essay noting how Universal constants, like the speed of light, and Dark Energy, Quantum uncertainty, and black holes, can be considered as constraints limiting both the total level of intelligence achievable in our Universe and the ability to store information into the far future by an intelligent being.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Energía Libre Conocimiento Faltante (Free Energy Missing Knowledge)

Authors: Carlos Alejandro Chiappini
Comments: 8 Pages. Una verdad no se vende. Se comparte [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

¿ Alguna vez le han explicado a Usted por qué algo es imposible ? ¿ Alguna vez le han enseñado algo parcialmente, para evitar que Usted llegue a competir con quien le enseña ? ¿ Alguna vez ha detectado Usted que una supuesta imposibilidad es mentira ? Si eso ha sucedido y le ha molestado, este documento será un oasis para su mente. Entenderá por qué la energía libre es posible y por que los métodos para aprovecharla no llegan a las personas del pueblo. Y entenderá sin mitos lo que Nikola Tesla ha iniciado.

Einstein Y Las Ondas Gravitacionales (Einstein and Gravitational Waves)

Authors: Alfonso León Guillén Gómez
Comments: 53 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

El autor presenta la historia de las ondas gravitacionales según Einstein, uniéndola a su biografía y a su época con el fin de comprenderla en su conexión con la historia de los semitas, la personalidad de Einstein en el manejo de sus circunstancias generadoras de conflicto en sus relaciones de competencia con sus colegas y en la formulación de la llamada teoría general de la relatividad. Recaeremos en las vicisitudes que vivió Einstein en el tránsito de que su trabajo científico pasara a la ciencia normal como un pilar de la física teórica. Trataremos como Einstein introdujo el éter relativístico confiriéndole un “olor de materialidad” a su explicación geométrica de la gravedad, donde indudablemente, no cabe, pero que él tuvo que ceder ante la presión eso sí justificada de sus más connotados colegas, liderados por Lorentz. Einstein lo tuvo que hacer para mantenerse en la cola que lo llevaría al Nobel. Fue así, como desarrollando el hilo del éter relativista, en junio de 1916, introdujo las ondas gravitacionales de las que, en un acto de liberación personal y honradez científica, cuando pudo, en 1938, demostró como no podían existir, dentro del escenario de su relatividad, para de inmediato también darle fin al éter relativista.

Psychedelics and Their Efficacies in Therapies When Compared to Traditional Pharmaceuticals

Authors: Maxine Caldera
Comments: 24 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

Psychedelics have gained a long history of stigmatization from both political and sociological outcries as being an addictive drug with potentially dangerous, or even deadly, side effects. This is generally considered the most crucial reason for the drastic decrease in, if not altogether halting, the research of the benefits or possible methods and applications of psychedelics in the treatment of mental disorders. Despite this long and bleak history, with the recent passing of legislation to ease restrictions, largely due to a slow yet meticulous research that is once again shedding light on the efficacy of psychedelics at treating mental health disorders, such as PTSD, anxiety, and depression. Psychedelics are once again gaining a more positive force in the mental health community and the public writ large. Current research, like those studies that aided in lifting of government restrictions, is starting to gain enough of a basis to allow for the comparing of the effectiveness of psychedelics to traditional drug treatment for mental health.
Category: Mind Science

The Mathematical Nature of the Universe and Consciousness: the Universe is a Self-Driven Parallel Computing Automaton; Consciousness is a Turing Machine’s Subjective Mathematical Model of the Objective Universe

Authors: Xiaoyang Yu
Comments: 55 Pages.

Background/introduction: This study is to discover the nature of consciousness and/or universe. Methods: Comparing the nature to a Game of Life system. Results: Found that the universe and a Game of Life system has the similar mathematical nature. Conclusions: Humans are limited in what they know by the technical limitation of their cortical language network. A reality is a situation model. The universe is a self-driven objective state machine which evolves by itself automatically. Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle can be explained under this situation. If we are happy to accept randomness, it’s obviously possible that all other worlds in the many-worlds interpretation don’t exist objectively. Consciousness is actually the use of a mathematical model by a Turing machine (TM). A TM’s consciousness or decisions shouldn’t be able to alter/impact/change the fated world line of any elementary particle within this world. Except Schrodinger equation (or its counterpart) which is the only actual causality of the objective-reality, any other causality is only a (subjective) Granger causality.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Valley

Authors: Emanuel Gluskin
Comments: 92 Pages. A Preparation to a Sociological Seminar.

The "valley" is the situation of the state of Israel inside the Arab World. The opinions of Mustafa – a typical adult Arab – regarding Israel that he observes from a height, are shared by me with the sympathy that I can permit to myself, as to a patriot of my country. Some basic problems of the modern reality are considered with some depth, while - were it is possible - to the romantic and optimistic outlooks the preference is given. Some personal details, having pedagogical meaning, are also included.
Category: Mind Science

The Inverse Tangent and Cotangent Functions, their Addition Formulas and their Values on their Branch Cuts

Authors: M.J. Kronenburg
Comments: 45 Pages.

The principal inverse tangent and cotangent functions for complex arguments can be defined as formulas involving principal natural logarithms, but these are not odd on the imaginary axis, which they must be according to their definitions as inverse functions. These formulas are therefore modified in such a way that they become odd on the imaginary axis, by choosing the other branch on the lower branch cut, and the corresponding addition formulas for complex and real arguments are derived. With these addition formulas their values on their branch cuts are determined, confirming these modified formulas. Some new formulas for the (hyperbolic) inverse tangent and cotangent functions for complex arguments and some new addition formulas for these functions for real arguments are derived. Some new formulas for the inverse sine and cosine functions and their connections with the inverse tangent and cotangent functions for complex arguments are provided, and from these some new addition formulas for the inverse sine and cosine functions for real arguments are derived. Some duplication and bisection formulas for the inverse tangent, cotangent, sine and cosine functions are derived.
Category: General Mathematics

The Octets of the Natural Numbers

Authors: Emmanuil Manousos
Comments: 23 Pages.

"Every natural number, with the exception of 0 and 1, can be written in a unique way as a linear combination of consecutive powers of 2, with the coefficients of the linear combination being -1 or +1" From this Theorem, four fundamental properties of odd numbers are implied: the conjugate of an odd number, the L/R symmetry, the transpose of an odd number and the octets of odd numbers. These concepts are used to obtain a classification of odd numbers and an algorithm for finding the factors of composite Fermat numbers.
Category: Number Theory

The Collatz Conjecture and the Quantum Mechanical Harmonic Oscillator

Authors: Carlos Castro, Ramon Carbo-Dorca
Comments: 17 Pages.

By establishing a dictionary between the QM harmonic oscillator and the Collatz process, it reveals very important clues as to why the Collatz conjecture most likely is true. The dictionary requires expanding any integer $ n $ into a binary basis (bits) $ n = \sum a_{nl} 2^l $ ($l$ ranges from $ 0 $ to $ N - 1$) that allows to find the correspondence between every integer $ n $ and the state $ | \Psi_n \rangle $, obtained by a superposition of bit states $ | l \rangle $, and which are related to the energy eigenstates of the QM harmonic oscillator. In doing so, one can then construct the one-to-one correspondence between the Collatz iterations of numbers $ n \rightarrow { n \over 2 }$ ($n$ even); $ n \rightarrow 3 n + 1$ ($n$ odd) and the operators $ {\bf L}_{ { n \over 2} }; { \bf L}_{ 3 n + 1 } $, which map $ \Psi_n $ to $ \Psi_{ { n \over 2 } }$, or to $ \Psi_{ 3 n + 1 } $, respectively, and which are constructed explicitly in terms of the creation $ {\bf a}^\dagger$, annihilation $ {\bf a }$, and unit operator $ { \bf 1 } $ of the QM harmonic oscillator. A rigorous analysis reveals that the Collatz conjecture is most likely true, if the composition of a chain of $ {\bf L}_{ { n \over 2} }; { \bf L}_{ 3 n + 1 } $ operators (written as $ L_*$ in condensed notation) leads to the null-eigenfunction conditions $ ( {\bf L_* L_* \ldots L_* } - {\cal P } ) \Psi_n = 0 $, where $ {\cal P} $ is the operator that $projects$ any state $ \Psi_n $ into the ground state $ \Psi_1 \equiv | 0 \rangle $ representing the zero bit state $ | 0 \rangle$ (since $2^0 = 1$). In essence, one has a realization of the integer/state correspondence typical of QM such that the Collatz paths from $ n $ to $ 1$ are encoded in terms of quantum transitions among the states $ \Psi_n$, and leading effectively to an overall downward cascade to $ \Psi_1$. The QM oscillator approach explains naturally why the Collatz conjecture fails for negative integers because there are no states below the ground state.
Category: Number Theory

Two Exercices of Integration

Authors: Antoine Balan
Comments: 2 pages, written in french

We present two exercices of integration. The aim is to characterize the integral by the integration by parts.
Category: Functions and Analysis

The EPR-Bohm Quantum Correlations Recovered from a Classical Model with Hidden Variables

Authors: Patrick Driessen
Comments: 11 Pages.

The EPR-Bohm experiment is studied in a classical model with hidden variables. The main hypothesis of Bell about this experiment must be modified in a non-trivial way to allow for the fact that our model is not fully deterministic. We argue that our classical model is able to recover the prediction of Quantum Mechanics for the correlated measurement of spin projections on the polarizer axis. We also show that Bell’s theorem, as it stands, does not apply to this class of non-fully deterministic models.
Category: Quantum Physics

Cramer's Rule for Overdetermined Systems of Linear Equations

Authors: Yanko Popov
Comments: 10 Pages.

In this article, with the help of introduced cross product in n-dimensional Euclidean space, the Jacobi identity and Cramer's rule for over-determined system of linear equations are displayed.
Category: Algebra

Effect of Particle Trapping on Frost Heaving Soils

Authors: Stephen Peppin
Comments: 17 Pages.

A model of freezing soils is developed that accounts for the dependence of the frost heave rate on particle trapping. At sufficiently low cooling rates the soil experiences primary frost heave with a single growing ice lens that rejects all soil particles. At higher cooling rates ice lenses start to engulf the largest soil particles and the rate of segregation heave is reduced. At the highest freezing rates all particles are engulfed by the ice and the pore water freezes in situ. A new kinetic expression for the segregation potential of the soil is obtained that accounts for particle trapping. Using this expression a simple transient frost heave model is developed and compared with experimental data.
Category: Geophysics

On the Infinitude of Sophie Germain Primes

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 5 Pages. The constant taken as a function of $x$ has been removed, since the inequality is suggestive.

In this paper we obtain the estimate \begin{align} \# \left \{p\leq x~|~2p+1,p\in \mathbb{P}\right \}\geq (1+o(1))\frac{\mathcal{D}}{(2+2\log 2)}\frac{x}{\log^2x}\nonumber \end{align}where $\mathbb{P}$ is the set of all prime numbers and $\mathcal{D}\geq 1$. This proves that there are infinitely many primes $p\in \mathbb{P}$ such that $2p+1\in \mathbb{P}$ is also prime.
Category: Number Theory

Classical Doppler Shift Explains the Michelson-Morley Null Result

Authors: Nathan Rapport
Comments: 41 Pages.

Here we review Michelson-Morley’s original analysis of their interferometer experiment and discuss its use of optical distance. We derive a formula for transverse Doppler shift from geometric considerations, apply this to the Michelson-Morley interferometer, and present a phase analysis for the experiment. Furthermore, we present an equation for Doppler shift at a general angle and use this to derive the null phase shift result for round-trip interferometer paths at any arbitrary angle. We do not dispute the validity of the null result, nor the prediction of an arrival-time difference for the transverse and longitudinal arms of the interferometer; rather, we challenge the implicit assumption that an arrival time difference will necessarily result in an observable fringe shift.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

New Ordinal Relative Fuzzy Entropy

Authors: Yuanpeng He, Yong Deng
Comments: 32 Pages.

In real life, occurrences of a series of things are supposed to come in an order. Therefore, it is necessary to regard sequence as a crucial factor in managing different kinds of things in fuzzy environment. However, few related researches have been made to provided a reasonable solution to this demand. Therefore, how to measure degree of uncertainty of ordinal fuzzy sets is still an open issue. To address this issue, a novel ordinal relative fuzzy entropy is proposed in this paper taking orders of propositions into consideration in measuring level of uncertainty in fuzzy environment. Compared with previously proposed entropies, effects on degrees of fuzzy uncertainty brought by sequences of sequential propositions are embodied in values of measurement using proposed method in this article. Moreover, some numerical examples are offered to verify the correctness and validity of the proposed entropy.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Equations of Life

Authors: Robert L. Jackson
Comments: 8 Pages. contact rljacksonmd@gmail

This study will first define the "equation of life" via the principle of least action. Then the paper will show how this "equation of life" can be used to derive smaller equations, involving transcription and translation, for [computer] modeling and simulation of a cell. The conclusion will provide a terse description of its uses in the realm of Systems Biology.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Precise Tetraquark Masses from Hypersphere Surface Volume Factoring

Authors: D. G. Grossman
Comments: Pages.

The factoring of tetraquark masses with hypersphere surface volumes has two major benefits: the determination of tetraquark masses to a high degree of accuracy (8 digits), and, insight into their structure. This paper will explain the factoring technique, and the theory behind it, and give numerous factoring examples. A major part of the paper is devoted to displaying over 100 meson (tetraquark) factorings in a six page long mass spectrum (or factoring spectrum) where the masses calculated from factorings are compared with experimental masses.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Output of Formulas for Transforming the Coordinates of Physical Space Вывод формул преобразования координат физического пространства

Authors: Valery Timin
Comments: 14 Pages.

In this paper, we derive the transformation equations for the orthonormal coordinates of the physical relativistic and Galilean spaces based on the general transformations of the coordinates of an arbitrary linear space. The derivation of equations for the Galileo, Lorentz, and Tangerlini transformations is considered. (Translated by Yandex Translator Яндекс–Переводчик) В данной работе производится вывод уравнений преобразования ортонормированных координат физического релятивистского и галилеева пространств на основе общих преобразований координат произвольного линейного пространства. Рассмотрены
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

“Quantum Gravity Emergence from Entanglement in a Multi-Fold Universe”: 2D or 2+1D Spacetime at Small Scales

Authors: Stephane H Maes
Comments: 2 Pages. All related details of the projects(and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

This short note presents a clarification to statements provided in our paper “Quantum Gravity Emergence from Entanglement in a Multi-Fold Universe”, with respect to the dimensional reduction of quantum gravity proposed by ‘t Hooft.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Defining Arrow of Time at the Start of Inflation by Expansion of Entropy in a Taylor Series and Examining Initial Conditions

Authors: Andrew W Beckwith
Comments: 10 Pages. cleaned of any markings connected with MDPI journals since this has been sent to JHEPGC

First we do a Taylor series expansion of Entropy. Afterwards we define the arrow of time. After that we define what terms we will analyze in the Taylor series expansion of entropy to help in finding initial conditions which may allow for the earliest possible identification of the Arrow of Time in cosmology. Definition of the arrow of time will allow choosing different initial starting points. That is, that in the actual equations of classical GR, there is no reason to have time asymmetry after given initial conditions.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Universal and Unified Field Theory (宇宙统一场论)

Authors: Wei Xu
Comments: 382 Pages. This book is in dual languages of Chinese and English [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

For the first time in mankind, Universal and Unified Field Theory is philosophically, mathematically and empirically integrated and revealed the workings of Universal Topology and Laws of YinYang Conservations. The natural energies unfolds its Event Operations systematically on the origin of physical states. These principles convey and unfold the laws of topological framework, universal equations, symmetric continuity, and asymmetric dynamics systematically at the remarks of the following groundbreakings.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Insolent and Moderate, Their Probable Etymology

Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 29 Pages. -

The probable origins of the Russian words in the title are considered. Attached is a translation of the article from Russian into English.
Category: Linguistics

Proper Space Time Coordinates of Events — Completing and Disproving the Special Theory of Relativity

Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 30 Pages.

The special theory of relativity (STR) is perhaps one of the most controversial theories in the history of science. Countless arguments have been made against STR by researchers, prominent scientists and lay persons. This paper reveals for the first time that most of the confusions arise from incomplete development of the theory, rather than from possible fundamental contradictions. This has caused STR not being not fully understood even by professional physicists, who have been applying it inconsistently. For example, the GPS is being cited wrongly to support STR. Proponents and opponents of relativity theory have been arguing over an incomplete theory for more than a century. In this paper we introduce a new concept called ‘proper space time coordinates of events’ that will complete the STR, clearing the contradictions and paradoxes. It is shown that the existing concepts of proper length and proper time are incomplete. The new formulation not only results in a complete version of STR that is mathematically and logically consistent, but also, ironically, leads to its ultimate disproof. It turns many of the light speed experiments, such as the GPS and the Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR,), against STR. These add to the already existing experimental evidences contradicting with relativity theory, such as the Silvertooth, the Marinov and the Roland De Witte experiments.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Numbers of Goldbach Conjecture Occurence in Every Even Numbers

Authors: Mahdhi S. Si
Comments: 5 Pages. if you find this was interesting, and needs improvement, please left a message in comment section.

This paper proposed proof of Goldbach Conjecture by using a function such that the numbers occurences of conjecture solution in any even numbers can be estimated. The function sketches after Eratoshenes Sieve under modulo term such that the function fulfilled prime sub-condition in closed intervals.
Category: Number Theory

A Deep CNN Based Approach for Liveness Detection in Maritime Digital Kyc Processes

Authors: Narayanan Arvind, Saravanan Mugund, Avinash Kumar Singh
Comments: 6 Pages. Presented at Samudramanthan 2021, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

Maritime digital KYC processes are susceptible to various face spoofing attacks. When any unauthorized person tries to enter in the authentication system by presenting a fraud image and/or video, it is termed as a spoofing attack. Face anti-spoofing attacks have been typically approached from texture based models (e.g. Local Binary patterns) combined with machine learning (e.g. KNN) approaches. The aim of this study is to build a robust face anti-spoofing system using deep convolutional neural networks for maritime digital KYC processes. The research is based on analyzing the features of genuine and fake images. We use the freely available NUAA photograph imposter database for our face anti-spoofing study. The database has respectively 7500 and 5100 labelled imposter and client face images. We split the dataset into train and test sets with an 80%-20% split ratio using stratified sampling. 2D convolutional layers combined with 2D MaxPooling layers followed by Flattening and Dense layers are employed for our deep network architecture. The research is carried out using scikit-learn and keras open-source libraries for python. The training accuracy of the reported model is 100% and the testing accuracy is 99.92%. The accuracy of our present deep learning approach surpasses the accuracy of all the models available in literature.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Interpretation of Nuclear Decay

Authors: Michael Tzoumpas
Comments: 7 Pages.

The interpretation of nuclear decay is based on the structure of the nuclei that is two fundamental phenomena. The inverse electric field of the proton and the electric entity of the macroscopically neutral neutron. At the nucleus scale the neutron behaves as a positively charged particle due to the negative surface charge q=−0.685e, which creates an inverse electric field of positive potential (internal field) as a cloud of positive electrical units. Outside the nucleus the neutron decays with a half-life of 12min. However, the inverse electric field of the nucleus is considered to be the refuge of neutron salvation. A neutron’s decay β− can occur due to the above electrical entity of neutrons and due to their synod (session) in the nucleus, with which the negativity of nucleus decreases due to the positive hill created by the neutrons’ synod. A proton’s decay β+ can occur when the produced proton of a beta decay β− is immersed in a very negative potential of the nuclear field. Also, a neutrons’ synod can cause potential imbalance, increasing the negativity of the field’s region from which the neutrons were removed, resulting in a beta decay β+. It is noted that the exit of the positron e+ takes place through the canyon created by the neutrons’ synod. Alpha decay α occurs in radioactive nuclei and for example in the nucleus uranium-235, that emits a particle α of energy 4MeV, which is called to jump over the potential barrier 27MeV of uranium-235. The above nuclear decaying procedures act as a balance for the potential of the nucleus. This is an excellent compensatory mechanism for maintaining the stability of the nuclei.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Simulation Hypothesis and Dark Matter

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 7 Pages.

Dark Matter is presented as a consequence of the hypothesis of simulation, in particular of augmented reality (AR). A mathematical confirmation is given.
Category: Astrophysics

An Hypothesis for Mass Dependence on Radial Distance, with Novel Cosmological Implications for the Early Universe as Well as Dark Matter

Authors: David L. Berkahn
Comments: 6 Pages.

Working from first principles of special relativity and using a version of the equivalence principle, an hypothesize that an objects mass is a function of its distance to other objects is presented. Further it is posited that there is a correlation between this mass variation and gravitational time dilation in general relativity. Additionally due to the Schwarzschild metric the mass variation also distorts the spatial components of the metric which contributes to gravitational lensing. Hence this approach could be used to explain the unseen mass increase due to gravitational lensing of current dark matter exploration. This leads naturally to the hypothesis of the early rapid clumping in the early universe to produce the ‘cosmic web’ and dark matter halos necessary to produce galaxy formation. Certain electrically neutral MACHOS are suggested. These might include possible boson stars or primordial black holes. Radio emission spectrum would also be expected to be higher than average for various dark matter regions. We also expect that the theory is consistent with the observation that not all galaxies exhibit dark matter since not all galaxy clumping originated from the cosmic web. We propose mathematically how the theory can fit naturally with Einsteins field equation. Finally we propose a simple principle for terrestrial measurement of the theory
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Null Algebra: The Math of Division by Zero and The Negative Radical

Authors: Robert S. Miller
Comments: 220 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

An approach to resolution of instances of division by zero, infinities and the negative radical using a primary focus within the mathematical discipline of Algebra via direct substitutions with example problems. It demonstrates the necessity of space-time being a composed of a multiple directions; three space only directions, three time-like space directions, one space-like time direction, and one time-only direction.
Category: General Mathematics

The GPS Sagnac Correction Disproves Isotropy and Constancy of the Speed of Light and the Relativistic Clock Synchronization Procedure

Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 14 Pages.

Light speed experiments involving moving detectors/observers have been some of the controversial topics in the Special Relativity Theory. The relativistic arguments are inconsistent and are usually ad hoc mixtures of relativistic and classical views. Researchers trying to use such experiments to disprove relativity haven’t been particularly successful either because the arguments usually left room for (not always consistent) relativistic counter-arguments. In this paper, I present a decisive disproof of special relativity by applying the assumption of isotropy of the speed of light to a thought experiment. The result is in direct conflict with experience and well-known facts.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

New Observational Evidence Confirms Prediction from Dual-Energy Theory of Older Age of the Universe, Disproof of Lambda-CDM Model

Authors: Ralph B. Hill
Comments: 6 Pages.

New Dual-Energy physics of a universe of positive and negative energy has been proposed as the result of the identification of a specific Dual-Energy mechanism in gravity since 9-2019. Dual-Energy theory has already demonstrated evidence based on fundamental physics of energy in gravity and its ability to naturally predict the fundamental cosmological behavior of our universe. It sweepingly resolves dark energy and other fundamental physical problems in current theory. Dual-Energy theory has also predicted that the universe is much older than the age predicted by the Lambda-CDM model of around 13.8 billion years. It relates to an extended cosmic time period leading up to the formation of first galaxies. It is now reported that clear observational evidence has emerged that confirms the prediction of an older universe and for which no other realistic explanation exists. A regularly rotating disk galaxy, ALESS 073.1, has been observed in the early universe with a structural maturity that cannot be explained within the timeline under the Lambda-CDM model. An introduction to Dual-Energy theory is provided and its evolving revolutionary consequences for cosmology are addressed. A stunning extent of the current crisis in cosmology emerges.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Bell-Test Experiments and Probabilities: EPR Paradox and Bell's Paradox Solved

Authors: Gerard van der Ham
Comments: 7 Pages.

In Bell-test experiments two kinds of probabilities appear: calculated probabilities and measured probabilities. The calculated probabilities (Bell's) cannot be detected by the detectors, whereas the measured probabilities (QM) are being detected by the detectors indirectly. The two kinds of probabilities are very different but both can be accounted for in a local-real way. They both can be made visible as projections of one and the same vector space in different directions. The differences between the kinds of probabilities are caused by the fact that detectors and observers perceive things like: vectors, vector spaces, particles and pairs of particles, differently. Observers perceive calculated probabilities (Bell) and detectors detect measured probabilities (QM) but only indirectly. In the paper both kinds of probabilities are being defined exactly. The exact definition of the probabilities makes clear why they appear as they do.
Category: Quantum Physics

Числофизика: Число Скьюза (Physics Number: Skewes Number)

Authors: Alexander Vasilievich Isaev
Comments: 16 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Монография от 24.03.2016 г., в которой автор приходит к выводу, что число Скьюза может быть порядка 8*10^60 (именно столько планковских времен помещается в возрасте Вселенной, которой 13,8 млрд лет).

Числофизика: Темп элементарных событий (Number Physics: Rate of Elementary Events)

Authors: Alexander Vasilievich Isaev
Comments: 30 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Монография от 20.04.2016, в которой освещаются такие вопросы:Количество элементарных событий; Площадь, которую вычисляет li(N); Точность работы параметра K (порядкового номера простого числа); Граничное время и к-время; Виды к-времени у обычных чисел; Текущий темп элементарных событий; Темп событий на Большом отрезке; Шкала с равным количеством событий; Темп событий на Сверхбольшом отрезке; Новые смыслы (Сверхбольшой отрезок).

Числофизика: ВРЕМЯ и его 12 измерений (Physics Number: Time and Its 12 Dimensions)

Authors: Alexander Vasilievich Isaev
Comments: 27 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Монография от 27.04.2016), содержащая такие главы: Вычисление li(N) у экзочисел (в интервале от 0 до 1); Бесконечность мира экзочисел; Время в мире экзочисел (экзовремя); Солитоны малых экзочисел; Бесконечный мир проточисел (в интервале от 1 до числа е = 2,718...); Перечень всех «измерений» к-времени; Математические константы.

Comparative Review of Two Papers on Antiviral Activity of Nanocomposites Coatings

Authors: Akram Jassim Jawad
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this report, comparative review between two papers about antiviral activity of nanocomposite has been discussed in terms of novelty, importance level, weaknesses points, publishing year, similarities, differences and recommended suggestions. The first article was titled “A Surface Coating that Rapidly Inactivates SARS-CoV‑2” by Behzadinasab et al. from Virginia Polytechnic Institute, and the University of Hong Kong, which published in ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces journal in 13 July 2020, Q1, H index 199 (Behzadinasab et al., 2020; Scimagojr 2020). The second one was titled “Protective hybrid coating containing silver, copper and zinc cations effective against human immunodeficiency virus and other enveloped viruses” by Hodek et al. from Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Liberec, and Centre for Nanomaterials, which published in BMC Microbiology
Category: Physics of Biology

The Generalised Fermat Equation Pa^x + Qb^y=rc^z and Related Problems

Authors: Julian Beauchamp
Comments: 6 Pages.

The focus of this paper is the generalised Fermat equation, Pa^x + Qb^y=Rc^z, considered by Henri Darmon and Andrew Granville. It is closely related to a family of theorems and conjectures including the Fermat-Catalan Conjecture, the Darmon-Granville Theorem, the Beal Conjecture (also known as the Tijdeman-Zagier Conjecture) and Fermat's Last Theorem. We will consider these briefly before offering a proof that no solutions exist even for P,Q,R>1, for cases x,y,z>2, using a new binomial identity for a^x + b^y to an indeterminate power, z. The proof extends to its corollaries the Beal Conjecture and Fermat's Last Theorem.
Category: Number Theory

Числофизика. Статьи автора за 2010 г (Number Physics: Author's Articles for 2010)

Authors: Alexander Vasilievich Isaev
Comments: 66 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Предлагаемое здесь «учение» (числофизика) можно назвать пифагореизмом XXI века, поскольку в мире натуральных чисел (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, ...) автор находит некие «отражения» самых последних открытий в физике. Например, теории струн, которая пытается объединить в себе микромир элементарных частиц с законами бескрайнего космоса. А ключевое «ноу-хау» автора – отождествление ряда натуральных чисел с потоком квантов времени (планковских времен) – также было просто невозможно во времена Пифагора. Данное «учение» похоже на пифагореизм в том смысле, что отчасти оно также подпадает под определения такого понятия, как… «религия». И, несмотря на «гробовое молчание» со стороны профессионалов (физиков и математиков), автор продолжает просто верить в могущество мира чисел, в тот очевидный факт, что мир чисел «отражает», "моделирует" фундаментальные основы мироздания ("ткань" пространства-времени).

Числофизика. Статьи автора за 2011–2012 г ((number Physics: Articles by the Author for 2011–2012))

Authors: Alexander Vasilievich Isaev
Comments: 64 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Этот сборник рассказывает прежде всего о красоте, гармонии и совершенстве мира натуральных чисел (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, …) Разумеется, что автор – далеко не первый, кто со священным трепетом относится к миру чисел. Здесь прежде всего следует назвать Пифагора (570 – 490 гг. до н. э.), который по преданию первым назвал себя философом, то есть «любителем мудрости». Он же впервые назвал вселенную космосом, то есть «прекрасным порядком». Предметом его учения был мир как стройное целое, подчиненное законам гармонии и числа. Мировая гармония, в которой заключается закон мироздания, есть единство во множестве и множество в единстве. Как мыслить эту истину? Непосредственным ответом на это является число: в нём объединяется множество, оно есть начало всякой меры. Так называемые пифагорейцы, взявшись за математические науки, первые подвинули их вперёд; вскормленные на этих науках, они признали математические начала за начала всего существующего. Из таких начал, естественно, первыми являются числа. В числах усматривали они множество аналогий или подобий с вещами. Далее они наводили в числах свойства и отношения музыкальной гармонии, и так как все прочие вещи по своей природе являлись им подобием чисел, числа же — первыми из всей природы, то они и признали, что элементы числа суть элементы всего сущего, и что все небо есть гармония и число (Аристотель, Met., I, 5).

Числофизика. Темная энергия модель от 07.03.2017 (Number Physics: Dark Energy Model from 03/07/2017)

Authors: Alexander Vasilievich Isaev
Comments: 70 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Вводится понятие об энергии чисел (натуральных чисел, экзочисел и проточисел). Понятие о равномощных числах. «Норма» энергии натуральных чисел. Типомаксы (сверхсоставные числа) – самые «богатые» натуральные числа. Нашей Вселенной, возможно, 28 млрд лет (природа ПТС = 1/137). Прогноз уменьшения ПТС в будущем. Асимметрия материи-антиматерии. Альфа и Омега мироздания (и мира чисел). Семь составных частей Вселенной. Тильда омеги и два гауссова отрезка. Гауссовы отрезки – это 98% энергии всех чисел. Семь полуинтервалов логарифма омеги. Логнормальное распределение омеги. К вопросу о природе тёмной материи. К вопросу о числе измерений. Тёмная энергия имеет 4 разновидности?

Числофизика. 4 % Вселенной – почему мы видим так мало? (Number Physics: 4% of the Universe Why do We See so Little?)

Authors: Alexander Vasilievich Isaev
Comments: 25 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Монография от 01.04.2013, в которой предлагается наипростейшая математическая "модель" пространства-времени (его фундаментальной "ткани"), приводящая нас к 4 % видимого состава Вселенной.

Числофизика. ВРЕМЯ непостижимая загадка физики (Number Physics: Time Incomprehensible Riddle of Physics)

Authors: Alexander Vasilievich Isaev
Comments: 44 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Монография от 04.06.2013, в которой автор пытается раскрыть одну из главных загадок физики – понятие "время". Перечислю затрагиваемые вопросы: Почему время – загадка для физиков? Планковское время и возраст Вселенной. Время в виртуальной космологии (в числофизике). ПТС-й возраст Вселенной – 29 млрд. лет. Простой спуск и «архитектура» Мироздания. Таймер – числовая ось (числовой таймер). Время и закон… Вебера-Фехнера. Таймер – это генератор «событий»? Кратность таймера в наши дни. График времени-таймера. ПТС-й шаг таймера. Продолжительность жизни человека. Скорость течения времени. Большой взрыв и… «застывшая» Вселенная? Ускорение времени. Наша Вселенная – это… живой объект. Геохронологическая шкала.

Числофизика: Расширение Вселенной (Number Physics: Expansion of the Universe)

Authors: Alexander Vasilievich Isaev
Comments: 21 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Монография от 07.10.2013, в которой описана наипростейшая "модель" расширения пространства Вселенной. В работе освещаются такие вопросы:Два важнейших закона мира чисел. О «случайности» простых чисел. Радиусы простых чисел. Средний радиус простых чисел. ПТС-й отрезок на числовой оси. Параметры мира чисел (и… Вселенной?). ПТС-я тарировка оси времени. Нарастание темпа «событий». Ха-параметр (параметр Хаббла). Картина расширения Вселенной?

Числофизика: ВРЕМЯ-2 новая версия: T = LnlnN (Number Physics: Time 2 T = LnlnN)

Authors: Alexander Vasilievich Isaev
Comments: 42 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Монография от 21.11.2013, в которой описана новая версия ("модель")понятия "время". В том числе обсуждаются такие вопросы: Про «улучшение» теории чисел. Новая гипотеза о пространстве-времени. Чем интересно число 10^(10^12)? ПТС-я числовая модель Вселенной. Размер ВСЕЙ Вселенной. Загадочная скорость. Длинные числа – вехи мира чисел. Время – это… «норма сложности». Радиус простого числа. Средний радиус простого числа. М-фактор простого числа. Х-параметр («параметр Хаббла»).

Числофизика: Большой взрыв, которого… не было? (Number Physics: the Big Bang that ... Was not There?)

Authors: Alexander Vasilievich Isaev
Comments: 35 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Монография от 10.12.2013, в которой говорится о так называемом Большом взрыве. Приведу перечь глав: ПТС-я модель Вселенной. Гипотезы (формулы) аd hoc. Понятие о проточислах. Протопростые числа. М-фактор протопростых чисел. Время в мире проточисел (протовремя). ПТС-я модель протовремени. О чем говорят проточисла? Взаимосвязь обычных и проточисел. Рост масштабного фактора. «Параметр Хаббла» у проточисел. Ускорение темпа «событий» во Вселенной. Геохронологическая шкала.

Числофизика: Сборник статей за 2013 г (Physics: Collection of Articles for 2013)

Authors: Alexander Vasilievich Isaev
Comments: 61 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Статьи рассказывают о том, как законы мира натуральных чисел (а также проточисел и экзочисел) "моделируют" дискретное пространство-время (его фундаментальную "ткань").

Числофизика: Бесконечность (Number Physics: Infinity)

Authors: Alexander Vasilievich Isaev
Comments: 34 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

В рамках числофизики (виртуальной космологии) нельзя не коснуться проблем бесконечности. Впервые это понятие глубоко и содержательно раскрыл Георг Кантор (1845–1918) – знаменитый немецкий математик. Он известен, прежде всего, как создатель теории множеств, ставшей краеугольным камнем в математике. В предлагаемой монографии (от 06.01.2014) приведены лишь самые азы теории множеств и некоторые любопытные «сюжеты» из мира чисел, связанные с загадочной бесконечностью. Ещё в данной работе существенно уточняются некоторые понятия из мира чисел, о которых говорилось в предыдущих работах автора.

Зарплата сквозь призму числофизики (Salary Through the Prism of the Number of Physics)

Authors: Alexander Vasilievich Isaev
Comments: 24 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Всего работающих в России (на январь 2014 г.) было около 76 миллионов человек, и весьма любопытно (поучительно) узнать, как распределяются зарплаты всех работников (скажем, в процентном выражении по условным зарплатным группам). Вместе с тем, современное общество сформулировало для себя ряд табу (которые многим людям полезны, как и заповеди Библии), и к которым относится «некрасивое» желание узнать о зарплатах окружающих вас людей, начиная от своих коллег по работе, просто знакомых и т.д. (вплоть до высших чиновников страны). Поэтому мы ограничимся чисто теоретическим и оригинальным по своей «технологии» исследованием, не затрагивающим чьих-то личных интересов. Более того, на самом деле автор, как всегда, преследует свою главную цель – показать читателю, что законы природы (а человек и его зарплата – это… часть природы!) «отражает», «моделирует» … мир натуральных чисел (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, …). В «голом виде» моя гипотеза вдохновляет считанных читателей, а вот разговор о зарплате (о деньгах!)может разбудить спящий разум даже ленивого двоечника – и в этом также одна из остроумных «придумок» Творца…

Числофизика: И-триллион – «новая константа» Вселенной? (Number Physics: I-Trillion the "New Constant" of the Universe?)

Authors: Alexander Vasilievich Isaev
Comments: 26 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

«Новая константа» Вселенной – это, например, среднее количество звезд в одной галактике и количество всех галактик в видимой Вселенной. Указанные количества близки к так называемому и-триллиону (это почти триллион). Вплоть до настоящего времени (март 2021 г.) никто из ученых (физиков, астрофизиков, космологов) «не увидел» (никак не выделял) указанное число, поэтому оно «новое», а в кавычках – поскольку это число уже давным-давно незримо присутствует в природе (до того, как его «увидел» автор). Причем со временем данное число чуть увеличивается, поэтому и «константа» пишу в кавычках. То есть правильней говорить, что и-триллион – это параметр Вселенной (образно говоря, это некая «метка» нашего «сегодня»), который изменяется со временем, правда, практически незаметно для современных технических средств наблюдений. Более того, возможно, что числовое значение и-триллиона несколько иное (так, ранее автор полагал, что это около 700 миллиардов), но для нас это не существенно, ибо сейчас главное понять, где и-триллион можно увидеть в природе (во Вселенной) и как феномен и-триллиона можно объяснить на основе точных наук.

Числофизика: Рост массы Вселенной (Numberphysics: the Growth of the Mass of the Universe)

Authors: Alexander Vasilievich Isaev
Comments: 31 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Монография от 13.11.2014, в которой рассмотрены следующие вопросы: Количество «сортов» элементарных частиц; «Сорт» элементарной частицы и тип числа; Антивещество и нечётные типы; Вселенная и Гипербольшой отрезок; Вселенная набирает массу, тяжелеет; Расширение Вселенной и мира чисел; «Время» в виртуальной космологии; Когда начинает работать формула Вигерта; Количество линейных миров; Количество всех возможных миров; Почему мы видим 4,9% состава Вселенной; Приложение (о фазовом переходе Вселенной).

Числофизика: Сборник статей 2014 г (Number Physics: Collected Papers 2014)

Authors: Alexander Vasilievich Isaev
Comments: 31 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

В данный сборник вошли такие статьи: Мир чисел – это мир Платона; Что такое математика?; «Головоломка» – это порой … мошенничество; Сумма цифр натурального числа; Три миллиона долларов за теорему; Объяснение больших чисел Дирака.

Числофизика: ДУХИ в теоретической физике и в мире чисел (Numberphysics: Spirits in Theoretical Physics and in the World of Numbers)

Authors: Alexander Vasilievich Isaev
Comments: 34 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

В теоретической физике есть так называемые ду́ хи Фаддеева-Попова – фиктивные поля и соответствующие им частицы. Духи – это объекты, весьма непростые с точки зрения их физики-математики: «Духи играют непосредственную роль в вибрациях (квантовой) струны. Пространства материи и Духов не независимы, но тончайшим образом переплетаются.» Именно эти слова меня зацепили, и я «вдруг» ясно понял, что в мире чисел духов «отражают», «моделируют» экзочисла (вещественные числа от 0 до 1) и проточисла (вещественные числа от 1 до е = 2,718…), и эти бесконечные множества «тончайшим образом переплетаются» с обычными числами (бесконечные вещественные числа, начиная с числа е = 2,718…). То есть мир чисел как бы «подтверждает» («подсказывает») нам, что пресловутые духи (как их понимают физики-теоретики) действительно тончайшим образом связаны с материальным миром, доступным человеку в его ощущениях. И именно указанная тончайшая связь придаёт наивысшую красоту, гармонию миру чисел и физической картине всего Мироздания.

Числофизика: Праймориал охота на Альфу = 1/137 (Physics Number: Primorial Alpha Hunt = 1/137)

Authors: Alexander Vasilievich Isaev
Comments: 45 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

«Охоту» на Альфу (постоянную тонкой структуры, равную 1/137) автор начал с самых первых своих погружений в бесконечный мир натуральных чисел, поскольку призрак Альфы (как и призраки,скажем, «магического» числа 7 ± 2, пресловутого «золотого сечения») буквально начинает мозолить глаза при исследовании Большого отрезка числовой оси (то есть чисел: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, …, 8∙10^60 – столько планковских времен содержится в возрасте Вселенной). И в данной работе представлена лишь небольшая часть «доказательств» этого феномена – существования указанных магических чисел (в том числе и Альфы).

Числофизика: Время и расширение числовой вселенной (Numberphysics: Time and the Expansion of the Numerical Universe)

Authors: Alexander Vasilievich Isaev
Comments: 32 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

В монографии от 03.05.2015 рассмотрены следующие вопросы:Закон роста простых чисел; Радиусы простых чисел; Идеальные простые числа; Время у идеальных простых чисел; Скатерть (спираль) Улама; М-фактор идеального простого числа; Параметр Н у идеальных простых чисел; Время у проточисел; Проточисла, t-равные обычным числам; Магический квадрат Манси; Время у экзочисел; Прайм-время; «Улучшенные» идеальные простые числа.

Числофизика: Числовая модель пространства-времени (Number Physics: Numerical Model of Space-Time)

Authors: Alexander Vasilievich Isaev
Comments: 37 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Монография от 19.12.2015, в которой рассмотрены следующие вопросы: Числа – это первая истина и… последняя? Пирамида (все целые делители числа); О «случайности» появления простых чисел; Идеальные простые числа; Большой отрезок и Альфа (ПТС = 1/137); Р-длины, лидеры и верхние лидеры; Идеальная р-длина и закон её роста; Закон квадрата; Р-время и закон его убывания; Р-скорость и закон её роста; Приращение р-скорости. Приращение р-времени Р-ускорение и его ипостаси Ускоряющаяся Вселенная (из физики)Темп изменения р-ускорений

Числофизика: Сборник статей 2015 г (Number Physics: Collected Papers 2015)

Authors: Alexander Vasilievich Isaev
Comments: 45 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

В сборник вошли следующие статьи: Высказывания великих людей о математике; Высказывания Альберта Эйнштейна; «Теория всего» Лиси (модель Е8); Ошибка гения (Леонарда Эйлера); Два вида простых чисел.

Числофизика: Гауссовы слагаемые (Number Physics: Gaussian Terms)

Authors: Alexander Vasilievich Isaev
Comments: 26 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Монография от 03.02.2016, в которой говорится о следующем: Количество простых чисел; Формула Гаусса; Число Скьюза; Альфа-отрезок и темп изменения Альфы; Исследование гауссовых слагаемых; Финишные гауссовы слагаемые; Тайна золотого сечения; Формула Стирлинга; Фактории – отрезки без простых чисел.

Temporal Mechanics (D): Time-Space Metrics

Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 35 Pages.

Here is presented the first of two additional instalments to what was initially envisaged to be a series of three papers, namely “Temporal Mechanics (A): Time-Space Constants”, “Temporal Mechanics (B): Time-space Circuits”, and “Temporal Mechanics (C): Time-Space Manifolds”, here as Time-Space Metrics and in a subsequent paper as Time-Space Logistics. The importance of this fourth paper in this series of five upholds the need to detail what is recognized as an underlying theme through its three lead-up papers, namely time-space metrics being integral to the ideas of time-space constants, time-space circuits, and time-space manifolds, and what those “metrics” are, how those “metrics” can be demonstrated to exist from the microscopic scale (and elementary particle level) to the macroscopic scale (cosmological distances). Here therefore will be communicated the idea of a principle of relativity that conveys how the small scale relates with the large scale, how the elementary particle level works on a cosmological scale, and how that transference of metrics can be properly and consistently accounted for in the context of the previously presented time-space constants, circuits, and manifolds. In demonstration of these metrics will be derived the age of the perceived universe and the distance of the closest star to Sol, using the a priori metrics of Temporal Mechanics.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Gravity Funnel (Гравитационная воронка)

Authors: Putenikhin P.V.
Comments: 29 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

In many textbooks and articles, when explaining the essence of the curvature of space-time, leading to the emergence of gravitational force, the force of attraction, the metaphor of a rubber sheet is used. A massive body is placed on a sheet and shown how other small bodies roll towards it along the curved surface of the membrane. However, this metaphor is misleading, creating a sense of three-dimensionality of the design. In this case, small bodies can roll only under the influence of gravity. Explaining gravity by gravity itself is a flawed way. The deflection of the rubber sheet is not really related to the third dimension. In fact, the bending of the membrane should be considered as a function of the force of attraction. We call this deflection of the membrane a gravitational funnel, literally - a three-dimensional graph of force. All bodies in this structure can only move along the plane of two coordinates; there can be no rolling into the funnel.

Correlation of a Whole Foods Plant-Based Diet and Coronary Artery Disease

Authors: Brandon Truong
Comments: 8 Pages.

Whole-foods plant-based diets (WFPBD) have surged in popularity secondary to the recognition that it is a healthier alternative to the standard Western diet which is characterised by high-intakes of animal-products. In recent years, research has suggested that a WFPBD offers an array of health benefits. This includes, but is not limited to, the reversal and prevention of chronic diseases such as coronary artery disease (CAD) (Tuso et al., 2015). Atherosclerosis, a main component in the pathogenesis of CAD has become associated with greater consumption of meats; red and processed meats in particular. Since the 1980s, medical professionals have revealed that WFPBDs were directly associated with improving atherosclerosis, thus leading towards the prevention and reversal of such a disease (ibid.). This report will examine to what extent the WFPBD prevents Australia’s leading cause of death, CAD by analysing and interpreting clinal research studies and reports.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Chordal Bipartite Graphs Are Rank Determined

Authors: Yaroslav Shitov
Comments: 16 Pages.

A partial matrix A is a rectangular array with entries in F ∪ {∗}, where F is the ground field, and ∗ is a placeholder symbol for entries which are not specified. The minimum rank mr(A) is the smallest value of the ranks of all matrices obtained from A by replacing the ∗ symbols with arbitrary elements in F. For any bipartite graph G with vertices (U, V), one defines the set M(G) of partial matrices in which the row indexes are in U, the column indexes are in V, and the (u, v) entry is specified if and only if u, v are adjacent in G. We prove that, if G is chordal bipartite, then the minimum rank of any matrix in M(G) is determined by the ranks of its fully specified submatrices. This result was conjectured by Cohen, Johnson, Rodman, Woerdeman in 1989.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Notes on Quaternions

Authors: Joseph Palazzo
Comments: 3 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org - Please conform]

This paper is in answer to Roger Penrose’s highly acclaimed book, The Road to Reality [1], in particular section 11.3 on the geometry of quaternions. Instead of a muddled and perplexing exposition by the notable physicist, we offer a very simple explanation.
Category: Mathematical Physics

A Proof of the Riemann Hypothesis Using the Two-Sided Laplace Transform

Authors: Seong Won Cha
Comments: 16 Pages.

A proof of the Riemann hypothesis using the two-sided Laplace transform
Category: Functions and Analysis

Pneumonia Detection Using X-Ray Image Processing Using CNN

Authors: Tanvir Rahman
Comments: 3 Pages.

Pneumonia is a life-threatening infectious disease affecting one or both lungs in humans commonly caused by bacteria called Streptococcus pneumonia. The present study aimed to examine the risk factors for death due to pneumonia in young children. One or more in three deaths in Asia is caused due to pneumonia as reported by World Health Organization (WHO). Chest X-Rays which are used to diagnose pneumonia need expert radiotherapists for evaluation. Thus, developing an automatic system for detecting pneumonia would be beneficial and it can save lots of peoples life and help stopping and curing and controll for treating the disease without any delay particularly in remote areas. Due to the success of deep learning algorithms in analyzing medical images, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have gained much attention for disease classification. In addition, features learned by pre-trained CNN models on large-scale datasets are much useful in image classification tasks. In this work, we appraise the functionality of pre-trained CNN models utilized as feature-extractors followed by different classifiers for the classification of abnormal and normal chest X-Rays. We analytically determine the optimal CNN model for the purpose. Statistical results obtained demonstrates that pretrained CNN models employed along with supervised classifier algorithms can be very beneficial in analyzing chest X-ray images, specifically to detect
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Rotational Motion Blur Invariants Based on Gaussian Hermit Moment

Authors: Guo Rui, Jia Li, Hao Hongxiang, Mo Hanlin, Li Hua
Comments: 13 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

How to recognize the target from blurred image is one of the fundamental problems in computer vision and pattern recognition. Image blurring caused by abnormal energy accumulation during exposure time because of relative rotational motion between imaging system and objects. Our work is different from most of others which need “deblurring”. We try to find the invariant features between original image and blurred image based on the mathematical model of blurring and the theory of moment invariants, instead of restoring the blurred image. Method In this study, based on degraded model of rotation motion blur and Gaussian Hermit moment, we demonstrated how the rotation motion blur Gaussian Hermit moment been built and proved the existing of low-rank rotation motion blur Gaussian Hermit moment invariants. Correspondingly, rotational motion blur invariants based on Gaussian Hermit moment is built. We filtrated 5 Gaussian Hermit moment invariants from exiting rotation geometry moment invariants which had been extended to Gaussian Hermit moment invariants to construct a highly stable 5-dimensional feature vector and named it RMB_GHMI-5, and we verified that RMB_GHMI-5 had great properties of invariability and distinguishability through experiments. Finally, we introduced RMB_GHMI-5 to the field of image retrieval. Result In invariance experiment, We validate the properties of invariance of the proposed feature vector on the dataset USC-SIPI. Tow set of 18 composite blurred image and been made to test RMB_GHMI-5. The result shows the feature distance between original image and composited blurred image are extremely tiny which means RMB_GHMI-5 has great properties of invariance. In addition to the image retrieval experiments, we introduce two image database including Flavia and Butterfly for original image. Composited image which are blurred by different degree of rotation、rotational motion and Gaussian noise or Salt-pepper noise have been used to validate the invariability and distinguishability of RMB_GHMI-5. Compared with 4 state-of-the-art saliency approaches, for leaf image degraded by rotation, rotational motion and Gaussian noise, at 80% recall rate, the recognition accuracy of RMB_GHMI-5 is 25.89% higher than others. For leaf image degraded by rotation, rotational motion and Salt-pepper noise, the recognition accuracy of RMB_GHMI-5 is 39.95% higher than others. For butterfly image degraded by rotation, rotational motion and Gaussian noise, at 80% recall rate, the recognition accuracy of RMB_GHMI-5 is 7.18% higher than others. For leaf image degraded by rotation, rotational motion and Salt-pepper noise, the recognition accuracy of RMB_GHMI-5 is 3.04% higher than others. Conclusion In this study, we proposed a highly stable 5-dimensional feature vector RMB_GHMI-5, and we verified that RMB_GHMI-5 had great properties of invariability and distinguishability through experiments. The experiment results show that RMB_GHMI-5 outperforms several state-of-the-art saliency approaches and has stronger practical application value.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

Stabilized Quantum Field Theory

Authors: Clyde Dean Chlouber
Comments: 7 Pages.

An analysis of the action of elementary charges on the vacuum leads to a resolution of divergence issues in QFT without mass and charge renormalization. For an irreducible self-interaction amplitude Ω, infinite field actions split the vacuum into positive and negative self-energy components such that its net mass-energy remains zero for free particles. For each particle mass in a loop, two dressed mass states including vacuum energy, are constructed for fermion and boson self-energy processes. For electroweak interactions, the stabilized amplitude Ωˆ = Ω - Ω¯ includes a correction for a vacuum energy deficit within a point-like, near-field region, where Ω¯ is given by an average of Ω over dressed mass levels. For QCD, strong interactions redistribute vacuum energy so that there is an energy surplus in the near-field with a corresponding deficit in the confinement region resulting in a sign reversal of Ωˆ relative to QED and asymptotic freedom. Stabilized amplitudes agree with renormalization for radiative corrections in Abelian and non-Abelian gauge theories. Renormalization is only required in standard QFT because it neglects near-field vacuum energy changes in violation of energy conservation.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

An Idea of Fermat for the Stop and Division by Zero Calculus

Authors: Saburou Saitoh
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this note we will consider an idea of Fermat for the stop in connection with the division by zero calculus. Here, in particular, we will see some mysterious logic on the stop in connection with the concepts of differential and differential coefficient.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Latest Highlights and Results From Multi-Fold Models

Authors: Stephane H Maes
Comments: 3 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General Relativity (GR) at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model (SM). This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model without new Physics other than gravity. These considerations hints at a even stronger relationship between gravity and the Standard Model. This short paper highlights some key conclusions of the Journey so far (September 2020), especially in terms of New Physics.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Some Optimization Methods that Use a Limited Number of Second Derivatives

Authors: Stephen P. Smith
Comments: 5 Pages.

This paper describes two optimization methods that use all first derivatives, and a subset of second derivatives, all of which are available with backward differentiation. The first method is Newton’s method on a direction set that changes dynamically during iteration. The second method is a quasi-Newton method that approximates the inverse Hessian matrix using a subset of second derivatives.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Ultra-Conductive Magnesium

Authors: Fran De Aquino
Comments: 4 Pages.

The improvement of the electrical conductivity of usual metals is limited by the purity of the metal and the ability to grow single crystal structures. Also, it was observed that the AC conductivity of the metal increases when the frequency of the electrical current applied on the conductor increases. Here, we show that the pure Magnesium metal can exhibit an ultrahigh electrical conductivity when it is subjected to 360K temperature, and an electrical current with frequency of the order of 1GHz.
Category: Condensed Matter

Schrödinger Equation of Hydrogen Atom in Atomic Unites, Theory of Chirality and the Territory of Modern Physics

Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 11 Pages. 1 figure.

This paper is a subsequent paper to our previous papers “Chen’s Formulas of the Fine-structure Constant” (viXra:2002.0203) and “Integrated Formulas of the Fine-structure Constant and Feigenbaum Constants” (viXra:2102.0162). In light of the basic concepts illustrated in the above stated previous papers that there are two values of the fine-structure constant (α1 and α2) and there are relationships such as α1(δ/γ1)2(2π)=1 and α2(δα/γ2)2=1 between the fine-structure constant (α1 and α2) and Feigenbaum constants (δ and α), in this paper we deduced Schrödinger equation of hydrogen atom in atomic unites in a concise, reasonable and beautiful form. In the end of this paper, all theories in our previous papers are named to be Theory of Chirality, and a picture of the territory of modern physics including Theory of Relativity, Quantum Theory, Chaos Theory and Theory of Chirality is given. By the way, we also give formulas of anomalous magnetic momentum ((g-2)/2) of electron and muon.
Category: Quantum Physics

Principles for the Hypercomplex Electrodynamics

Authors: Vyacheslav Telnin
Comments: 30 Pages.

In classical electrodynamics, four-vectors with four real numbers t, x, y, z are used. It is noted that the same result can be achieved with the help of quaternions with three real numbers x, y, z and one imaginary i * t. This suggests that we can go further, and consider all four numbers t, x, y, z complex. And deal with quaternions with complex coefficients (a + i * t), (x + i * b), (y + i * c), (z + i * d). These objects, for the sake of brevity, we call octads. But you can go even further, and work with quaternions, where all four numbers t, x, y, z also quaternionic. For the sake of brevity, we call these objects Q2 numbers. All next text deals with the generalization of classical electrodynamics onto the languages of octads and Q2 numbers.
Category: Mathematical Physics

A Simple Criteria of Prime Numbers

Authors: Masami Yamane
Comments: 2 Pages. We present a simple criteria of prime numbers.

In this short note, we will propose a simple criteria for prime numbers and our mehtod seems to be that is practical. Our idea will have some connection with the famous Goldbach conjecture.
Category: Algebra

Cosmic Inflation and Spinning Sphere Theory

Authors: Michael John Sarnowski
Comments: 14 Pages.

Cosmic inflation is part of the big bang theory that states that the universe expanded very rapidly at the beginning of the big bang. Spinning Sphere Theory is a steady state theory of the universe where matter is continually created at or near the center of the universe and destroyed at the edge of the universe. In Spinning Sphere Theory matter is created by absence defects caused by the packing mechanism of two different ways of packing spheres. This mechanism causes the density of the universe to be many magnitudes much denser at the center of the universe. The density of the universe falls off very quickly near the center of the universe. The math for this is very simple. Is this rapid falling off of density, causing the observations labeled as “Cosmic Inflation”?
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Analytical Expression of Complex Riemann Xi Function ξ(s) and Proof of Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Debasis Biswas
Comments: 16 Pages.

In this paper explicit analytical expression for Riemann Xi function ξ(s) is worked out for complex values of s. From this expression Riemann Hypothesis is proved. Analytic Expression for non-trivial Zeros of Riemann Zeta function ζ(s) is also found. A second proof of Riemann Hypothesis is also given.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Octahedron in the Three-Dimensional Kabbalah ?

Authors: Bruno R Galeffi
Comments: 4 Pages.

It is found that a double octahedron skeleton perfectly fits the spatial geometry of the Kabbalah. By extension, the octahedron is believed to be one of the basic structural units of the flower of life.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

Integrals for pi / Sqrt(phi)

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 5 Pages.

We recall some integrals for pi/sqrt(phi).
Category: General Mathematics

The Scale Invariant Prior and Its Generalizations

Authors: Stephen P. Smith
Comments: 8 Pages.

The scale invariant prior is revisited, for a single variance parameter and for a variance-covariance matrix. These results are generalized to develop different scale invariant priors where probability measure is assigned through the sum of variance components that represent partitions of total variance, or through a sum of variance-covariance matrices representing partitions of a total variance-covariance matrix.
Category: Statistics

Распределение богатства в социуме и в природе (Distribution of Wealth in Society and in Nature)

Authors: Alexander Vasilievich Isaev
Comments: 17 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Статья про логнормальные распределения (тильда-распределения) богатства среди миллиардеров и миллионеров (всего мира), а также про распределения богатств (но уже в самом широком смысле слова) в природе. Все эти распределения подчиняются одному фундаментальному закону – закону распределения богатства (ЗРБ).

Параллельные миры II или структура пространства-времени (Parallel Worlds II or the Structure of Space-Time)

Authors: Alexander Vasilievich Isaev
Comments: 240 Pages. Книга (240 стр.), изданная автором в июне 2002 г.. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Книга, в которой автор предлагает рассматривать законы мира натуральных чисел (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,... – их законы изучает теория чисел) в качестве математической "модели" наипростейшей "ткани" дискретного пространства-времени (проще этого уже ничего не придумать).

Леонард Эйлер и космология чисел (Leonard Euler and the Cosmology of Numbers)

Authors: Alexander Vasilievich Isaev
Comments: 79 Pages. Книга (79 стр.), изданная автором весной 2003 г.. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

В данной книге автором впервые употреблен термин "космология чисел" (позже он переродился в "числофизику"). Разумеется, что гениальный Леонард Эйлер стоит у истоков "космологии чисел" – это показано на примере удивительного мемуара Эйлера.

"Зеркало" Вселенной ("Mirror" of the Universe)

Authors: Alexander Vasilievich Isaev
Comments: 109 Pages. Книга (109 стр.), изданная автором в конце 2004 г.. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

автор ездил в Москву в МГУ на семинар биофизика А. П. Левича (по его приглашению). К сожалению, обзорный доклад автора (есть в интернете) не мог включать довольно «тонкие» и весьма любопытные вопросы мира чисел, которые содержатся в книге «Зеркало» Вселенной». Например, там (в гл. 10) впервые говорится про удивительные метачисла (но сам этот термин появился только в апреле 2020 г., когда автор открыл формулу для вычисления любого метачисла).

Суперструны и параллельные миры (Superstrings and Parallel Worlds)

Authors: Alexander Vasilievich Isaev
Comments: 188 Pages. Книга (188 стр.), изданная автором в мае 2006 г.. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Главная цель этой книги – рассказать об удивительных аналогиях между реальным физическим миром и миром натуральных чисел 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,…. Как ни странно, но эти столь знакомые нам числа, обладают богатейшей «внутренней» структурой (целые делители этих чисел и прочие их характе-ристики). При этом натуральный ряд словно распадается на множество па-раллельных миров. Да и все математические идеи в целом (а только они един-ственно верно, адекватно описывают реальность!) – это виртуальный мир Платона, существующий «параллельно» нашему миру. Об этом сейчас заду-мываются самые серьезные ученые-естественники.

Виртуальная космология (Virtual Cosmology)

Authors: Alexander Vasilievich Isaev
Comments: 102 Pages. Эл/книга (102 стр.), опубликованная автором осенью 2009 г. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Новые исследования мира чисел проведены уже не графиче-ским, а в основном аналитическим путем, то есть на основе ра-боты с формулами (это главный язык математики). Поэтому название ГТНЧ перестало подходить для теории, которую автор стал называть по-новому – виртуальная космология (или чуть 4 короче – космология чисел). Таким образом, виртуальная кос-мология вобрала в себя ГТНЧ в качестве начальной части (бес-конечно!) большого учения о мире чисел, рассматриваемого, образно говоря, «с оглядкой» на законы фундаментальной фи-зики. Ведь, по сути дела, общеизвестная космология – это про-сто часть теоретической физики, которая единственно верно смотрит на окружающий нас мир.

Supplementary Information to Comment on Entangled Two-Photon Absorption in Molecules

Authors: V. A. Kuz`menko
Comments: 3 Pages.

The properties of entangled two-photon absorption (ETPA) are manifested in else number of experiments.
Category: Quantum Physics

The D'alembert-Gauss Theorem

Authors: Antoine Balan
Comments: 2 pages, written in french

We give a geometric and topological proof of the d'Alembert-Gauss theorem: a complex polynomial has a root.
Category: Algebra

Числофизика (кванты времени) Number Physics (Time Quanta)

Authors: Alexander Vasilievich Isaev
Comments: 62 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

«ЧИСЛОФИЗИКА (кванты времени)» – книга (от 25.03.2018), в которой у автора впервые появляется термин "числофизика". Все названия данной гипотезы у автора менялись следующим образом (начиная с 1998 года): графическая теория натуральных чисел (ГТНЧ), космология чисел, виртуальная космология, числофизика.

Числофизика (тёмная энергия) Number Physics (Dark Energy)

Authors: Alexander Vasilievich Isaev
Comments: 23 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Числовая модель № 1 – ищем «в лоб» наипростейшую "модель" тёмной энергии в мире натуральных чисел (монография от 10.05.2018)автора

Числофизика (матрица) Physics Number (Matrix)

Authors: Alexander Vasilievich Isaev
Comments: 21 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Числовая модель № 2 – матрица для "модели" тёмной энергии в мире чисел (монография от 27.04.2018)

Числофизика (модель № 3 тёмной энергии) Number Physics (Dark Energy Model No. 3)

Authors: Alexander Vasilievich Isaev
Comments: 29 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Первое приближение к объяснению 95,1 % тёмной энергии-материи в составе Вселенной (монография от 18.05.2018.

Числофизика (модель № 4 тёмной энергии) Physics (Dark Energy Model No. 4)

Authors: Alexander Vasilievich Isaev
Comments: 31 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Почему физикам не видно 95,1 % состава Вселенной (числовая модель № 4, май 2018).

Числофизика (рекуррентная формула) Number Physics (Recursive Formula)

Authors: Alexander Vasilievich Isaev
Comments: 20 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Рекуррентная формула Исаева от 20 мая 2018 (история открытия формулы).

Числофизика (отличие тёмной энергии от тёмной материи) Number Physics (The Difference Between Dark Energy and Dark Matter)

Authors: Alexander Vasilievich Isaev
Comments: 18 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Чем отличается тёмная энергия от тёмной материи (монография от 27.06.2018).

A Thought Experiment to Prove Non-Existence of Final Cause of Series of Causes of an Effect.

Authors: Yatharth Chaurasiya
Comments: 12 Pages.

Starting from an argument on the impossibility of finding a final cause of any effect of an existence with the available knowledge of Science and why human intellect itself affects all the observations and create a series of illusionary questions for every reasons of existence.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Числофизика (дополнение к рекуррентной формуле Исаева) Physics Number (Addition to Author's Recurrent Formula)

Authors: Alexander Vasilievich Isaev
Comments: 4 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Гипотеза в части рекуррентной формулы Исаева (для сколь угодно больших значений аргумента).

Disproof of Special Relativity Theory, Lorentz Transformation and the Light Postulate

Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 6 Pages.

If Special Relativity is a correct theory of the speed of light, then it should reduce to classical models for non-relativistic speeds. In this paper, we reveal a glaring error in the prediction of the Special Relativity Theory (SRT) and Lorentz Transformation (LT) . A ‘stationary’ light source emits a short light pulse at time t = 0, at which instant an observer/detector is at distance D from the source and moving away from the source with velocity v. For non-relativistic velocities, the time of detection of the light by the observer/detector is equal both in the reference frame of the light source and in the reference frame of the moving observer/detector. Using strict application of Lorentz transformations, we will show that SRT makes inconsistent predictions in the two reference frames. We also present a disproof of the second postulate that has been overlooked for more than a century. By disproving both postulates, this paper dismantles the foundation of relativity theory.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Числофизика: Простое пространство-время (Number Physics: Simple Space-Time)

Authors: Alexander Vasilievich Isaev
Comments: 70 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Про законы мира простых чисел и его возможную связь с реальной фундаментальной физикой (с "тканью"дискретного пространства-времени). Монография от 20.04.2019.

Числофизика: Модель ускоренного расширения Вселенной (Number Physics: Model of the Accelerated Expansion of the Universe)

Authors: Alexander Vasilievich Isaev
Comments: 33 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

На момент опубликования данной монографии (21.06.2019) это было самое убедительное (и несложное, короткое) доказательство ключевой тогда мысли автора: законы мира простых чисел (2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, …) – парадоксальным образом «моделируют» загадочные законы «ткани» реального дискретного пространства-времени. В работе описана математическая природа колоссальных ФЛУКТУАЦИЙ (до 10^126 раз) УСКОРЕНИЯ, возникающего в процессе расширения «ткани» пространства (в современную эпоху). Что, как бы само собой, закрывает и так называемую «проблему космологической постоянной» в фундаментальной физике.

Тайны статистики или что скрывают числа (Secrets of Statistics or What the Numbers Hide)

Authors: Alexander Vasilievich Isaev
Comments: 82 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Это 2-я книга автора по «экономике», изданная зимой 2003 г. Все экземпляры были проданы через «Дом книги» (дом Зингера). Переиздавал эту книгу два раза – так хорошо она «уходила». На базе этой книги (а также моей книжки «ЗРБ») мне предлагали защитить кандидатскую диссертацию по экономике (в солидном ВУЗе Петербурга). Но мне, увы, было лень сдавать кандидатский минимум и вообще «возиться» с защитой (а как-то иначе «решить» такие вопросы – просто не догадался, всё это было «не в моём духе», старался жить «честно»).

Covid 19 and General Pneumonia Detection from X Ray Image Using Deep Learning Approach

Authors: Khosnur Alam, Rima Akter
Comments: 8 Pages.

December 31, 2019, a new virus starts spreading in Uhan of China. Nowadays April 2020 the world has seen the worst Pandemic of the century. World health organization tells everybody to test and test but the test is very rare and costly for 3rd world countries. A cheap and easier testing method is now badly required for countries like Bangladesh. So we want to develop a computer-based detection system that can identify Covid-19 patients in a fast and easy way. The chest X-ray image of Covid-19 patients is similar to pneumonia patients. This proposed system can separate Covid-19 X-ray images from pneumonia. The main objective of this research is to develop a system that can detect covid-19 and pneumonia from X-ray images using a deep learning approach.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Defining Arrow of Time at the Start of Inflation

Authors: Andrew W. Beckwith
Comments: 17 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

We first of all define the arrow of time. Definition of the arrow of time will allow choosing different initial starting points. One of the issues we will also discuss is the interconnection be-tween the arrow of time, entropy and quantum information. Seth Lloyd in his 2001 work made a linkage between entropy, bits, and information via an axiomatic approach involving time intervals. Our take is a bit more general. We will discuss as well the t’Hooft’s statement as to initial conditions and times arrow, and how different cosmological models may influence initial conditions. Spoilers alert, if a non-singular start to expansion existed, this would provide the most straightforward way to avoid a datum from classical relativity. That is, that in the actual equations of classical GR, there is no reason to have time asymmetry. Time asymmetry is built into initial conditions and we will detail several candidates. The first half of the paper brings up cosmology models and forming the arrow of time. The second is related to entropy itself and the problem of information
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Метачисла (или законы... Метавселенной?) Meta Numbers (Or Laws ... of the Metaverse?)

Authors: Alexander Vasilievich Isaev
Comments: 47 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Метачисло, порожденное первыми простыми числами (2, 3, 5, 7, ..., Р, все они идут без пропусков),– это первое число в натуральном ряде, у которого первые делители являются КОПИЕЙ начала натурального ряда (1, 2, 3, 4, ..., Р, без единого пропуска). Впервые приведен алгоритм вычисления сколь угодно большого метачисла (нахождения его канонического разложения). По сути дела, это продолжение темы, начатой автором ещё в 2004 г. (в гл. 10 его «бумажной» книжки «Зеркало» Вселенной»). The metnumber generated by the first prime numbers (2, 3, 5, 7, ..., P, they all go without gaps) is the first number in the natural series, in which the first divisors are a COPY of the beginning of the natural series (1, 2, 3, 4, ..., P, without a single gap). For the first time, an algorithm for calculating an arbitrarily large meta number (finding its canonical decomposition) is presented. In fact, this is a continuation of the theme started by the author back in 2004 (in Chapter 10 of his "paper" book "Mirror" of the Universe ").
Category: Number Theory

The Theory of Cells

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 10 Pages.

In this paper we introduce and develop the notion of universe, induced communities and cells with their corresponding spots. We study the concept of the density, the mass of communities, the concentration of spots in a typical cell, connectedness and the rotation of communities. In any case we establish the connection that exist among these notions. We also formulate the celebrated union-close set conjecture in the language of density of spots and the mass of a typical community.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Complex Dynamics and Strongly Coupled Field Theory

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 2 Pages.

Perturbative methods are notoriously ineffective in the analysis of non-equilibrium systems and strongly coupled field theory. This brief note gives three examples on how complex dynamics deals with the non-perturbative regime of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), as well as with the emergence of many-body chaos in condensed matter physics.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Natural Units‘ Collision Space-Time; Maximum Simplified Theory that Fits Observations

Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 6 Pages.

We have recently [1, 2] shown a possible method to unify gravity and quantum mechanics in a simple way that we have called collision space-time. Here, we demonstrate a special version of our theory when we set lp = 1 and c = 1. Mass, energy, Compton momentum, and the Schwarzschild radius are then all identical, and simply a collision frequency. A frequency below one is not observable and can be interpreted as a frequency quantum probability. One could easily make the mistake that this is simply setting G =hbar = c = 1 (Planck natural unit system); however this would possibly be inaccurate as we do not need either G or �� in our system even when not setting them to one. Furthermore, we can find the Planck length totally independent of G and ��, for any standardised length unit chosen. Setting c = 1 simply means one links space and time through the speed of light, and setting lp = 1 means one selects the Planck length as the fundamental length unit, and the Planck length we have argued for is the diameter of an indivisible particle. One of the beauties of our theory is that, in the output of many formulas we obtain from our theory, the integer part represents real observations (collisions) and fractions represent quantum probabilities. Therefore, we could say there is also almost a unification between numbers and physics, not only a unification of gravity and quantum mechanics.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

How a Gravitational Field Accelerates Particles and Atoms

Authors: Yefim Bakman
Comments: 10 Pages. 4 figures [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

Starting with the Einstein–Duffield definition of a gravitational field, we bring the description of a gravitational field to such a level that enables the creation of an artificial gravitational field. Through this process, we derive answers to unanswered physics questions: From what was the universe created? Why are elementary particles so small? Dark energy/matter is shown to be a simple special case of the extended concept of gravity. In addition, the paradox of the wave–particle duality, containing two conflicting models, is explained.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Application of Lorentz Transformation Equations to Light Speed Problems

Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 20 Pages.

One of the problems among supporters and opponents of the special relativity theory is the lack of rigorous and consistent application of Lorentz transformation equations to debated light speed problems. The arguments in many cases are intuitive, lacking mathematical rigor, causing endless debates and confusions. Even relativists are usually seen to be confused regarding, for example, the time delay of a short light pulse for an observer moving at non-relativistic speeds relative to the light source. Strict and consistent application of the Lorentz transformation equations is necessary, whether to decisively refute or to defend the claims of the theory. In this paper, we present a rigorous application of Lorentz transformation equations to some light speed problems, with the aim of demonstrating the approach to be used for similar problems.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

About Non-Negotiable Trade and Its Financing Through Monetary Emission

Authors: I. Oskembekov
Comments: 9 Pages.

Once, by its appearance, trade contributed to the transition of human society to a new stage of development. Playing a connecting role, it turned the scattered farms into a single economic system. Today society needs a new qualitative leap. And the main role here again belongs to trade. But in order to play its role, trade itself must first undergo qualitative changes. The paper provides a rationale for why and what changes are needed for trade, and outlines the elements of the future new economy.
Category: Economics and Finance

What gives Vector Bosons Electric Charge?

Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 3 Pages. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Comments and objections are warmly welcome.

We propose a simple modification of Newton Second Law which treats mass and electric charge on completely equal grounds. As a consequence, existence of electrically-charged massless spin-0 particles is predicted.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Effective Listing Spam Detection System using Locality Sensitive Hashing at Scale

Authors: Chandan Maloo, Akhil Kaza
Comments: 4 Pages.

The popularity, cost-effectiveness and ease of buying and selling that marketplaces like Craigslist, Offerup offer to users has been plagued with the rising number of unsolicited spam listings, fraudulent transactions and in some extreme cases law enforcement also needs to be involved. Driven by the need to protect Offerup users from this growing menace, research in spam, fraud listing filtering/detection systems has been increasingly active in the last decade. However, the adaptive nature of Scammers and Fraudsters has often rendered most of these systems ineffective. While several spam detection models have been reported in literature, the reported performance on an out of sample test data shows the room for more improvement. Presented in this research is an improved spam detection model based on Locality Sensitive Hashing algorithm which to the best of our knowledge has received little attention in spam/fraud detection problems. Experimental results show that the proposed model outperforms earlier approaches across a wide range of evaluation metrics inside Offerup.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Proof of Grimm’s Conjecture by the Stepwise Formation of Consecutive Composite Number Points (Final Submission & Version)

Authors: Zhang Tianshu
Comments: 13 Pages.

Regard positive integers which have a common prime factor as a kind, then the positive half line of the number axis consists of infinitely many recurring line segments which have same permutations of kinds of integer points, where ≥1. So let us make use of a positive half line of the number axis, but marked only with integer points at the positive half line. After that, change gradually symbols of each kind of composite number points thereat according to the order of common prime factors from small to large, so as to form consecutive composite number points within limits that proven Bertrand's postulate restricts to prove Grimm’s conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

MOON and SUN, Their Probable Etymology

Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 23 Pages. -

The probable origin of the Russian verbal designations of the two main celestial objects is considered. Attached is a translation from Russian into English.
Category: Linguistics

What About “parasite” DNA ?

Authors: Han Geurdes
Comments: 3 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

This paper explores "parasite" DNA in light of the recent vaccine based on mRNA.
Category: Biochemistry

Efficient Field of Vision Algorithms for Large 2D Grids

Authors: Evan R.M. Debenham, Roberto Solis-Oba
Comments: 20 Pages. Published in IJCSIT, 13(1), 2021 [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

This paper presents new algorithms for Field of Vision (FOV) computation which improve on existing work at high resolutions. FOV refers to the set of locations that are visible from a specific position in a scene of a computer game. We review existing algorithms for FOV computation, describe their limitations, and present new algorithms which aim to address these limitations. We first present an algorithm which makes use of spatial data structures in a way which is new for FOV calculation. We then present a novel technique which updates a previously calculated FOV, rather than re-calculating an FOV from scratch. We compare our algorithms to existing FOV algorithms and show they provide substantial improvements to running time. Our algorithms provide the largest improvement over existing FOV algorithms at high resolutions, thus allowing the possibility of the creation of high resolution FOV-based video games.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

The Theory "System of Absolute Numbers"

Authors: Hatsevich Ivan
Comments: 44 Pages.

The presented theory is the result of a non-standard analysis of models of infinite sets. Based on this analysis, a new author's terminology and the formulated concept of absolute numbers were introduced (AN). As the most appropriate and complete description of the theory, the terminology “system” was chosen, from the general theory of systems. As a result of the consideration of mathematical models as systems, these models were extrapolated as full-fledged physical systems, their roles and mechanisms for the formation of physical realit Thus, the theory of "systems of absolute numbers" acts as a concept describing the general physical mechanics of the reality of our universe, with some generalizations .
Category: Mathematical Physics

History of the Division by Zero Calculus

Authors: Saburou Saitoh
Comments: 54 Pages. The concept of division by zero will create the concept of division by zero calculus and this concept will give great impacts to elementary mathematics.

Today is the 7th birthday of the division by zero calculus as stated in details in the Announcement 456(2018.10.15) of the Institute of Reproducing Kernels and the book was published recently. We recall simply a history of the division by zero calculus. Division by zero has a long and mysterious history since the origins of mathematics by Euclid and Brahmagupta. We will see that they are very important in mathematics, however they had the serious problems; that is, on the point at infinity and the division by zero, respectively.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Solution of the Diophantine Brocard Equation

Authors: Kurmet Sultan
Comments: 9 Pages.

It is shown that Brocard’s Diophantine equation can have a solution only if the factorial is represented as a product of two natural numbers that differ by 2, or as a product of four consecutive natural numbers. Then a theorem was proven stating that the product of m consecutive natural numbers cannot be represented as a product of two natural numbers differing by 2 if m≠4. After this, it was proven that it is impossible to represent a factorial greater than 7! in the form of the product of four consecutive natural numbers and two natural numbers differing by 2, it follows that Brocard’s equation has no solutions, with the exception of the well-known three factorials.
Category: Number Theory

An Equi-dimensional Finite Element Approach for Flow Problems in Fractured Porous Media

Authors: Marco Favino, Maria Giuseppina Chiara Nestola
Comments: 12 Pages. Eccomas 2020 - proceedings

We propose a novel approach for flow simulations in fractured porous media based on an equi-dimensional representation of the fractures and a standard continuous finite element (FE) method. We employ an adaptive mesh refinement strategy to automatically adjust an initial regular mesh to any fracture distribution with a desired accuracy. The proposed approach is easily implementable in any FE software, does not involve the coupling of different discretizations, and provides symmetric and positive definite stiffness matrices. We provide a systematic vali- dation of our method and we show that it can be used to simulate fluid flow for fracture networks of realistic complexity.
Category: Geophysics

Unruh-DeWitt Detectors in Curved Spacetime

Authors: Chris Allen Broka
Comments: 14 Pages.

A variant of Semiclassical Gravity is outlined that differs in some interesting ways from the more familiar approach. It extends earlier work in which the renormalization of the stress-energy tensor is replaced by a different protocol. Creation and annihilation operators are assigned their roles based on the behavior of the normal modes making up the solution within an asymptotically simple region in cases where such exist. The question of Rindler particles and Unruh-DeWitt detectors is discussed. Particular attention is paid to the behavior of an Unruh-DeWitt detector that holds stationary outside an eternal black hole. A conjecture is offered to the effect that the positive frequency Wightman function, D+(x, x'), is always to be given by (-1/4 Pi^2) (geodesic distance between x and x')^-2. This assumption allows us to solve the black hole problem numerically. Particles are, in fact, detected and their power spectrum is compared to those seen by rotating and linearly accelerating detectors. This matter is discussed in the context of the Equivalence Principle.
Category: Quantum Physics

Gravitational Forces Inside a Hoop, a Sphere and Between Two Points
Силы тяготения внутри обруча, сферы между двух точек

Authors: Putenikhin P.V.
Comments: 19 Pages. rus

The forces acting on a test body inside a hoop, a hollow sphere, and between two massive points are considered. With dis-tance from the center of the system, the force of attraction grows from zero to a certain maximum. The statement about the absence of gravitational forces inside the hollow sphere is erroneous.
Рассмотрены силы, действующие на пробное тело внутри обруча, полой сферы и между двумя массивными точками. По мере удаления от центра системы сила притяжения растёт от нуля до некоторого максимума. Утверждение об отсутствии сил тяготения внутри полой сферы является ошибочным.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Some Relations in a Triangle (Некоторые соотношения в треугольнике)

Authors: Robert Yusupov
Comments: 9 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

This article presents formulas for the areas of triangles resulting from some partitions of the main triangle. In total, five options for dividing a triangle by line segments are considered. The derivation of the formulas does not cause much difficulty, therefore the explanations are not presented. This article is of interest to schoolchildren and everyone interested in elementary mathematics.
В настоящей статье представлены формулы о площадях треугольников, получающихся при некоторых разбиениях основного треугольника. Всего рассмотрено пять вариантов деления треугольника отрезками прямых. Вывод формул не вызывает особого труда, поэтому пояснения не представлены. Настоящая статья представляет интерес школьникам и всем интересующимся начальной математикой.
Category: General Mathematics

Probable Etymology of the Word Crayfish

Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 10 Pages.

Probable origin of Russian word CRAYFISH is considered. Attached is a translation of the article from Russian into English.
Category: Linguistics

How and Why to Use my Basic Scheme to make Polygonal Spirals

Authors: Dante Servi
Comments: 31 Pages. Copyright by Servi Dante.

The basic scheme to which I refer is described in my article "Polygonal Spirals with Manageable Inclination Full Version of the Discussion" published on vixra.org. The article "How and Why to Use my Graphic Method" of which this is a further revision, was created with the aim of providing further information on the basic scheme by analyzing what I had already done; this led me to discover other possibilities offered by the fixed angle step. Now with the revision [v2] I wanted to offer a selectable text to facilitate a possible translation (the original language is Italian); I took the opportunity to return to consider what was my first polygonal spiral.
Category: Geometry

Introduction to Mathematical Series

Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 4 Pages.

Euler, Leibniz or Ramanujan are some names who have developed mathematical series. In this paper I want to introduce some series of these famous mathematicians and contribute some of my own open series.
Category: Functions and Analysis

A Theorem on the Number of Distinct Eigenvalues

Authors: Rachid Marsli
Comments: 17 Pages.

A theorem on the number of distinct eigenvalues of diagonalizable matrices is obtained. Some applications related to matrices with simple eigenvalues, triangular defective matrices, adjacency matrices and graphs are discussed. Other ideas and examples are provided.
Category: Algebra

Sense Logic (Part 1): Fundamental Concept

Authors: Egger Mielberg
Comments: 26 Pages.

Traditional mathematical logic is "what follows from what". Sense logic - "what belongs to what". Traditional mathematical logic is "a collection of abstract objects not related to the outside world." Sense logic is "a set of objects and events that describe the state of the real world." Below, we present a new paradigm of logic based on semantic connections between the considered objects of any nature. The Sense Logic is not a part of traditional mathematics. Its main task is to describe the phenomena of the real world from the standpoint of their semantic coherence.
Category: General Mathematics

L Space and Proofs of Great Conjuctures

Authors: Yajun Liu
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this paper, we get a characteristic equation of L1/2 space and we find that using this equation we can give proofs of the famous Conjectures.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Bound State

Authors: John P Wallace, Michael J Wallace
Comments: 8 Pages. Major addition and revisions

The ground state energy of atomic hydrogen is difficult to measure precisely. This allowed theorists to bypass the role relativity plays in setting the energy levels. Rather they concentrated on lesser effects. Data for hydrogen like ions at high Z confirmed the strong role relativity plays in bonding showing how special relativity's gamma takes on values less than one in the bound state. Another major omission was found dating to the 1920s on how the asymmetrical binding fields of the proton and electron must be treated before allowing the atomic hydrogen states to be solved with standard perturbation theory.
Category: Quantum Physics

Sars-Cov-2 Spike and Telomerase Rnas Compared to Arrive at an Explanation for Increased Ageing in Alveolar Cells in Severe Covid-19

Authors: Han Geurdes
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this letter we investigate if SARS-CoV-2 RNA is involved in the increased ageing of alveolar cells. The in silico study is explorative . With the results we are able to outline an in vitro experiment.
Category: Biochemistry

A Step Towards Quantum Gravity

Authors: Jonathan Deutsch
Comments: 2 Pages.

We will learn to calculate Newton’s classical force of gravity in a new quantummechanical (h-based) way. (Einstein’s general relativity obtains the same classical result as Newton.) Just 8 steps are required: 1) Calculate Newtonian classical gravity for absolutely any situation. Fgravity=Gm1m2- /r2 , where G=6.6728674 X 10-8 cm3 /gmsec2 ; m1 and m2 are the 2 masses; r is the distance between them; cm=centimeter; gm=gram; and sec=second. 2) Separately, take ANY MASS AT ALL - - m - - and set it equal to 1. 3) Set m’s de Broglie wavelength - - λ - - equal to ─1. 4) Set the time, t, taken for light to travel λ (=λ/c) equal to √−1. 5) Calculate a numerical value for the three c-g-s units via steps 2), 3) and 4) respectively. 6) Calculate G using these new unit equivalencies, resulting in a positive number result. (t2 will cancel ─1 because t = √−1]. Call this result y. 7) Recalculate step 1), REPLACING G with y, and REPLACING the c-g-s units with the new unit equivalencies, resulting in another positive number. Call it n. 8) Calculate nh/λt. This quantum-mechanical term will ALWAYS be exactly equal to the classical gravity, Gm1m2/r2 , calculated in step 1) (minus late-decimal rounding.) This will ALWAYS be true FOR ANY AND ALL m1,m2, r, m, λ and t.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Quasi-algebraic Method for Solving Quintic Equation

Authors: Zhi Li, Hua Li
Comments: 9 Pages. Assisted by viXra Admin

A general formula with a parameter for the radical solution of a quintic is derived, based on the well-known Cardano-Tartaglia equation. According to the characteristics of the coefficients of the quintic in the standard Bring-Jerrard form, the range of a real root of the equation is determined, and the parameter can be quickly fixed with the required accuracy in the selected range by a trisection iteration, and all the roots of the quintic can be found. The technique has the potential to be extended to higher degree equations.
Category: General Mathematics

Yukawa Potential in Klein-Gordon Equation in Cosmological Inertial Frame

Authors: Sangwha Yi
Comments: 3 Pages. Thank you for reading

We study Yukawa potential dependent about time in cosmological inertial frame. If we solve Klein-Gordon equation, we obtain Yukawa potential dependent about time in cosmological inertial frame.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

From an Invisible Marvellous of Life to Atomic Energy and Entangled Particles

Authors: Imrich Krištof
Comments: 12 Pages.

This paper supposed new idea of life, from microscopic molecules or atoms in sentences of Ancient Greeks – Démocritos from Abdéra (460 – 370 B.C.) and Leukippos from Milétos (500 – 440 B.C.), The Atomists, These philosophers suggested new conception of energy of the World, so called LOGOS ATOMOS, means INDIVISIBLE MATTER OF ENERGY, RESPECTIVELY NATURE POWERS AND ELEMENTS, WATER ELEMENTS, AIR ELEMENTS, FIRE ELEMENTS AND EARTH ELEMENTS. The Concept saws on problemma of small entities of life and nowdays actually Coronavirus Sars–Cov–19-2, which were at the first cases detected in food fairs in China, provincy Wuchan (In December 2019) and on eastern coast of U.S.A. (New York and Conurbation Bos-Wash), nearly at the same time was virus Sars–2–Cov–19 detected in Italy and Spain (Southern Europe), is evident that this virus is an artificial made in microbiologist laboratories, probably have roots already in 70–80-ties, when was developed an Experimental Biological Project REBIRTH (In Aral Sea, Soviet Union) in Russian language возрождѐние. From the 70-ties this Aral Lake Area was chosen like the Experimental polygon until 2010, when was a massive irrigation project realized, the area was used like a pocus polygon for testing of biological weapons (like for example for biological warfare and bio–terrorism (Tularemy, Brucellosis (Brucella melitensis, Brucellosis suis v. leporis), ornithosis and anthrax). Echinokokosis, Trichinelosis, Q–fever, this microbiological zoonosis are transmitted from domestic animals to Human communities. These biological weapons are cheap and effective than for example nuclear weapons.
Category: Physics of Biology

The Center and the Barycenter

Authors: Volker W. Thürey
Comments: 8 Pages.

In the first part, we deal with the question of which points we have to connect togenerate a non self-intersecting polygon. Afterwards, we introduce a polyhole, whichis a generalization of a polygon. Roughly speaking a polyhole is a big polygon, wherewe cut out a finite number of small polygons.In the second part, we present two ‘centers’, which we call center and barycenter.In the case that both centers coincide, we call these polygons nice. We show thatif a polygon has two symmetry axes, it is nice. We yield examples of polygons witha single symmetry axis which are nice and which are not nice. We show that allsymmetry axes intersect at one point.In the third part, we introduce the Spieker center and the Point center for polygons.We define beautiful polygons and perfect polygons.
Category: Geometry

On the Computation of the Principal Constants $d_{2}$ and $d_{3}$ Used to Construct Control Limits for Control Charts Applied in Statistical Process Control

Authors: Joh. J. Sauren
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this communication a short and straightforward algorithm, written in Octave (version 6.1.0 (2020-11-26))/Matlab (version '9.9.0.1538559 (R2020b) Update 3'), is proposed for brute-force computation of the principal constants $d_{2}$ and $d_{3}$ used to calculate control limits for various types of variables control charts encountered in statistical process control (SPC).
Category: Statistics

On Correlations Between Fundamental Constants and Cosmological Parameters

Authors: Bharath Sivanandham
Comments: 3 Pages.

Fundamental constants such as Fine structure constant, Gravitational constant, Elementary charge and Speed of light seems to bear odd correlations to present cosmological parameters such as the age of the universe, the temperature of the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation and Angular velocity of earth. Which is currently not explainable and could lead to greater insights about the nature of the constants themselves and to the cosmological theories which they are derived from.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Control of Propulsion Direction and Speed for Magnetic Floating Systems Using Rotating Permanent Magnets

Authors: Taku Saiki, Daigo Yonetsu, Mitsuru Inada
Comments: 5 Pages.

Until now, various magnetic levitation systems such as linear have been proposed. Among them, a magnetic levitation system using a rotating permanent magnet that does not use a superconducting magnet has already been proposed. In this proposal, regarding the magnetic levitation system using this permanent rotating magnet, the propulsion direction and speed were controlled by the imbalance of the propulsive force based on braking torque of multiple fixed magnetic wheels, which are generally considered to be harmful.
Category: Classical Physics

Algorithmic Simulations of Hydrocortisone-Induced Degeneration

Authors: Philip Naveen
Comments: 6 Pages.

The Elk River, Gulf Wars, and Atlantic Oxybenzone instances proved chemical contamination is a serious threat. HC is a common corticosteroid used to treat skin lesions that hasn't undergone testing. This research will utilize real plant cultivation, mathematical modeling, machine learning, and custom Python3 programming to determine the effect of HC on plant life. Metadata significant at a 0.01 level under 48 degrees of freedom was gathered by cultivating real Raphanus sativus plants treated with various levels of HC contaminated water; the t-test was verified using Java8 computer code. The simulation comprised of three independent algorithms. Because the metadata was very sparse, the first algorithm was dedicated to using modified bootstrapping to iteratively generate synthetic data points with less entropy. The second algorithm was a deep learning substructure incorporating concepts of linear regression and neural networks; the backpropagation used the MSE loss function and ADAM optimizer, which has aspects of previously engineered AdaGrad and RMSProp models. The third algorithm measured the effect of HC on a terrain based on aquatic content. The simulations used an HC contaminator based of the Gulf Wars event and five semi-aquatic terrains in North America, which were the contaminator and terrestrial parameters respectively. The plant cultivation and software simulations supported the research hypothesis stating that the uncontaminated plants would be healthiest was accepted. Future research could use convolutional neural networks to achieve a higher R-squared value and real-time procedural terrain generation to improve the simulations.
Category: Biochemistry

Comment on Entangled Two-Photon Absorption in Molecules.

Authors: V. A. Kuz`menko
Comments: 2 Pages.

A possible physical explanation is proposed for the large difference in the results of experimental studies of entangled two-photon absorption (ETPA) in molecules.
Category: Quantum Physics

What Life Is

Authors: David Martin Degner
Comments: 11 Pages.

A static and dynamic physical model is presented for the Gram (+) prokaryotic cell, the hydrogen of biology. Two currently unknown models that I have named the Nucleic Acid Mainframe and the Thermal Code are presented here. They are the most primitive and most important models in the origin of life chronology. Combined with the “RNA world” origin of life scenarios, these models can be seen to be the first two “missing links” in that origin of life evolutionary path. Together with the Genetic Code and the largely known complex network of biochemical reactions in biology we have the answer to the seminal question—What is Life? It is discovered that cells are chemical computers and the fundamental Turing machine architecture of biology is described here.
Category: Physics of Biology

The Measurement Problem

Authors: Norman M. Witriol
Comments: 5 Pages.

The Quantum Measurement Problem is solved if we define a new object, Partave, that replaces the quantum mechanical assignments of particle and wave to the physical objects (electrons, light, etc.) we wish to measure/describe. The properties of Partaves that are described (as being those given by Nature/Reality) as being the quantum mechanically properties actually measured for objects (like electrons, and photons), no problem exists for describing these objects once they are assigned as being a partave (instead of being assigned to being a particle or wave).
Category: Quantum Physics

Compressed Particle Methods for Expensive Models with Application in Astronomy and Remote Sensing

Authors: L. Martino, V. Elvira, J. Lopez-Santiagoy G. Camps-Valls
Comments: 41 Pages.

In many inference problems, the evaluation of complex and costly models is often required. In this context, Bayesian methods have become very popular in several fields over the last years, in order to obtain parameter inversion, model selection or uncertainty quantification. Bayesian inference requires the approximation of complicated integrals involving (often costly) posterior distributions. Generally, this approximation is obtained by means of Monte Carlo (MC) methods. In order to reduce the computational cost of the corresponding technique, surrogate models (also called emulators) are often employed. Another alternative approach is the so-called Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) scheme. ABC does not require the evaluation of the costly model but the ability to simulate artificial data according to that model. Moreover, in ABC, the choice of a suitable distance between real and artificial data is also required. In this work, we introduce a novel approach where the expensive model is evaluated only in some well-chosen samples. The selection of these nodes is based on the so-called compressed Monte Carlo (CMC) scheme. We provide theoretical results supporting the novel algorithms and give empirical evidence of the performance of the proposed method in several numerical experiments. Two of them are real-world applications in astronomy and satellite remote sensing.
Category: Statistics

Designing a Fair and Prosperous Economy for All Mankind and Designing a Safe and Secure World for All Mankind

Authors: David Martin Degner
Comments: 7 Pages.

Science spawns technology. Science, being just pure knowledge, sometimes simple and sometimes complex truth about nature, does not come with a moral prescription on how it should be used. Then technology, the application of science, can be used for good or for evil, the classical double-edged sword. This is particularly true today in the rapidly evolving fields of biotechnology, electrical engineering, and information technology.

The world is in economic crisis. There is a simple solution, but not too simple. The arrow of time in economics is an evolutionary process aimed at what I call eMaam, an acronym that stands for “efficient Market and asset manager”. eMaam is a computer program that can reduce the average work week for the common man from 40 hours to 30 hours. The key principle in implementing eMaam is fairness.

The world is in security crisis. There is a simple solution, but not too simple. The arrow of time in governance is an evolutionary process aimed at what I call Universal Peace, Justice, Freedom and Liberty (UPJF&L) that I can define succinctly as no armies, no weapons, no trade restrictions net of physical safety, including adult pornography, adult recreational drugs, adult gambling, and adult prostitution, no travel restrictions net of having a communicable disease, no borders, every last one of us live where we want to and can afford to and no involuntary transfers of wealth by governments from any individual or group of individuals to any other individual or group of individuals, no subsidies of any kind for businesses, no welfare of any kind net of for those truly in need, everyone able carries their own weight. UPJF&L can further reduce the work week for the common man to 24 hours a week.

Towards an Einsteinian Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 7 Pages.

A rational approach to understanding quantum mechanics is presented in which one is able to account for the observation that two spinning particles, irrespective of their space-time separation, can be correlated in EPR-like experiments.
Category: Quantum Physics

Tutorial: (1) The Finite Lightspeed Electromagnetic Extension of the Galilean Boost (2) Thomas Precession: Surprising Rotation from Acceleration not Parallel to Velocity

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 12 Pages.

The Galilean-boost space-time transformation implies that accelerations are unchanged by changes of the relative constant velocity of the measuring instruments. Newton's Second Law then suggests that forces are also unchanged, but the torque a constant-velocity charge exerts on a compass needle at its point of closest approach changes with that velocity. This conflict motivates us to solve for the electromagnetic fields of a point charge moving at constant velocity, and to then inspect the results for the correct extension of the Galilean boost, a program we carry out by first deriving the electromagnetic wave equations, which we solve by Fourier methods, including indirectly via obtaining their causal Green's function. The constant-velocity point charge's electromagnetic fields display the space part of the Lorentz boost, which for infinite lightspeed becomes the space part of the Galilean boost. The time part of the Lorentz boost follows from its space part and the reciprocity of measuring instruments which have relative constant velocity. The frequently-presented consequences of the Lorentz boost are then developed in detail, as is the less familiar surprising Thomas-precession rotation produced by acceleration not parallel to velocity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Apes, Quants and Subquantum World or Quo vadis

Authors: V.A. Skrebnev
Comments: 56 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

My colleagues suggested that I publish an overview of my works which could be of interest to a free-thinking reader. Some results and claims of these works may at first sight, and often at the second sight, seem paradoxical. The first reaction to this type of results is ―it can’t be, the second is ―there may be something in it, the third is ―well, that’s common knowledge. I must underscore that the papers covered in this overview have been published in high ranking international journals after robust discussions with peer reviewers. Thus, the results presented in these papers are not fantasies of an amateur. In this overview, I made an effort to make the main ideas of my works understandable for non-specialists without formulas. Specialists, I think, will agree with the formulas, too.
Category: Quantum Physics

Photon Induced Low Energy Nuclear Reactions

Authors: Pankaj Jain, Ankit Kumar, Raj Pala, K. P. Rajeev
Comments: 25 pages and 3 figures, paper submitted for publication in Pramana

We propose a new mechanism for inducing low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs). The process is initiated by a perturbation which we assume is caused by an external photon. The initial two body nuclear state absorbs the photon and forms an intermediate state which makes a transition into the final nuclear state with emission of a light particle which in the present paper is taken to be a photon. We need to sum over all energies of the intermediate state. Since the energy of this state is unconstrained we get contributions from very high energies for which the barrier penetration factor is not too small. The contribution from such high energy states is typically suppressed due to the large energy denominators and its matrix element with the initial state. Furthermore the process is higher order in perturbation theory in comparison to the standard fusion process. However these factors are relatively mild compared to the strong suppression due to the barrier penetration factor at low energies. By considering a specific reaction we find that its cross section is higher than the cross section of the standard process by a factor of 10^41 or more. This enhancement makes LENRs observable in laboratory even for relatively low energies. Hence we argue that LENRs are possible and we provide a theoretical set up which may explain some of the experimental claims in this field.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics