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[157] viXra:2102.0182 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-28 22:56:18
Authors: Putenikhin P.V.
Comments: 22 Pages. In Russian [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform scholarly norm]
Calculations are presented, from which the standard equations of motion of objects in expanding space, Hubble's law are derived. Three independent approaches are used: the formalism of the general theory of relativity, Newton's physics and equations based on the philosophy of dialectical materialism. All equations obtained in different approaches are consistent and do not contradict each other. Examples of using the equations of motion to construct motion diagrams are given.
Представлены выкладки, из которых выводятся стан-дартные уравнения движения объектов в расширяющемся пространстве, закон Хаббла. Использованы три независимых подхода: формализм общей теории относительности, физика Ньютона и уравнения, опирающиеся на философию диалек-тического материализма. Все полученные в разных подходах уравнения являются согласованными и не противоречат друг другу. Приведены примеры использования уравнений дви-жения для построения диаграмм движения.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[156] viXra:2102.0181 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-28 22:39:19
Authors: Putenikhin P.V.
Comments: 16 Pages. In Russian [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform scholarly norm]
What does the accelerated or slowed down expansion of the universe mean? The definition of the concept of cosmological acceleration and the equation for its calculation are given.
Что означает ускоренное или замедленное расшире-ние Вселенной? Приведено определение понятия космологи-ческого ускорения и уравнение для его вычисления.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[155] viXra:2102.0180 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-28 22:50:36
Authors: Putenikhin P.V.
Comments: 45 Pages. In Russian [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform scholarly norm]
It is believed that one of the main arguments from which the conclusion about the accelerated expansion of the Universe follows is the reduced brightness of distant supernovae. A mathematical study of this phenomenon unexpectedly led to the exact opposite conclusion. If distant supernovae are seen dimmer, then the universe is expanding decelerate.
Считается, что одним из главных аргументов, из которого следует вывод об ускоренном расширении Вселенной, является пониженная яркость дальних сверхновых. Математическое исследование этого явления неожиданно привело к прямо противоположному выводу. Если дальние сверхновые видны более тусклыми, то Вселенная расширяется с замедлением.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[154] viXra:2102.0179 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-28 22:23:52
Authors: Putenikhin P.V.
Comments: 16 Pages. In Russian [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform scholarly norm]
One of the main results of astronomical observations is the redshift and brightness of various objects in the Universe. These data determine the distance to the observed object and the speed of its removal. Nevertheless, the question remains unresolved: what should be taken as the actual "remote-ness of the galaxy"?
Одним из основных результатов астрономических наблюдений являются красное сме-щение и яркость различных объектов во Вселенной. По этим данным определяют расстояние до наблюдаемого объекта и скорость его удаления. Тем не менее, вопрос остаётся не решён-ным: что следует принять за действительную "удалённость галактики"?
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[153] viXra:2102.0178 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-28 22:20:50
Authors: Ayman Kassem
Comments: 19 Pages.
Assessment of the Hubble parameter as an indicator of the inflation rate of the Universe holds a central position in the field of astronomy. From its initial estimate value, this value had been steadily amended as the observational tools became more accurate and precise. Despite of this, a gap remained between the value of observations relating to local and nonlocal estimations of the Hubble parameter that gave rise to what became known as the Hubble tension.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[152] viXra:2102.0177 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-28 22:15:54
Authors: Putenikhin P.V.
Comments: 7 Pages. In Russian[Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform scholarly norm]
Perhaps one of the most important observable parameters of all cosmological objects is the so-called redshift, on the basis of which the conclusion was made about the expansion of the Universe. The essence of this phenomenon is considered in the work.
Пожалуй, одним из самых главных наблюдаемых параметров всех космологических объектов является так называемое красное смещение, на основании которого сделан вывод о расширении Вселенной. В работе рассмотрена сущность этого явления
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[151] viXra:2102.0174 [pdf] replaced on 2021-03-08 18:12:54
Authors: Ivo Van Der Rijt
Comments: 15 Pages
This paper explores the chemistry of life origen from the perspective of Earth being a cooling star.
Category: Biochemistry
[150] viXra:2102.0173 [pdf] replaced on 2021-09-02 05:27:45
Authors: Marius Arghirescu
Comments: 6 Pages. Correspondence with published paper
The masses of baryons and mesons in the author’s cold genesis theory of fields and particles are presented in comparative tables.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[149] viXra:2102.0172 [pdf] replaced on 2021-08-01 07:24:10
Authors: Thomas J. Buckholtz
Comments: 82 pages
This essay shows modeling that - across four facets of physics - matches and predicts data. The facets are elementary particles, properties of elementary particles and other objects, cosmology, and astrophysics. Regarding elementary particles, our modeling matches all known particles and suggests new particles. New particles include zero-charge quark-like particles, a graviton, an inflaton, and other elementary particles. Some models split gravitational fields in ways similar to the splitting of electromagnetic fields into electric fields and magnetic fields. Regarding properties, our modeling suggests a new property - isomer. An isomer is a near copy of a set of most elementary particles. Our modeling includes a parameter that catalogs charge, mass, spin, and other properties. Regarding cosmology and astrophysics, the elementary particles and the new property seem to explain dark matter. Most dark matter has bases in five new isomers of the Standard Model elementary particles. More than eighty percent of dark matter is cold dark matter. Some dark matter has similarities to ordinary matter. Regarding cosmology, our modeling points to a basis for the size of recent increases in the rate of expansion of the universe. Our modeling suggests five eras in the evolution of the universe. Two eras would precede inflation. Regarding astrophysics, our modeling explains ratios of dark matter to ordinary matter. One ratio pertains to densities of the universe. Some ratios pertain to galaxy clusters. Some ratios pertain to galaxies. One ratio pertains to depletion of cosmic microwave background radiation. The modeling seems to offer insight about galaxy formation. That our work seems to explain cosmology data and astrophysics data might confirm some of our work regarding properties and elementary particles. Our modeling has roots in discrete mathematics. Our modeling unites itself and widely-used physics modeling.
Category: Astrophysics
[148] viXra:2102.0171 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-28 21:15:02
Authors: Leonardo Rubino
Comments: 8 Pages.
In this paper a new version of the Schrodinger Equation is shown, where the acceleration is held in place of the space and the frequency is held in place of the time. The same happens for the Wave Equation of d’Alembert, for that of Klein-Gordon and finally for that of Dirac.
Category: Quantum Physics
[147] viXra:2102.0170 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-28 21:12:33
Authors: Andrew W. Beckwith
Comments: 16 Pages.
First, we state an argument as to form a cosmological constant near the beginning of inflation. Afterwards ,this investigation sets forth initial conditions for a start of the arrow of time in cosmology based upon the idea that of having initial degrees of freedom set as g* ~ 1000 initially. Finally, we use all of the above to examine the introduction of causal relationships, for the universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[146] viXra:2102.0168 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-27 19:36:02
Authors: Putenikhin P.V.
Comments: 7 Pages. In Russian
The proof of the vector nature of the gravitational potential is given, according to which the gravitational potential at any point of the infinite Universe is equal to zero. On the contrary, according to scalar concepts of gravitational potential, in a stationary Universe, the gravitational potential is equal to infinity at any point in space. However, this potential is included in the equation of universal gravitation, which is clearly vector in nature. The law implicitly contains not only the acceleration of gravity, a vector quantity, but also the gravitational potential that forms it, which automatically receives the status of a vector.
Приведено доказательство векторной природы гравитационного потенциала, согласно которой гравитационный потенциал в любой точке бесконечной Вселенной равен нулю. Напротив, согласно скалярным представлениям о гравитационном потенциале, в стационарной Вселенной гравитационный потенциал равен бесконечности, причём в любой точке пространства. Однако этот потенциал входит в уравнение всемирного тяготения, имеющего явно векторный характер. Закон неявно содержит в себе не только ускорение свободного падения, векторную величину, но и формирующий его гравитационный потенциал, который автоматически получает статус вектора.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[145] viXra:2102.0167 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-27 19:37:31
Authors: Putenikhin P.V.
Comments: 24 Pages. In Russian
A hypothetical analogue of a disk galaxy is considered - a flat, extremely thin disk, inside which there is a some body, an analogue of a star. The density distribution function of the disk is given, according to which the forces acting on the body are calculated depending on its distance from the center of the disk. The calculated forces are used to construct the so-called rotation curve. By adjusting the disk density function, without involving external forces, it was possible to achieve that the disk rotation curve became close in shape to the rotation curve of the real Milky Way galaxy.
Рассмотрен гипотетический аналог дисковой галактики – плоский, предельно тонкий диск, внутри которого находится тело, аналог звезды. Задана функция распределения плотности диска, по которой вычислены силы, действующие на тело в зависимости от его удалённости от центра диска. По вычисленным силам построена так называемая кривая вращения. Корректировкой функции плотности диска, без привлечения внешних сил удалось добиться того, что кривая вращения диска стала по форме близка к кривой вращения реальной галактики Млечный Путь.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[144] viXra:2102.0166 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-27 19:48:37
Authors: Heinz Volkenborn
Comments: 1 Page. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]
A Theory of Everything requires attention to the causal conditioning of thought.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics
[143] viXra:2102.0165 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-27 18:07:56
Authors: Morris G. Anderson
Comments: 16 Pages.
It is widely accepted that quasar radiation is emitted from a thick torus shaped accretion disk surrounding a black hole. However, the Chandra X-ray Observatory wide field panorama released on March 12, 2007, indicates many quasars do not have an accretion disk and cannot be explained by this representation. A solution is presented that does not require or exclude an accretion disk. It is based on the method first suggested in the 2004 APS Four Corners Section Fall Meeting presentation, “Wave Propagation in a Gravitational Field.” This model makes it possible to predict quasar luminosity as a function of gravitational redshift in qualitative agreement with the population distribution recorded in the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database. Furthermore, it indicates conditions may become critical at a redshift of 3.5 causing a quasar to ignite in a form of radiation limited gravitational collapse. These results offer a possible explanation for a peak, at a redshift of 3.75, in the observed population distribution. The success of this approach provides convincing evidence that gravity is the primary influence behind both the radiant power and redshift of quasars.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[142] viXra:2102.0164 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-26 21:49:27
Authors: Yajun Liu
Comments: 3 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
This model have a entropy form and just provide a probability to start the combination the basic structure Time-Space with energy to the whole Universal we can observe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[141] viXra:2102.0163 [pdf] replaced on 2021-07-16 10:53:32
Authors: Suaib Lateef
Comments: 8 pages
In this paper, we present two identities involving Fibonacci numbers and Lucas numbers. The first identity generalizes Vajda's identity, which in turn generalizes Catalan's identity, while the second identity is a corresponding result involving Lucas numbers. Binet's formulas for generating the nth term of Fibonacci numbers and Lucas numbers will be used in proving the identities.
Category: Number Theory
[140] viXra:2102.0162 [pdf] replaced on 2021-04-06 10:54:41
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 24 Pages.
This paper is a subsequent paper to the previous paper “Formulas of Feigenbaum Constants and Their Physical Meanings” (viXra:2101.0187). In the previous paper, some formulas of Feigenbaum constants in fractional number format were given and the physical meanings of the factors in the formulas were exhibited, especially their relationships with nuclides, the fine-structure constant and 2π. In the previous paper, some integrated formulas of the fine-structure constant, Feigenbaum constants and 2π were also given, briefly denoted as α1δ2(2π)≈1, and their relationships with nuclides were illustrated. In this paper, some formulas for α1δ2(2π)≈1 are supplemented, some formulas for α2(δα)2≈1, [α1(2π)]/(α2α2)≈1 and (2π)/α2≈1 are given, some formulas of the fine-structure constant (α1 and α2) based on the key number 103 instead of 112, 173, 137, 83 and 29 are supplemented. In the end, by introducing correction factors γ1, γ2 and γ, accurate formulas α1(δ/γ1)2(2π)=1, α2(δα/γ2)2=1 and 2π/(αγ)2=1 are gained.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[139] viXra:2102.0161 [pdf] replaced on 2021-03-21 08:06:00
Authors: Theophilus Agama, Berndt Gensel
Comments: 7 Pages. The first proof of the Lemma is wrong and still under construction. So the current proof is conditional and will be completed.
In this paper we use a new method to study problems in additive number theory. We leverage this method to prove the Lemoine conjecture, a closely related problem to the binary Goldbach conjecture. In particular, we show by using the notion of circles of partition that for all odd numbers $n\geq 9$ holds
\begin{align*}
n=p+2q\mbox{ for not necessarily different primes }p,q.
\end{align*}
Category: Number Theory
[138] viXra:2102.0160 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-26 22:00:04
Authors: Andrew Holster
Comments: 102 Pages.
CAT4 is proposed as a general method for representing information, enabling a powerful programming method for large-scale information systems. It enables generalised machine learning, software automation and novel AI capabilities. This is Part 3 of a five-part introduction. The focus here is on explaining the semantic model for CAT4. Points in CAT4 graphs represent facts. We introduce all the formal (data) elements used in the classic semantic model: sense or intension (1st and 2nd joins), reference (3rd join), functions (4th join), time and truth (logical fields), and symbolic content (name/value fields). Concepts are introduced through examples alternating with theoretical discussion. Some concepts are assumed from Part 1 and 2, but key ideas are re-introduced. The purpose is to explain the CAT4 interpretation, and why the data structure and CAT4 axioms have been chosen, to make the semantic model consistent and complete. We start with methods to translate information from database tables into graph DBs and into CAT4. We conclude with a method for translating natural language into CAT4. We conclude with a comparison of the system with an advanced semantic logic, the hyper-intensional logic TIL, which also aims to translate NL into a logical calculus. The CAT4 Natural Language Translator is discussed in further detail in Part 4, when we introduce functions more formally. Part 5 discusses software design considerations.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms
[137] viXra:2102.0159 [pdf] replaced on 2021-03-15 11:27:37
Authors: Lluís Bel
Comments: 17 Pages.
Using a generalizatuion of the Klein-Gordon equation in the framework of the Swarzschild-Whitehead solution I consider the gravitational bound states of two neutral, massive, point particles tentativily called Gneutrons
Category: Quantum Physics
[136] viXra:2102.0158 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-25 05:23:30
Authors: J. Akande, A.V. R. Yehossou, K. K. D. Adjaï, M. D. Monsia
Comments: 8 pages
We present in this paper some interesting Lienard type equations without restoring force. We show that these equations can exhibit sinusoidal periodic solutions that can be exploited to represent harmonic and isochronous periodic oscillations in nonlinear damped dynamical systems.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[135] viXra:2102.0157 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-25 08:20:57
Authors: Ronaldo Mayer
Comments: 2 Pages.
In this short article an attempt is made to look closer at the mortality rate in Greece, during the ongoing century. An excess is found, not consistent with a statistical fluctuation, from 2011 until today.
Category: Social Science
[134] viXra:2102.0156 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-25 20:59:39
Authors: Dante Servi
Comments: 4 Pages.
I describe the geometric basis of particular stars formed by a single closed polygonal, it is not the banal perimeter; the polygonal completely realizes the star. As I will show this can only be achieved for stars with an odd number of points and at least equal to five.
Category: Geometry
[133] viXra:2102.0155 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-25 21:01:31
Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 6 Pages.
Intelligence is far more than IQ. It characterizes all life forms, and not just in our biosphere. To understand our place within other aspects of
intelligence, and within the history of our species, it is necessary to approach it all within the framework of systems theory. High-level
operational intelligence has brought us toward what we now call the Anthropocene period. However, there are devils within the details, and we need to find out how dysfunctional elements operate within our structural-functional ideals. What we need to learn and embrace will determine the fate of our entire species, and much sooner than later.
Category: Climate Research
[132] viXra:2102.0154 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-24 19:37:49
Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: Pages.
The etymology of the word Geology is the union of “ge” (from the term Gea the goddess of earth) and “logia” (the study of something). Following this rule, we can form a few words in reference to the study of different celestial bodies.
Category: Linguistics
[131] viXra:2102.0153 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-24 18:08:33
Authors: Bertrand Wong
Comments: 4 Pages.
The motion of fluids which are incompressible could be described by the Navier-Stokes differential equations. Although they are relatively simple-looking, the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations misbehave very badly. Even with nice, smooth, reasonably harmless initial conditions, the solutions could wind up being extremely unstable. The field of fluid mechanics would be dramatically altered through a mathematical understanding of the outrageous behaviour of these equations. An explanation why the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations are not solvable, i.e., the equations cannot be used to model turbulence or chaos (which is a three-dimensional phenomenon), would be provided. [Published in an international journal.]
Category: Functions and Analysis
[130] viXra:2102.0152 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-23 19:58:16
Authors: Claude Michael Cassano
Comments: 16 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form -Please conform]
Techniques and tools for exactly solving Ricatti and Linear Ordinary and Partial Differential equations are developed from factoring method.
Therefrom, the one-space dimension the Wave and Helmholtz/Klein-Gordon equation may be factored; with example solution - leading to generalization of the Maxwell-Cassano equations of an electromagnetic-nuclear field for non-constant mass and what the general high energy Lagrangian equations really are (including Weak force, etc. equations) - guiding transformations between the general high energy Lagrangians equations in general coordinates and Cartesian coordinate PDEs.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[129] viXra:2102.0151 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-23 19:50:24
Authors: Ivan V. Savelev, Richard Alan Miller, Max Myakishev-Rempel
Comments: 28 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
Although there is plenty of evidence for the existence of the biofield, the evidence that DNA interacts with it is very limited. Therefore, the idea that the biofield is created by the mass of DNA in the organism remains a hypothesis. We will first briefly summarize the existing evidence and then briefly review our studies, in which we used computational genomics to reveal the traces of resonance signaling in the genome and provided statistical evidence for this resonance signaling.
Category: Physics of Biology
[128] viXra:2102.0149 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-23 20:09:08
Authors: Sunil Sondhi
Comments: 21 Pages. Published in Kalakalpa, IGNCA Journal of Arts. New Delhi, India
Study of language and communication has been an important concern in India’s intellectual and cultural tradition. All streams of Indian philosophical thinking included in their considerations the basic problem of language and communication.
While the seeds of the study of language in India may be traced in the Rig Veda, and the study of the structure of language as authoritatively established in the Ashtadhyayi, a full-fledged statement and discussion of a science and spirit of language was given in Bhartrihari’s Vakyapadiya. It was Bhartrihari who first systematically equated Brahma (Absolute Reality) with Sabda (language), going on to argue that all language arises as a manifestation of the Sabda Brahma.
From the early investigations in the Veda, Pratisakhyas and Siksha, through the grammar of language in Ashtadhyayi and Mahabhasya, to the highest levels of consciousness of Sabda Brahma in Vakyapadia, and Paravac in Tantraloka, India’s linguistic tradition bears clear imprint of the recognition that while grammar is important for good language, righteous language is good for coordination and integration in human communication. The connective potential of insightful language needs to be used to address the manifold problems of communication in interpersonal and intercultural relations. Enormous creativity is enfolded in the concept of Sabda Brahma. A deeper and wider understanding of the concept can help to establish a framework for further research and applied work in this direction.
Category: Linguistics
[127] viXra:2102.0147 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-23 13:35:30
Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 2 Pages.
In this note we give some series for the expression: S=(pi/4)*R1+R1*arctan(R2)+R3*ln(R4) , R1,R2,R3,R4 reals numbers .
Category: General Mathematics
[126] viXra:2102.0143 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-22 20:47:59
Authors: Hoa Van Nguyen
Comments: 07 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
If we think of the electron as an extended particle, its electric charge would be varying in an external field . This article presents three plausible equations for the effective electric charge of the extended electron in external fields.
Category: Classical Physics
[125] viXra:2102.0142 [pdf] replaced on 2025-07-02 09:07:36
Authors: Keshava Prasad Halemane
Comments: 25 Pages.
The Symmetric Primal-Dual Symplex Pivot Decision Strategy (spdspds) is a novel iterative algorithm to solve linear programming problems. A symplex pivoting operation is considered simply as an exchange between a basic (dependent) variable and a non-basic (independent) variable, in the Goldman-Tucker Compact-Symmetric-Tableau (CST) which is a unique symmetric representation common to both the primal as well as the dual of a linear programming problem in its standard canonical form. From this viewpoint, the classical simplex pivoting operation of Dantzig may be considered as a restricted special case. The infeasibility index associated with a symplex tableau is defined as the sum of the number of primal variables and the number of dual variables that are infeasible. A measure of goodness as a global effectiveness measure of a pivot selection is defined/determined as/by the decrease in the infeasibility index associated with such a pivot selection. The selection of the symplex pivot element is made by seeking the best possible anticipated decrease in the infeasibility index from among a wide range of candidate choices with non-zero values - limited only by considerations of potential numerical instability. After passing through a non-repeating sequence of CST tableaus, the algorithm terminates when further reduction in the infeasibility index is not possible; then the tableau is checked for the terminal tableau type to facilitate the problem classification - a termination with an infeasibility index of zero indicates optimum solution. Even in the absence of an optimum solution, the versatility of the spdspds algorithm allows one to explore/determine the most suitable alternative solutions, including possibly a comprehensive parametric analysis, etc. The worst-case computational complexity of the spdspds algorithm is shown to be O(L^1.5) where L refers to the problem-size expressed in terms of the size(length) of the input data.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory
[124] viXra:2102.0141 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-22 12:07:30
Authors: Tamas Lajtner
Comments: 24 Pages.
Superluminal velocities do exist in tunneling. In theories don’t. Why? Because physicists think the speed of light in spacetime is the absolute speed limit. The superluminal velocity cannot be explained within the spacetime model. How to explain the superluminal velocity during tunneling? Supposing more spaces and more times. The superluminal, tunneling particle travels in barrier. The barrier is an object from our viewpoint. But the particle uses this barrier as space. Studying the tunneling, there are many spaces. Every space has its own time unit and unit space distance. The law of speed limit remains true in every space. The speed of light is the speed limit in every space, but from our viewpoint the same particle travels at different velocities in different spaces.
It can be summarized in one sentence: A step in the country of giants is longer than in the country of dwarves.
The paper is an excerpt out of the book entitled “19 false axioms of physics”.
Category: Quantum Physics
[123] viXra:2102.0140 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-22 12:43:06
Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 3 Pages.
An argument often used to show that the Newtonian speed of gravity is infinite is that the Newtonian field equation (rooted in the Poisson equation) has no time derivative with respect to the gravitational potential. However, as the Newton gravitational constant G has not been well understood until recently, and also due to the fact one has not understood mass in the gravity formula that well, except from the surface level, we will demonstrate that, when understood from a deeper perspective, there is likely to be a concealed time derivative of the gravitational potential in the Newton field equation. This supports our recent claim that Newtonian gravity speed is consistent with the idea that gravity moves at the speed of light, not by assumption, but from calibration, and in a way that does not conflict with the equations one can derive from Newtonian theory.
Category: Classical Physics
[122] viXra:2102.0139 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-22 21:06:59
Authors: Jesus Delso Lapuerta
Comments: 6 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]
Dark matter gravity force is generated by the expansion of the universe, gravitational force is not strong enough and an extra centripetal force is needed due to this expansion, energy related to this new force is stored in the dark matter energy tensor D(4,0) related to the Riemann curvature.
The cosmological redshift energy loss due to the expansion of the universe is stored in the dark matter energy tensor D(4,0). The Cosmic Microwave Background energy loss has been stored in the dark matter energy tensor D(4,0)
Dark matter gravity is generated by D(4,0) energy related directly to the S(4,0) tensor, however this gravity is attributed to exotic particles never detected, galaxies in our universe are rotating with such speed that the gravity generated by their observable matter could not possibly hold them together
Total Energy T(4,0) and energy tensors are defined to complete the General Relativity field equations. The Ricci decomposition is a way of breaking up the Riemann curvature tensor into three orthogonal tensors, Z(4,0), Weyl tensor C(4,0) and S(4,0)
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[121] viXra:2102.0138 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-22 21:08:36
Authors: Dimiter Prodanov
Comments: 14 Pages.
The SIR (Susceptible-Infected-Removed) model can be very useful in modelling epidemic outbreaks.
The present paper derives the parametric solution of the model in terms of quadratures.
The paper demonstrates a simple analytical asymptotic solution for the I-variable, which is valid on the entire real line.
Moreover, the solution can be used successfully for parametric estimation either in stand-alone mode or as a preliminary step in
the parametric estimation using numerical inversion of the parametric solution.
The approach is applied to the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in three European countries -- Belgium, Italy and Sweden.
Category: Quantitative Biology
[120] viXra:2102.0137 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-22 17:34:24
Authors: Stephane H Maes
Comments: 13 Pages. All related details of the projects(and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.
In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General Relativity (GR) at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model (SM). This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model without new Physics other than gravity. These considerations hints at a even stronger relationship between gravity and the Standard Model.
Conventional quantum gravity is typically known, or assumed, to be non-renormalizable; something that has so far prevented reconciliation of GR and Quantum Gravity. In this paper, we discuss what should be said about renormalization in a multi-fold universe, where discreteness (while fractal, random, non-commutative and Lorentz invariant), multi-fold dark energy (repulsive), as well as the support for in matter, and among particles, torsion, guarantee the absence of divergences, and of any gravity or cosmological singularities.
We argue that quantum gravity in a multi-fold universe is asymptotically safe: an alternate renormalizability criteria, that was originally proposed by S. Weinberg in the 70s to guarantee that no unphysical singularities or misbehaviors should appear in quantum gravity.
Re-using results obtained by others, we argue that asymptotic safety implies constraints on the allowed number of particle types that can be present in a 4D universe (roughly the same as in the SM), as well as estimates of the top quark and Higgs boson masses. It adds to our previous thesis, that gravity is key to the properties of SM, with the standard model with gravity not negligible at its scales (SMG), as it enables us to explain, at least partially, open issues with SM and the standard cosmology model. These constraints on the number of particle types, now in effect in a multi-fold universe, further render unphysical theories like supersymmetry, supergravity, superstrings (and as a result M-Theory) as well as many GUTs and TOEs: the additional super partners needed by these theories, and universes with more than 4 dimensional spacetime are not compatible asymptotic safety.
These conclusions extend to many universe models beyond multi-fold universes; in fact, possibly, to any consistent model of the real universe where gravity is well behaved and follows Quantum Physics and General relativity at suitable scales. There are many indications that conventional quantum gravity derived from QFT would be asymptotically safe, without needing to bring in any multi-fold assumption. The reasoning in this paper adds arguments to the compelling conjecture of asymptotic safety of quantum gravity, with the same implications for all the incompatible theories, and to the need for SMG, where non negligible gravity at small scales is considered.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[119] viXra:2102.0136 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-22 19:21:15
Authors: Saburou Saitoh, Keitaroh Uchida
Comments: 11 Pages.
In this paper, we will consider the basic relations of the normal solutions (hyper exponential functions by K. Uchida) of ordinary differential equations and the division by zero calculus. In particular, by the concept of division by zero calculus, we extend the concept of Uchida's hyper exponential functions by considering the equations and solutions admitting singularities. Surprisingly enough, by this extension, any analytic functions with any singularities may be considered as Uchida's hyper exponential functions. Here, we will consider very concrete examples as prototype examples.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[118] viXra:2102.0135 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-22 21:19:47
Authors: Andrew W. Beckwith
Comments: 7 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]
We take the results where we reduplicate the Book “Dark Energy” by M. Li, X-D. Li, and Y. Wang, zero-point energy calculation, as folded in with the Klauder methodology, as given in a prior publication. From there we first access the Rosen solution to a mini universe energy to ascertain an energy value of the pre-inflationary near singularity,. Then access what would be needed as to inject information into our universe. We then close with an argument by Narilkar as to a quantum bound on the Einstein- Hilbert action integral, so as to obtain quantum Gravity. Narlikar omits the cosmological constant. We keep it in, four our overall conclusion about the cosmological constant and its relevance to Quantum gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[117] viXra:2102.0134 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-21 10:18:55
Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 3 Pages.
Some information is tied together regarding expanding Earth, stellar metamorphosis, semi-aquatic dinosaurs, exoplanets, Earth’s atmosphere and the idea that the Earth was covered by large shallow seas at one point in its evolution. This is to tie together some really big ideas which make more sense than currently taught plate tectonics, nebular hypothesis, land dinosaur theory, and the idea that Earth has remained this way almost its entire existence.
Category: Geophysics
[116] viXra:2102.0133 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-21 20:04:23
Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: Pages.
The Ehrenfest paradox relates to the relativistic description of the geometry of a rotating rigid disk. Ehrenfest has formulated this paradox in 1909 based on special relativity. I claim that the paradox can be resolved when taking into account both special and general relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[115] viXra:2102.0132 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-21 20:05:33
Authors: K. K. D. Adjaï, M. Nonti, J. Akande, M. D. Monsia
Comments: 9 Pages.
We present in this contribution some exceptional Lienard type equations with only damping. We exhibit sinusoidal periodic solutions for these equations. In consequence such equations can be used to model harmonic and isochronous periodic oscillations of nonlinear damped dynamical systems.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[114] viXra:2102.0131 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-21 20:07:36
Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 20 Pages.
The main objective of this paper is to discuss the Evolution of a 3D Finite World (that is a Hypersphere of a 4D Nucleus of the World) from the Beginning up to the present Epoch in frames of World-Universe Model (WUM). WUM is the only cosmological model in existence that is consistent with the Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum. To be consistent with this Fundamental Law, WUM introduces Dark Epoch (spanning from the Beginning of the World for 0.45 billion years) when only Dark Matter (DM) Macroobjects (MOs) existed, and Luminous Epoch (ever since for 13.77 billion years) when Luminous MOs emerged due to Rotational Fission of Overspinning DM Superclusters’ Cores and self-annihilation of Dark Matter Particles (DMPs). WUM envisions that DM is created by the Universe in the 4D Nucleus of the World. Dark Matter Particles (DMPs) carry new DM into the 3D Hypersphere World. Luminous Matter is a byproduct of DMPs self-annihilation. By analogy with 3D ball, which has two-dimensional sphere surface (that has surface energy), we can imagine that the 3D Hypersphere World has a "Surface Energy" of the 4D Nucleus. Luminous Matter is a byproduct of DMPs self-annihilation.
WUM solves a number of physical problems in contemporary Cosmology and Astrophysics through DMPs and their interactions: Angular Momentum problem in birth and subsequent evolution of Galaxies and Extrasolar systems – how do they obtain it; Fermi Bubbles – two large structures in gamma-rays and X-rays above and below Galactic center; Missing Baryon problem related to the fact that the observed amount of baryonic matter did not match theoretical predictions. WUM reveals Inter-Connectivity of Primary Cosmological Parameters and calculates their values, which are in good agreement with the latest results of their measurements.
In 2013, WUM predicted the values of the following Cosmological parameters: gravitational, concentration of intergalactic plasma, and the minimum energy of photons, which were experimentally confirmed in 2015 – 2018. “The Discovery of a Supermassive Compact Object at the Centre of Our Galaxy” (Nobel Prize in Physics 2020) made by Prof. R. Genzel and A. Ghez is a confirmation of one of the most important predictions of WUM in 2013: “Macroobjects of the World have cores made up of the discussed DM particles. Other particles, including DM and baryonic matter, form shells surrounding the cores”.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[113] viXra:2102.0130 [pdf] replaced on 2021-04-22 21:13:05
Authors: Valery P. Delamoure
Comments: 7 Pages.
The article describes an experiment for detecting the Brown effect (also known as Biefeld–Brown effect). The essence of the effect is that a capacitor under high voltage develops a force. The paper provides measurements and calculations related to the conducted experiment as well the explanation for the origin of the force as induced by aether.
Category: Classical Physics
[112] viXra:2102.0129 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-21 16:36:02
Authors: Joseph Bakhos
Comments: 6 Pages.
Algebraic equations are derived to approximate the relationship
between the rectangular coordinates and the polar coordinates of a vector.
These equations can then be used without recourse to imaginary numbers,
transcendental functions, or innite sums. This submission incorporates changes to previous work so that the functions presented involving quaterns are now valid from -infinity to +infinity, using a new type of step function
Category: Functions and Analysis
[111] viXra:2102.0128 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-21 20:26:40
Authors: Xia Cao
Comments: 15 Pages.
Can you imagine that when you slide on the polymer plate with your hands, the generated electromagnetic field can drive 28-watt fluorescent tube lamps and can even charge the mobile phone? The progress of science and technology subverts traditional cognition. In this work, the easiest and efficient power generator (EEPG) in the world, with ultrahigh voltage is invented, which can light up several 1-watt bulbs and 28-watt fluorescent tube lamps by simply rubbing a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) plate with hands or other objects. The average output voltage and current of planar EEPG can reach up to nearly 5000 V and 116 μA respectively. Not only can it be used for lighting, but also for charging, and even for mobile phones. The rotary EEPG can be used to harvest the wind energy and tidal energy, which overcomes the shortcomings of traditional electromagnetic wind power generation working only when the wind speed is greater than 5 m/s. In addition, as a self-powered system, the EEPG power generator can be utilized as foot switch and trajectory tracking tool. Further analyses on its working principle of EEPG power generator were proposed. This is likely to become the easiest and the most effective method of power generation in the world up to now, which will have great significance in the field of new energy and self-powered systems. We can expect that, in the near future, we can charge our mobile phones by just rubbing their backs. Collecting the green wind energy more easily and efficiently will be truly realized.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy
[110] viXra:2102.0127 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-19 22:32:21
Authors: Peter Horst Rehm
Comments: 23 Pages.
The first theories of atomic nuclear cohesion entailed electric forces binding together protons with a few electrons in the nucleus. The 1932 discovery of neutrons destroyed that line of thinking. The evidence suggested a new fundamental force of nature characterized by operation on both protons and electrically-neutral neutrons, with a very short range, and overpowering strength. Presented herein are novel and non-obvious structures that show these characteristics could nevertheless be manifestations of the electrical force. Protons and neutrons are now known to each securely contain fractional charges of both signs. If two oppositely-charged fractional charges in neighboring nucleons can get within 5% of a nucleon radius, Coulomb's law predicts they will form an electrical bond strong enough to explain nuclear cohesion. Ironically, such electrical bonds would be characterized by the very phenomena that were thought to rule out the electrical force: participation of neutrons, nucleon-contact distances, and more powerful than overall proton repulsion. Such bonding also predicts saturation at three bonds per nucleon, particularly stable 4-nucleon rings, limited 3D structures of nucleons, and more. If fractional charges had been known in 1932, scientists would have adapted their theories of an electrically-bound nucleus before assuming that they had discovered a new fundamental force of nature.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[109] viXra:2102.0126 [pdf] replaced on 2021-04-13 07:52:34
Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 7 Pages.
In this short paper I present a proof that Planck scale is self consistent with quantum physics and lead naturally to gravity if I abandon Lorentz transformation and need that speed of light stays constant.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[108] viXra:2102.0125 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-20 19:11:17
Authors: Gajendra Singh Solanki
Comments: 5 Pages.
This paper, the eleventh in the series of rudiments of relativity revisited, extends our efforts to speed up or slow lightspeed in a vacuum using relativistic non-localization of new relativity. In the previous paper namely ‘Ultra lightspeed travel using relativistic non-localization’ we had developed theory and experimental setups to realize supra and infra lightspeed travel. However, all the experimental setups were bulky to realize and their sensitivity was also low. In this paper, we design a highly sensitive interferometer and a lightspeed manipulator that work on the presumption that reflection or refraction may lead to the total collapse of the relativistic non-localized state of a photon, and the reflected or refracted beam bears no memory of the relativistic non-localized state of the incident beam.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[107] viXra:2102.0124 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-20 10:42:53
Authors: UnChol Ri, YongBae Kim, ChangIl Ri
Comments: 13 Pages.
The current research proposes the idea to increase the utilization rate of renewable energy of the wind power generation system by using thin-film solar cells to reduce the dependence on climate in the wind power generation system. The thin-film solar cell is attached to the surface of a wind generator blade by using a reasonable method, and the wind generator blade can operate not only as the blade itself but also as a thin-film solar cell. Also, the main body of the wind generator (WG) constructed and designed to obtain the energy generated by the thin-film type solar cell attached to the rotating wind generator (WG) blade. This paper proposed the drive scheme and control structure for increasing power generation to the maximum by utilizing renewable energy depending on climate change in the wind generation system with solar cells. The proposed idea, the corresponding system structure, and the drive scheme and control structure according to climate change shows that it can simultaneously generate electrical power using wind and solar energy in one device. And it shows that output characteristics of the thin-film solar cell by satisfying the cooling condition can improve. Also, to establish the reliability and accuracy of numerical solutions, the obtained results are compared with the corresponding numerical and experimental data
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy
[106] viXra:2102.0123 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-20 19:18:58
Authors: Morris G. Anderson
Comments: 131 Pages. Copyright 2004 by author - updated on February 20, 2021 [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
This work has four primary objectives. The first is to define the meaning and characteristics of time (see Section 2). The second is to define a standard unit of matter in terms of light to compliment similar standards for time and length (see Section 2.4). The third is to explain why motion and gravity influence the natural frequency of matter (see Section 5). The fourth is to explain what gravity is and to develop a method for predicting the motion of matter (see Section 7).
The result is a surprisingly simple concept based on The Position Definition of Time that defines time, matter, and gravity. In this approach, we combine wave mechanics with gravity by describing the curvature of motion in terms of wave propagation. We demonstrate the validity of this method by comparing it with experimental evidence for objects such as photons, baseballs, and planets. A FORTRAN program is also included for calculating the trajectory of an object or wave of light, the orbit of a planet, and the precession of an orbit.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[105] viXra:2102.0122 [pdf] replaced on 2021-02-25 16:46:00
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 8 Pages.
The evolution of integrable classical systems leads to conserved quantities and vanishing Poisson brackets. In contrast, such invariants do not exist in the dynamics of non-integrable systems, which include (but are not limited to) deterministic models with long-term chaotic behavior. The object of this review is to briefly survey the mathematical background of nonintegrability and its role in the physics unfolding well-above the Standard Model (SM) scale
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[104] viXra:2102.0121 [pdf] replaced on 2021-03-30 14:11:16
Authors: Antonio Leon
Comments: 404 Pages.
From different areas of mathematics, such as set theory, geometry, transfinite arithmetic or supertask theory, in this book more than forty arguments are developed about the inconsistency of the hypothesis of the actual infinity in contemporary mathematics. A hypothesis according to which the uncompletable lists, as the list of the natural numbers, exist as completed lists. The inconsistency of this hypothesis would have an enormous impact on physics, forcing us to change the continuum space-time for a discrete model, with indivisible units (atoms) of space and time. The discrete model would be a great simplification of physical theories, including relativity and quantum mechanics. It would also suppose the solution of the old problem of change, posed by the pre-Socratics philosophers twenty-seven centuries ago.
Category: Set Theory and Logic
[103] viXra:2102.0119 [pdf] replaced on 2023-03-19 16:51:25
Authors: Roman Szostek
Comments: 25 Pages. New sports playing system (algorithm) called R-Sport.
The aim of sports competitions is to select the best team, i.e. the champion, from a group of teams or players. Therefore, matches must be played between the individual teams. The results of all matches decide who becomes the champion. The rules of the season form the Sports Playing System. This document describes the new Sports Playing System. This system allows the fair and efficient selection of the winner of the entire season. It has advantages that other well-known and currently used Sports Playing Systems do not have. R-Sport can be used in classic sports as well as in e-sports. R-Sport is a Sports Playing System that allows conducting league matches in many ways.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms
[102] viXra:2102.0117 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-19 10:12:11
Authors: Aloys J. Sipers, Joh. J. Sauren
Comments: 6 Pages.
In this letter two theorems are stated, the first one on the ratio of an electrical output voltage signal $y\left(t\right)$ to an electrical input voltage signal $x\left(t\right)$ of a circuit with an ideal impedance and the second one on the ratio of an electrical output voltage signal $y\left(t\right)$ to an electrical input voltage signal $x\left(t\right)$ of a circuit with a non--ideal impedance. In the latter case, the change of the ratio $y\left(t\right)/x\left(t\right)$ is a measurable quantity of the change of the resistive part of the output impedance and therefore a measure of its quality.
Category: Education and Didactics
[101] viXra:2102.0116 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-19 21:16:11
Authors: Ryoji Furui
Comments: 6 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
The effectiveness of a combination of frequency, intensity, etc., in the natural vibration of microwaves targeting the collapse of the most delicate part, the Heptad Repeat 2 (HR 2) region, in spike proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is investigated. Based on the results, inactivation of the virus is attempted through the use of irradiating microwaves directed toward the infected site from outside the body.
Category: Physics of Biology
[100] viXra:2102.0115 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-19 21:19:12
Authors: Hailong Cui
Comments: 9 Pages. In Chinese [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]
This paper discusses the principle of common conduction of superconductor electrons, emphasizes the possibility of cold fusion, and focuses on the so-called aluminum The micro mechanism of quantum entanglement experiment of making tympanic membrane, pointing out the further experimental direction and predicting the coming of superluminal communication
Category: Quantum Physics
[99] viXra:2102.0114 [pdf] replaced on 2023-03-15 13:06:24
Authors: Joseph Bakhos
Comments: Published in: Journal of Advances in Mathematics and Computer Science, Volume 38, Issue 6, Pages 33-38. DOI: 10.9734/jamcs/2023/v38i61766 Published: 27 March 2023. May be viewed at this site: https://journaljamcs.com/index.php/JAMCS/article/view/1766
Abstract. Quaterns are introduced as a new measure of rotation. Rotation in quaterns has an advantage in that only simple algebra is required to convert back and forth between rectangular and polar coordinates that use quaterns as the angle measure. All analogue trigonometric functions also become algebraic when angles are expressed in quaterns. This paper will show how quatern measure can be easily used to approximate trigonometric functions in the first quadrant without recourse to technology, innite sums, imaginary numbers, or transcendental functions. Using technology, these approximations can be applied to all four quadrants to any degree of accuracy. This will also be shown by approximating u to any degree of accuracy desired without reference to any traditional angle measure at all.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[98] viXra:2102.0113 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-18 16:51:52
Authors: Louis Wy Liu
Comments: 22 Pages.
Since the Maxwell’s era, electromagnetic waves were believed to be travelling in a straight line in a manner not very different from a light ray. However, we have in this work proven the feasibility of transmitting energy through a curved surface. Method: To start with, a single-wire energy harvester was constructed and used to detect by contact an incoming surface plasma wave. Separately, an RF plasma at 26 kHz was generated and transmitted from one beaker of pure water (transmitting end), then through a curved plastic water tube, finally to another beaker of pure water (receiving end). Results: An electromagnetic energy was successfully detected with no conductor at the receiving end using the single-wire receiver. The transmission channel was a curved water tube, thus ruling out of any possibility of LOS transmission. The voltage detectable at receiving end was in general lower than that at the transmission end. However, the transmission efficiency as observed at the receiving end was found to be weakly dependent of the transmission range. No voltage was detected when the surface of the curved water tube was in contact with a human. Conclusion: Overall, an electromagnetic energy was successfully transmitted through a curved surface in the absence of any conductor. Our results suggest that harvesting lightning energy through a wet surface is close to a reality.
Category: Classical Physics
[97] viXra:2102.0112 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-18 05:06:39
Authors: Bernard Riley
Comments: 14 pages, 12 figures
My observations and measurements of the lengths of time elapsed up till the present since the occurrence of events on all time scales when converted to numbers of Planck times equal integer and fractional (half-integer, quarter-integer, eighth-integer etc) powers of π and e.
Category: Quantum Physics
[96] viXra:2102.0111 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-18 11:29:20
Authors: Lev Ryzhikov
Comments: 6 Pages. This is new method of evaluation complex optical system
During design process of complex optical system such as high NA (numerical aperture)
microscope objective lenses, camera lens objectives with F number < 2 or zoomable lenses
usually several design configurations have been developed. Each complex objective lens
consists of several lens components (groups). An optimal lens components configuration allows
create most effective optical system design form with minimum number of optical lens
elements. Optical design practice shown that most effective optical lens configuration can be
found when several different designs form were developed. In this process one or several
optical designers need to be involved in this process. The analysis method developed in this
article allowed to quantified results for each optical system configuration and choose most
optimal (efficient) optical system. This method based on assumption that for optimization of
optical system commercially available optical design software has been used. In this case some
lens parameters such as lens radiuses, glass thicknesses and lens shapes will be optimized at a
high technical level. Advance lens design software also chooses fictious glasses for lens
components. Usually, in complex optical system if designer used glasses with refractive index
and Abbe number matching fictious glass “proposed” software next cases occurred: design has
more lenses than necessary or design form does not achieve essential image quality
requirements. Proposed method of optical systems analysis allows to compare different design
forms with the same specification and thus find optical system which has least complex
configuration or in other words, choose the most effective optical system configuration.
Category: Classical Physics
[95] viXra:2102.0109 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-18 13:47:46
Authors: Richard Shurtleff
Comments: 46 pages, 19 figures
A sample of partially linearly polarized optical quasars (QSOs) is analyzed by the Hub Test. The data originates in an online catalog of 355 such QSOs, collected and published by others. Without their efforts this article would not be possible. The 106 QSOs populate a region with a radius of about 40 degrees centered on a point in the sky near the South Galactic Pole. We find the polarization directions to be extremely well aligned. Besides supplying convincing evidence that the alignment is not due to chance, additional quantities are calculated that describe the collective behavior of the polarization directions. The alignment function mapped onto the Celestial Sphere provides a satisfying visual representation. This article is a Mathematica notebook.
Category: Astrophysics
[94] viXra:2102.0108 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-18 17:12:21
Authors: Xia Cao
Comments: 18 Pages.
Everything we know about science is temporary. Can we imagine that when the acrylic board was rubbed with silk, the generated electromagnetic field can drive the 14 W fluorescent tube lamps and the emerged electromagnetic attraction can draw the scissors and wood block swill around? When a wood box slides on a table, where the box slides, where the LEDs stocked right at the position of the sliding wood box under the table will be lit. Although numerous studies of sliding friction have been made and some empirical laws have been formulated, we have as yet, no clear understanding of the mechanism of friction. The effect of triboelectricity on the frictional force has not been studied and the nature of friction has not yet been finalized. In this paper, sliding friction was studied to investigate the nature of friction. We have found that the electromagnetic field will be generated when sliding happens, which leads to the generation of electromagnetic attraction. The generated electromagnetic attraction will accordingly affect the force of friction between two objects. Thus, we deduced that friction force should originate from the synergistic effects of the external resistance arising from uneven surfaces and the generated electromagnetic attraction. A slightly supplement and modification to the numerical formulas for calculating the sliding friction force is attempted to present. This study tries to unify the engagement theory and the adhesion theory and understand the nature of friction better. What's more, it will provide a novel perspective and open a new line of thinking for classical mechanics.
Category: Classical Physics
[93] viXra:2102.0107 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-17 02:41:54
Authors: Lev I. Verkhovsky
Comments: 8 Pages. It was first published in the Russian popular scientific magazine "Chemistry and Life" (Химия и жизнь, 2009, No. 5). Now in English.
Published in 1609, the collection of poetry "Shakespeare's Sonnets" had a Dedication, mysterious in form and content. A hypothesis is proposed that reveals its meaning.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism
[92] viXra:2102.0106 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-17 03:38:58
Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 9 Pages. original article
We define the photoelectric effect with the specific heat term replacing the work
function. The photon propagator involving the radiative correction is also considered.
We consider the Debye specific head for the 3D crystal medium, the specific heat for the
2D medium and specific heat for the Wigner crystal.
Category: Quantum Physics
[91] viXra:2102.0105 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-17 22:50:04
Authors: P. Kumar, A. K. Singh, G. Singh, T. Chakravarty, S. Bhooshan
Comments: 7 Pages. Session 05: Antenna Elements II IEEE-ISM 06 [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]
In this article, we have presented an innovative design of the THz microstrip antenna on a lossless dielectric membrane for detection and imaging of the cancer cells. The antenna design utilizes microstrip antenna technique of an annular-ring loaded circular-disk fed by a short microstrip line. Optimization of design leads to a broadband antenna from 300 GHz to 1THz with high radiation efficiency. The antenna yields end-fire beam pattern and can be utilized for pencil like probe on human body.
Category: Classical Physics
[90] viXra:2102.0104 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-17 22:54:49
Authors: B. W. Ngobese, P. Kumar
Comments: 6 Pages. ADVANCED ELECTROMAGNETICS, VOL. 7, NO. 3, AUGUST 2018 [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]
This paper presents the design, fabrication and measurement of a high gain 4-elements linear patch array, which uses the corporate feed technique with inset for excitation resonating at 5.216 ����z. is used as a dielectric substrate for the proposed array structure. The designed array is simulated and optimized by using CST microwave studio software. The element of the array is designed using the transmission-line model equations. The ground plane is made defective by incorporating slots and the reflective ground is utilized to enhance the gain of the array. The simulated and measured results for various parameters of the array are presented. The comparison between simulated and measured results show good agreement with little deviation. The optimized dimensions of the proposed design provides a maximum gain of 9.019 dB and a maximum directivity of 12.81 dBi. The antenna has been designed for the range which is one of the ranges for band for wireless local area networks (WLAN) applications as the standard states.
Category: Classical Physics
[89] viXra:2102.0103 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-17 22:57:42
Authors: P. Kumar, J. L. Masa-Campos
Comments: 7 Pages. ADVANCED ELECTROMAGNETICS, VOL. 5, NO. 1, MAY 2016 [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]
This paper presents the design, fabrication and measurement of dual polarized microstrip patch antennas for ultra wideband (UWB) applications with notch at 5-6 GHz band. The proposed antenna rejects the wireless local area network (WLAN) signals and work properly in the entire remaining ultra-wideband. Two antennas are designed for two different frequency bands of ultra wideband and both antennas together produce the entire ultra wideband with notch at 5-6 GHz band. The antennas are fed by a 50 coaxial probe and the entire design is optimized using CST Microwave Studio. The bandwidth of 3.1-5 GHz is achieved by the optimized design of Antenna-1 and the bandwidth of 6-10.6 GHz is achieved by the optimized design of Antenna-2. The bandwidth of the optimized combined antenna is 3.1-10.6 GHz with elimination of the 5-6 GHz band. Both antennas are simulated, developed and measured. The simulated and measured results are presented. The two designed dual polarized antennas ie Antenna-1 and Antenna-2 can be used for 3.1-5 GHz band and 6-10.6 GHz band dual polarized applications, respectively, and the combined antenna structure can be used for UWB dual polarized applications with elimination of 5-6 GHz band signals.
Category: Classical Physics
[88] viXra:2102.0102 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-17 23:02:45
Authors: A. Kapoor, R. Mishra, P. Kumar
Comments: 10 Pages. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON SMART SENSING AND INTELLIGENT SYSTEMSIssue 1 | Vol. 13 (2020)[Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
The design of a compact wideband partial slotted ground rectangular-printed antenna is presented. The design approach utilizing the slotted partial ground plane is much more flexible for improving the antenna performance. A detailed design guideline to estimate the antenna dimensions is given, which is based on mathematical and parametric analysis. The effects of variation of length of the ground and slot position in the ground plane are investigated. The simulation has been performed by using HFSS V20 simulator. The designed antenna is meant for being operated in the C band of super-high-frequency (SHF) spectrum and in the n77 band (3.3-4.2 GHz) and n78 band (3.3-3.8 GHz) of frequency range 1 (FR1) in sub-6 GHz 5G-frequency bands. The designed antenna is showing a wide bandwidth (700 MHz) with a low-reflection coefficient of −31.15 dB. The wide bandwidth and compact size of the antenna makes it suitable for use in sub-6 GHz 5G compact wireless communication systems. The measured results of the antenna prototype are firmly authenticated with simulation estimations.
Category: Classical Physics
[87] viXra:2102.0101 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-17 23:15:17
Authors: N. Bisht, P. Kumar
Comments: 4 Pages. PIERS Proceedings, Suzhou, China, Sept. 2011 [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
This paper proposes the design of a circular patch antenna with fractals for C-band applications. The designed antenna has been fed with L probe feeding technique. The proposed circular patch antenna with fractals produces a dual band operation for the C-band applications. The designed model is simulated using CST microwave studio software based upon finite difference time domain method. The simulated results for various parameters like return loss, radiation pattern etc have been presented. The designed antenna operates for dual band at 6.6 GHz and 7.5 GHz with increase in Gain and Bandwidth. Such type of antennas is useful in Telecommunication, Wi-Fi, Satellite communication, Radar, Commercial and Military application.
Category: Classical Physics
[86] viXra:2102.0100 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-17 23:13:37
Authors: P. Kumar, N. Bisht
Comments: 4 Pages. PIERS Proceedings, Suzhou, China, Sept. 2011 [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
In this paper, the design of stacked coupled circular microstrip antenna is presented for dual frequency operations. The two circular patches are isolated by a substrate. The lower patch is the feed patch and the upper patch is excited by the stacked coupling. The designed antenna is simulated and optimized using CST Microwave Studio simulator. The designed antenna produces two resonances at 3.4233 GHz and 3.7395 GHz. The radiation pattern of the designed antenna is also shown. The designed antenna produces the broadside radiation pattern.
Category: Classical Physics
[85] viXra:2102.0099 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-17 23:18:00
Authors: R. N. Tiwari, P. Kumar, N. Bisht
Comments: 4 Pages. PIERS Proceedings, Suzhou, China, Sept. 2011 [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
In this paper, the design of rectangular microstrip antenna with 2-D photonic band gap crystal as substrate (dielectric substrate with regular cylindrical periodic air-gap) for 60 GHz applications, has presented. The photonic band gap structure is used to enhance the radiation efficiency and the bandwidth of the antenna. The periodic structures designed to open up frequency bands within which the propagation of electromagnetic waves is forbidden irrespective of the propagation direction. The design is optimized using the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) based CST microwave studio simulator. The designed periodic air-gap rectangular microstrip patch antenna gives a bandwidth up to 20.53% for 60 GHz applications. Various parameters like directivity of the antenna, efficiency of the antenna etc. are also shown.
Category: Classical Physics
[84] viXra:2102.0098 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-17 23:22:24
Authors: P. Kumar, G. Singh
Comments: 6 Pages. Advanced Computational Techniques in Electromagnetics Volume 2012, Year 2012 [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
In this paper, a technical review on gap-coupled microstrip antennas is presented. The gap-coupled microstrip antennas give a large bandwidth as compared to the conventional microstrip antennas. The method of bandwidth enhancement using gap-coupled microstrip antennas has been elaborated. The gap-coupled microstrip antennas also produce two resonances. The dual frequency operation of the gap-coupled microstrip antenna is also described. A research overview of gap-coupled microstrip antennas, challenges, types of gap-coupled microstrip antennas as well as numerical methods of calculating various parameters of the gap-coupled microstrip antennas are discussed in this paper.
Category: Classical Physics
[83] viXra:2102.0097 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-17 07:58:20
Authors: Preobrazhenskiy Andrey
Comments: Pages.
In this paper is shown that the quantity V=∫|w(x,t)|^2dx in ℝn, n = 2 or 3, called here the vortegy, is a globally controlled scalar measure of the fluid vorticity degree. In the incompressible fluid, the physical properties of the vortegy are like the properties of energy E=1/2∫|u(x,t)|^2dx. In the inviscid fluid, the law of vortegy conservation operates, in the viscous fluid, vortegy is subject to dissipation, the law of vortegy dissipation is established. However, in contrast to the supercritical energy E (for n=3), the vortegy V is subcritical. It is also shown that when vortegy dissipation is considered, the system of generalized Helmholtz equations expresses the law of its conservation. The supercriticality paradox of the 3D Navier-Stokes equations is resolved, the impossibility of a blowup scenario for their solutions and the inevitability of such a scenario for 3D solutions of the Euler equations are shown.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[82] viXra:2102.0096 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-17 09:02:32
Authors: U. Kayser-Herold
Comments: 10 Pages.
Recent analysis of the "Relativistic Ring" problem revealed that its angular momentum features a "paradox" maximum at circumferential velocity $\approx 0,24$ c declining to near zero with increasing velocity. This apparent "paradox" can be resolved by a new approach based on simulated high external forces up to the "Weak Energy Limit" in a low velocity regime $0<v<<c$. Simulations comprise a "Relativitic Rod" in uniform translational motion subjected to a pair of mutually opposed external forces and a pressurized "Relativistic Ring". If the external forces simulate centrifugal force on a "Relativitic Rod" its canonical momentum features a maximum at velocity $\hat{v} = \sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}$ c being analogue to the maximum canonical angular momentum of a "Relativistic Ring".
Remarkably, rotational velocity of a pressurized "Relativistic Ring" can be modulated by variation of pressure - at constant canonical angular momentum.\\
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[81] viXra:2102.0094 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-17 23:44:54
Authors: Fuming Lin, Yingying Jiang, Yong Zhou
Comments: 57 Pages.
This paper develops the theory of the kth power expectile estimation and considers its relevant hypothesis tests for coefficients of linear regression models. We prove that the asymptotic covariance matrix of kth power expectile regression converges to that of quantile regression as k converges to one, and hence provide a moment estimator of asymptotic matrix of quantile regression. The kth power expectile regression is then utilized to test for homoskedasticity and conditional symmetry of the data. Detailed comparisons of the local power among the kth power expectile regression tests, the quantile regression test, and the expectile regression test have been provided. When the underlying distribution is not standard normal, results show that the optimal k are often larger than 1 and smaller than 2, which suggests the general kth power expectile regression is necessary.
Category: Statistics
[80] viXra:2102.0093 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-15 23:30:32
Authors: Xingfeng Chen
Comments: 9 Pages.
A method for computing the n decimal digits of pi in
O(n) iterations with O (n) computation complexity
and O (1) memory. The key through is that the area
of a circle equals to the sum of the difference of
areas between polygons inside one circle.
Category: General Mathematics
[79] viXra:2102.0092 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-16 02:35:46
Authors: Lev I. Verkhovsky
Comments: 10 Pages. In 2018, the author published the book "Shakespeare: Faces and Masks" (in Russian). It is available online (free access) http://www.w-shakespeare.ru/library/shekspir-lica-i-maski.html
We analyzed the play basing on the assumption that it was written by Roger Manners, 5th Earl of Rutland, and that he reflected in it his personal problems and the circle of people close to him. As it is known, Earl of Rutland -- one of the main candidates for the authorship of Shakespeare's creations. As a result, we found out what real persons were the prototypes of the main characters, what was the secret meaning of the play.// levver@list.ru
Category: Religion and Spiritualism
[78] viXra:2102.0091 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-16 02:19:58
Authors: Toshiro Takami
Comments: 5 Pages.
The patient complained of nasal odor and was referred to a psychiatrist by the Department of Otolaryngology as a case of olfactory reference syndrome. The patient had a strong nasal odor. The doctor denied the existence of atrophic rhinitis and ozena.
If you look around the internet, there are many who suffer from similar conditions. Almost all of them complain of an unusually dry nose. It was thought that Pseudomonas aeruginosa or some fungus grew abnormally in the devastated nasal mucosa of the endogenous nasal cavity, and due to inadequate nasal secretion, the bacterial metabolites could not be forced down the throat or other parts of the body, giving off a strong nasal odor. This disorder is often neglected or diagnosed by psychiatrists as olfactory reference syndrome. The term "nasal secretion insufficiency syndrome" is used to describe this condition. This is a new concept of ozena. It is a newer concept of atrophic rhinitis and ozena, which remains unnoticed, partly because there is no crusting or atrophy of the native nasal cavity, and partly because endoscopy reveals only the devastation of the nasal mucosa, and partly because it is hidden behind the veil of atrophic rhinitis and ozena.
In all 7 cases, salivary stimulants weakened the odor, albeit temporarily.
Category: Mind Science
[77] viXra:2102.0089 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-16 05:35:13
Authors: Imrich Krištof
Comments: 14 Pages.
This new paper talks about the elementary subatomic particles on a level hypothetical–theoretical–experimental detection studies in divisions of physics like theoretical, statistical physics, astrophysics,
cosmology, particle physics and applied physics. Begining of the Article is connected with discoveries of X17 (Protophobic X Boson Particle) and the fifth fundamental force of all Universe, called “quintessence” – the energy of Dark Matter or Dark Energy.
The first part of the Paper is dedicated to a Hungarian nuclear physicist Prof. Dr. Attila
Krasznahorkay, Dr.Sc. from Research Center Atomki Debrecen. Prof. Dr. Attila Krasznahorkay, Dr. Sc. and his team at Atomki had successfully observed the same anomalies in the decay of stable 42Helium bombarding atoms and unstable transitions of Be8, Li7, He4 had been observed in Beryllium–8, strengthening the case for the existence of the X17 particle, the name of this particle means that has energy about 17 MeV (protophobic), because ignoring protons in interactions. Mean lifetime is approximately 10-14 s. Further parts of text describe hypothesis, theories and detection and significance of elementary particles, which are candidates to a building the Dark Matter and Dark Energy like Dark Photons, WIMP’S, Photinos, Neutralinos, Axinos and Axions.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[76] viXra:2102.0088 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-16 19:10:52
Authors: R. I. Khrapko
Comments: 8 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]
The current state of the problem of the electrodynamics angular momentum, which has a long history, is described. Two concepts of classical electrodynamics spin, existing simultaneously but differing in relation to the spin tensor, are presented. By the example of radiation from a rotating dipole, a violation of the equivalence of vector potentials coupled by the gauge transformation is demonstrated when calculating the spin flux. It is shown that only the potentials obtained by integrating the electric field over the time gives the correct value of the emitted spin. So the inevitable recognition of the electrodynamics spin changes the foundations of classical electrodynamics and demands abandoning the fundamental gauge invariance principle.
Category: Classical Physics
[75] viXra:2102.0087 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-16 08:59:41
Authors: J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 69 Pages. This is part of the Hilbert Book Model Project
The word space is used in many ways and most of these applications give this word a different meaning. This makes the notion of space very obscure. Already in the common life of humans takes the word space many different uses. Especially philosophers, mathematicians, and physicists have attributed a huge number of interpretations of the noun “space”. This has led to a huge number of different forms of space. Humans live in an environment that is characterized by space and time. This paper focuses on the most elemental meanings that mathematicians and physicists attribute to the word “space”. Next, the immediate extensions of this elementary space are investigated. Since physicists investigate our physical reality, the paper also investigates how physical reality treats the notion of space.
Category: Quantum Physics
[74] viXra:2102.0086 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-16 10:51:46
Authors: Gerard van der Ham
Comments: 7 Pages.
Probabilities sometimes depend on the direction in which a situation is being observed or projected. Different directions produce different probabilities for one and the same situation. And the probabilities have to be described differently. This is demonstrated by Bell-test experiments.
Category: Quantum Physics
[73] viXra:2102.0085 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-16 12:04:44
Authors: Michael Olley, Jeff Yee
Comments: 15 Pages.
In the first part of this paper, we discuss the effect of a fundamental particle on the evolution of the universe and propose an alternative model for the origin of the universe. In the second part, we propose the electron neutrino as the fundamental particle and examine the effect of neutrino oscillation on solar neutrinos as they exit the solar system and enter the galaxy. We propose a source of dark matter which challenges the Big Bang model of the universe.
Category: Astrophysics
[72] viXra:2102.0084 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-15 19:28:39
Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 8 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm - Please conform]
In my previous papers, I proposed that the point on the detecting screen of a double slit experiment where a photon lands is completely predetermined by the initial conditions of the photon at the instant of light emission, just as the point where a ball lands on the ground is predetermined by its initial conditions. I proposed a new complex internal dynamics of quantum particles such as photons and electrons. This led me to think that, due to this complex internal dynamics, it is difficult (perhaps not impossible) for a photon to travel both in a straight line and with constant velocity c along its path. In this paper I propose that it is not necessary for a photon to always travel in a straight line and with constant velocity along its path. Only the average velocity of the photon in vacuum needs to be exactly constant c and its average path needs to be straight. This requires almost infinite fine tuning of the initial conditions of the photon, pointing to an intelligent, supernatural being (God) Who always fine tunes the photons at the instant of light emission. To make light appear to always travel in a straight line, nature aims the photons to the observer’s eyes only when there is no obstacle between the light source and the observer. To make light appear to always travel with constant velocity c , nature sets the initial conditions of the photon so that its average velocity (that is distance divided by time) is always exactly equal to c. To make star light appear to be bent by massive objects such as the sun, the atoms in the star emit photons with initial conditions fine-tuned such that the light arrives from an apparent direction of the star. To make electric and magnetic fields appear to accelerate electric charges, nature fine tunes the initial conditions of the electrons during emission from the source so that the velocity, direction and time of arrival of the electron at the detector is exactly as predicted by classical electrodynamics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[71] viXra:2102.0083 [pdf] replaced on 2021-04-11 12:39:26
Authors: J. Walter
Comments: 1 Page.
This short paper is about nontrivial zeros of Riemann's zeta function.
Category: Number Theory
[70] viXra:2102.0082 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-15 09:15:42
Authors: J. Akande, A.V. R. Yehossou, K. K. D. Adjaï, M. D. Monsia
Comments: 10 pages
We present in this work some exceptional classes of conservative, quadratic and mixed Lienard type equations with identical exact solutions. We show that, in particular, some of these equations can exhibit the sinusoidal periodic solution of the linear harmonic oscillator. Consequently, they can be used to describe harmonic and isochronous periodic oscillations of dynamical systems.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[69] viXra:2102.0081 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-15 10:23:15
Authors: Antoine Balan
Comments: 2 pages, written in english
We define the notion of exterior connection which is a connection for the exterior algebra.
Category: Geometry
[68] viXra:2102.0080 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-15 11:38:29
Authors: Bernard Riley
Comments: 8 pages, 6 figures
If the value of a half-life is expressed in numbers of Planck times and that number is converted to a smaller ‘reduced number’ by application of the Quantum/Classical connection - a power-law equation - then the reduced number will be an integer power or a specific fractional power of π and of e. Integer powers of either π or e are found for the half-lives of the W boson, the Higgs boson, the muon and the tau lepton. The reduced numbers of many notable radionuclides are equal to integer, half-integer and quarter-integer powers of π and/or of e.
Category: Quantum Physics
[67] viXra:2102.0079 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-15 19:44:49
Authors: Stephane H Maes
Comments: 5 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.
In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles or regions. No New Physics is introduced in terms of new particles beyond the Standard Model or modifying long range gravity: only the modeling of gravity as emerging from entanglement, in a multi-fold universe. Two recent observations are considered to have raised new concerns with conventional approach to dark Matter: the universe structures would be too thin for the dark matter conventionally predicted while gravity lensing from galaxy clusters seems too string. In this paper, we argue that our multi-fold explanation for dark matter effect is consistent with such observations.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[66] viXra:2102.0078 [pdf] replaced on 2021-03-11 07:12:19
Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 6 Pages.
In this paper we introduce the notion of universe, induced communities and cells with their corresponding spots. Using this language we formulate and prove the union close set conjecture by showing that for any finite universe $\mathbb{U}$ and any induced community $\mathcal{M}_{\mathbb{U}}$ there exist some spot $a\in \mathbb{U}$ such that the density
\begin{align}
\mathcal{D}_{\mathcal{M}_{\mathbb{U}}}(a)\geq \frac{1}{2}.\nonumber
\end{align}
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory
[65] viXra:2102.0077 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-14 20:00:25
Authors: Sotiri Karanikola
Comments: 3 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]
I wrote this article as the mathematical first step of my previous article (Karanikola, 2019), which I mentioned as a different model. I questioned the interference pattern formation in the double-slit experiment, which is the simplest expression of the particle-wave duality, which is the most effective detection of classical and quantum mechanics. The resulting situation shows that the wave is not really a wave and the particle is not a particle in the real sense. So I tried to create a different definition and the mathematical first step of this definition.
Category: Classical Physics
[64] viXra:2102.0076 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-14 10:56:07
Authors: Xindong Wang
Comments: 3 Pages.
Majorana fermion solution is obtained from the self-consistent effective Hamiltonian theory. The ground state is conjectured to be a non-empty vacuum with 2 fermions, one for each type. The first type is the original charged fermion and the second type the chiral charge-less Majorana fermion. The Marjorana fermion is like a shadow of the first fermion cast by the non-empty vacuum.
Category: Condensed Matter
[63] viXra:2102.0075 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-14 20:24:04
Authors: Guillermo Ayala-Martinez
Comments: 4 Pages. Spanish [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]
This paper explores how to solve the the Navier Stokes equations. A procedure reduces the equations to a single equation, then the reverse procedure gives the fluid motion variables.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[62] viXra:2102.0074 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-14 17:57:20
Authors: Martin Walker
Comments: 8 Pages.
The Lie algebra associated with the Lorentz group O(3,3) is investigated. Six classes of algebras are defined. It is found that algebras in the d, s, and b classes are related to algebras in the u, c, and t classes by SU(2) × U(1) symmetry plus a rotation.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[61] viXra:2102.0073 [pdf] replaced on 2021-02-19 10:03:11
Authors: Gajendra Singh Solanki
Comments: 6 Pages. This is the twelfth paper in the series of Rudiments of relativity revisited.
Relativistic non-localization enables a moving particle such as a photon to exist at different positions in different frames at an instant and gives rise to an experimentally distinguished physics of relativity. A photon exists in a relativistic non-localized superstate until it is encountered by a detector which results in the collapse of the superstate so as to preserve the lightspeed across frames because the motion state of the detector affects the position of detection. But the current relativity inadvertently assumes the photons to be relativistically localized and invents the relativity of simultaneity. The relativistic non-localization, which is the nonlocality across frames, remained hidden so far under the mathematical elegance of Lorentz transform but is readily revealed by the real domain transform.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[60] viXra:2102.0072 [pdf] replaced on 2021-02-18 16:36:18
Authors: Jaykov Foukzon
Comments: 16 Pages. Journal of Advances in Mathematics and Computer Science, 36(2), 73-88. https://doi.org/10.9734/jamcs/2021/v36i230339
In this article Russell's paradox and Cantors paradox resolved successfully using intuitionistic logic with restricted modus ponens rule.
Category: Set Theory and Logic
[59] viXra:2102.0071 [pdf] replaced on 2021-03-29 05:29:42
Authors: Kouider Mohammed Ridha
Comments: 4 Pages.
Josephus function is a new numerical function which presented by Kouider (2019,[1]) by studying Joseph's problem . In this paper we interesting in study of its derived function and some of its related properties for Josephus function. From this point of view we saw that we can define a more comprehensive function than the Josephus function. And we called it the Kouider function with basis ض. We have also studied some of its related properties with proof as well.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[58] viXra:2102.0070 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-12 02:28:33
Authors: Radhakrishnamurty Padyala
Comments: 5 pages, 4 Figures
In an earlier publication we showed the presence of a hidden circle in a family of projectile paths shot from a point with a common value of speed and at different angels to the horizontal. In this paper we describe that hidden circle’s duel in a family of ideal projectile paths whose apexes lie on the horizontal. We call this circle, the duel circle. The center of this circle is the burning point of the spherical mirror, defined by the revolution of this circle around its vertical axis. We highlight the interesting properties of this family of projectiles.
Category: Classical Physics
[57] viXra:2102.0068 [pdf] replaced on 2021-02-17 08:05:17
Authors: Jean Louis Van Belle
Comments: 28 Pages.
This papers concludes our excursions into the epistemology/ontology of physics. We provide a basic overview of the basic concepts as used in the science of physics, with practical models based on orbital energy equations. We hope to make a difference by offering an alternative particle classification based on measurable form factors.
Category: Quantum Physics
[56] viXra:2102.0067 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-12 20:29:40
Authors: Dylan Durieux, Willi-Hans Steeb
Comments: 10 Pages.
We study spin coherent states, Bell states,
entanglement, Husimi distributions, uncertainty relation, Bell inequality. The distance between these states is also derived. The Bell matrix, spin coherent states and Bell states are also investigated.
Category: Quantum Physics
[55] viXra:2102.0066 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-12 16:42:21
Authors: Christopher Pilot
Comments: 14 pages, 1 Figure, 1 Table
Assuming a geometrically closed universe, we predict a value for the cosmic curvature, Ω_0=1.001802, a value within current observational bounds. We also propose a thermodynamic heat engine model for the universe, which bypasses the need for an inflaton field. Our model is based on a Carnot Cycle where we have isothermal expansion, followed by adiabatic expansion, followed by isothermal contraction, followed by adiabatic contraction, bringing us back to our original starting point. For the working substance, we focus specifically on the CMB radiation filling the collective voids in the universe. Using this construct, we identify cosmic inflation as the isothermal expansion phase, which lasts just under, 〖10〗^(-35) seconds. The collective CMB volume we see today only increases by a factor of 5.65 times during this process, and homogeneity and perturbations in the CMB are explained. The singularity problem is avoided and we have a clear mechanism for the work done by the cosmos in causing expansion, and later contraction. For scaling laws with respect to the density parameters in Friedmann’s equations, we will assume a susceptibility model for space, where, (χ(a)) ̅, the smeared cosmic susceptibility, decreases with increasing cosmic scale parameter, "a". Within this framework, we can predict a maximum Hubble volume with minimum CMB temperature for the voids before contraction begins, as well as a minimum volume with maximum CMB temperature when expansion starts. The thermodynamic heat cycle deviates from 100% efficiency in converting heat energy into mechanical energy (expansion) by a minuscule amount, namely, 1.033 〖10〗^(-29). The significance of this number is not known.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[54] viXra:2102.0065 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-10 21:23:32
Authors: Stephen Peppin
Comments: 16 Pages.
An effective hard-sphere model of the diffusion and cross-diffusion of salt in unentangled polymer solutions is developed. Given the viscosity, sedimentation coefficient and osmotic pressure of the polymer, the model predicts the diffusion and cross-diffusion coefficients as functions of the polymer concentration and molecular weight.
The results are compared with experimental data on NaCl diffusion in aqueous polyethylene glycol solutions, showing good agreement at polymer molecular weights up to 400\,g/L. At higher molecular weights the model becomes less accurate, likely because of the effects of entanglement. The tracer Fickian diffusivity can be written in the form of a Stokes-Einstein equation containing the solution viscosity. For NaCl diffusion in polyethylene glycol solutions, the Stokes-Einstein equation breaks down as the polymer size increases. Using Batchelor's viscous correction factor to determine an effective viscosity experienced by the salt ions within the polymer matrix leads to much closer agreement with experiment.
Category: Condensed Matter
[53] viXra:2102.0063 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-11 20:39:46
Authors: Alberto Coe
Comments: 13 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm - Please conform and use samller fonts]
The international System of Measurements (SI) gathers a small number of fundamental units that define certain physical quantities.In this article we intend to make a discretization of two of the SI units , the meter (length measurement) and the kilogram (mass measurement).We will apply the value obtained from this discretization to a controversial topic in Cosmology: the Hubble constant.The term quantum in the title of the article has been used as a synonym for minimum quantity or smallest value of a specific physical system.The value we have obtained for the Hubble constant is 75.200 m s-1/Mpc.
Category: Astrophysics
[52] viXra:2102.0062 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-11 20:40:56
Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 2 Pages.
We give some remarks on Malmsten's integral.
Category: Number Theory
[51] viXra:2102.0061 [pdf] replaced on 2021-03-02 19:01:50
Authors: Kenneth Ramsey
Comments: 3 Pages.
Recently there have been a number of interstellar drive proposals, these include using worm holes, anti-mater, fission, fusion, nuclear pulse drive and many others. Here a technically possible interstellar drive is described. This drive only requires a modest budget (by NASA standards) and some in-depth knowledge of naturally occurring energy streams within the cosmos.
Category: Classical Physics
[50] viXra:2102.0060 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-11 19:43:45
Authors: Yi Cao
Comments: 23 Pages.
In this paper, we developed several new methods to describe a photon’s emission and propagation process: 1) To explain a photon that emitted from a Bohr atom from the n=3 to n=2 electron orbit transition, we added a virtual electron that doing RF rotation in a virtual 2D orbit with n=2.43, and it can intuitively explain the frequency and the transverse wave of the photon; 2) Using the newly designed {N,n} QM field theory and the non-Born probability (NBP), we described the photon’s emission and propagation process as a series excitation of a {N,n} QM field’s nLL QM state from low n to high n (e.g., from the {N,n} QM field’s ground state n=1, or |1,0,0> to the first excited state n=2, or |2,1,1>, then to the second excited n=3, or |3,2,2>, and then to the third excited state n=4, or |4,3,3>, …). To describe a photon (that propagated to high n in the {N,n} QM field) with a limited size, in the NBP density formula (of the nLL QM state in the {N,n} QM field), we used the multiplier n’ for the exponential index so that we can describe a photon with any appropriate size that we want; 3) We hypothesized that a photon has an onion-like multi-shells physical structure (a superposition of many QM states), and has a “standard” size of about 100x of its wavelength. We explained a photon’s wave-particle duality as that its out-shells have the wave character, while its inner core has the particle character. We explained a photon’s double-slit experiment as that its out-shell wave’s interference guided its inner core’s particle motion; 4) We explored the possibility that whether the redshift (with Hubble’s constant ~ 70 (km/s)/Mpc) is the natural attribute of the photon propagation; 5) Alternatively, we used only two QM states to describe a photon’s emission and propagation: the ground state of {N,n} QM field |1,0,0> and the excited state of {N,n} QM field |2,1,1>, with r1 = c * t, so that the speed of the light c is incorporated into the description. 6) We believe that the {N,n} QM field theory can be used for other particles’ description as well. Finally, we explained the physical meaning of the matter wave’s wave function as the NBP 3D distribution of a particle/celestial body’s movement trajectory (that is described by the Schrodinger equation).
Category: Quantum Physics
[49] viXra:2102.0059 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-10 20:27:23
Authors: Satyam Roy
Comments: 1 Page. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]
If the co-ordinates of a triangle is rational, then there is at least one irrational number present that will satisfy the equation of sides of its medial triangle.
Category: Geometry
[48] viXra:2102.0058 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-10 01:57:20
Authors: Jian-Zhou Zhu
Comments: 11 Pages.
Reduction of flow compressibility with the corresponding ideally invariant helicities, universally for various fluid models of neutral and ionized gases, can be argued statistically and associated with the geometrical scenario in the Taylor-Proudman theorem and its analogues. A `chiral base field', rooted in the generic intrinsic local structure, as well as an `equivalence principle' is explained and used to bridge the single-structure mechanics and the helical statistics. The electric field fluctuations may similarly be depressed by the (self-)helicities of the two-fluid plasma model, with the geometry lying in the relation between the electric and density fields in a Maxwell equation.
Category: Astrophysics
[47] viXra:2102.0057 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-10 20:30:48
Authors: Chathuranga M. Wijerathna Basnayaka, Dushantha Nalin K. Jayakody, Tharindu D. Ponnimbaduge Perera
Comments: 6 Pages.
Age of Information (AoI) measures the freshness of
data in mission critical Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications i.e., industrial internet, intelligent transportation systems etc. In this
paper, a new system model is proposed to estimate the average AoI (AAoI) in an ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC) enabled wireless communication system with decodeand-forward relay scheme over the quasi-static Rayleigh block
fading channels. Short packet communication scheme is used to meet both reliability and latency requirements of the proposed wireless network. By resorting finite block length information
theory, queuing theory and stochastic processes, a closed-form expression for AAoI is obtained. Finally, the impact of the system parameters, such as update generation rate, block length and
block length allocation factor on the AAoI are investigated. All results are validated by the numerical results.
Category: Digital Signal Processing
[46] viXra:2102.0056 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-10 20:32:24
Authors: Oliver Couto
Comments: 5 Pages.
On the internet & math literature there is not much mention about the quintic equation, p(a^5+b^5 )=q(c^5+d^5 ). Since parameterization of fifth degree equations is generally hard the author has attempted to find numerical solutions to the above quintic equation by algebraic method. In the concluding note the author has mentioned an open problem regarding the above quintic equation.
Category: Number Theory
[45] viXra:2102.0055 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-09 19:16:15
Authors: Yajun Liu, Kun Yu, Shenchao Zhang
Comments: 8 Pages.
Time is a concept we want to understand much more. In this paper, we set up a model to describe a photon with the velocity of light pushed by one unit energy. Under this process, we define the time,rotating with velocity of light time and Space with Energy time. It is interesting to use this model we can analyze the relationship between time and space time with quantum scale and cosmic dimensions. We hope to throw a little bit light on the big picture of uniting the quantum mechanics and General relative theory.
Category: Classical Physics
[44] viXra:2102.0053 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-09 19:26:48
Authors: Bernd Ganter
Comments: 7 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form - Please conform]
This paper is about the new very precise measurement of the fine structure constant made by LKB in Paris (α = 137.035999206) and the problem of it deviating substantially from the 2018 measurement from Berkeley (α = 137.035999046).
We comment on the CODATA-values fixed by NIST from 1969 till today and compare the new value with the Ganter-prognosis for α based on information economy. (The derivation of that prognosis, α = 137.035999100, can be found on viXra:1408.0018: Bernd Ganter, Die Entschlüsselung der Feinstrukturkonstante)
Category: Mathematical Physics
[43] viXra:2102.0051 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-09 19:44:40
Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 4 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form - Please conform]
Life on earth, Nature, is considered as a distributed intelligence. Recent research on systems with scarcity and transactions inherently leading to resource concentration, are used as an analogy to the possibility of death as a mechanism of Nature used to optimize lifespan turnover rate and to prevent the over-concentration of wealth and resources in gene pools. Speculation of additional observations of possible intent or intelligence driven activities in the natural world are also listed in this short informal essay.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics
[42] viXra:2102.0050 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-08 20:11:26
Authors: Hoa Van Nguyen
Comments: 4 Pages. 1 Figure
In the current physical literature , there are many articles discussing the physical nature of time , in which time dilation is a controversial aspect of time . In this article we will search to see how physicists have come to the elusive concept of time dilation and try to confirm whether it is a real process or only an observational phenomenon .
Category: Classical Physics
[41] viXra:2102.0048 [pdf] replaced on 2021-02-19 11:30:05
Authors: Jean Louis Van Belle
Comments: 12 Pages.
This papers offers a zbw (mass-without-mass) model of neutrons and protons. The neutron model is based on the idea of the electromagnetic and nuclear force combining to keep two opposite charges apart and together at the same time. We develop the orbital energy equations. Finally, we offer an alternative particle classification based on form factors, and a few words of philosophy (ontology).
Category: Quantum Physics
[40] viXra:2102.0047 [pdf] replaced on 2021-05-16 09:35:32
Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 22 Pages.
Here in this third paper in a series of three papers (time-space circuits, time-space constants, and time-space manifolds), Temporal Mechanics presents the case for time-space manifolds on the macroscopic scale, correctly deriving the distance of the Heliopause, Bow Shock, and Oort Cloud from Sol as three key manifolds, while explaining the time-space circuitry involved in and between those manifolds via the required feature of the time-space constants. Subsequently, the stellar light phenomena of the Milky Way is derived and appreciated with known data, including its alignment compared to the solar system plane, and thence the phenomena of light from sources presuming to be separate and unique stars clustered as galaxies. The key feature of this theoretical process is in properly resolving the “Black Hole Information Paradox”, assigning the concept of a spacetime singularity as a Black Hole to a specific manifold, a grand manifold as what is termed here as the “Black Expanse”, or more simply the “Epoch”, a harbour of information.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[39] viXra:2102.0046 [pdf] replaced on 2021-04-30 19:45:40
Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 21 Pages.
The probable etymology of the Russian bush of words is considered.
Attached is a translation from Russian into English.
Category: Linguistics
[38] viXra:2102.0045 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-07 07:42:55
Authors: Thomas J. Buckholtz
Comments: 59 pages
This essay suggests advances regarding the following challenges. Describe elementary particles that people have yet to find. Describe dark matter. Explain cosmology and astrophysics data that people have yet to explain. Correlate physics properties with each other. Correlate properties of elementary particles with each other. Show united modeling that leads to the advances.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[37] viXra:2102.0044 [pdf] replaced on 2022-03-02 18:48:35
Authors: Jeet Kumar Gaur
Comments: 19 Pages.
This paper presents a new approach towards the Riemann Hypothesis. On iterative expansion of integration term in functional equation of the
Riemann zeta function we get sum of two series function. At the ‘nontrivial’ zeros of zeta function, value of the series is zero. Thus, Riemann hypothesis is false if that happens for an ‘s’ off the line <(s) = 1/2 ( the critical line). This series has two components f(s) and f(1 − s). For the hypothesis to be false one component is additive inverse of the other. From geometric analysis of spiral geometry representing the component series functions f(s) and f(1 − s) on complex plane we find by contradiction
that they cannot be each other’s additive inverse for any s, off the critical line. Thus, proving truth of the hypothesis.
Category: Number Theory
[36] viXra:2102.0043 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-07 08:49:53
Authors: J. Akande, K. K. D. Adjaï, M. Nonti, M. D. Monsia
Comments: 6 pages
We present in this paper a mixed Lienard type equation of physical importance. The equation can exhibit sinusoidal periodic solution. As a result, it can be used to model harmonic and isochronous periodic oscillations of dynamical systems.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[35] viXra:2102.0042 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-07 11:03:04
Authors: Franz Hermann
Comments: 22 Pages.
In this paper, we introduce the notion of cyclic isomorphism of subgroups of some finite abstract group. Examples of matrix representation of such a simple isomorphism are shown on the example of Clifford-Pauli matrices
Category: Algebra
[34] viXra:2102.0041 [pdf] replaced on 2025-01-13 21:50:48
Authors: Andrew B. Steen
Comments: 33 Pages.
A re-appraisal of the classical Aether is appropriate to incorporate some of the more recent concepts and properties of the vacuum and to evaluate how a dynamic, non-static Aether could be adopted as a physical model consistent with all known phenomena in particle physics and astrophysics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[33] viXra:2102.0039 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-07 18:59:47
Authors: Andrew W. Beckwith
Comments: 14 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]
We reduplicate the Book “Dark Energy” by M. Li, X-D. Li, and Y. Wang, zero-point energy calculation with an unexpected “length’ added to the ‘width’ of a graviton wavefunction just prior to the entrance of ‘gravitons’ to a small region of space-time prior to a nonsingular start to the universe.We compare this to a solution worked out using Klauder Enhanced quantization, for the same given problem. The solution of the first Cosmological Constant problem relies upon the geometry of the multiverse generalization of CCC cosmology which is explained in this paper. The second solution, used involves Klauder enhanced quantization. We look at energy given by our methods and compare and contrast it with the negative energy of the Rosen model for a mini sub universe and estimate GW frequencies.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[32] viXra:2102.0038 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-07 18:47:32
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 6 Pages.
It is known that the divergence of vacuum energy density (VED) in Quantum Field Theory lies at the core of the cosmological constant (CC) problem. Our brief note suggests that, at least in principle, modeling the quantum vacuum as an ensemble of fractional oscillators may regulate the ultraviolet behavior of the VED and evade the CC problem.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[31] viXra:2102.0037 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-06 18:43:52
Authors: Mohamed Matoui, Noureddine Moumkine, Abdellah Adib
Comments: 19 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]
IPTV (Internet Protocol Television) includes several video components. The IMS (IP Multimedia
Subsystem) cannot differentiate between them what causes their treatment similarly. These sub-components must have different priorities because they have distinct QoS constraints. In this paper, we suggest the implementation of IPTV in a heterogeneous network that improved QoS by providing the capability to prioritize the sub traffic according to the system administrator policy. A new IPv6 flow label field definition was proposed that is ready for standardization. OPNET Modeler software is used to design our approached architecture. The results show that IPTV users receive different amounts of video data based
on the stream's priority.
Category: Digital Signal Processing
[30] viXra:2102.0036 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-06 18:51:48
Authors: Acharya Sennimalai Kalimuthu
Comments: 20 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
This paper is written mostly for developing countries like India. Even developed countries may also implement some of the reforms proposed by the author. By birth all are equal. Nature has provided all resources. In some nations like the USA, Canada, UK, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Holland, many of the European Union, all the Gulf countries and maybe in some other nation’s people do live above the poverty line. These are all developed countries. In developing countries, still people are struggling to meet their needs. Also, these masses are facing social injustice, all kinds of suppressions, corruption, unemployment, etc. Keeping these problems in mind, the author introduces some economic and administrative reforms for immediate implementation.
Category: Economics and Finance
[29] viXra:2102.0035 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-06 19:01:07
Authors: Tamas Lajtner
Comments: 8 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm - Please conform]
Thought is force. Thought force can be detected by thought force sensor. If we place two thought force sensors in two separate DC circuits and we connect these circuits with a single-wire without return, we get an unorthodox DC circuit. Here, the two DC circuits are not closed in the ordinary acceptance of the term, yet both thought sensors can be controlled with the same thought force via the single-wire. This is only possible, if current flows in two different directions simultaneously in the single-wire without return that connects the two DC circuits.
Category: Physics of Biology
[28] viXra:2102.0034 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-06 09:41:49
Authors: Mueiz Gafer KamalEldeen
Comments: 1 Page.
The concept of prime number as it is defined cannot be formulated in a general algebraic form and therefore cannot be used in a mathematical process of deductive reasoning
Category: Number Theory
[27] viXra:2102.0033 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-06 11:53:54
Authors: Miloš Čojanović
Comments: 10 Pages. Copyright (c) 2021 Miloš Čojanović
In the manuscript [1] we derived the general Doppler effect equations. In order to prove the correctness of the equations, it remains to define an adequate coordinate system. We have argued that such a coordinate system cannot be chosen arbitrarily but is determined by the direction between the receiver at the time when the signal is received and the sender at the time when the signal is emitted. In this manuscript, several experiments have been proposed to prove the existence of such a coordinate system. In addition, we will determine the velocities at which the sender and receiver of the signal move and the distance between them.
Category: Astrophysics
[26] viXra:2102.0032 [pdf] replaced on 2021-04-29 18:54:31
Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 12 Pages.
The probable etymology of several Russian words has been considered. Attached is a translation of the article from Russian into English.
Category: Linguistics
[25] viXra:2102.0030 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-05 21:47:15
Authors: Mueiz Gafer KamalEldeen
Comments: 2 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm - Please conform]]
It is shown that the great claims made for the importance and beauty of Euler’s Identity are only misconceptions based on apparent and superficial view on the subject which don’t look at the core of the identity which comes into view by the analysis of the its elements.
Category: Algebra
[24] viXra:2102.0028 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-05 21:57:05
Authors: Priya Ranjan, Kumar Dron Shrivastav, Satya Vadlamani, Rajiv Janardhanan
Comments: 21 Pages. Proc. SIRS-2020.
This work presents a geometric study of computational disease tagging of ECGs problems. Using ideas like Earthmover’s distance (EMD) and Euclidean distance, it clusters category 1 and category −1 ECGs in two clusters, computes their average and then predicts the category of 100 test ECGs, if they belong to category 1 or category −1. We report 80% success rate using Euclidean distance at the cost of intense computation investment and 69% success using EMD. We suggest further ways to augment and enhance this automated classification scheme using bio-markers like Troponin isoforms, CKMB, BNP. Future direc-
tions include study of larger sets of ECGs from diverse populations and collected from a heterogeneous mix of patients with different CVD conditions. Further we advocate the robustness of this programmatic approach as compared to deep learning kind of schemes which are amenable to
dynamic instabilities. This work is a part of our ongoing framework Heart Regulated Intelligent Decision Assisted Information (HRIDAI) system.
Category: Digital Signal Processing
[23] viXra:2102.0027 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-05 13:05:30
Authors: Stephen P. Smith
Comments: 10 Pages.
Hamiltonian Markov Chain Monte Carlo is one of the established methods to conduct a Bayesian simulation. This method uses evaluations of the probability density and its gradient at particular variables. This present paper describes how to incorporate information from second derivatives that relate to a direction set, and describes how to modify the simulation accordingly.
Category: Statistics
[22] viXra:2102.0026 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-05 22:05:06
Authors: Michaelino Mervisiano
Comments: 37 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
On the 23rd June 2016, the United Kingdom (UK) European Union (EU) membership referendum resulted in 51.9% of voters voted to leave EU—popularly termed as Brexit. Given its significant implications, correctly predicting Brexit was crucial but most pollsters predicted incorrectly.
This paper assesses whether Brexit was evident and predictable from the pre-referendum polls data. Unlike previous studies—whose analytical tools are limited to latest poll analysis, descriptive statistics, point estimate, and simple linear regression—this project use more robust and sophisticated statistical methodologies
Category: Statistics
[21] viXra:2102.0024 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-04 01:42:15
Authors: Klevinda Fili, Kanishk Dwivedi
Comments: 6 Pages.
Patient pooling has been a major problem in the field of drug discovery and drug investigation. Even what is more daunting, is to provide a large scale solution for the classification of diseases and find side effects of personalised or precision medicine by clustering the pool and find similar investigations for pharmacovigilance, drug discovery and precision medicine. This can be solved by generating patterns through machine learning and deep learning models to find the common pools of similar pattern and diagnosis from clusters and distribute it by mobile application for the large scale patients clustering.This method is presented for Precision medicine, Pharmacovigilance and Drug discovery. Patients raw data is processed for classification and for personalised medicine. Patients collective information stored in database warehouses for clustering and applying advanced machine learning models on it will help in pharmacovigilance and early information regarding demographic disease epidemics. Patients diagnosis clustering can help to find out the pattern for drug discovery with respect to the geographical location and similar characteristics which have been found effective and will reduce time in drug discovery.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[20] viXra:2102.0023 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-04 20:24:20
Authors: Fadhil Hussein Abbas
Comments: 13 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]
In this paper, we introduce the notion of intuitionistic fuzzy soft ideal in intuitionistic
fuzzy soft set theory. Also we introduce the concept of intuitionistic fuzzy soft local function. These concepts are discussed with a view to find new intuitionistic fuzzy soft topologies from the original one. The basic structure, especially a basis for such generated intuitionistic fuzzy soft topologies also studied here. The notion of compatibility of intuitionistic fuzzy soft ideals with
intuitionistic fuzzy soft topologies is introduced and some equivalent conditions concerning this
topic are established here. Finally we introduce intuitionistic fuzzy soft-I-open set, intuitionistic fuzzy soft pre-I-open set, intuitionistic fuzzy soft semi-I-open set, intuitionistic fuzzy soft-α-Iopen set and intuitionistic fuzzy soft-β-I-open set and discuss some of their properties.
Category: Topology
[19] viXra:2102.0022 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-04 20:28:27
Authors: Fadhil Hussein Abbas
Comments: 14 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]
In this paper, we introduce a new class of open sets in a topological space (X; τ) called h-open sets. Also, introduce and study topological properties of h-interior, h-closure, h-limit points, h-derived, h-interior points, h-border, h-frontier and h-exterior by using the concept of h-open sets. Moreover introduce the notion of h-continuous functions, h-open functions, h-irresolute functions, h-totally continuous functions, h-contra-continuous functions, h-homeomorphism and investigate some properties of these functions and study some properties, remarks related to them.
Category: Topology
[18] viXra:2102.0021 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-04 20:30:15
Authors: Fadhil Hussein Abbas
Comments: 11 Pages.
In this paper, we introduce the notion of L-ideal in L-set theory. Also we introduce the concept of L-local function. These concepts are discussed with a view to find new L-topologies from the original one. The basic structure, especially a basis for such generated L-topologies also studied here. The notion of L-compatibility of L-ideals with L-topologies is introduced and some equivalent conditions concerning this topic are established here. Moreover, by using L-local
function we introduce L-operator ψ satisfying ψ(AL) = 1X – (1X – AL)*, for all AL ⊆ LX and we
discuss some characterizations this L-operator by use L-open sets.
Category: Topology
[17] viXra:2102.0020 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-04 20:34:07
Authors: Hamidreza Seiti, Ahmad Makui, Ashkan Hafezalkotob, Mehran Khalaj, Ibrahim A. Hameed
Comments: 48 Pages.
Various unexpected, low-probability events can have short or long-term effects on organizations and the global economy. Hence there is a need for appropriate risk management practices within organizations to increase their readiness and resiliency, especially if an event may lead to a series of irreversible consequences. One of the main aspects of risk management is to analyze the levels of change and risk in critical variables which the organization's survival depends on. In these cases, an awareness of risks provides a practical plan for organizational managers to reduce/avoid them. Various risk analysis methods aim at analyzing the interactions of multiple risk factors within a specific problem. This paper develops a new method of variability and risk analysis, termed R.Graph, to examine the effects of a chain of possible risk factors on multiple variables. Additionally, different configurations of risk analysis are modeled, including acceptable risk, analysis of maximum and minimum risks, factor importance, and sensitivity analysis. This new method's effectiveness is evaluated via a practical analysis of the economic consequences of new Coronavirus in the electricity industry.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms
[16] viXra:2102.0019 [pdf] replaced on 2021-02-12 20:23:14
Authors: Huang Shan
Comments: 3 Pages.
By assuming several simple equations, we try to explain the sources of light speed, Vacuum
dielectric constant, Permeability of vacuum, Elementary charge, electron rest mass,
proton mass, Rydberg constant, Boltzmann constant, Bohr radius, Bohr magneton constant,
Gravitational constant and Electrostatic constant.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[15] viXra:2102.0016 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-02 20:28:32
Authors: Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 7 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]
In this article, we give short remark on Alexander Yefremov’s 3 recent papers on possibility of using gravity assist as possible test of gravitation theory, including Einstein’s GTR. While we applaud at his novel idea, we would like to remark that there is more in gravitation theory to test, rather than just Venus or Jupiter’s gravitation. For instance we would like to mention an evidence
from the Ethiopic Book of Enoch, especially chapter 82, verses 6 and 11, which mentioned that a year was composed of 364 days (more known as Calendar of Solomon). Compared to our present calendar of 365¼ days in a year, this fact seems to point to the Earth orbiting the Sun in a widening elliptical path. Another possible explanation is that Julian/Gregorian calendar needs to be reconsidered. All in all, these evidences suggest there are more questions need careful testing of gravitation theories.
Category: Astrophysics
[14] viXra:2102.0014 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-02 20:31:54
Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 3 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the rules anf guidelines of viXra.org]
Signale unbekannter Herkunft kann man in den Gravitationsdaten der SG nur entdecken, nachdem die störenden Gezeitenoszillationen beseitigt sind. Das Verfahren der inversen FFT-Filterung kann im Gegensatz zu den üblichen Hochpassfiltern die riesigen Unterschiede der Amplituden ohne Zusatzrauschen verarbeiten. Das Verfahren wird ausführlich beschrieben. (Signals of unknown origin can be detected in the SG gravity data only after the interfering tidal oscillations are removed. The inverse FFT filtering method, unlike the usual high-pass filters, can handle the huge differences in amplitudes without additional noise. The procedure is described in detail.)
Category: Geophysics
[13] viXra:2102.0013 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-02 06:17:14
Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 3 Pages.
Signals of unknown origin can be detected in the SG gravity data only after the interfering tidal oscillations are removed. The inverse FFT filtering method, unlike the usual high-pass filters, can handle the huge differences in amplitudes without additional noise. The procedure is described in detail.
Category: Geophysics
[12] viXra:2102.0012 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-02 20:38:51
Authors: Brian Strom
Comments: 35 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm - Please conform]
In earlier papers on Atomic Structure and Energy Fields, AI was used to explore the structure of the atom and the size of the electron, by analyzing the results of established experiments on ionization energies and spectral emissions. Radio-isotope transitions were analyzed to propose the nature of the nucleus and allotropes. In the
first paper on Molecular Structure, an AI model was used to propose the nature of the crystal lattice, and the nature of molecular structure. In this paper, molecular bonds and molecular structure are analyzed in detail, which leads to a different perspective on the nature of inorganic, organic, photosynthetic and super-conducting molecules.
Category: Chemistry
[11] viXra:2102.0011 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-02 11:45:02
Authors: Méhdi Pascal
Comments: 22 Pages.
This paper contains everything you need to know about the Agoh-Giuga conjecture, all the theorems related to this problem are given with the demonstrations well detailed so that they are easily readable to students, including the equivalence between the Agoh conjecture and Giuga conjecture, Theorem (36) is a new characterizes Carmichael numbers, it allows a combinatorial aspect of these numbers, at the end of this paper I give my remarks which show that it is possible to prove this conjecture if we focus on Carmichael's numbers, and not on Giuga's numbers.
Category: Number Theory
[10] viXra:2102.0010 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-02 17:16:21
Authors: Martin Walker
Comments: 7 Pages.
The Lie algebra of the Lorentz group O(3,3) is considered. Four classes of SO(4) subalgebras are
defined and their properties investigated.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[9] viXra:2102.0009 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-02 18:39:13
Authors: Ronald Ian Miller
Comments: Pages.
The physics of the conventional description of the universe are founded on the equations of special and general relativity. In special relativity theory an observer perceives that moving clocks run slow, and that moving objects shrink in the direction of their motion. In general relativity theory clocks slow and space expands within gravitational fields, and in the empty regions of the universe space expands continuously while time remains stable. The equations that describe these phenomena work well, but they provide no insight into an underlying physical process or processes.
This paper postulates an alternative version of the universe, and a single physical process that underlies relativistic phenomena. This version of the universe has unchanging spatial distances, but a variable “speed limit” that determines the local speed of light and the local temporal rate. The combined gravitational fields of all the masses in the universe that affect a spatial location determine the local speed limit there.
Prior to the start of the modern universe there was only energy, in the form of massless particles. There was no mass and no gravitational fields, and the speed limit everywhere was effectively infinite. At the start time for the modern universe mass particles formed from the energy, and their gravitational fields have been growing, at the (gradually-slowing) speed of light ever since that event, some 14 billion years ago. As a result, the gravitational intensity everywhere has steadily increased and the speed limit has steadily decreased.
The alternative universe’s occupants observe cosmic redshifts due to the gradually reducing speed of light, rather than due to spatial expansion. The redshifts that we predict for that universe closely match the results of astronomical observations, despite the fact that the alternative universe is spatially stable and contains no dark energy.
Where there are gradients in the gravitational intensity, the corresponding gradients in the speed limit underlie the gravitational accelerations of both masses and massless particles. Clocks, which work by counting cyclic motions involving masses, respect their local speed limit.
Unlike the conventional universe, in the alternative universe the speed limit never drops to zero. The alternative universe’s black holes have no event horizons, and rather than being black they are just (very) red-shifted.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[8] viXra:2102.0008 [pdf] replaced on 2021-02-08 14:20:02
Authors: Hasan Farati, Elnaz Kamali, Mohsen Shakerdoost
Comments: 9 Pages.
In this study we assessed Iranian medical students’ response to different empathy scales and then assessed their relations with personality, emotional and demographic characteristics. We conducted a descriptive and correlational research. Subjects were recruited voluntarily from eight universities in Iran. Data was obtained by administering a self report questionnaire. Empathy was assessed by the Jefferson Scale of Empathy and Interpersonal Reactivity Scale. We found significant gender differences in empathy in medical students. Year of the college also meaningfully predicted some aspects of empathy.
Category: Social Science
[7] viXra:2102.0007 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-01 19:36:47
Authors: Kazmer Ujvarosy
Comments: 4 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form -Please conform]
Once we realize that our universe has human input and output, just as a tree has seed input and output, the universe no longer appears mysterious.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[6] viXra:2102.0006 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-01 09:23:26
Authors: Majid Zohrehbandian
Comments: 7 Pages.
Maximum cut problem is a famous combinatorial problem, which its complexity has been heavily studied over the years. Among them is the efficient algorithm of Goemans and Williamson with an approximation factor roughly 1.13823≅1/0.878 (It is most often expressed as 0.878). Their algorithm combines semidefinite programming and a rounding procedure to produce an approximate solution to the maximum cut problem. In this paper, after introducing a new semidefinite programming formulation we present an improved randomized approximation with an approximation factor roughly 1.01241≅1/0.98775 .
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory
[5] viXra:2102.0005 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-01 19:18:54
Authors: Jean-Max Coranson-Beaudu
Comments: 3 Pages.
The approach of this proof, is to show that whatever of the even number, it is always be decomposed into the difference of two odd numbers. Then, with the fundamental theorem of arithmetic, it can be show the necessary existence of a prime number Pi less than 2n when 2n is more than 3. We deduce that 2n is the difference of a prime number and an odd number. An arithmetic sequence of parameter n and first term Pi will be constructed to deduce that there is at least one prime number in the terms of this sequence by Dirichlet-Lejeune’s Theorem. We will show that whatever of 2n>3, there are two prime numbers �� �� and −2 �� + �� �� whose difference is equal to 2n.
Category: Number Theory
[4] viXra:2102.0004 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-01 19:27:22
Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 5 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm - Please do not use extra large font for title!]
We think we understand the relationship between cause and effect, when in fact we may be mistaking correlation for causation. There is so much more going on herein. This relationship is a surprising portal to understanding many deep aspects of philosophy and physics.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics
[3] viXra:2102.0003 [pdf] replaced on 2021-02-12 14:14:53
Authors: Hans Detlef Hüttenbach
Comments: 6 Pages. correction of misspellings; included: consequenes of conservation of energy and momentum.
Defining the principle of extremal action in concise mathematical terms, it is shown that this principle does not hold what it physically promises. Instead, it is shown that Lagrange functions need to be locally integrable (in an open region of space), in order that the Lagrange equations strictly apply. The principle of extremal action therefore reduces to the condition of local integrability of the Lagrange function to a (locally defined) Hamilton-Jacobi function.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[2] viXra:2102.0002 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-01 19:22:54
Authors: P. O. Ushie, C. M. Ekpo, T. O. Magu, P. O. Okoi
Comments: 26 Pages. 4 Tables, 12 Figures
Within the framework of Nikiforov-Uvarov method, we obtained an approximate solution of the Schrodinger equation for the Energy Dependent Generalized inverse quadratic Yukawa potential model. The bound state energy eigenvalues for was computed for various vibrational and rotational quantum numbers. Special cases were considered when the potential parameters were altered, resulting into Energy Dependent Kratzer and Kratzer potential, Energy Dependent Kratzer fues and Kratzer fues potential, Energy Dependent Inverse quadratic Yukawa and Inverse quadratic Yukawa Potential, Energy Dependent Yukawa (screened Coulomb) and Yukawa (screened Coulomb) potential, and Energy Dependent Coulomb and Coulomb potential, respectively. Their energy eigenvalues expressions and numerical computations agreed with the already existing literatures.
Category: Quantum Physics
[1] viXra:2102.0001 [pdf] submitted on 2021-02-01 19:37:10
Authors: Douglas Grossman
Comments: 3 Pages.
This paper reveals an easy and accurate way to calculate the 3d masses of tetraquarks, which involves taking into consideration their higher dimensional structure. A mass spectrum correlating 18 experimental tetraquark masses with their predicted theoretical masses is displayed, along with an explanation of how to calculate the factoring unit employed. The underlying theory that the factoring is based on is also discussed.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
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