All Submission Categories

Formulas of Feigenbaum Constants and Their Physical Meanings

Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 10 Pages. 1 figure.

This paper supposes that Feigenbaum constants should be rational numbers in the world of nuclides, gives their formulas in fractional number format and exhibits the physical meanings of the factors in the formulas, especially their relationships with nuclides, the fine-structure constant and 2π. This paper also supposes that there would be the third Feigenbaum constant and gives its two possible approximate values. Formulas of the fine-structure constant α1, Feigenbaum constant δ and 2π are also given, briefly to be α1δ2(2π)≈1, and their relationships with nuclides are illustrated.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Generalized Smooth Functions

Authors: Antoine Balan
Comments: 2 pages, written in english

We define the generalized smooth functions for a manifold and we propose applications for the Poisson brackets and the cohomology.
Category: Geometry

Space-Time Transformations in the Presence of Information Isolation (in English)

Authors: Andrey N. Smirnov
Comments: 14 Pages.

A hypothesis that the principle of causality is applicable to events in the same inertial frame of reference only has been considered. This means that if two events are causally related in one inertial frame of reference, they may not be causally related in another inertial frame of reference. Moreover, an event that takes place in one inertial frame of reference may not exist in another inertial frame of reference. As a result, informational isolation of inertial frames of reference arises. It has been shown that within the framework of this hypothesis events, from the point of view of observer, are identical in all frames of references, despite existing differences. The special theory of relativity has been obtained as space-time transformations from the viewpoint of observer. The equations of special theory of relativity remain unchanged. A new type of transformations of space-time-fields emerges, complementary to space-time and fields transformations from the viewpoint of observer. The hypothesis may be viewed as a generalization of the special theory of relativity for the case where the principle of causality is applicable to the events considered in the same inertial frame of reference only.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Limiting the Speed of Light, Gravitational Potential, and the Removal and Acceleration of Galaxies in the Universe.

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych, Bezverkhniy Vitaliy Volodymyrovich.
Comments: 6 Pages.

Space and time form a single 4-dimensional space-time continuum of our Universe, based on this, it can be shown that the speed of a body cannot be greater than the speed of light in a vacuum. Also, taking into account the limit of the speed of light, the removal and acceleration of galaxies in our Universe can be explained using only the law of universal gravitation of I. Newton.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Relativistic Ether and Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle

Authors: Milan D. Nešić
Comments: 5 Pages.

It is easy to show that Einstein's example of train and lightning is not the explanation of the postulate c=const because it leads to the elementary, formally logical contradiction. It is difficult to explain this experimental fact. The only real explanation is—in accordance with the principle of least action—the c2 inertia with Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. So photon emission and propagation are one event and photon propagation and reception are another. And that explains also the twin paradox, for example, making it meaningless. EPR paradox too. And so on.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A 4th 8-Fold Symmetry MHCE8S Model of Physics

Authors: George R. Briggs
Comments: 4 Pages.

The Up neutron Quark is in a 2-quarki format to allow its birth in the 2nd cyclic universe in 2-digt form. Wigner, Feynman, heavy neutrino, dark neutrino, cosmophoton, archaic electron, graviton, and 8th quark exists with 8-foid symmetry.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Problems of Quantum Mechanics and Possible Solutions - Copenhagen Interpretation, Many Worlds Interpretation, Transactional Interpretation, Decoherence, and Quantum Logic

Authors: Rochelle Forrester
Comments: 18 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm - Please conform]

This paper reviews some of the literature on the philosophy of quantum mechanics. The publications involved tend to follow similar patterns of first identifying the mysteries, puzzles or paradoxes of the quantum world, and then discussing the existing interpretations of these matters, before the authors produce their own interpretations, or side with one of the existing views. The paper will show that all interpretations of quantum mechanics involve elements of apparent weirdness. They suggest that the quantum world, and possibly our macro world, exists or behaves in a way quite contrary to the way we normally imagine they should. The paper will also show how many of the writers on quantum mechanics misunderstand idealism in the macro world as proposed by philosophers such as George Berkeley, David Hume, Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill and misunderstand the concept of the observer dependent universe. The paper concludes by examining the similarities between the idealist view of the macro world and the Copenhagen Interpretation of the quantum world and suggests that as the Copenhagen Interpretation provides a view of the quantum world that is consistent with the macro world then the Copenhagen Interpretation should be the preferred view of the quantum world.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Modified Michelson-Morley Experiment

Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 27 Pages.

The small fringe shifts observed in the Michelson-Morley ( MM ) experiments are dismissed by mainstream physicists as experimental artifacts. However, this interpretation is increasingly being challenged. Based on a new insight, simple and modified MM experiments are proposed that should give much larger fringe shifts, typically more than sixty fringe shifts. The mystery to increase the sensitivity of the conventional MM experiment is to slightly adjust the angular positions and the distances of the beam splitter and/or the mirrors so that the angle between the longitudinal light beam and the transverse light beam at the source is as large as possible, say 10-2 radians. This angle is very small in conventional MM experiments, making the experiments insensitive to absolute motion. Conventional theories such as ether theory and special relativity consider a single beam up to the beam splitter. The new theory, called Apparent Source Theory, has the potential to consistently explain many of the previously enigmatic and controversial light speed experiments. However, getting a non-mainstream theory accepted is a major challenge in physics today. The only way to possibly convince the scientific community is to test and confirm a unique prediction of the theory.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Antiparticles and the Nature of Space

Authors: Austin J. Fearnley
Comments: 8 Pages.

Fearnley (2020, Ref. 2) shows that if positrons, the antiparticles of electrons, travel backwards in time then the Bell’s Theorem experiment correlation result (Wikipedia, Ref. 5) can be achieved using classical physics calculations. This would involve a mundane bypassing of the Bell Inequalities instead of a spooky breaking of them. Fearnley (Aug. 2018, Ref. 7 and July 2018, Ref.8) and Farnes (Dec. 2018, Ref. 9) show that particles with negative mass can explain gravitationally both dark energy and dark matter. The current paper brings together these two models in one place and gives an antiparticle with negative mass and also travelling backwards in time. In this paper the idea is raised of a specialised type of space to be the environment of antiparticles, where the space occupied by antiparticles is an opposite-handed (geometric algebra) space to the space occupied by particles. The universe as a whole occupies the same handedness of space as does particles. Time runs backwards in the space of antiparticles compared with the direction of time for the universe and for particles.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Multiverse

Authors: Michael John Sarnowski
Comments: 12 Pages.

Spinning Sphere Theory predicts that our universe is a sphere made of spheres. It also predicts that our universe is just part of a multiverse, and our multiverse is part of a grand multiverse. This construction mechanism could go on to infinity on the small side of our reality and the large side of our reality. For instance, our multiverse could have about 10^243 universes, and the grand multiverse could have 10^484 multiverses. At which point a new reality kicks in with the grand multiverse being the building block of another existence. The following paper shows how our existence could be constructed. This theory is taken down to its roots and shows that the universe starts with what could be labeled a quasi-point particle and builds it up to a multiverse and grand multiverse.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cosmological General Theory of Relativity

Authors: Sangwha Yi
Comments: 7 Pages.

In expanded universe , we found gravity field equation and solution . We found Schwarzschild solution, Kerr-Newman solution in expanded universe. Hence, We found new general relativity theory-Cosmological General Theory of Relativity.(CGTR)
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Proof of Riemann Hypothesis (2)

Authors: Toshihiko Ishiwata
Comments: 23 Pages.

This paper is a trial to prove Riemann hypothesis which says “All non-trivial zero points of Riemann zeta function ζ(s) exist on the line of Re(s)=1/2.” according to the following process. 1 We have the infinite series A and B from the equation that gives ζ(s) analytic continuation to Re(s)＞0 and the two formulas (1/2+a+bi, 1/2-a-bi) that show non-trivial zero point of ζ(s). The sum of A must be equal to the sum of B. 2 We divide both A and B into the infinite groups after changing terms order of both A and B. 3 We find that the sum of A can be equal to the sum of B if only a=0 by comparing the infinite groups made from A with those from B. Therefore zero point of ζ(s) must be 1/2±bi due to a=0 and other zero point does not exist.
Category: Number Theory

Thermodynamic CO2 Upper Bound Forcing Estimates

Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 8 Pages.

We have developed a new method to assess CO2 forcing estimates using a thermodynamic framework. We study the available work in the CO2 atmospheric system which is bounded by its free energies. This is estimated by assessing the CO2 byproduct due to fossil fuel consumption from 1950 to 2019. This available work must be less than the total CO2 accumulated double bond enthalpy and is further bounded by the single bond dissociation energy. We also add in 15% more CO2 from other sources. As well we consider altitude factors. Our thermodynamic model indicates a total mean forcing of about 0.9W/m2 which is about 51% of IPCC anticipated estimates.
Category: Climate Research

Generalization of the Fermat's and Euler's Theorems

Authors: Kurmet Sultan
Comments: 3 Pages. This is the Russian version of the manuscript.

The article contains extended versions of Fermat's little theorem and Euler's theorem, as well as a theorem intended for any remainder, which generalizes Fermat's and Euler's theorems.
Category: Number Theory

In Search of Navier-Stokes Model of the Solar System

Authors: Victor Christianto
Comments: 17 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

In this paper, this author will discuss a nonlinear cosmology model inspired by analogy between cosmology phenomena and low temperature physics, especially superfluid vortices dynamics. We described: (a) a nonlinear cosmology model based on Navier-Stokes turbulence equations, which then they are connected to superfluid turbulence, and (b) the superfluid turbulence can lead to superfluid quantized vortices, which can be viewed as large scale version of Bohr’s quantization rule, and (c) this superfluid quantized vortice interpretation of Bohr’s rule allow us to predict quantization of planetary orbits in solar system including new possible orbits beyond Pluto. This paper is intended as a retrospect of what happened after the publication of earlier papers, and also some related ideas we developed since that time. In the second section we also discuss a recent development in matter-creation hypothesis, by virtue of unmatter concept and its extension. It is our hope that the new proposed view will inspire younger physicists and cosmologists to develop more realistic nonlinear cosmology models. And although some of our predictions since 2004 have come to observed data, we also hope the ideas presented here can be further verified with observation data.
Category: Astrophysics

Remark on Possible Binary Companion of the Sun: Towards a Symmetric Cosmology Model Which May be Called Quantum Liquid Dirac-Milne (QLDM) Model

Authors: Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache, Yunita Umniyati
Comments: 7 Pages. Octogon Mathematical Magazine, Sacele, Romania, Vol. 29, No. 1, 342-347, April 2021

In a recent paper, we review our previous paper where we put forth an argument that from Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization rules we can come up with a model of quantized orbits of planets in our solar system, be it for inner planets and also for Jovian planets. Now, considering a well-known problem of asymmetry between matter-antimatter in cosmology studies, we discuss how we can solve this problem by put forth a new conjecture that there are large scale antimatter in the form of negative masses in this Universe, hence avoiding the problem of matter-antimatter asymmetry. Subsequently, we argue that provided that Newton-Schrodinger approach to planetary quantization may be problematic, then perhaps now it is time to consider Dirac-Milne cosmology with its extension to quantum liquid, especially in the context of symmetric cosmology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Binary Goldbach Conjecture and Circles of Partition

Authors: Berndt Gensel, Theophilus Agama
Comments: 6 Pages. The proof of the main lemma is under construction.

In this paper we use a new method to study problems in the additive number theory (see \cite{CoP}). With the notion of circle of partition as a set of points whose weights are natural numbers of a particular subset under an additive condition we are almost able to prove the binary Goldbach conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

Foundations of Physics and Mathematics: Definition of Time and Space

Authors: Manfred U. E. Pohl
Comments: 4 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

Within “Solution to the Problem of Time I, II, III, IV, V and VI, [1,2,3,4] the author showed the idea to step forward to a new mathematics and physics based upon a nominal definition of space-time, represented by the only mathematical constant “ π “ , from which all physical natural constants like speed of light, gravitational constant, Planck’s constant, elementary charge… etc) can be derived. In fact, with the discovery of the true nature of “time”, there are no “constants” in physics any more.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On Sinusoidal Periodic Solution of Mixed Lienard Type Equations

Authors: K. K. D. Adjaï, E. A. Doutètien, J. Akande, M. D. Monsia
Comments: 7 pages

We study in this paper the existence of exact periodic solutions of the mixed Lienard type equations. We show for the first time the conditions to ensure the exact and explicit integrability and to obtain sinusoidal periodic solution. As a result, the equation can be used to describe harmonic and isochronous oscillations of dynamical systems.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Recent Trends in Named Entity Recognition (NER)

Authors: Arya Roy
Comments: 27 Pages.

The availability of large amounts of computer-readable textual data and hardware that can process the data has shifted the focus of knowledge projects towards deep learning architec- ture. Natural Language Processing, particularly the task of Named Entity Recognition is no exception. The bulk of the learning methods that have produced state-of-the-art results have changed the deep learning model, the training method used, the training data itself or the encoding of the output of the NER system. In this paper, we review significant learning methods that have been employed for NER in the recent past and how they came about from the linear learning methods of the past. We also cover the progress of related tasks that are upstream or downstream to NER eg. sequence tagging, entity linking etc. wherever the processes in question have also improved NER results.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A Universality Theorem for Nonnegative Matrix Factorizations

Authors: Yaroslav Shitov
Comments: 24 Pages. a full version of arXiv:1606.09068

Let A be a nonnegative matrix, that is, a matrix with nonnegative real entries. A nonnegative factorization of size k is a representation of A as a sum of k nonnegative rank-one matrices. The space of all such factorizations is a bounded semialgebraic set, and we prove that spaces arising in this way are universal. More presicely, we show that every bounded semialgebraic set U is rationally equivalent to the set of nonnegative size-k factorizations of some matrix A up to a permutation of matrices in the factorization. Our construction is effective, and we can compute a pair (A, k) in polynomial time from a given description of U as a system of polynomial inequalities with coefficients in Q. This result gives a complete description of the algorithmic complexity of several important problems, including the nonnegative matrix factorization, completely positive rank, nested polytope problem, and it also leads to a complete resolution of the problem of Cohen and Rothblum on nonnegative factorizations over different ordered fields.
Category: Algebra

Note On The Tolerance of The Closure of The Angles of A Triangle

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 6 Pages. In French.

In this note, we give the expression of the tolerance of the closure of the horizontal angles of a plane triangle and its numerical estimation for an equilateral triangle.
Category: Geophysics

On the Paradoxical Summations of the Infinite Series

Authors: Tai-Choon Yoon
Comments: 7 Pages.

There are four paradoxical summations of the infinite series, $1-2+3-4+\cdots=\frac{1}{4}$ as even Leonhard Euler admitted this infinite series, the Ramanujan summation $1+2+3+4+\cdots=-\frac{1}{12}$ which is widely cited, especially in Riemann zeta function as if it were correct, Grandi's series $1-1+1-1+\cdots=\frac{1}{2}$, and $1+1+1+1+\cdots=-\frac{1}{2}$. These infinite series are inconsistent.
Category: Number Theory

Forecasting Stock Market Price Using Multiple Machine Learning Technique

Authors: Tanvir Rahman, Rafia Akhter
Comments: 5 Pages.

The stock market is an emerging sector in any country in the world. Many people are directly related to this sector. Stock market prediction is the act of trying to determine the future value of company stock or another financial instrument. When publicly traded, companies issue shares of stock to investors, every one of those shares is assigned monetary value or price. Stock prices can go up or down depending on different factors. Stock prices can be affected by several things including volatility in the market, current economic conditions, and the popularity of the company. The successful prediction of a stock's future price could yield a significant profit. Along with the development of the stock market, forecasting has become an important topic. Since the finance market has become more and more competitive, stock price prediction has been a hot research topic in the past few decades. Predicting stock price is regarded as a challenging task because the stock market is essentially nonlinear, on-parametric, noisy, and a chaotic system. The trend of a market depends on many things like liquid money human behavior, news related to the stock market, etc. All this together controls the behavior of trends in a stock market with the advancement of the computing technology we use machine learning techniques, like Support Vector Regression, K-nearest neighbor, liner Regression, Random Forest Regression, for analyzing time-series data to predict stock price. In this paper, we try to develop a forecasting model by stacking multiple methods to find the best forecast of the stock price.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Analysis of How High Frequency Gravitational Waves Could Commence from Early Universe

Authors: Andrew W. Beckwith
Comments: 4 Pages. Rencontres De Moriond Gravity 2021 Conference Paper [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

We will be reduplicating the Book “Dark Energy” by M. Li, X-D. Li, and Y. Wang, zero-point energy calculation with an unexpected “length’ added to the ‘width’ of a graviton wavefunction just prior to the entrance of ‘gravitons’ to a small region of space-time prior to a nonsingular start to expansion of the Universe. . This idea is in a conference proceeding of Gravitation, Rencontres de Moriond Gravitation, 2021
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Sinusoidal and Isochronous Oscillations of Dissipative Lienard Type Equations

Authors: K. K. D. Adjaï, A. B. Yessoufou, J. Akande, M. D. Monsia
Comments: 6 pages

We present in this work a remarkable dissipative Lienard type equation. We show that its periodic solution can be expressed as a sinusoidal function. As a result this equation can be used to describe harmonic and isochronous oscillations of dynamical systems.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Ø 50 km Archean Impact Crater ( Age >3 ga ) in the Pilbara Craton (West-Australia) – a Place Where Life on Earth Started

Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 14 pages, 60 figures , 1 diagram ; added 2 pages

The magnetic-anomaly- and gravity anomaly- map and geological maps indicate a very old  50 km Impact Crater in the Pilbara Craton near Marble Bar / Western Australia. This impact crater (structure) was formed either by a large asteroid or comet (-fragment) which impacted in the Pilbara Craton ( Western Australia) approx 3 -3.5 billion years (Ga) ago. The impact structure, which probably is connected to the Barberton Greenstone Belt (BGB) Impact Event which happened 3.26 - 3.24 Ga ago in South-Africa, may be responsible for the development of some of the first life-forms on Earth approximately 3.25 Ga ago ! The Geologist Andrew Y. Glikson pointed out, that there seems to be a clear correlation between the Barberton Greenstone Belt (BGB) Impact event 3.26 – 3.24 Ga ago in South-Africa and stratigraphic units of the same age in the Pilbara Craton in West-Australia. I have used Micro-Raman spectroscopy on quartz samples which I collected north of the assumed Pilbara Crater, and I found first proof for an impact shock event as the probable cause of the described impact structure (see weblink). Both impact events, the Impact Event in the Pilbara Craton / West-Australia and the BGB Impact Event in the Kaapvaal Craton in South-Africa probably happened at the same time ! It is possible that both impact events were caused by the same impactor, probably a large carbon-rich Comet. This comet probably collapsed just before the impact, and its fragments then formed the BGB impact structure and the Ø 50 km Pilbara Impact Crater structure described in this study, which later led to the Strelley Pool Chert (stromatolite carbonate platform). The development of the oldest known Stromatolites, that were found close to the two impact sites, in all probability was a longterm result of these two impacts and the organic- material which arrived together with the impactor ( comet ) fragments ! Water which ascended from Earth’s mantle after the impact may have contributed to life development. There are only around 20 documented varieties of stromatolites for the period 2.8 - 3.25 billion years ago. The oldest 3.25 Ga Stromatolites are found in the Hooggenoeg Formation ( Buck Ridge ) / South Africa near the BGB Impact Structure and in the Dresser Formation / West Australia, less than 30 km away from each of the two impact sites !
Category: Geophysics

Primordial Black Holes and Dual Herbig Haro Effects for Star-Galaxy Formation

Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 48 Pages.

In Q-FFF Theory it is suggested, that the Big Bang was the explosion of a former Big Crunch Dark Matter Black Hole Nucleus of an Axion-Higgs string based knot, compacted by the diluted vacuum and eaten by the former universe black holes. “It was an old idea of Stephen Hawking’s: Unseen “primordial” black holes might be the hidden dark matter. It fell out of favor for decades, but a new series of studies has shown how the theory can work” by Joshua Sokol: in Quanta Magazine: https://www.quantamagazine.org/black-holes-from-the-big-bang-could-be-the-dark-matter-20200923/ However, The Q-FFF Theory based Herbig Haro dual black hole primordial Dark Matter Big Bang interpretation seems to be responsible for new physics forming massive Fermions out of the vacuum at the Penrose “trapped Vacuum Horizon”, which is interpreted as a vacuum string collider forming fermions out of the vacuum strings. The forgotten Hawking (Penrose Q-FFF Horizon) Black Hole is assumed to change our physical life as a whole. Matter (plasma and atom) production of the universe out of the vacuum Axion string particles is supposed to be obtained by the Penrose “Trapped Space Surfaces” combined with the Q-FFF string collision effect around Black Holes from the beginning of the universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Derivation of the Higgs Field and the Mass of the Higgs Boson

Authors: Randy Sorokowski
Comments: 16 Pages.

A novel method of describing the Higgs Field and deriving the mass of the Higgs Boson.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

How to Visualize Divide by a Bigger Number

Authors: Luke Townend
Comments: 3 Pages.

How to visualize divide by a bigger number using modular arithmetic and the Pronic numbers.
Category: Number Theory

Théorie Conceptuelle Des Concordances Fondamentales (Conceptual Theory of Fundamental Concordances)

Authors: Yves De-Mervent, Sarra Neji
Comments: 73 Pages. en français. © SGDL n° 2013-07-0220. © ISBN 978-2-919648-32-0 disponible aux Éditions Pontcerq.

La théorie des nombres repose sur plusieurs conventions. Nous reprenons la notion d’entiers naturels afin de montrer la pertinence de la remise en question de ces conventions, permettant d’apporter de nouveaux résultats. Nous démontrons des événements similaires entre les nombres premiers et les nombres composés d’un côté, et entre les couples de nombres premiers jumeaux et les couples de nombres composés jumeaux d’un autre côté. Nous démontrons une analogie entre les nombres entiers naturels et les rhésus sanguins du systèmes ABO. Number theory is based on several conventions. We study the concept of natural numbers to show the relevance of questioning these conventions, enabling it to bring new results. We demonstrate similar events between prime numbers and composite numbers on the one hand, and between pairs of twin primes and pairs of twin composite numbers on the other hand. We demonstrate an analogy between natural numbers and the Rh blood groups of the ABO system.
Category: Number Theory

Deceasing of Gravitational Mass of the Magnesium Subjected to an Alternating Magnetic Field of Extremely Low Frequency.

Authors: Fran De Aquino
Comments: 11 Pages.

Here we propose a very simple experiment in order to check the decreasing of Gravitational Mass of the Magnesium subjected to an Alternating Magnetic Field of Extremely Low Frequency.
Category: Condensed Matter

The 450 x 380 km Bengal Bay Crater in India

Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 8 Pages. 36 figures

Bengal Bay at the center of India’s east coast was formed by an elliptical Impact Crater with the dimensions of ≈ 450 x 380 km. This is indicated by gravitational anomaly- and magnetic anomaly-maps and by satellite- and topographic-maps. The remaining NW-section of the identified Bengal Bay Impact Crater located on the Indian Plate, and the SE-section of the 400 x 350 km elliptical Port Headland Crater located on the ocean-floor in the NW of the Australian Plate probably belong to the same Impact Crater which caused a massive fracture in Earth’s crust and separated India from Australia ≈ 200-250 million years ago. The assumed trajectory of the Ø 20 to 40 km impactor, which produced this large Impact Crater, indicates that this crater in all probability is a large secondary crater which was caused by the Permian Triassic (PT) Impact Event in Siberia 253 million years ago. The impactor probably was a fragment of the asteroid or comet which caused the PT- Impact Crater. This is indicated by the iron-rich ejecta and ejecta rich in platinum-group elements that was ejected by the Bengal Bay- / Port Headland- Crater and which impacted on the Yilgarn Craton and Pilbara Craton in West-Australia, as traces on the gravity anomaly map indicate. Satellite images of India provide further evidence for this assumption. The linear western border of the Indian Plate was caused by the powerful Ejecta Ray R4 of the Permian Triassic Impact Event. Within this assumed Ejecta Ray R4 two more secondary craters of the PT-Impact Event are located. These are the two impact craters R4/8 with Ø 120 km, and the smaller Mumbai Crater with Ø 25 km ( see images on page 5 & 6 ). There is strong indication that the Iron-Ore Deposits around Sandur (India) were caused by ejecta material which was ejected by the Mumbai Impact Crater. And the impactor which formed the Mumbai Crater also seems to be a fragment of the original PT-impactor. This is indicated by the 30 km long “drop-shaped” mountain range near Sandur which contains the Sandur Iron-Ore Deposits, and by the orientation of this enormous drop-shaped ejecta-impact-structure. [Truncated by viXra Admin to < 400 words]
Category: Geophysics

A Complex 30 km Secondary Impact Crater in the Pilbara Region in West-Australia

Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 15 pages, 23 figures

The magnetic anomaly map, satellite images and geological maps indicate a Ø 40 x 33 km elliptical Impact Crater and complex impact structures caused by this crater, near Port Headland ( in the Pilbara Craton / West-Australia ). This elliptical Impact Crater probably was formed by a large secondary impactor ( ejecta material ) which was ejected by another larger secondary Crater, in all probability caused by the Permian-Triassic (PT)- Impact Event 253 Ma ago, near Onslow, a town on the NW-coast. The larger secondary Crater near Onslow probably also caused the Iron-ore rich Hammersley Range in Western Australia. The Ø 40 x 33 km elliptical impact crater near Port Headland shows a distinct center-line on the magnetic anomaly map, which is a clear indication for an oblique impact. That means the impactor which formed the elliptical crater impacted in a very shallow angle of probably less than 15 degrees. Further along the trajectory of the impactor, complex impact structures were formed by the ejecta material that was ejected from the Ø 40 x 33 km elliptical Impact Crater. These impact structures are good visible on the satellite images. Near the Goldsworthy Iron-ore mine there are two areas are noticeable where ejecta material impacted on the ground and then slipped along the surface in a precise linear direction. On one of the final resting places of the ejecta material the Mount Goldsworthy Iron Ore Mine deposits were formed, which contained the world’s richest deposits of ferrous (iron)-ore. The high-grade iron-ore veins of this mine ran deep and were graded as high as 68 % ! Another interesting impact structure which was caused by impacting ejecta material, that was ejected from the elliptical crater, is a complex cascade-shaped impact structure. The magnetic anomaly map provides the best overview of this cascade-shaped impact structure, which also was caused by iron-rich ejecta material. For more information to the Permian-Triassic Impact Event 253 Ma ago, please see my other studies on www.vixra.org ( see weblinks under References on the last page ).
Category: Geophysics

The Destruction of the Covid-19 by the Magnetron Free Electron Laser

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 11 Pages. the original article

We determine the power spectrum generated by the system of N electrons moving coherently in the electromagnetic field of the planar magnetron. We argue that for large N and high intensity of electric field, the power of radiation of such magnetron laser (MAGFEL), can be used in the physical, chemical, biological and medical sciences, and specially for the destruction of the COVID-19. The application of such new electron laser as the photoelectron spectroscopy facility in the solid state physics and chemistry is evident.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Attitude Kinematics of the Foucault Pendulum

Authors: Russell P. Patera
Comments: 9 Pages.

Attitude kinematics is shown to be the fundamental cause of the apparent precession of the plane of motion of the Foucault Pendulum. Ishlinskii’s Theorem in attitude kinematics provides a derivation of the angle by which a Foucault pendulum precesses after one complete rotation of the Earth about its axis. A more recent kinematic theorem is used to provide a general derivation of the pendulum precession angle for any Earth rotation angle about its axis. The derivations of these precession equations enhance understanding of the phenomenon by focusing on the essential cause of the precession, while avoiding complicated dynamical analyses and associated mathematical machinery.
Category: Classical Physics

The role of the Foundation of General Relativity in the Proton Radius Puzzle

Authors: Piscedda Giampaolo
Comments: 12 Pages.

Initially, we proceeded by presenting a synthesis of the Foundation of Albert Einstein's 1916 Theory of General Relativity, necessary for the development of a theory in accordance with the Foundation of the Theory of General Relativity, in order to demonstrate that the radius of the proton in Muonic-Hydrogen is smaller than that of Hydrogen by an amount equal to 4%, of the radius of the proton in the Hydrogen.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Temporal Mechanics (B): Time-Space Constants

Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 25 Pages.

In this paper Temporal Mechanics moves beyond the description of time-space circuits to explain the constants of energy and mass integral to those time-space circuits, and what the overall resultant manifolds are for energy and mass, from the microscopic scale to the macroscopic scale. Here the Oort Cloud derivation is accompanied by the derivation of the Heliopause and associated Bow Shock, and why they exist upon the general uniform CMBR backdrop consistent with the plane of the solar system, thereby providing a solution to the “Axis of Evil” and “Horizon” problems. With such a description, the fundamental phenomena of particle “pair production” via the EM-DIR effect (EM destructive interference resonance) is presented, accompanied by a proposed experiment to demonstrate the production of positrons and how they can be used for thrust-applications.
Category: Mathematical Physics

On the Smoothness of Navier-Stokes Equation

Authors: Wan-Chung Hu
Comments: 1 Page. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

The existence and smoothness of Navier-Stokes equation is still a puzzle. I propose that space and time has smallest unit. The unit of space is called new plank volume. The unit of time is called new plank time. Due to Zeno paradox, the spacetime cannot be differentiable infinitely. Thus, space and time has smallest unit. This causes a smoothness problem of Navier-Stokes equation. Because atoms and molecules in the fluid cannot be differentiable infinitely. This implies that there is no smoothness in the Navier-Stokes equation.
Category: Mathematical Physics

On Differential Equations of Lienard Type with Identical Exact Solutions

Authors: J. Akande, A.V. R. Yehossou, K.K.D. Adjaï, M.D. Monsia
Comments: 13 pages

We investigate in this paper the property of Lienard type differential equations to have identical exact solutions. We establish the conditions of existence of identical exact solutions and exhibit some examples to illustrate the theory.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Evaluating the Alignment of Astronomical Linear Polarization Data, Intermediate Level Software Version 2

Authors: Richard Shurtleff
Comments: 84 pages, Mathematica Notebook, 32 figures, 1 table

The Hub Tests are two polarization alignment tests, designed with polarized astronomical sources in mind. By analogy, if the polarization directions were magnetic needle compass directions, then one test finds the best virtual North Pole and determines how well the polarization directions correlate with Local North. That is the 'alignment test'. The second test, the 'avoidance' test, asks how well the directions correlate with Local East. The tests are further described in an article, arXiv:1311.6118, where the tests are applied to an online data set measured, analyzed and published by others. This Mathematica notebook is meant to serve as a practical introduction to the Hub Tests. By replacing the DATA used here, a USER can evaluate other data sets.
Category: Astrophysics

Can We Ever Travel Faster Than Light?

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 3 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to confirm with the requirements on the Replacement Form - Please conform]

I claim that we can travel faster than light (FTL). The concept is based on the fact that space is not an absolute void but contains fluctuating fields from which virtual particles are perpetually pop in and out. This results in a dragging force that is exerted on a moving body moving in space by space. In this answer, I suggest a conceptual way how to do it.
Category: Astrophysics

On Sinusoidal and Isochronous Periodic Solution of Dissipative Lienard Type Equations

Authors: M. Nonti, K. K. D. Adjaï, A. B. Yessoufou, M. D. Monsia
Comments: 5 pages

We present in this paper an exceptional dissipative Lienard type equation. The equation can exhibit the sine function as exact and general solution and be made isochronous by an appropriate choice of model parameters. As a result, such a dissipative Lienard equation and the linear harmonic oscillator have identical solutions.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Strong Magnetic Field Ultrasound Antiviral Strategy

Authors: Friedwardt Winterberg
Comments: 2 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

As a potential “magic bullet” strategy to defeat Covid-19 type virus diseases, it is proposed to use static strong magnetic fields in combination with intense ultrasound producing oscillating electric fields, induced by the Faraday induction effect, in the affected tissue interrupting the multiplication of the virus particles.
Category: Physics of Biology

Нашествие татаро-монголов на Русь. Что это было (Invasion of the Tatar-Mongols in Russia: What Was It)

Authors: Alexander I. Dubiniansky, Ulija A. Krupenina
Comments: 654 Pages. dubinyansky@mail.ru [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

Изложена авторская версия нашествия татаро-монголов на славян. Изложена полная история возникновения нации татаро-монголов. Изложены причины возникновения человеческих уродств.(The author's version of the invasion of the Tatar-Mongols on the Slavs is presented. The complete history of the emergence of the Tatar-Mongol nation is presented. The reasons for the occurrence of human deformities are stated.)
Category: Social Science

The Quantum-Relativistic Universe and Traveling Across Time

Authors: Ali Yousif Hassan Edriss
Comments: Pages.

In this paper I discussed some fascinating ideas like time travel and a new world containing just two dimensions and the new vision for the inflation. Also I tried to interpret some Tesla’s works about listening to the outer space and communication with intelligent life over there. I also would like to inform that the origination of these idea is the Holy Qur’an.
Category: Astrophysics

Quantization of Klein Gordon Scalar Field in Cosmological Inertial Frame

Authors: Sangwha Yi
Comments: 4 Pages. Thank you for reading

In the Cosmological Special Theory of Relativity , we quantized Klein Gordon scalar field in Cosmological Special Theory of Relativity. We t reat Lagrangian density and Hamiltonian in quantized Klein Gordon scalar field.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Evaluation of Vacuum Energy Density in Quantum Field Theory

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 11 Pages.

The textbook analysis of vacuum energy density (VED) in flat spacetime follows from Pauli’s lectures of 1951, in which quantum vacuum is modeled as a reservoir of free harmonic oscillators. In his lectures, Pauli shows that deriving a nearly vanishing VED is contingent upon fulfilling three corollary conditions called polynomial-in-mass-constraints. The goal of this work is to evaluate Pauli’s constraints against the Standard Model parameters and the Higgs mechanism of spontaneous symmetry breaking.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The 320 km Cape York Impact Crater and the Cape York Crater Chain in North-East Australia

Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 14 pages, 86 figures, 1 diagram

The gravity anomaly map of Australia shows traces of a Ø 320 km Impact Crater east of the Cape-York Peninsula. This Impact Crater probably belongs to an impact crater-chain of at least three large craters in the 200–300 km diameter range. That is indicated by different gravity anomaly maps and topographic maps. The assumed crater-chain in all probability represents a secondary crater chain that was caused by the giant 1270x950 km Permian Triassic Crater around 253 million years ago. A manipulated gravity anomaly map, where New Guinea was rotated by 45 degree and moved close to the NE-coast of Australia, seems to confirm that this impact event separated New Guinea from the Australian Plate. New Zealand probably was cut-off from the Australian Plate by the same Impact Event. The impact crater chain caused the initial crack, and the later massive outflow of magma from the Cape York Crater was a driver of the separation of New Guinea and New Zealand from Australia. The traces of this assumed outflow of magma from the Cape York Crater (CYC) are clearly visible on the gravity anomaly map and topographic map. Another indication for the assumed Impact Crater-Chain comes from the triangular shape of the Gulf of Carpentaria in the North of Australia, which probably was formed by the ejecta of another 300 km crater that belongs to the CY-Impact-Crater-Chain. Proof for the impact event comes from Raman spectroscopy analyses of rock samples (Quartz) from the CYC-area. The magma flowing out of the Cape York Crater seems to have caused a large magma enclosure, which not only finalized the break-off of New Guinea and New Zealand from Australia, but in all probability also caused a gigantic flood-event when it finally collapsed. This flood event, is also indicated by traces on the gravity anomaly- and magnetic anomaly map. A chronology of the development and the collapse of the assumed magma enclosure, caused by outflow from the CYC, is shown on page 7. Different smaller secondary impact structures, probably also caused by the CY-Impact, are located along the NE-coast of Australia. Two interesting structures are the 8x7 km elliptical Warwick Impact-Crater and Mt Warning, which isn’t just a collapsed shield volcano, but rather the remain of a volcano that formed on top of the Ø30 km Mt Warning Crater, a secondary Crater of the CY-Impact Event.
Category: Geophysics

Proof of the Lonely Runner Conjecture

Authors: Babacar Gueye
Comments: 8 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

Consider k runners on a circular track of unit length. At t=0, all the runners are at the same position and start to run; the runners speeds are distincts. A runner is said to be lonely at time t, if he is at a distance of at least 1/k from every other. The lonely runner conjecture states that each runner is lonely at some times. It is said we not lost generality to assume that the runners have integer speeds. It is knew that the conjecture is proved until seven runners at 2008. Then consider here integer speeds and prove the conjecture in general.
Category: Number Theory

The 840 x 630 km Pantanal Impact Crater in South-America

Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 4 pages, 11 figures

The large 840 x 630 km elliptical Pantanal Crater is easy visible on a Lithosphere-Thickness Map of South-America. A topographic map clearly shows a remaining crater-wall section of this gigantic impact crater. Further indication for the assumed impact crater can be found on a magnetic anomaly map of South America. The impact side is indicated by a red-colored flame-like feature on this map, which indicates the outflow of large amounts of magma from the original crater center. The Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) may be the result of the Pantanal Impact. Because this flame-like feature appears two times on the magnetic anomaly map, the crater area probably was tectonically shifted away from the original impact side in the east, which then produced another outflow at a later time. The Pantanal Impact caused a large crack, visible on the Lithosphere-Thickness Map. Three other large Craters are visible on the different maps. These three craters are in the Ø 200-400 km diameter range. The large craters found on different maps of South-America in all probability are Secondary- Impact Craters which were caused by Ejecta Material from the Permian-Triassic (PT) Impact Event. During the Permian Triassic (PT)-Impact Event which formed the 1270 x 950 km elliptical PT-Impact Crater a large amount of rock-material was excavated from Earth’s crust. The impactor which caused the PT-Impact, was an asteroid or comet in the diameter range of probably 60 to 200 km, which collided with our planet at a very shallow angle of probably less than 8°. Because of its enormous size, the Pantanal Crater may be the result of a large fragment of the PT-Impactor in the diameter range of 30-60 km which either was ejected from the PT-Crater, or which broke-off from the main impactor and travelled a bit further before it impacted in South-America.
Category: Geophysics

What is Wrong with Current Physics to Explain Ball Lightning

Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 52 Pages.

The Q-FFF Teory based Herbig Haro dual black hole interpretation seems to be respobsible for new physics forming massive Fermions out of the vacuum even by dual Ball Lightning micro black holes, due to the assumption the Ball Lightnings are the same as microscopic Black Holes. All black holes (micro and macro) are supposed to be equipped with a string nucleus compacted by the vacuum (Casimir) pressure effect. The Hawking Penrose interpretation of a Black Hole is assumed to change our physical life as a whole, by the creation and use of Dual Ball Lightning systems, resembling micro Herbig Haro black hole systems in space.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Schrodinger Equation and Free Particle Wave Function

Authors: Karl Depaepe
Comments: 2 Pages.

Using the wave function of a free particle we obtain a solution of the Schrodinger equation for a class of potentials.
Category: Quantum Physics

An Introduction to the Relearning Cycle Index $i_{rel}$ and the Average Split Function $\bar{f}_{rel}$ of the Source Energy Exploitation by and for the Neural Networks.

Authors: Alexis Zaganidis
Comments: 3 Pages.

We define the relearning cycle index $i_{ReL}$ and the average split function $\bar{f}_{ReL}$ of the source energy exploitation by and for the neural networks. We propose an optimized learning strategy which depend on a fixed relearning cycle index $i_{ReL}$ and a fixed average split function $\bar{f}_{ReL}$. In practice, this theory may explain why the communist politics in Russia and in China faced strong difficulties at the 20th century and why the private companies politics in Western countries faced critical difficulties at the beginning of the 21th century. We conclude with some critical hints for the future relearning cycles of the source energy exploitation by and for the neural networks.
Category: Social Science

Variable Speed of Light due to Space-Time Curvature Difference

Authors: Rayd Majeed Al-Shammari
Comments: 33 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

In special relativity speed of light is constant for all observers at any frame of reference but as Einstein proved later in some of his papers [ ] this is not the same case in general relativity when you have an accelerated frame of reference i.e. a deference in space-time curvature then the speed of light will be different for only a non-local observers, so by following this line of work I manage to confirm and develop Einstein work. I found that the minimum mass to affect space-time is half Planck mass and I name it At-Tariq condition because in black hole the multiples of this ratio will create a higher-time dimensions and it will act as if the event horizon hammering towards the singularity Then I use it to solve some important problems in general relativity such as Calculate the cosmological constant using the quantum field fluctuations with an accuracy of (93.5%) of the average accepted experimental results i.e. theoretical calculations( Λ≅-1.4028×〖10〗^(-9) (J.m^(-3) ). A proper solution to the vacuum catastrophe. Calculating the dark matter density using third order quantum field fluctuations within high accuracy from the average accepted experimental results i.e. theoretical calculations. ;Dark matter density=5.3964586×〖10〗^(-27);(kg.m^(-1).(s.c)^(-(4) ) )≡(kg.m^(-3) ) Experimentally the dark matter density in the universe is around (5.423×〖10〗^(-27);(kg.m^(-3) ) )in the assumption of a flat universe then this will put our results to be within an accuracy of [96%] from the average current experimental values. Proving the effect of the gravitational blue shift of a gravity well, on the electric permittivity of free space (ε_∘ )through both mathematical derivation and experimental evidence using a vertical variation of the Michelson-Morley experiment. Finding a definite mathematical solution for the black hole singularity. Finding a definite mathematical solution for the big bang singularity at (t≤0) in cosmological constant form and driving the gravitational constant from it. Constructing new black hole thermodynamics and finding the entropy of the vacuum. Constructing Newton's universal law of gravity from the Schrödinger equation. A way for altering and manipulating space-time through cooperation between the relativistic mass and Schwarzschild metric to increase its curvature through what I like to name "the hoofing effect".
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Global Impact Events Are the Cause for Plate Tectonics and the Formation of Continents and Oceans ( Part 5 )

Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 45 pages, 175 figures, 8 diagrams - added 4 new pages

The 1270x950 km Permian-Triassic (PT)-Impact Crater on the ocean-floor of the Arctic-Sea will confirm the hypothesis that Global Impact Events are the cause for plate tectonics, or more precise the cause for a combination of plate-tectonics and expansion-tectonics ! The PT-Impact Crater in all probability was caused by a big comet or asteroid with a diameter of 60 to 200km, which probably collided with our planet at a very shallow angle of less than 8° near the North-Pole, with an estimated low impact velocity of ≈8km/s. A global fracture pattern on Earth’s crust was caused by this powerful impact and the ejecta of the impact, which mainly impacted in the form of powerful ejecta-rays and caused secondary-crater-chains with craters in the range of Ø100-300km on different continents ! The most Impressive are the Ejecta-Rays 1 to 4 in Africa. The sudden decompression of Earth’s mantle, caused by the PT-Impact, triggered an expansion process in the mantle, which was caused by volatiles like H2O, CO2 and SO2 in the mantle-material. The large amounts of ejecta-material, that were caused by the PTI, descended partly in Earth’s mantle and caused the African- and Pacific-LLSVP (& ULVZ) and in this way the volcanism on Earth for the last ≈250Ma ! The PTI also started a plate tectonics process on the expanding Earth-mantle, which is still going on today. In the same way an Expansion-Tectonics- and Plate-Tectonics-process was triggered on Earth, such a process was triggered by other giant impacts on other planets and moons of our Solar System ! There is evidence for other powerful Global Impact Events which occurred on the planets Venus, Mars and Pluto, and on Jupiter’s moon Ganymede, on Saturn’s moons Enceladus & Iapetus, and on Pluto’s moon Charon, and on our Moon ! These global impact events, which occurred on other planets and moons, probably all took place within the last 300 million years ! The root cause of these global impact events, caused by large Impactors in the diameter range of 20-200 km, are probably large amounts of debris located mainly in (or close to) the galactic plane of our galaxy. Tidal debris streams, caused by galaxy-collisions seem to be the source of these debris (asteroids & comets). This dark (low-albedo) debris-material in the galactic plane may represent the long searched-for invisible “Dark Matter” !
Category: Geophysics

Proof of the Goldbach's Conjecture

Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 2 Pages.

With the use of my own descriptions of the sets and subsets of numbers I could do a simple but effective proof of this conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

Quantum of Spacetime: Zenon Connection

Authors: D. Chakalov
Comments: 9 Pages. Dedicated to 163rd birthday of Max Planck, 23 April 1858.

The task of explaining the origin of Time and Continuum is strictly mathematical, but is still unsolved (Sec. 5). It is addressed with the so-called Zenon Connection, with emphasis on (i) the infinitesimal displacement of physical objects in 4D spacetime, (ii) Planck’s quantum of action, and (iii) the quantum of Time (chronon) interpreted as the atom of geometry.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Simplifying Object Segmentation with PixelLib Library

Authors: Ayoola Olafenwa
Comments: 8 Pages.

PixelLib is a library created to allow easy implementation of object segmentation in real life applications. In this paper we discussed in detail how PixelLib makes it possible for developers to implement semantic segmentation, instance segmentation, extraction of objects and background editing in images and videos with great simplification.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Brief Arguments on the Eternal Life and the Existence of the Soul 

Authors: Yahya A. Sharif
Comments: 1 Page.

The dead body and the living body share cells and matter. There is an existence of a thing that distinguish a dead body "cells and matter" from a living body " cells , matter and life " if this thing exists then it is an entity this entity is the human spirit
Category: General Science and Philosophy

The 1200 X 850 km Congo Impact Crater Has Formed the Congo Basin, Probably Around the Triassic-Jurassic Boundary

Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 4 pages, 10 figures

The gravity anomaly map of Africa shows a complex impact crater with the enormous dimensions of 1200 x 850 km. This impact crater, which is responsible for the Congo Basin, probably was formed by ≥ 40 fragments of a large asteroid or comet that broke to pieces just before impact. The gravity anomaly signature shows where many of the fragments impacted. The impactor-fragments probably had ≥ Ø 3 - 10 km each, and the original asteroid or comet probably had a diameter of ≈ 30 – 50 km, and it impacted in a shallow angle. This is indicated by the “drop-shape” of the whole impact area. The trajectory of the asteroid or comet had a north-west direction. The trajectory indicates that this impact probably wasn’t related to the PT-Impact. The acceleration of the North- & South-American-Plates towards North-West, which must have happened > 150 Ma ago, probably was initiated exactly at the Triassic/Jurassic boundary 200 Ma ago. In all probability the T/J-boundary was caused by the Congo Impact ! The Congo Impact transferred a very powerful impulse into the African Plate, which then passed this impulse to the North- & South-American-Plates. With a long delay of maybe 10 to 20 million years the North- & South-American-Plate probably began to slowly break-off and move away from the African Plate. The Congo Impact Impulse (CII) in this way may be responsible for the final break-up of Gondwana. The gravity anomaly map of Africa also shows the three powerful linear Ejecta Rays R2 - R4 ( secondary crater-chains ) which were caused by the Permian-Triassic Impact in Siberia. These Ejecta Rays R1 – R4 meet at the original PT- Impact Point. ( please see my studies Part 1 to 6 about the PT-Impact Event – see weblinks in References )
Category: Geophysics

Sequential Conscious Identities

Authors: Calin Vasilescu
Comments: 3 Pages. philosophy

This is hypothesis about an aspect of consciousness which the identity of the mind that is conscious. Our life from the moment we are become conscious (which is probably before birth, but it’s not relevant) until the present moment seems like thread belonging to the same conscious mind. I will try to explain here that this can only be an illusion as far as I can understand and in fact each conscious moment in time belongs to a different conscious identity or exactly the same way your conscious mind is different than that of some other person.
Category: Mind Science

Vacuum Instability Above the LHC Scale and the Hierarchy Problem

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 11 Pages.

Built as a manifestly nonlinear quantum field theory (QFT), the Standard Model for particle physics (SM) describes the low-energy interaction of gauge and Higgs bosons with quarks and leptons. Since both Yang-Mills and Higgs bosons are self-interacting fields, their behavior is inevitably sensitive to the transition from order to chaos. Here we point out that quantum corrections to the interaction of the Higgs with gauge bosons may lower the threshold for the onset of chaos and destabilize the vacuum somewhere in the TeV range of scales. The inability of the vacuum to survive in this energy region hints to a straightforward solution for the gauge hierarchy problem. It also suggests that perturbative estimates on vacuum stability well above the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) scale are likely to be invalid.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Approximate Formula For　zeta Function ζ(s)　and L Function L(s) S=re

Authors: Takamasa Noguchi
Comments: 4 Pages.

I created an approximate calculation formula for the zeta function and the L function. The range is 1 = 2. The L function has only ×> = 2. In both cases, the accuracy increases as the starting point moves away from 2.There is no mathematical proof.
Category: Number Theory

On Cosmological Redshift Energy Loss Due to the Universe Expansion

Authors: Jesus Delso Lapuerta
Comments: Pages.

The cosmological redshift energy loss due to the expansion of the universe is stored in the dark matter energy tensor D(4,0) related to the Riemann curvature. The Cosmic Microwave Background energy loss has been stored in the dark matter energy tensor D(4,0). Dark matter gravity is generated by D(4,0) energy related directly to the S(4,0) tensor, however this gravity is attributed to exotic particles never detected, galaxies in our universe are rotating with such speed that the gravity generated by their observable matter could not possibly hold them together. Total Energy T(4,0) and energy tensors are defined to complete the General Relativity field equations. The Ricci decomposition is a way of breaking up the Riemann curvature tensor into three orthogonal tensors, Z(4,0), Weyl tensor C(4,0) and S(4,0)
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

CNN Based Common Approach to Handwritten Character Recognition of Multiple Scripts

Authors: Durjoy Sen Maitra, Ujjwal Bhattacharya, SK Parui
Comments: 5 Pages. Paper published in ICDAR 2015

There are many scripts in the world, several of which are used by hundreds of millions of people. Handwrittencharacter recognition studies of several of these scripts arefound in the literature. Different hand-crafted feature sets havebeen used in these recognition studies. However, convolutionalneural network (CNN) has recently been used as an efficientunsupervised feature vector extractor. Although such a networkcan be used as a unified framework for both feature extractionand classification, it is more efficient as a feature extractor than asa classifier. In the present study, we performed certain amount of training of a 5-layer CNN for a moderately large class characterrecognition problem. We used this CNN trained for a larger classrecognition problem towards feature extraction of samples of several smaller class recognition problems. In each case, a distinctSupport Vector Machine (SVM) was used as the correspondingclassifier. In particular, the CNN of the present study is trainedusing samples of a standard 50-class Bangla basic characterdatabase and features have been extracted for 5 different 10-classnumeral recognition problems of English, Devanagari, Bangla,Telugu and Oriya each of which is an official Indian script.Recognition accuracies are comparable with the state-of-the-art
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Integration

Authors: Antoine Balan
Comments: 2 pages, written in french

The integration by parts can charaterize the integration. We give a formula for a manifold.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Each Topological Space X is of the Form Aut(y)\y

Authors: Pierre-Yves Gaillard
Comments: 4 Pages.

We show that for each topological space X there is a topological space Y such that the quotient space G\Y of Y by the action of the automorphism group G of Y is homeomorphic to X.
Category: Topology

Planck’s Spectrum as Function of Wavelength is Untenable

Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
Comments: 3 Pages. Version 3 is extended with a remark about Wien's displacement law

Scrutinizing Planck’s spectra as function of frequency and as function of wavelength learns that the last mentioned one leads to baffling results.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Toward Advances in Medicine and Interstellar Travel

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 11 Pages. submitted to the journal

The motion in a Black Hole spacetime is studied. Several new results are found, in particular about the nature of Dark Matter and Dark Energy. The energy aspect of a matter in curved spacetime is explained. It is understandable why underground detectors for particles of Dark Matter have caught absolutely nothing for so many years of work. Usually, particles have a pretty strong effect on our world. But such small corpuscles as neutrinos have the weakest effect on ordinary matter. I give convincing arguments that Dark Matter acts so weakly on our world that its direct-contact action is equal to zero. That is why Dark Matter passes through the devices that are built for its capture completely without noticing them, completely without labor and friction with these devices. Such Dark Matter is representative for the INVISIBLE world, i.e. the detectors trying to detect it locally are ''blind'', they see nothing.
Category: Astrophysics

Length Dilation

Authors: Abdelaziz Chahboun
Comments: 3 Pages.

Another hypothesis to explain the Michelson-Morley experiment: The dilation of the length in the direction perpendicular to the movement.
Category: Mathematical Physics

A Problem of Lower Scale of Consciousness According to David Hawkins

Authors: Victor Christianto
Comments: 4 Pages. This paper has been submitted to JCER. Your comments are welcome. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

This short article is intended to introduce readers to a brilliant dissertation work of Sir David Hawkins, called Power vs Force. Especially the author compares Hawkins’s scale of consciousness with St Paul’s Letter to Galatians chapter 5. It is our hope that the readers will realize that there is inherent problem plaguing many people nowadays that is: problem of lower scale of consciousness. And we need to go higher in our consciousness.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

Les Bernoulli’s (On Bernoulli's Number Theory)

Authors: Méhdi Pascal
Comments: 38 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Bernoulli's number theory plays a very important role in all mathematics, we find them in number theory, arithmetic, analysis, and even topology. The aim of this paper is to give the proofs to the most fundamental theorems of these numbers, such as the Von Staudt-Clausen theorem, Adams' theorem, Kummer's congruence, Voronoï congruence, Ramanujan recurrences, and many other new formulas.
Category: Number Theory

Preuve De L’hypothese De Riemann (Proof of Riemann Hypothesis)

Authors: Babacar Gueye
Comments: 4 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

In mathematics, the Riemann Hypothesis is a conjecture gived in 1859 by the deutch mathematician Bernard Riemann. It says that the non trivial zero of the zeta fonction of Riemann have all for real part $\frac{1}{2}$. We give here a proof of this conjecture that uses his relation with the Dirichlet fonction etz on the part of the plan $\R(s)$, where $s$ is a complex number. We use exactly the fact that if $\zeta(s) = 0$ then $\zeta(1 - s) = 0$, and better if $\zeta(s) = \zeta(1 - s)$ then $\R(s) =\frac{1}{2}$
Category: Number Theory

String Theory and Dimensions of Subnuclear Universe

Authors: Salim Georges Khoury
Comments: 3 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

In this paper we will show that the range of the fundamental forces which produce bound states (Gravitational, Electromagnetic and Strong Nuclear) depends on the universe in which the charges of these forces act. The dimensions of this universe and the variations of the force as a function of distance are closely related.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Temperature Dependent Viral Tropism: an Explanation of the Seasonality and Pathogenicity of the Endemic Respiratory Viruses

Authors: Patrick D Shaw Stewart
Comments: 30 Pages.

This review seeks to explain four features of viral respiratory illnesses that have perplexed many generations of microbiologists: (1) the seasonal occurrence of viral respiratory illness; (2) the occurrence of respiratory illness year-round in the Tropics; (3) the rapid response of illness to temperature drops in temperate regions; (4) the explosive arrival and rapid termination of epidemics caused by influenza and other respiratory viruses. I discuss the inadequacy of the popular explanations of seasonality, and propose a simple hypothesis, called Temperature Dependent Viral Tropism (TD-VT), that is compatible with the above and other features of respiratory illness. TD-VT notes that viruses can often transmit themselves more effectively if they moderate their pathogenicity (thereby maintaining the mobility of their hosts) and suggests that most endemic respiratory viruses accomplish this by developing thermal sensitivity, in the sense that they normally replicate rapidly only at temperatures below normal body temperature. This allows them to confine themselves to the upper respiratory tract and to avoid infecting the lungs, heart, gut etc. I review biochemical and tissue-culture studies that found that “wild” respiratory viruses often show natural thermal sensitivity within a range that supports organ-specific tropism within the human body, and I discuss the evident tendency for viral strains to adapt their thermal sensitivity to their local climate and season. I also explore the possible misinterpretation of early experiments where volunteers were inoculated nasally with viral samples and then chilled. Next, I discuss the practical implications of the TD-VT hypothesis for preventing and treating respiratory illness. Finally, I note that the hypothesis is very testable and make suggestions for the most important experiments to increase our understanding of the seasonality and pathogenicity of viral respiratory illness.
Category: Biochemistry

An Introduction to the Super-Normal-Irreducible-Irrational Numbers and the Axiom at Third-Order of Logic.

Authors: Alexis Zaganidis
Comments: 8 Pages.

We define the super-normal-irreducible-irrational numbers from some irreducible-irrational numbers and with the help of the $n$-irreducible sequents (see my previous articles). Instead of taking some integer part of the irreducible-irrational number (or from its inverse), we add a super-normal-irreducible formula which give the position of the first digit breaking some super-normal number definition. From $84$ irreducible-irrational numbers, we deduce from the axiom at second-order of logic that they are all super-normal numbers as well. Moreover, with some random digits, the probability that the super-normal-irreducible formula holds for the $84$ ones is about $9.0\times 10^{-10}$ and we have taken in account that some irreducible-irrational numbers are only some different functions of the same irreducible-irrational number. From this large coincidence, we introduce the axiom at third-order of logic which states that every irreducible-irrational numbers are super-normal numbers as well. From that new axiom at third-order of logic, we deduce the none-existence of an exotic $4$-sphere. Finally, we conclude about the finitude of the total number of $n$-irreducible sequents.
Category: General Mathematics

The Thermal Radiation as the Expansionary Force Required by the Cosmological Constant

Authors: Alfred Bennun
Comments: 5 Pages. 1 figure

Black holes when lose energy evaporate and the radiated thermal spectrum results from entropy emission by a black body, without carrying information about the black hole itself. Black holes gravitational force attracts only the electromagnetic radiation, produced by the stars hydrogen fusion, characterized by absorption lines corresponding to a redshift due to a Doppler effect. However, the thermal radiation emanated from a black hole could not be trapped by galactic gravity. But their frequency allows parametric down-conversion (PDC) treatment, as well as could be done for the cosmic background radiation (CMB). The recoil pressures over galaxies increments their inertial mass, increasing impulse and angular momentum, which could be sum-up to that of resting mass, increasing their gravitational field.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Axiomatic Particle Theory

Authors: Peter Hickman
Comments: 6 Pages. Work in progress

An axiomatic proposal for an underlying description of particles and their interactions. The existence of fundamental laws of physics is precluded and only random events exists at the fundamental level. Quarks and Leptons in 3 families are found along with spin 2 massless gravitation. Chiral sector - 3 chiral neutrinos can mix, no charged lepton mixing, quark mixing is allowed. The standard model groups U(1), SU(2) and SU(3) act on vacuum states to generate particles.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Permian-Triassic Impact Event Caused Secondary-Craters and Impact Structures in India, South-America and Australia

Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 42 pages, 212 figures, 6 diagrams and tables, corrected page 3 and 35

First I give an overview of the Permian Triassic (PT) Impact Event on the first pages, before I describe the Secondary-Craters and Impact-Structures of the PT-Impact in India, South-America & Australia, starting at page 14. The impactor which caused the 1270x950 km elliptical PT-Impact Crater, an asteroid or comet in the diameter range of probably 60 to 200 km, collided with our planet at a very shallow angle. Because of this shallow impact angle of less than 8° and the estimated low impact velocity of around 8 km/s, large amounts of material was excavated from Earth’s crust during the impact. This excavated crust material, together with large fragments of the impactor, is the ejecta material that caused many large secondary craters & impact structures on Earth. This ejecta material had a velocity of less than 8 km/s at impact. The possible large secondary-impact-craters and -structures which I found in India, South-America and Australia were caused by impacting ejecta material that was produced during the PT-Impact Event. A large fragment of the PT-Impactor, or of the ejected material, caused the 450x380 km Bengal Bay Crater (BBC) near the east-coast of India. The gravity anomaly map of India indicates the remaining NW-section of the crater-wall of this Crater, as well as a linear ejecta ray structure which formed the SE-coast of India. There are also other secondary impact structures of the PT-Impact Event visible on satellite maps of India. For example the 30km drop-shaped impact structure that produced the Iron-Ore-Deposits in Sandur. The 400x350 km Port-Headland Crater near the NW-coast of Western Australia, clearly visible on the gravity anomaly map, may be identical to the Bengal Bay Crater in India and it may represent mainly the original SE-section of the BBC. This crater produced ejecta rays, rich in platinum-group elements and gold, which impacted on the Yilgarn Craton. Two more large Craters with Ø>300km were found off the south-coast of West-Australia. And many secondary impact structures were found along the NE-coast of Australia which in all probability were caused by the Cape York crater-chain. An exceptional large 840x630 km elliptical Crater, probably caused by the PT-Event, was found in South-America. This Crater formed the Pantanal-Plain and it probably is responsible for the later Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) around the Triassic/Jurassic boundary.
Category: Geophysics

Equiprobability for Any Non Null Natural Integer of Having Either an Odd or Even Number of Prime Factor(s) Counted with Multiplicity.

Authors: Nhat-Anh Phan
Comments: Copyright : All rights reserved. (Minor corrections on pages 3, 5, 14 and modifications on pages 4, 10, 15)

Redefining the set of all non null natural integers N∗ as the union of infinitely many disjoint sets, we prove the equiprobability for any integer of each said set to have either an odd or even number of prime factor(s) counted with multiplicity. The thus established equiprobability on N∗ allows us to use the standard normal distribution to establish that lim N→+∞ L(N)/√N=0, L(N) the summatory Liouville function. Recalling the Dirichlet series for the Liouville function we deduce that ζ(2s)/ζ(s), s = σ +it, is analytic for σ > 1/2, ζ(s) the Riemann zeta function. Consequently the veracity of the Riemann hypothesis is being established.
Category: General Mathematics

The Cosmos Dynamic with Navier Stokes

Authors: Timoteo Briet Blanes
Comments: 36 Pages.

Human beings have always felt the need to know and predict events future, using Science. Many natural phenomena are explained by numerical models; but there are as many numerical models as there are phenomena; this is problem, a big problem; ideally, many events should be explained using for this, the least amount of mathematical models.Navier Stokes equations have been used for many years to simulate fluid dynamics. There are many particular cases in which these equations describe the dynamics of various phenomena as different as economics and meteorology. Most attempts to use these equations in a variety of fields, lie in properly defining the variables involved, giving them a physical explanation. This is an exciting challenge, of course ant that, is the main goal for this article: applying these equations, for explaining the Cosmos dynamic. If we look at many natural events, we will see that they evolve as a fluid: flocks of birds, vehicular or pedestrian traffic, are typical cases of analysis, but we can also observe this dynamic in events such as the stock market, the economy or even human relations.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Multivariate Expansivity Theory

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 20 Pages. An application added

In this paper we launch an extension program for single variable expansivity theory. We study this notion under tuples of polynomials belonging to the ring $\mathbb{R}[x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_n]$. As an application we show that \begin{align}\mathrm{min}\{\mathrm{max}\{\mathrm{Ind}_{f_k}(x_{\sigma(i)})\}_{k=1}^{s}+1\}_{i=1}^{l}&<\frac{1}{l}\sum \limits_{i=1}^{l}\mathrm{max}\{\mathrm{Ind}_{f_k}(x_{\sigma(i)})\}_{k=1}^{s}+2+\mathcal{J}\nonumber \end{align}where $\mathcal{J}:=\mathcal{J}(l)\geq 0$ and $\mathrm{Ind}_{f_k}(x_j)$ is the largest power of $x_j$~($1\leq j\leq n$) in the polynomial $f_k\in \mathbb{R}[x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_n]$.
Category: Algebra

Popular About a Unified Theory

Authors: Vladimir Pastushenko
Comments: 5 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

This article discusses unified equations of the general theory of relativity and quantum gravity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Introduction to CAT4: Part 1. Axioms

Authors: Andrew Holster
Comments: 36 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

CAT4 is proposed as a general method for representing information, enabling a powerful programming method for large-scale information systems. It enables generalised machine learning, software automation and novel AI capabilities. It is based on a special type of relation called CAT4, which is interpreted to provide a semantic representation. This is Part 1 of a five-part introduction. The focus here is on defining the key mathematical structures first, and presenting the semantic-database application in subsequent Parts. We focus in Part 1 on general axioms for the structures, and introduce key concepts. Part 2 analyses the CAT2 sub-relation of CAT4 in more detail. The interpretation of fact networks is introduced in Part 3, where we turn to interpreting semantics. We start with examples of relational and graph databases, with methods to translate them into CAT3 networks, with the aim of retaining the meaning of information. The full application to semantic theory comes in Part 4, where we introduce general functions, including the language interpretation or linguistic functions. The representation of linear symbolic languages, including natural languages and formal symbolic languages, is a function that CAT4 is uniquely suited to. In Part 5, we turn to software design considerations, to show how files, indexes, functions and screens can be defined to implement a CAT4 system efficiently.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Introduction to Cat4: Part 2. Cat2

Authors: Andrew Holster
Comments: 56 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

CAT4 is proposed as a general method for representing information, enabling a powerful programming method for large-scale information systems. It enables generalised machine learning, software automation and novel AI capabilities. It is based on a special type of relation called CAT4, which is interpreted to provide a semantic representation. This is Part 2 of a five-part introduction. The focus here is on defining key mathematical properties of CAT2, identifying the topology and defining essential functions over a coordinate system. The analysis is from first principles. This develops on from the axioms introduced in Part 1. The interpretation of fact networks is introduced in Part 3, and the full application to semantic theory comes in Part 4, where we introduce general functions, including the language interpretation or linguistic functions. In Part 5, we turn to software design considerations, to show how files, indexes, functions and screens can be defined to implement a CAT4 system efficiently.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Theory of Closed Cell Packaging Fields

Authors: Franz Hermann
Comments: 38 Pages.

In the first part of our study, we give definitions, examples, and properties of the simplest numerical packings. The second part talks about packages related to number systems. In the third part, we will talk about packages whose period is a prime number
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

The ‘Deep Space Institute’ Was Created in the Usa

Authors: Vladimir Semenovich Leonov
Comments: 8 Pages. 4 figures, in Russian [Title and Abstract translation into English made by viXra Admin - Please conform]

В США в 2019…2020 годах создан новый «Институт дальнего космоса». Исследования дальнего космоса – это формальное назначение организации. На самом деле новый институт начинает реализацию программы Белого дома по «Звездным войнам» как продолжение работ «Стратегической оборонной инициативе (СОИ) на новом витке знаний и с использованием новых космических технологий. Это следует из данной аналитической записки на основании изучения сайта института и других публикаций https://www.limitlessspace.org/. Новый институт называется Limitless Space Institute (LSI), – дословный перевод на русский язык звучит несколько непривычно «Институт безграничного космоса» или по-русски «Институт дальнего космоса». Это некоммерческая организация, в отличие от компании SpaceX Илона Маска.

In the United States in 2019 ... 2020, a new Deep Space Institute was created. Deep space exploration is the organization's formal mission. In fact, the new institute is launching the White House's Star Wars program as a continuation of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) at a new level of knowledge and using new space technologies. This follows from this analytical note based on the study of the Institute's website and other publications. https://www.limitlessspace.org . The new institute is called the Limitless Space Institute (LSI), - the literal translation into Russian sounds somewhat unusual "Institute of Limitless Space" or in Russian "Institute of Deep Space". This is a non-profit organization, unlike Elon Musk's SpaceX.
Category: Astrophysics

Stemming from Within the Nucleon, Quarks Are Thus Devoid of Self-Existence

Authors: Bruno R Galeffi
Comments: 10 Pages.

A schematic model of nucleon genesis is propounded. It involves an interplay of centripetal and centrifugal spiral motions carrying quantized angular momenta, and driving the emergence of three intranuclear entities known as quarks. Hence, as Murray Gell-Mann advocated, quarks are not independent particles. This accounts for the absence of free quarks, and upholds the non-existence of free particles with fractional charge. Gell-Mann’s persistent intuition was remarkable.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

The Neutron as an Electric Dipole

Authors: Jean Louis Van Belle
Comments: 15 Pages. [Note by viXra Admin: Immediate and/or frequent replacements will be rejected without notice]

This paper completes the analysis of the 1/r and a/r2 Coulomb and nuclear potential functions through a consequent analysis of the mass-energy equivalence using the standard orbital energy formula (Kepler’s third law) and ensuring (physical) dimensional consistency. The function yield the desired crossing of potentials and the expected combined potential well function. Further analysis of the qe/m and gN/m charge/mass-energy ratios and the different nature of the singularities at the center may explain the rather enormous proton/neutron energy/mass when accepting a Yukawa/Schrödinger-type nuclear force and potential. The model has the advantage of not introducing new fundamental constants (except for the nuclear charge gN), respecting relativity theory (no superluminal speeds), and confirming Planck’s quantum of action as the fundamental unit of physical action (h) and angular momentum (ħ) in particle-field exchanges of energy and momentum.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Correlation in Bell-test Experiments

Authors: Gerard van der Ham
Comments: 9 Pages.

This paper throws a new light on Bell-test experiments. It is analyzed what the results of Bell-test experiments exactly represent and how they come to existance. It turns out that the 'violation of Bell's inequalities' can be accounted for in a logical way and that there is no need for 'spooky action at a distance'. A condition is that spin is a definite property of particles
Category: Quantum Physics

Special Beta Distribution for Big Data Analysis: X ~ Beta (α = λ + 1, β = 2 – λ)

Authors: Kuan-Shian Wang, Mei-Yu Lee
Comments: 89 Pages. [Corrections made to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

This book discusses the special case of Beta distribution as α = λ + 1 and β = 2 – λ. To compare with the continuous Bernoulli distribution, the change of λ affected the pdf of the special Beta distribution. Then find out the sufficient statistic, the point estimator, the confidence interval, the test statistic, and the goodness of fit. The special Beta distribution at the case of λ = 0.5 is different from the continuous Bernoulli distribution. The special Beta distribution pdf is changed in smoothing but the Continuous Bernoulli distribution pdf has a big wave when λ is from small to large. As the sample size becomes large, two distributions are approximated to Normal distribution with different relationships between λ and the sum of samples.
Category: Statistics

Logical Disproof of Relativity’s Description of Gravitational ‘Time Dilation’ and Establishment of Absolute Time

Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 3 Pages.

The observed changes in rate of atomic clocks with velocity and gravitational fields are normally cited as evidence of relativity of time. We show that these changes in clock rates cannot be cited as a disproof of absolute time. We establish the validity of absolute time and show a self-contradiction in relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Simple Condition of Fermat Wiles Theorem Mainly Led by Combinatorics

Authors: Junya Sebata
Comments: 10 Pages. JP J. Algebra, Number Theory Appl. 51(1) (2021), 55 - 75.

This paper gives the simple and necessary condition of Fermat Wiles Theorem with mainly providing one method to analyze natural numbers and the formula X^n + Y^n = Z^n logically and geometrically, which is positioned in combinatorial design theory. The condition is gcd(X, E)^n = X − E ∧ gcd(Y, E)^n = Y − E in ¬(n | XY ), or gcd(X, E)^n/n = X − E ∧ gcd(Y, E)^n = Y − E in n | X ∧ ¬(n | Y ). Provided that E denotes E = X + Y − Z, n is a prime number equal to or more than 2, and X, Y, Z are coprime numbers.
Category: Number Theory

Discussion on the Characteristics of Virtual Spacetime from Schwarzschild's Internal Solution

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 11 Pages. 3 figures

This article analyzes Schwarzschild's internal solution and provides a relativity theoretic basis for the existence of virtual spacetime. Based on this, the corresponding relationship between virtual spacetime and real spacetime is analyzed, and Maxwell's equations of virtual spacetime are constructed, and the conversion relationship between the two spacetimes, including speed, length, and time, is obtained. It is pointed out that the existence of virtual spacetime is a corollary of general relativity theory. It also pointed out that the concept of virtual spacetime can better explain some unusual properties on the surface and interior of black holes.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Theoretical Difficulty in Determining the Universality of Gravitational Constant

Authors: Sonal Jagdish Gupta
Comments: 8 Pages.

The paper intends to prove that due to the finite value of quantum of action there exist a limitation to the transfer of energy and this requirement is general and universal the if we do not incorporate this idea into our considerations we will be unable to solve some of the major challenges in Newtonian physics such as the existence of infinite distance when the body is projected with escape velocity and secondly, in spite of about 300 experiments why do we observe scatter in the value of G and is the gravitational constant really universal or specific?
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Any Finite Connected Poset is Isomorphic to Aut(x)\x for Some Finite Poset X

Authors: Pierre-Yves Gaillard
Comments: 2 Pages.

We show that, given any finite connected poset X, there is a finite poset Y such that the quotient poset Aut(Y)\Y is isomorphic to X.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Functional Heterochirality of Replication of the J. Byl Self-Replicating Structure: A Moore Rules State-Transition Function and Cell State-Set Permutations.

Authors: Perry W Swanborough
Comments: 16 Pages.

Heterochiral self-replication of loop structures in cellular automata spaces cannot be achieved by pooling a state-transition function supporting self-replication with its corresponding mirror-transformed transition function because some chiral rules specific to right-handed replication are contradicted by chiral rules specific for left-handed replication. In a subsequent study, a less-strict functional heterochirality of self-replication, notionally achievable by application of state-set permutation-transformation to structures and state-transition functions was investigated. Although this strategy reduces the number of rule contradictions between left-handed and right-handed self-replication, state-set permutations applied to left-handed replication do not enable functional coexistence of left- and right-handed self-replication. This work describes the consequences of rewriting von Neumann state-transition rules as a larger set of corresponding Moore state-transition rules. It was observed that there are less state-transition rule contradictions between left- and right-handed self-replication under the Moore rules state-transition function. The observations that state-set permutation-transformations and Moore state-transition rules independently reduce rule contradictions between left- and right-handed self-replication suggested the hypothesis that both strategies implemented together may reduce rule contradictions between left- and right-handed self-replication to zero, enabling functional coexistence of left- and right-handed self-replication. This work reports success in implementing functional coexistence of left- and right-handed self-replication of the J. Byl structure (1989) by application of a Moore rules state-transition function, and any one of six state-set permutation transformations applied to left-handed self-replication.
Category: Physics of Biology

Energy - Spacetime Equivalence

Authors: B. Moran
Comments: 5 Pages. 1 figure

In this essay the equivalence between mass/energy and spacetime is postulated, so that matter, energy and spacetime can be transformed into one another. This has major implications in the physics of Black Holes and in cosmology. It is argued that no central singularity arises inside a Black Hole, no remnant is left once it has evaporated and unitarity is conserved by means of gravitational radiation. The possible origin of the cosmological constant is briefly discussed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Evaluating the Alignment of Astronomical Linear Polarization Data, Introductory Software

Authors: Richard Shurtleff
Comments: 18 pages, 2 figures

This article is a Mathematica notebook that is meant to serve as a template. User-supplied astronomical observations of transverse vectors on the sky can be evaluated, their alignment judged by the so-called Hub test. The test can be applied to any set of transverse vectors on a spherical surface, but the language here applies to linear polarization directions of electromagnetic radiation from astronomical sources. This article presents a simulation, analyzing artificial data as an illustration of the process. The analysis produces a numerical value quantifying the alignment and its significance. A visual representation of the alignment is developed, mapping regions of convergence and divergence on the Celestial sphere.
Category: Astrophysics

Definition Ⅷ（Definition +γ）

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 3 Pages.

First, ±∞ is constant at any observation point (position). If a set of real numbers is R, then On the other hand, when x (∈R)is taken on a number line, the absolute value X becomes larger toward ± ∞ as the absolute value X is expanded. Similarly, as the size decreases, the absolute value X decreases toward 0. Furthermore, x (-1) represents the reversal of the direction of the axis. Second, from the definition of napier number e.
Category: Number Theory

New Notation in Series of Functions

Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this paper we will see how it is possible to establish a precise and complete notation for operators that describe a series of functions.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Approach to Credit Valuation Adjustment and Wrong Way Risk

Authors: Tim Xiao
Comments: 25 Pages.

This paper presents a Least Square Monte Carlo approach for accurately calculating credit value adjustment (CVA). In contrast to previous studies, the model relies on the probability distribution of a default time/jump rather than the default time itself, as the default time is usually inaccessible. As such, the model can achieve a high order of accuracy with a relatively easy implementation. We find that the valuation of a defaultable derivative is normally determined via backward induction when their payoffs could be positive or negative. Moreover, the model can naturally capture wrong or right way risk.
Category: Social Science

The Permian-Triassic Impact Event and its Importance for the World Economy and for the Exploration- and Mining-Industry

Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 44 pages, 163 figures, 8 diagrams ; added 4 pages, updated the summary

The Permian Triassic (PT) Impact Event 253 million years ago produced most mineral- & energy-resources worldwide ! The hard evidence for the correctness of this statement will be the confirmation of the 1270x950 km Permian-Triassic (PT)-Impact Crater on the ocean floor of the Arctic Sea, as described in my study. The impactor which caused the PT-Impact Crater, was a comet or asteroid with a diameter of 60 to 200 km, that contained iron, a share of precious metals (platinum group elements) and many other elements. The asteroid or comet collided with our planet at a very shallow angle. Because of this very shallow impact angle of probably less than 8°, and an estimated low impact velocity of around 8 km/s, large amounts of partly-melted material was excavated from Earth’s crust during the impact. This excavated crust material, together with large fragments of the impactor in the 10–50 km diameter-range, rich in iron and precious metals, is the ejecta-material that caused many large secondary-craters and impact structures on Earth. First I give an overview of the PT-Impact Event, before I describe some selected secondary-craters and impact-structures caused by the PT-Impact, which produced many mineral- & energy-resources worldwide. There are at least 10 secondary-impact craters with diameters ≥ 250 km and around 60 secondary craters with diameters in the 100–150 km range visible on gravity- and magnetic-anomaly maps, and on topographic- and satellite-maps. Regarding un-explored mineral resources the most interesting secondary craters are certainly located within the massive tracks of the PT-ejecta rays R1 to R4, which are clearly visible on gravity anomaly maps of Northern-Africa. Especially the craters located within Ejecta-Ray R4 should be very interesting for the oil-exploration industry ! In the Ejecta-Ray R4 area new discoveries similar to the Ghawar-oil-field in Saudi Arabia should be possible !, which is also located within R4, and was the result of a >300 km Crater ! There is a clear correlation of the main PTI-ejecta rays with the distribution of carbonatites and large oil- & gasfields, especially along Ejecta-Ray R4 (see page 17) ! Other interesting craters for exploration are the >350 km Bengal Bay Crater (India), the Victoria Lake Crater & EIC and the Congo Crater (CIC) in Africa, the Port Headland Crater & the Southern Ocean Craters in Australia, and the big Pantanal-Crater in South-America.
Category: Geophysics

GPS and Equivalence Principle

Authors: L. Rimsha, V. Rimsha
Comments: 6 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

The article "Why there no noon-midnight red shift in GPS" by N. Ashby and M.Weiss is discussed in this paper.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Physics of Interval and Phase Invariance of Lorentz Transform

Authors: Gajendra Singh Solanki
Comments: 7 Pages. This is the ninth paper in the series of rudiments of relativity revisited.

The early pioneers who worked or derived the Lorentz transform, like Voigt, Lorentz, Poincare, and Einstein used an additional common scaling factor to start with. We review the arguments of these pioneers and analyze them to deduce which aspects by dropping this scaling factor are affected. The Interval and phase invariance of the Lorentz transform contradicts its own clock time relationship, but the same is shown to disappear if we translate them to the real domain. Moreover, the invariance does not imply the values of interval and phase are preserved because Lorentz transforms do scale them across frames. Behind the success of the four-vector-based covariant formulation of Lorentz transform is the fact that they operate in the Minkowski domain that maps the positions and computes the times accordingly, but the same makes them difficult to interpret. The real domain view makes their interpretation easy where time dilation persists but the synchronization term disappears.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Exploring Ultra Lightspeed Communication using Relativistic Non Localization

Authors: Gajendra Singh Solanki
Comments: 6 Pages. This is the tenth paper in the series of 'Rudiments of relativity revisited'. Previous one resolves the LT's interval and phase invariance contradiction with its on clock time. The next one devises RNL based interferometer and lightspeedometer.

This paper, the tenth in the series of ‘Rudiments of relativity revisited’, explores superluminal communication based on relativistic non-localization of new relativity. The new relativity preserves the lightspeed like the current one but also digs deeper into the mechanism behind this constancy. The relativistic non-localization as a superstate is one of the explanations: a photon exists in a superstate of relativistic non-localization, which collapses on detection such that the lightspeed is preserved in the frame of detection. Is it possible to trick this mechanism for the light to supersede its own speed using one or more cross-frame interruptions meant to collapse its superstate in one frame and relaying another burst of light to be detected in another? The two subsequently relayed light-bursts individually preserve lightspeed in their respective frames of detection, but the net result of the two cross-frame flights can be fast or slow travel in a vacuum. Various caveats, assumptions, and experiments to explore supra or infra luminal communication under new relativity are discussed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Octonionic Strings, Branes and Three Fermion Generations

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 17 Pages.

Actions for strings and $p$-branes moving in octonionic-spacetime backgrounds and endowed with octonionic-valued metrics are constructed. An extensive study of the bosonic octonionic string moving in flat backgrounds, and its quantization, is presented. A thorough discussion follows pertaining whether or not the analysis leading to the $ D = 26$ critical dimension of the ordinary bosonic string is valid in the octonionic case. A remarkable numerical coincidence is found (without invoking supersymmetry) in that the total number of (real) degrees of freedom of $3$ fermion generations (involving massless Weyl fermions in $ 4D$) is $ 16 \times 4 \times 3 = 192$, and which matches the number of $ 8 \times 24 = 192$ real dimensions (degrees of freedom) corresponding to the $24$ transverse octonionic dimensions associated with the octonionic-worldsheet of a bosonic octonionic-string moving in $D = 26$ octonionic dimensions.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Form, Formaliti, Formula, Formulary, Wording

Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 19 Pages.

The probable etymology of the cluster of Russian words is considered. Attached is a translation of the article from Russian into English.
Category: Linguistics

Gravitational Redshift Reimagined

Authors: Richard A. Peters
Comments: 26 Pages.

Gravitational redshift is conventionally believed to be the result of the loss of energy of photons as they emerge from a strong gravitational field into a field of lesser strength. Conversely, gravitational blueshift is believed to be the result of an increase in energy of photons as they move into a stronger gravitational field from a field of lesser strength. I will argue that gravitational redshift is caused by time dilation of the source of radiation at the gravitational body. The redshift of the photons emitted by the source accounts in full for the measurement of redshift of those photons in a lesser gravitational field. The obverse works for the measurement of gravitational blueshift. The frequency of the photons received in a stronger gravitational field is measured to be greater than the emitted frequency because of time dilation of the receiver. The measured blueshift is illusory and is a measurement artifact. The frequency of a photon is not changed as the photon moves within a gravitational field to either a weaker or a stronger field.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Inverse Problems and Theory of Reproducing Kernels Theory

Authors: Saburou Saitoh
Comments: 16 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

At least until about 20 years ago, we had very difficult inverse problems that are important in many practical problems (fundamentals). These problems were indeed difficult in both mathematics and numerical realizations of the solutions and so, they are called ill-posed problems and very famous difficult problems. We were able to solve these problems in both senses of mathematics and numerical problems by using the theory of reproducing kernels applying the Tikhonov regularization. However, for the real inversion formula of the Laplace transform, we needed the great power of computers by H. Fujiwara.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Norm of Four Acceleration in Flat Space Time

Authors: Anamitra Palit
Comments: 9 Pages.

This article in Section I brings out the fact that the norm-squared of the acceleration four vector in flat space time is not a real number if the acceleration (of a particle)is non zero. This leads to the fiasco that the time derivative of the Lorentz factor is a complex quantity with a non zero imaginary part. For uniform motion the norm projects a consistent picture . Section II establishes the fact that zero proper acceleration ,spatial, is equivalent to zero coordinate acceleration,spatial and vice versa.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Physical Analysis of Some Emerged Explanations about Chow Tsz-lok's Death

Authors: Neil Wong
Comments: 4 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

On 4th November 2019, Chow Tsz-lok fell from the third floor towards the second floor of Sheung Tak car park in Tseung Kwan O. Chow suffered multiple injuries, including a severe brain injury, which led to his death due to a cardiac arrest four days later. It was reported that Chow had a fractured right pelvis from likely a lateral compression, a torn internal iliac artery, a fractured skull base, bleeding in mainly the right half of the brain, and an intra-abdominal hemorrhage. He had no obvious injuries to his hands and feet, nor had he been shot with bullets or was he bruised from a beating. The toxicology results only showed drugs administered after his admission to the hospital. In order for Chow to fall from the third floor, he had to cross a $1.2m$ wall first. Different explanations about the incident have been proposed. These explanations include: 1. Chow approached the wall and fell down accidentally, 2. Chow climbed over the wall on purpose and fell down in a horizontal position by accident and 3. Chow was rendered unconscious and thrown from the third floor by someone else (in other words, Chow was murdered). In this article, I am going to examine the possibility of explanations 1 and 2. Due to lack of evidence, I am not going to discuss about explanation 3.
Category: Classical Physics

Kurumi: A New Liquid Crystal

Authors: Ricardo Gobato, Alireza Heidari, Abhijit Mitra
Comments: 4 Pages.

The work characterizes develop a single layer bioinorganic membrane using nano-molecule Kurumi C13H20BeLi2SeSi / C13H19BeLi2SeSi, is well characterize computationally. As its scientific name 3-lithio-3-(6-{3-selena 8-beryllatricyclo [3.2.1.02,⁴]oct-6-en-2-yl}hexyl)-1-sila-2-lithacyclopropane. The work was based on a molecular dynamics (MD) of 1ns, using the CHARMM22 force field, with step 0.001 ps. Calculations indicate that the final structure, arrangement have the tendency to form a single layer micellar structure, when molecular dynamics is performed with a single layer. However, when molecular dynamics were carried out in several layers, indicates the behavior of a liotropic nematic liquid crystal order. Kurumi features the structure polar-apolar-polar predominant. Limitations our study has so far been limited to computational simulation via quantum mechanics e molecular mechanics (QM/MM), an applied theory. Our results and calculations are compatible and with the theory of QM/MM, but their physical experimental verification depend on advanced techniques for their synthesis, obtaining laboratory for experimental biochemical. Going beyond imagination, the most innovative and challenging proposal of the work advances the construction of a structure compatible with the formation of a “new DNA”, based now on the kurumi molecule.
Category: Condensed Matter

Newtonian Origin of General Relativity

Authors: Salim Georges Khoury
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper shows that there exists in “Classical Newtonian Mechanics” a relationship between the curvature of space and the density of energy similar to that of “General Relativity”. It is as if the General Theory of Relativity has replaced, in this relationship of Newtonian Mechanics, the scalar quantities (space curvature and Energy density) by their equivalent tensors. From this point of view, the Theory of General Relativity can be considered as an extension of Newton's classical mechanics, an extension from Euclidean flat space-time to curved space-time of Riemann
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Permian-Triassic Impact Event Caused Secondary-Craters and Impact-Structures in Europe, Africa and Australia

Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 47 Pages. 226 figures, 6 tables, updated page 3 and 37

First I give an overview of the Permian Triassic (PT) Impact Event before I describe the Secondary-Craters and -Impact Structures of the PT-Impact, starting at page 12. The large secondary-impact-craters and –structures found in Australia, Europe and Africa were caused by ejecta material that was produced during the PT-Impact, which formed the 1270x950 km elliptical PT-Impact Crater. The impactor which caused the PT-Impact, an asteroid or comet in the diameter-range of probably 60 to 200km, collided with our planet at a very shallow angle. Because of this shallow impact angle of ≤8° and the estimated low impact-velocity of around 8 km/s, large amounts of material was excavated from Earth’s crust during the impact. This excavated crust material, together with fragments of the impactor, is the ejecta material that caused many large secondary craters & impact-structures on Earth. It probably had a velocity of slightly less than 8 km/s. Some large fragments of the impactor or of the ejected material caused a secondary crater chain along the NE-coast of Australia. An exceptional large impact crater of this crater-chain, the >300km Cape York Crater caused a number of large-scale magma eruptions over a long time period, which were partly responsible for the creation of the Pacific-Plate as described in more detail in Part 1 of my hypothesis. In Europe and Africa powerful Ejecta-Rays from the PT-Impact Event caused further secondary impact-crater-chains with crater diameters of up to 200km. The tracks of these crater chains are clearly visible on gravity anomaly maps, which show the reduced thickness of Earth’s crust in these areas (blue areas). It is clearly visible that these tracks of the Ejecta Rays intersect at a certain point which was the impact location of the PT-Impact at the time of impact, in the North of Siberia. The outline of Italy is a direct result of these crater chains as my drawings indicate. Another large ejecta-fragment caused a secondary crater (VLC) at the location where the Victoria Lake is located today. A part of the impacting material was ejected again and caused the VLC-ejecta-rays, another part descended in Earth’s crust and caused the African-LLSVP & Pacific-LLSVP (see Part 1 & Part 6b). The indicated Congo Crater isn’t a result of the PT-Impact. It probably caused the Triassic/Jurassic boundary.
Category: Geophysics

The Biological Origin of Quantum Effects in the Universe

Authors: Kazmer Ujvarosy
Comments: 3 Pages.

The origin of quantum effects in our open universe is explainable without calling in the aid of agents not in evidence by proposing that human life constitutes the universe’s seed or input and output. Biogenesis affirms the eternity of human life and falsifies abiogenesis. From the human origin of the universe follows that quantum effects are taking place throughout the universe since its beginning. Our open universe, being the quantum system of its human input, yields human output akin to the human input. Human life and the universe are indubitably in evidence, consequently the theory is falsifiable.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Lorentz Transformations: a Brief Review

Authors: Anamitra Palit
Comments: 8 Pages.

With this article we arrive at a strange conclusion that the equations expressing the energy momentum transformations are not independent. This boils down to the fact that the equations portraying the Lorentz transformations are also not independent. Strange it may seem, this is true.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Filter Exhaustiveness and Lter Limit Theorems for K-Triangular Lattice Group-Valued Set Functions

Authors: A. Boccuto, X. Dimitriou
Comments: 11 Pages.

We give some limit theorems for sequences of lattice group-valuedk-triangular set functions,in the setting of filter convergence, and some results about their equivalence. We use the toolof filter exhaustiveness to get uniform (s)-boundedness, uniform continuity and uniform regular-ity of a suitable subsequence of the given sequence, whose indexes belong to the involved filter. Furthermore we pose some open problems.
Category: Functions and Analysis

On the Modified Emden-Type Equation with Quadratic Damping

Authors: J. Akande, M. Nonti, E. A. Doutètien, M. D. Monsia
Comments: 7 Pages.

We exhibit in this paper a complex-valued solution for a modified Emden-type equation with quadratic damping. We show also the conditions of existence of periodic solution and calculate it for the first time.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Non-Oscillatory Behavior of the Pendulum Equation

Authors: K. K. D. Adjaï, A.V. R. Yehossou, J. Akande, M. D. Monsia
Comments: 4 pages

We study in this work the pendulum equation. We show for the first time the existence of general non-periodic solution for this equation. This comes down to say that the pendulum equation can exhibit non-oscillatory behavior.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Analyzing the Side Force on a Baseball Using Hawk-Eye Measurements

Authors: Glenn Healey, Lequan Wang
Comments: 19 Pages.

We use Hawk-Eye measurements to analyze the side force on a baseball.
Category: Statistics

Self-Consistent Hydrodynamic Model of Vortex Plasma

Authors: Victor L. Mironov
Comments: 5 Pages.

We propose the system of self-consistent equations for vortex plasma in the framework of hydrodynamic two-fluid model. These equations describe both longitudinal flows and the rotation and twisting of vortex tubes taking into account internal electric and magnetic fields generated by fluctuations of plasma parameters. The main peculiarities of the proposed equations are illustrated with the analysis of electron and ion sound waves.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Even Conjectures

Authors: Stephen M Marshall
Comments: 33 Pages.

The author Stephen Marshall, through research, recently discovered six new Mathematical Conjectures, they can be stated simply, but surprisingly are very easy to prove. This is unusual for most Number Theory Conjectures, usually they are very difficult to prove. The author also provides the proof for each of the six conjectures.
Category: Number Theory

Urban Heat Island High Local Water-Vapor Feedback Estimates

Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper, we analyze warming data on Urban Heat Islands in dry versus humid environments to estimate their feedback. We find UHI local warming second difference estimate of about 3 W/m2/K and an estimate maximum related difference feedback of 4 W/m2/K for UHI in humid versus dry environments. Relative to global warming water-vapor climate feedback estimates of about 2 W/m2/K, this is a factor of 1.5 to 2 times more feedback for UHIs in humid environments likely due to lapse rate effects. This result is for daytime hours. Water-vapor feedback is known to be one of the most important in our climate system. It is thought that it can double the direct known forcing. In this case we find a much higher UHI water-vapor feedback effect. We suspect that dome heat from urban heat islands and loss of latent heat cooling are key contributor, as warm air holds more water vapor amplifying urban heat especially in humid atmospheres. The only way to mitigate such surfaces is by increasing their reflectivity at least equal to and optimally higher than the average reflectivity of the Earth (≈0.25).
Category: Climate Research

Dark Matter Gravity Generated by the S(4,0) Tensor [?]

Authors: Jesus Delso Lapuerta
Comments: 4 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm - Please follow]

Dark matter gravity is generated by the S(4,0) tensor, the part of the Riemann curvature tensor R(4,0) defined as g(il)g(jk) - g(ik)g(jl), new Total Energy T(4,0) and energy tensors are defined to complete the General Relativity field equations. The Ricci decomposition is a way of breaking up the Riemann curvature tensor into three orthogonal tensors, Z(4,0), Weyl tensor C(4,0) and S(4,0), S tensor generates the dark matter gravity observed, galaxies in our universe are rotating with such speed that the gravity generated by their observable matter could not possibly hold them together
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Orbital Rotation Bulk Intersection Theory - ORBIT

Authors: Seamus McCelt
Comments: 9 Pages.

The universe does NOT have an instruction manual to use on itself. The way things work can only be very simple and automatic. Spiral arms and or galactic bars are no exception, they are formed by 4 simple mechanisms: Group mass, Orbit lag, Star lag, and Triple focus.
Category: Functions and Analysis

On the Minimal Uncompletable Word Problem for Unambiguous Automata

Authors: Antonio Boccuto, Arturo Carpi
Comments: 11 Pages.

This paper deals with nite (possibly not complete) unambiguous automata, not necessarily deterministic. In this setting, we investigate the problem of the minimal length of the uncompletable word. This problem is associated with the well-known conjecture formulated by A. Restivo. We introduce the concept of relatively maximal row for a suitable set of matrices, and show the existence of a relatively maximal row of length of quadratic order with respect to the number of the states of the treated automaton. We give some estimates of the maximal length of the minimal uncompletable word in connection with the number the states of the involved automaton and the length of a suitable relatively maximal but not maximal word, provided that it exists. In the general case, we establish an estimate of the length of the minimal uncompletable word in terms of the number of states of the studied automaton, the length of a suitable relatively maximal word and the minimal length of the uncompletable word of the automaton formed by all associated maximal rows.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Algebraic Structures for Pairwise Comparison Matrices: Consistency, Social Choices and Arrow's Theorem

Authors: Giuseppina Barbieri, Antonio Boccuto, Gaetano Vitale
Comments: 20 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

We present the algebraic structures behind the approaches used to work with pairwise comparison matrices and, in general, the representation of preferences. We obtain a general definition of consistency and a universal decomposition in the space of PCMs, which allow us to define a consistency index. Also Arrow's theorem, which is presented in a general form, is relevant. All the presented results can be seen in the main formulations of PCMs, i.e. multiplicative, additive and fuzzy approach, by the fact that each of them is a particular interpretation of the more general algebraic structure needed to deal with these theories.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Dissociation Between Speech and Writing and Orthographic Autonomy

Authors: Shazia Tahira
Comments: 10 Pages.

It is usually assumed that written word is dependent upon spoken word and in aphasia and similar disorders, speech and written components are equally affected. But there are many cases where it can be seen that its not always the same and speech and written components are many a times differently affected. Obligatory phonological mediation hypothesis and orthographic autonomy hypothesis represent these conflicting perspectives. According to the obligatory phonological mediation hypothesis, written language necessarily involves phonological mediation and is entirely dependent upon spoken language. The semantic system activates the phonological form of a word, which then activates the corresponding orthographic representation. In contrast, the orthographic autonomy hypothesis posits that the lexical orthographic representations of words can be accessed without any necessary phonological mediation and can be directly activated from the semantic system. The obligatory phonological mediation and orthographic autonomy hypotheses predicts differently the possible effects of brain damage on written naming. On the basis of the phonological mediation hypothesis, an impairment at the level of the phonological lexicon should always affect both spoken and written naming and in double naming tasks, the word selected for a written response should always correspond to the one selected for a spoken output. But on the basis of orthographic autonomy hypothesis, the orthographic lexicon can be accessed directly from semantics therefore it should be possible to observe cases with impaired spoken naming due to damage to the phonological lexicon with no written naming deficit and double naming tasks in spoken and written modalities may give rise to lexically inconsistent responses. In support of this view, a number of cases showing dissociation in phonological lexical forms and orthographic forms including spared knowledge of orthographic forms despite an impairment affecting phonological lexical forms with intact articulatory abilities or lexically inconsistent responses in consecutive double naming tasks in different modalities of writing and speech have been reported across a number of languages. Here, different case studies showing dissociation in phonological lexical forms (spoken speech) and orthographic forms (writing) are reviewed providing evidence that access to the orthographic form of words can occur independently.
Category: Mind Science

Wyprowadzenie Wszystkich Transformacji Liniowych Spełniających Wyniki Eksperymentu Michelsona-Morleya Oraz Dyskusja O Podstawach Relatywistyki (In Polish) Derivation of All Linear Transformations that Meet the Results of Michelson-Morley’s Experiment ...

Authors: Roman Szostek
Comments: 37 Pages. This article presents formal proof that STR is a wrong theory (in Polish).

W artykule został przedstawiony formalny dowód tego, że matematyka, na której opiera się Szczególna Teoria Względności (STW) jest współcześnie błędnie interpretowana. Dowód opiera się na analizie znaczenia jakie ma parametr e(v). Zrozumienie znaczenia tego parametru było możliwe dzięki analizie ogólnej postaci transformacji, dla której transformacja Lorentza jest jedynie szczególnym przypadkiem. Jeżeli e(v) ≠ 0 wtedy zegary są w układach inercjalnych rozsynchronizowane. Pomiary, np. jednokierunkowej prędkości, przy pomocy takich zegarów nie dają rzeczywistych wartości.The paper presents a formal proof that the mathematics on which the Special Theory of Relativity (STR) is based is currently misinterpreted. The evidence is based on an analysis of the importance of parameter e(v). Understanding the meaning of this parameter was achieved by analyzing the general form of transformation, for which the Lorentz transformation is only a special case. If e(v) ≠ 0 then the clocks in inertial systems are desynchronized. Measurements, e.g. one-way speed, using such clocks do not give real values.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Five Examples on Using Spreadsheet to Solve Engineering and Mathematical Problems

Authors: Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 12 Pages. Octogon Mathematical Magazine, Sacele, Romania, Vol. 29, No. 1, 362-371, April 2021

Computer spreadsheet has been commonly used in the past few decades into very practical mathematical and problem solving tool. Here we discuss 5 examples on using spreadsheet to solve engineering and mathematical problems. We recall our story in using Lotus 123 and Excel spreadsheet software since early 90s until recently. In last example we discuss more specifically on using excel spreadsheet to optimize the use of wind energy turbine in combination with solar photovoltaic. It is known in literature there are many discussions on linear programming for various cases; however there is only few discussion to take into account the uncertainties involved in the power production of PV/Wind system. In this paper, we consider integer linear programming by considering bi-level values as suggested by Pramanik and Pratim Dey. The purpose of this study is to show that it is possible to consider uncertainties in energy production in the linear programming model.
Category: General Mathematics

Ancient Egyptians and the Binary System

Authors: Anthony F. Elaas
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this article I show some evidence that the binary system in the form presented by Gottfried Leibniz in the 17th century was already known to Egyptians at least since 2580BC. Detailed analysis of the Great Pyramid dimensions, also known as Cheops Pyramid, reveals reoccurring 9-bit binary sequence. It is rather doubtful that such sequence appears by accident.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Multi Categories Analytic Method Using Continuous Bernoulli Distribution and Conditional Distribution

Authors: Kuan-Shian Wang, Mei-Yu Lee
Comments: 195 Pages.

This book provides four model designs to discuss how continuous Bernoulli distribution extends to the analysis of K categories. By contrast to the discrete polynomial distribution which is extended from Bernoulli distribution depending on the additive property, the random variable of continuous Bernoulli should be tested the pdf, cdf, distribution, and checked if maintain the characteristics of CB distribution or not. Model 1 is from random variable method(variable-added), Model 2 and 3 are from the probability model-building and suitable for the parameter-added or the conditional relationship of variables, respectively. Model 4 is from the continuous trinomial distribution and suitable for the joint relationship of variables.
Category: Statistics

Evaluation and Implementation of Proven Real-Time Image Processing Features for Use in Web Browsers

Authors: Amr Abdellatif
Comments: 53 Pages.

We explored the requirement of proven features for real-time use in web browsers, adopting a linear SVM based face detection model as a test case to evaluate each descriptor with appropriate parameters. After checking multiple feature extraction algorithms, we decided to study the following four descriptors Histogram of oriented gradients, Canny edge detection, Local binary pattern, and Dense DAISY . These four descriptors are used in various computer vision tasks to oer a wide range of options. We then investigated the influence of different parameters as well as dimension reduction on each descriptor computational time and its ability to be processed in real-time. We also evaluated the influence of such changes on the accuracy of each model.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Evaluation of ML Methods for Online Use in the Browser

Authors: Hao Liu
Comments: 60 Pages.

Machine learning continues to be an increasingly integral component of our lives, whether we are applying the techniques to research or business problems. Machine learning models ought to be able to give accurate predictions in order to create real value for a given organization. At the same time Machine learning training by running algorithms on the browser has gradually become a trend. As the closest link to users in the Internet, the web front-end can also create a better experience for our users through AI capabilities. This article will focus on how to evaluate machine learning algorithms and deploy machine learning models in the browser.We will use "Cars", "MNIST" and "Cifar-10" datasets to test LeNet, AlexNet, GoogLeNet and ResNet models in the browser. On the other hand, we will also test emerging lightweight models such as MobileNet. By trying, comparing, and comprehensively evaluating regression and classification tasks, we can summarize some excellent methods/models and experiences suitable for machine learning in the browser.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Improving BrowserWatermarking with Eye Tracking

Authors: Nikolai-Iraj Sanamrad
Comments: 73 Pages.

The problem of authenticating online users can be divided in two general sub problems: confirming two different web users being the same person, and confirming two different web users being not the same person. The easiest and most accessible method for fingerprinting used by online services is browser fingerprinting. Browser fingerprinting distinguishes between user devices using information about the browser and the system, which is usually provided by most browsers to any website, even when cookies are turned off. This data is usually unique enough even for identical devices, since it heavily relies on device usage by the user. In this work, browser fingerprinting is being improved with the usage of information acquired from an eye tracker.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Erstellung Und Bewertung Eineswebbrowserbasierten Frameworks Zur Datenakquise Für Studien

Authors: Oliwia Oles
Comments: 57 Pages. Language is german

Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Ertsellung und Bewertung eines Frameworks zur Durchführung und Datenerfassung von Studien, wie beispielswweise eine Blickpostionsvorhersage oder Emotionserkennung. Der Eyetracker basiert auf der webgazer.js Biblitohek der Brown Universität und die Emotionserkennung beruht auf einer FrontEnd-Emotionserkennungs Bibliothek auf Grundlage von der Google Shape Detection API. Beide Bibiliotheken, wurden implementiert, um sie für Studien zu gebrauchen. Zusätzlich zu diesen Daten werden auch noch Angaben wie das Alter und das Geschlecht, jedoch nur auf freiwilliger Basis, erfasst, um mehr Aussagekraft zu erhalten. Anschließend wird das Framework getestet und bewertet, um zu erfahren, ob es genauso gut in der Praxis wie in der Theorie funktioniert, da es sich hierbei um komplett clientseitige Anwendungen handelt. Im Normalfall benötigen solche Anwendungen nämlich noch zusätzliche Hardware, um zu funktionieren. Die verwendeten Biblitoheken kommen jedoch ohne diese aus, fordern nur eine funktionierende Webcam und bestehen nur auf JavaScript Code. Deshalb stellt sich hier nun die Frage, ob eine rein clientseitige Anwendung vergleichbar gut mit anderen Anwednungen in diesen Bereichen funktioniert und ob sich die Daten gut erfassen lassen.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Erstellung Und Bewertung Einer Webplattformbasierten Datenhaltungs Und Bewertungssoftware Für Studien

Authors: Roufayda Salaheddine
Comments: 67 Pages. Language is german

Aufgrund der zunehmenden Nutzung und Felxibilität des Internets, hat sich der Einsatz von Webanwendungen in vielen Anwendungsgebieten etabliert. Vor allem in der empirischen Forschung, z.B. in Bereichen des maschinellen Lernens oder der Mensch-Computer-Interaktion, findet eine steigende Integration vonWebanwendungen in den Studienbetrieb statt, um schnell und flexibel große Datensätze verwalten und auswerten zu können. Hierzu ist es wichtig, eine Datenhaltungssoftware so zu gestalten, dass eine qualitativ hochwertige und effziente Speicherung der erhobenen Studiendaten gewährleistet wird. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Entwicklung und Bewertung einer Webplattformbasierten Datenhaltungs- und Bewertungssoftware für Eye-Tracking- und Emotion-Detection-Studien. Dazu wurde eine auf dem Client-Server-Modell basierende Webplattform erstellt, die Probandendaten sammelt und anschließend in einer Datenbank verwaltet. Darauf aufbauend wird im Rahmen dieser Arbeit diese Software unter Betrachtung verschiedener Anforderungen evaluiert und bewertet.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

New Physics Definition

Authors: Antonio A. Colella
Comments: 11 Pages.

“New Physics” is defined as physics requirements or specifications or descriptions which never previously existed. An example of “New Physics” approximately 60 years ago, was the Higgs/Englert requirement of the Higgs force (boson) giving mass to fundamental matter particles. Two “New Physics” definition concepts are the current astrophysics community’s detection of “New Physics” in laboratories prior to analyses and my analyses of “New Physics” prior to detection in laboratories. The latter concept is the basis for a two-step Theory of Everything (TOE) physics solution, which defined 689 or 61% of all 1,134 TOE requirements as “New Physics” requirements. In contrast, the current astrophysics community has not defined a single “New Physics” requirement. Thus, this article describes “New Physics” definition and summarizes a two-step TOE physics solution.
Category: Astrophysics

On Isochronous Periodic Solution of a Generalized Emden Type Equation

Authors: Y. J. F. Kpomahou, M. Nonti, A .B. Yessoufou, M. D. Monsia
Comments: 6 pages

We present in this paper a generalized Emden type equation which is explicitly integrable. We show the existence of isochronous periodic solution of the equation. As a result, such a dissipative equation may be used as a Lienard type nonlinear oscillator.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Some New Results on Dieudonné-Type Theorems for K-Triangular Lattice Group-Valued Set Functions

Authors: Antonio Boccuto
Comments: 10 Pages.

Using the Maeda-Ogasawara-Vulikh representation theorem and sliding hump-type techniques, we prove some Dieudonne-type theorems for k-triangular set functions, taking values in lattice groups.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Temporal Mechanics (A): Time-Space Circuits

Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 13 Pages.

Explained here is the idea of the time-space circuit, a basic feature of how a proposed scheme of time-points interact in space with each other, taking note of their time-before, time-now, and time-after attributes in the context of an arrow of time. The explanation here also presents two associated concepts as a way to measure the overall Temporal Mechanics scheme, namely how the time-space circuit links a “time-space manifold” with a resultant “time-space constant”, here as the constant values of the vacuum energy (CMBR) and associated vacuum permittivity and permeability that are rendered through the Magnetic Quantum Shell (MQS) time-space manifold scheme, from the microscopic scale to the cosmological, here as a demonstration primarily of the time-space circuitry. This paper shall be the first of 3 papers on the Temporal Mechanics subjects respectively of “time-space circuits”, “time-space manifolds”, and then “time-space constants”.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Age of the Universe from the Degree of Curvature of the Major Arms of Spiral Galaxies

Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 5 Pages.

The degree of curvature of the major arms of the massive spiral galaxies leads to the correct age of the Universe equal to about 21.6 Gyr.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

About the Possibility of Operation of a Four-Stroke Diesel Engine According to the Cycle of Otto

Authors: Sergei Sevtsov
Comments: 4 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

The possibility of improving diesel engines based on the reserves of thermodynamics is being considered.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

About Anti-Matter, Negative Mass, and Negative Energy

Authors: Wan-Chung Hu
Comments: 2 Pages.

Anti-matter is thought to have positive mass and positive energy like matter. However, matter and anti-matter have opposite charge, spin, momentum, position vector, angle, angular momentum, hardon number, and lepton numbers. Only same positive energy and positive mass are shared by matter and anti-matter. This is not symmetrical. Here, I propose that anti-matter carries negative mass and negative energy and is moving backward from time arrow. Thus, matter and anti-matter are perfectly symmetrical.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Cosmological Constant as a Finite Temperature Effect

Authors: I. Y. Park
Comments: 18 Pages.

The cosmological constant problem is examined by taking an Einstein--scalar with a Higgs-type potential and scrutinizing the infrared structure induced by finite temperature effects. A variant optimal perturbation theory is implemented in the recently proposed quantum-gravitational framework. The optimized renormalized mass, i.e., the renormalized mass determined by the variant optimal perturbation theory, of the scalar field turns out to be on the order of the temperature. This shifts the cosmological constant problem to compatibility of the consequent perturbative analysis. The compatibility is guaranteed essentially by renormalization group invariance of physical quantities. We point out the resummation behind the invariance.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Hypothesis of the Saprophytic Origin Of Viruses and Their Implications in the Evolution Of Species

Authors: Vialla Stéphane
Comments: 1 Page. In French [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

L'hypothèse de l'origine saprophyte des virus est une proposition sur une origine possible des virus et les implications sanitaire et environnementale (The hypothesis of the saprophytic origin of viruses is a proposition on a possible origin of viruses and the health and environmental implications)
Category: Physics of Biology

The C² Gravitational Potential Limit

Authors: Martin Mayer
Comments: 12 Pages. Rev 1.02

The relationship between gravitational potentials, black holes and the squared light speed c² is examined in this paper as well as the implications of the presented findings for the universal gravitational constant G and general relativity theory. It is common knowledge that the velocity limit in our universe is defined by light speed c and as shown in this work c² plays a similar role for the gravitational potential since c²/G is linked to the mass density of black holes and our local Hubble sphere. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the rift between cosmology and quantum physics can possibly be reconciled by acknowledging the physical meaning of the Planck units which proposedly define the characteristics of a quantized space-time, including its gravitational impedance. This notion is also supported by the presented logarithmic relationships between the cosmological scale and the quantum scale. Moreover, the presented findings uncover a previously unknown physical meaning for the constituents of Dirac's mysterious large number hypothesis.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On the Existence of Odd Perfect Numbers

Authors: Juan Moreno Borrallo
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this brief paper it is proved the inexistence of odd perfect numbers using elementary methods. From the definition of a perfect number P, and operating with the set of proper divisors less than the square root of P, the existence of some odd perfect number is linked to the existence of solution of a particular egyptian fraction with an special restriction. Proving that such an egyptian fraction with that restriction can not exist, it is concluded that no odd perfect number does exist.
Category: Number Theory

Quaternionic Zeta Function

Authors: Yuly Shipilevsky
Comments: 6 Pages.

We introduce and suggest to study famous Zeta Function, extending it to a quaternionic variable and other hypercomplex variables
Category: Functions and Analysis

Infinite Sum of 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 + 25 +...........+ ∞

Authors: Shivam Saxena
Comments: 3 Pages.

This article is providing an infinite sum of 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 + 25 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + ∞ =1/70
Category: General Mathematics

A Flat Earth Model Accounting for a Pseudo-Gravity Effect

Authors: Neil Wong
Comments: 6 Pages.

The misconception that the Earth is flat emerged in ancient times. In early Egyptian and Mesopotamian mythology, the world was portrayed as a disk floating in the ocean. Several pre-Socratic philosophers, including Thales, Leucippus and Democritus, believed the world was flat. Ironically, despite the scientific fact of Earth's sphericity, flat Earth conspiracy theories still persist nowadays and are spreading around the globe. Mike Huges, who was a well-known flat Earther, even attempted to prove the Earth is flat by launching his homemade rocket, but ended up dying tragically in a mission. In addition, many flat Earthers believe gravity is a hoax and does not exist, which disagrees with classical physics. In this article, I am going to demonstrate a flat Earth model that incorporates the effect of gravity well by replacing gravity with magnetic force, and subsequently discuss about the non-uniformity of magnetic field described by the model.
Category: Mathematical Physics

On the Linear Harmonic Oscillator Solution for a Quadratic Lienard Type Equation

Authors: Y. J. F. Kpomahou, M. Nonti, K .K. D. Adjaï, M.D. Monsia
Comments: 4 pages

We present in this paper a quadratic Lienard type equation which is explicitly integrable. We show that it has the isochronous periodic solution of the linear harmonic oscillator.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Gravitational Event Horizon

Authors: Victor Demjanenko
Comments: 4 Pages.

A gravitational horizon is expected in the vicinity of moving black holes. Black holes are well understood to have event horizons which capture matter and light. The Kerr solution to the outer event horizon boundary is evidence of the gravitational distortion formed from rotating black holes. Rotating black holes moving relative to each other will also feel effects due to their rotation. A portion of their mass effectively disappears beyond a boundary which is the gravitational horizon.
Category: Astrophysics

Quantization of Gravitational Wave by Klein-Gordon Equation

Authors: Sangwha Yi
Comments: 3 Pages.

In the general relativity theory,we find gravitational matter wave by Klein-Gordon wave equation. Specially , this article is that Quantization of gravitational wave is made by Klein-Gordon wave equation. We assume this matter wave as Dark Matter.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Lack of Disjointness in Genus-1 Surfaces: The Punctured Balloon Theorem

Authors: Arturo Tozzi
Comments: 4 Pages.

Take a balloon, that is a genus-one manifold. If you break the jointness by piercing its surface, the hole gest lost and the punctured balloon becomes a genus-0 manifold. Starting from this trivial claim, we prove a topological theorem which plainly states that “the ends of a donut can meet, whilst the ends of a kidney pie cannot”. In this succinct note, we discuss the theorem and its implications in disparate topics such as topological connectedness, gauge theories and the physics of the black holes.
Category: Topology

Evolution, Structure and Rotation of the Milky Way Galaxy

Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 6 Pages.

Here we described the evolution and we determined the structure and rotation of the Milky Way. Our model is based on the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST). We compared the theoretical results with observational data.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Physical Mechanism of Forming Gravitational Field

Authors: Yake Li
Comments: 12 Pages.

Objects make μ0ε0 form a changing scalar field in space, and the gravitational field strength Eg is equal to the negative gradient of the reciprocal of μ0ε0. In spaces with different μ0ε0, their relative time speed and spatial distance can be different. Objects and space are inseparably and intrinsically connected, and gravitational interaction and electromagnetic interaction are unified on the electromagnetic properties of objects and space.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Unbounded Periodic Solution of a Modified Emden Type Equation

Authors: E. A. Doutètien, A .B. Yessoufou, Y. J. F. Kpomahou, M.D. Monsia
Comments: 8 pages

We investigate a modified Emden type equation known as a Lienard type nonlinear oscillator. We show the existence of unbounded periodic solution of the equation. As a result, such an equation may exhibit bounded and unbounded periodic solutions for the same numerical values of model parameters.
Category: Mathematical Physics

About the Time Loop and the "Grandfather's Paradox" 8 (In Russian).

Authors: V. A. Kasimov
Comments: 29 Pages. in Russian

About time in connection with causality, the "grandfather paradox" and the space-time "cut-and-paste" method.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology