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[206] viXra:2012.0233 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-31 21:28:52
Authors: Karol Szostek, Roman Szostek
Comments: 20 Pages. The new physical theory called the Special Theory of Ether (in Polish).
This article is a continuation of the paper [9]. In that article, a transformation of time and
position between the universal reference system and any inertial system has been derived. Transformation was derived with different assumptions than those adopted in the Theory of Relativity. In this article, based on the new transformation, a transformation of speed and a formula for the speed of light in the vacuum seen by any observer were derived. Finally, based on the new transformation, dependence on Doppler effect in the Special Theory of Ether has been derived. These study show that the Special Relativity Theory is not the only theory that explains the experiments in which the speed
of light is measured. The new theory is called the Special Theory of Ether. Its numerous properties
have been deduced in the works [4]-[8].
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[205] viXra:2012.0232 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-31 21:39:30
Authors: Karol Szostek, Roman Szostek
Comments: 9 Pages. The new physical theory called the Special Theory of Ether (in Polish).
In the article, based on the geometric analysis of Michelson-Morley and Kennedy-Thorndike's experiments, we derive a different time and position transformation than the Lorentz transformation. We derive the transformation on the assumption that there is a universal frame of reference, which we call the ether.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[204] viXra:2012.0231 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-31 21:06:43
Authors: George R. Briggs
Comments: 4 Pages.
The Up neutron quark is in a 2-quark format to allow its birth in the 2nd cyclic universe in 2-digit form. No Wigner, Feynman, heavy neutrino, dark neutrino, cosmophoton, archaic electron, graviton, or 7th quark exists with 6- fold symmetry.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[203] viXra:2012.0230 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-31 21:13:23
Authors: Kazmer Ujvarosy
Comments: 7 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
Based on a thought experiment the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paper’s authors concluded that in quantum mechanics the mathematical objects called wave functions fail to describe the physical reality and consequently quantum theory is incomplete. They left open the question of whether or not a complete description of the physical reality exists, but expressed their belief that such a complete theory is possible. In this paper I show that indeed a theory that gives a complete description of the physical reality exists.
Category: Quantum Physics
[202] viXra:2012.0229 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-31 10:44:50
Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 3 Pages. [Title font size etc corrected by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm - Please conform accordingly]
Astrophysical mathematicians keep trying to make sense of the motley models they have inherited from the 20th century. They never will succeed in their quest of a Theory of Everything by continuing along gerbil paths. A new correlating math theory has emerged that seeks to integrate all within the hybrid model of flowing “fragments of energy.” Whereas this clever model is fatally flawed (but the math is pretty), there is a valuable fragment of truth within this odd paradigm.
Category: Astrophysics
[201] viXra:2012.0227 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-31 10:58:09
Authors: Nadina Gheorghiu, Charles R. Ebbing, Timothy J. Haugan
Comments: 6 Pages.
In this paper, we present results on magnetization properties of boron nitride-carbon (BN-C) and boron carbide-carbon (B4C-C) granular mixtures. The temperature-dependent magnetization for field-cooled during cooling and field-cooled during warming shows a kind of thermal hysteresis that is always seen around a metamagnetic phase transition from an antiferromagnetic martensite to a ferromagnetic austenite phase. The low-temperature magnetization has an upward turn that can be attributed to superparamagnetism, diamagnetic shielding, and trapped flux characteristic to high-temperature superconducting materials. After subtracting the diamagnetic background, the field-dependent magnetization loops M(B) are ferromagnetic-like, more significant for the BN-C than for the B4C-C mixture. In addition, the magnetization loops show the kink feature characteristic to granular superconductivity. The irreversibility temperature for a B4C-C mixture having 37.5 wt% B is Tc 76 K. Combining our data with previous results on B-doped diamond and Q-carbon, we find that Tc increases linearly with the B concentration.
Category: Condensed Matter
[200] viXra:2012.0226 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-31 11:01:57
Authors: Tong Wang
Comments: 15 Pages. Keywords: Massless System; Massless Object; Massless Particle; Massless Configuration; Massless Effect; Massless Implication; Negative Mass; Yinon [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
Normal massless objects have no mass but do have energy, and they always move at the speed of light. This article proposes another way to construct massless objects theoretically by combining normal mass and negative mass of equal magnitudes. Such objects have zero net mass, qualifying as massless, and can be used to investigate the behaviors of general massless objects. Particularly, two kinds of such proposed massless objects, neutral and electrically charged, are studied under the influences of gravity and electric fields. By excluding the factor of mass, it is discovered that the motion of electrically charged massless objects is counterintuitive. The physical implications of the motion of massless objects are analyzed in detail within the framework of classical physics. Some surprising results arise from these analyses, and possible explanations of these dilemmas lead to the possibility of a new relationship between electric charge and mass.
Category: Classical Physics
[199] viXra:2012.0225 [pdf] replaced on 2024-06-25 21:10:37
Authors: Shan Jian Wang
Comments: 7 Pages.
Conjecture: Any even number greater than 2 can be written as the sum of two prime numbers. Does the prime pair exist universally? If does, is the prime pair unique relatively? If not, how many prime pairs are there in an even? Method: Triangular lattice. Result: The number of prime pairs in an even can be expressed analytically and graphically.
Category: Number Theory
[198] viXra:2012.0224 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-31 11:23:18
Authors: Lipeng Pan, Xiaozhuan Gao, Yong Deng
Comments: 11 Pages.
Dempster combination rule is widely used in many applications such as information fusion and decision making. However, the computational complexity of Dempster combination rule increases exponentially with the increase of frame of discernment. To address this issue, we propose the quantum algorithm of Dempster combination rule based on quantum theory. The algorithm not only realizes most of the functions of Dempster combination rule, but also effectively reduces the computational complexity of Dempster combination rule in future quantum computer. Meanwhile, we carried out a simulation experiment on the quantum cloud platform of IBM, and the experimental results showed that the algorithm is reasonable.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[197] viXra:2012.0222 [pdf] replaced on 2021-04-11 02:51:00
Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 22 Pages.
Dirac’s themes were the unity and beauty of Nature. He identified three revolutions in modern physics – Relativity, Quantum Mechanics and Cosmology. In his opinion: “The new cosmology will probably turn out to be philosophically even more revolutionary than relativity or the quantum theory, perhaps looking forward to the current bonanza in cosmology, where precise observations on some of the most distant objects in the universe are shedding light on the nature of reality, on the nature of matter and on the most advanced quantum theories“ [Farmelo, G. (2009) The Strangest Man. The Hidden Life of Paul Dirac, Mystic of the Atom. Basic Books, Britain, 661p].
In 1937, Paul Dirac proposed: the Large Number Hypothesis and the Hypothesis of the variable gravitational “constant”; and later added the notion of continuous creation of Matter in the World. The developed Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) follows these ideas, albeit introducing a different mechanism of matter creation. In this paper, we show that WUM is a natural continuation of Classical Physics and it can already serve as a basis for a New Cosmology proposed by Paul Dirac.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[196] viXra:2012.0221 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-30 12:07:53
Authors: Kuan-Shian Wang, Mei-Yu Lee
Comments: 37 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]
We provide the mathematical deduction and numerical explanations to verify that as λ → 0, the continuous Bernoulli approximates to the exponential distribution in Chapter 1 and as λ → 0 and λ → 1, the continuous binomial distribution will approximate to Gamma distribution in Chapter 3. Meanwhile, Chapter 2 describes how to compute the continuous Binomial distribution which can be derived by the continuous Bernoulli.
Category: Statistics
[195] viXra:2012.0220 [pdf] replaced on 2020-12-31 10:32:26
Authors: Robert A. Herrmann
Comments: 8 Pages.
A "direct logical proof" for the existence of an "ultimate cause" has as its last line a statement
such as "Therefore, an ultimate cause exists." But, what type of "logic" is used to deduce this last line? Is it the propositional, predicate, modal, dialectic, or something else entirely? Then a paper and pencil proof requires some sort of axioms. What are these? Do the axioms state facts in a science-community sense, or are they just accepted by a theological-community? If such a proof is accepted, then does the ultimate cause correspond to a theological-community's description for God?
Category: Religion and Spiritualism
[194] viXra:2012.0219 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-30 12:29:45
Authors: Timothy W. Jones
Comments: 12 Pages.
We prove that partial sums of Zeta(n)-1=zn are not given by any single decimal in a number base given by a denominator of their terms. These sets of single decimals we call decimal sets. This result, applied to all partials, shows that partials are excluded from an ever greater number of rational, possible convergence points, elements of these decimal sets. The limit of the partials is zn and the limit of the exclusions leaves only irrational numbers. Thus zn is proven to be irrational.
Category: Number Theory
[193] viXra:2012.0218 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-29 12:15:49
Authors: Acharya Sennimalai Kalimuthu
Comments: 10 Pages. In present India, these code of conducts for elected memebers is a MUST [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]
In this work, Code of ethics and Conducts for MLAs and Ministers in Tamil Nadu province of India has been proposed
Category: Economics and Finance
[192] viXra:2012.0217 [pdf] replaced on 2022-07-26 02:12:23
Authors: Kikuchi Morio
Comments: 144 Pages.
In a figure which is composed of hyper surfaces of a hyper cube in space from 3 dimensions, we do a tiling.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[191] viXra:2012.0216 [pdf] replaced on 2021-01-17 12:29:14
Authors: Alexis Zaganidis
Comments: 4 Pages.
We derive a lower limit $\Delta H_{vap}^Z $ for the latent heat of vaporization $\Delta H_{vap}$ with respect to the pressure and the volume change of the phase transition from the study of a heat engine using liquid-gas as working fluid with an infinitesimal variation of the temperature $\delta T$ and an infinitesimal variation of the pressure $\delta P$ and in the vanishing limit of the massive flow rate $Q_m$. We calculate the latent heat index $h^Z= \Delta H_{vap}^Z/\Delta H_{vap}$ of few gas and at few different pressures $P$. Finally, we consider the latent heat index limit $h^Z_{cr}$ as the temperature $T$ approaches the critical temperature $T_{cr}$.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy
[190] viXra:2012.0214 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-29 12:50:46
Authors: Ohki Yasutsugu
Comments: 13 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]
This paper, using a self-medium with field for light and the medium to travel concurrently at the speed of light in free space without the other media, proposed by Ohki’s papers in viXra and ResearchGate, proposes whether or not new electromagnetic thermal constant in an ideal photon gas law is different to the existing Boltzmann constant k(B) in mechanical particle system. Besides, when given a solar radiant volume filled up electromagnetic mass passing through at the speed of light, this paper shows an estimation of a beam bungle mass passing in the volume product of a solar radiant surface and radiant length of 1 m on a surface of the Sun.
When given an ideal photon gas law that constitutes of the volume V uniformed with lots of cells equipartitioned with temperature T, N number of photons and internal pressure P in the volume, new electromagnetic thermal invariant constant b proportional to product of the temperature and the number, variable with respect to z on an radiant axis is each volume V, temperature T, pressure P, and a set product of number N and the temperature T times b, so that we can estimate the constant b and the mass.
Moreover, on the basis of 4 significant-digits arithmetic, given two volumes are: One solar radiant volume locates on solar surface of the Sun, the other volume locates on satellite over earth so that we can get only solar surface temperature T(s) with 4 digits and a radiant power flux density ɸ(We) on radiant surface the satellite, respectively.
Under those above-mentioned conditions, when applying an ideal photon gas law in dynamic volume for light to pass through the volume, the result of estimation shows a ratio of the constant b to the Boltzmann constant k(B) is surprisingly estimated 99.94%.
Besides, we can get a bundle energy divided solar radiant energy passing the volume by the passing number, so that we can get the bundle mass under a postulation that a beam bundle mass m is equal to the bundle energy E times the electromagnetic constant εμ, that is, reciprocal of the speed of light square, m = ε μ E, proposed by Ohki.
Under the postulation, we can get estimate a solar beam bundle mass passing through a radiant surface on the surface of the Sun, given a radiant length of 1 m, is estimated, 2.956E(- 45) kg
Category: Classical Physics
[189] viXra:2012.0212 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-29 08:46:59
Authors: Timothy W. Jones
Comments: 3 Pages.
Using for decimal bases the terms of e-2, we calculate partial sums and form open intervals for tails of partials. These intervals exclude all possible rational convergence points and thus show e-2 and hence e is irrational.
Category: Number Theory
[188] viXra:2012.0211 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-29 12:34:50
Authors: Neel Adwani
Comments: 3 Pages.
This paper proposes a whole new concept in the field of Cryptography, i.e., EsoCiphers. Short for Esoteric Cipher, EsoCipher is an algorithm, which can be understood by a few, who have the knowledge about its backend architecture. The idea behind this concept is derived from esoteric programming languages, but EsoCiphers will be having a practical use in the future, as more research is done on the topic. Although the algorithm is quite simple to understand, the complexity of the output will indeed prove to be difficult to brute-force if a secret is embedded in it. It uses a hybrid cryptography-based technique, which combines ASCII, Binary, Octal, and ROT 13 ciphers. The implementation and similarity index has been provided to show that it can be implemented practically.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms
[187] viXra:2012.0210 [pdf] replaced on 2022-03-01 13:59:05
Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 31 pages, 135 figures, 1 table
There is evidence for an enormous elliptical Impact Crater with the dimensions of 1270x950 km on the ocean floor of the Arctic Ocean. This elliptical impact crater and the dynamic effects of the ejected material have formed the deep sea basin area below -3000 m in the Arctic Ocean and triggered an expansion tectonics process. This impact crater seems to be responsible for the Permian-Triassic boundary ~253 million years ago, which has caused the biggest mass extinction in Earth’s history. The Permian-Triassic (PT)-Impact Crater was formed by an oblique impact. This means that the impactor, an asteroid or comet in the diameter range of probably 60 to 200 km, collided with our planet at a very shallow angle, of probably less than 8°, with a relative low impact velocity of around 8 km/s and a resulting impact pressure of probably <5 GPa for most (> 90%) of the excavated and ejected material, which makes it difficult to provide mineralogical evidence (shock metamorphism) to proof this global impact scenario. A computer simulation shows a close correlation between the topography of the assumed P/T-Impact Crater and the topography of a simulated elliptical impact crater that was created under similar conditions. The PT-Impact Event caused a gigantic butter-fly-shaped ejecta blanket which covered the majority of the northern- and southern hemisphere. Within the boundaries of this ejecta blanket many large secondary impact craters were formed by the ejecta, with crater diameters of up to 450 km. Please also read Part 2 & 3 of my hypothesis, where I describe many of the secondary impact-craters and -structures in more detail, which were caused by the PT-Impact Event. I have found mineralogical proof for six real PT-secondary-craters. In Europe up to 20 large secondary craters were caused. In India a secondary impactor produced a 450x380km elliptical crater which formed the Bay of Bengal. Similar large secondary craters were caused along the NE-coast and on the NW-coast of Australia and in South-America. And in Africa four extensive impact crater chains were caused. The impulse of the PT-impact and the impulses of the PT-ejecta and -secondary-crater-impacts, caused a global fracture pattern on Earth’s crust that was the trigger for a global expansion-tectonic-process which is still going on today. The ocean-floor age map and the ocean-floor topographic map provide evidence for this expansion tectonic process.
Category: Geophysics
[186] viXra:2012.0209 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-27 16:51:10
Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
Comments: 2 Pages.
This article proves that the conventional calculation of potential energy leads to absurd consequences. The presented alternative calculation corrects all these consequences.
Category: Classical Physics
[185] viXra:2012.0208 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-28 11:00:57
Authors: K. S. Ooi
Comments: 9 Pages.
Python coders are traditionally imperative. They may program in the paradigms of structured or object-oriented programming, but seldom in functional program. The resurgence of functional programming in the past decade or so has sent Python coders into tailspin. Lambda functions appear in countless of code, not as pure functional but as hybrid to the traditional imperative. Various resources about lambda function add even more confusion. This article address lambda in the context of Python, with minimum jargon but with a number of illustrative examples.
Category: Education and Didactics
[184] viXra:2012.0207 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-28 04:20:19
Authors: Yuanpeng He, Fuyuan Xiao
Comments: 2 Pages.
To handle uncertainties and process complex in- formation from different sources, quantum mass function, an efficient method has been proposed to address this issues. On the basis of the quantum mass function, many methods has been designed to indicate the differences among quantum evidences. Nevertheless, they are developed by quantum evidence theory to process traditional basic probability assignments (QBPAs) and not applicable in measuring quaternion BPAs (QTBPAs). Therefore, in this paper, a specific customized method is proposed for the generalized form of quantum mass function, namely quaternion mass function, to accurately demonstrate the dis- tances among disparate evidences given as QTBPAs (QED). Moreover, it is a pioneer to investigate the differences between pieces of evidences in the plane space of quaternion which is reliable and strictly satisfies the axioms of distance. Besides, if QTBPAs degenerate into QBPAs, QED also degenerate into quantum evidential evidence, which indicates the consistency in this new standard of measuring distances. Consequently, QED is derived from the quantum evidential distance and possesses an extensive capability to indicate dissimilarities among QTBPAs. Several numerical examples are offered to check the validity and practical availability of QED.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[183] viXra:2012.0206 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-28 07:06:06
Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 14 Pages. In French.
In this paper, we give the different definition of heights and the corrected terms to take in consideration. An example is presented on how to correct a line of the spirit levelling by introducing gravity observations.
Category: Geophysics
[182] viXra:2012.0205 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-28 07:55:49
Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 39 Pages.
Matter production out of the vacuum is supposed to be obtained by the Penrose “Trapped Space Surfaces” around Black Holes in combination with Axion collision of the vacuum, with Pair production and even repelled charged plasma horizons and tails.
As a consequence the Big Bang is NOT assumed to be Hot, but a Cold explosion of Axion evaporating chunks of string based black holes which became responsible for mass/fermion production.
Recently Roger Penrose did speak about the logic of so called trapped space surfaces around black holes (fig 2 and https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/penrose/lecture/ ) in his Noble speech wich is the same as the light horizon in Q-FFF Theory..
( Function Follows Form of real strings)
1: There seem to be TWO different black holes: small and large.
a: small interference black holes ( sunspots, comets and even magnetic interference ball lightning or Sprites and Elves above thunderclouds)
b: supernova black holes by implosion of stars, larger than the sun.
2: Fermions seem to have a propeller shape with left or right pitch for different charge and spin.
3: Magnetic- and electric fields seem to include monopole particles ( respectively North South, or plus and minus)
4: Spinning Fermions produce monopole photons anti-gravitons em. Monopoles and electron monopoles, by collision of yhe oscillating vacuum particle.
5: Each string has at least one super symmetric mirror particle connected by long distance wormholes between mirror symmetric raspberry shaped multiverses.
6: Both Black Holes a and b, repel fermions and create fermion pairs at their light horizon, which is the same as the Trapped Space Surface mentioned in his Nobel speech in 2020.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[181] viXra:2012.0204 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-28 11:05:40
Authors: Antoine Balan
Comments: 3 Pages. In English
We define the infinite manifolds and the infinite bundles which are spaces of dimension the cardinality of the continuum.
Category: Geometry
[180] viXra:2012.0203 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-28 08:30:51
Authors: Jean Louis Van Belle
Comments: 14 Pages.
This paper shows how one can use potentials to build up a spin-zero model of the deuteron. The spin-zero model consists of a proton, and another proton plus an electron which combine in an electrically neutral particle which we refer to as the neutron. We treat all particles as spin-zero particles because we assume their magnetic moment is zero. As such, it may complement Paolo Di Sia’s model of the nucleus (2018), which we give due attention. In contrast to Di Sia, we think of neutrons – or the electron cloud that surrounds the proton inside – as electric dipoles.
The model does so by interpretating Yukawa’s potential function as a dipole potential. Instead of predefining the range parameter a, we calculate it from the equilibrium condition (equal but opposite magnitudes of the Coulomb and nuclear forces). We find a very acceptable value of about 2.88 fm for a, and find an equally acceptable value for the distance between the positively charged center of the neutron and the center of the electron cloud which, in a deuteron nucleus, must shift it center of charge towards the proton so as to ensure stability – not unlike the sharing of valence electrons in chemical bonds.
Category: Quantum Physics
[179] viXra:2012.0202 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-28 11:07:12
Authors: K. S. Ooi
Comments: 5 Pages.
The new string formatter of Python 3 has more to offer than the old formatted output absorbed from C. The adjustment can be specified by either :> (move to right), :< (move to left), or :^ (move to center), which is quite intuitive. One can select character to pad spaces and no longer to have only whitespaces as padding characters. With or without precision specification, the new formatter is predictable and intuitive.
Category: Education and Didactics
[178] viXra:2012.0200 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-28 11:18:23
Authors: E. A. Doutètien, K. K. D. Adjaï, M. D. Monsia
Comments: 10 pages
This paper shows the exact integrability analysis of two classes of
non-autonomous and nonlinear differential equations. It has been possible to
recover some equations of general relativity from the first class of equations
and consequently to compute their solution in fashion way. The second class
is shown to include the Emden-Fowler equation and its integrability analysis,
performed with the first integral theory developed by Monsia et al. [16] allowed
to compute the exact solution of some subclasses of Emden-Fowler equations.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[177] viXra:2012.0199 [pdf] replaced on 2021-01-24 15:03:46
Authors: Yegor Shɨshkin
Comments: 10 Pages. Under a Creative Commons license — CC BY 4.0
In natural sciences, the key criterion for proving the existence of an object (like a physical particle of a previously unknown kind, an atom of a previously unknown element or an organism of a previously unknown species) is its observation and/or observation of traces of the existence of this object (radiation, remains of vital activity etc.). Only objects that meet this criterion can be classified (e.g. entered in the periodic table of elements or described as a species). Single unknown organisms or species cannot enter the classification. Despite this, the current system of phylogenetic terms (holo-/monophyly, paraphyly, and polyphyly as they are currently defined) is not adapted to the separation of known and unknown organisms (as well as populations, species, etc.) including ancestral ones. There are longstanding confusion and controversy regarding these “phyletic states”. There seem only two ways in such a situation. The first way is to somehow directly include unknown ancestors in taxa, describe species for them and unavoidably to introduce at least one paraphyletic subtaxon during dividing each taxon. The second way is do not include unknown ancestors in taxa directly and amend the system of concepts and terms. Here the second way was followed and the possible definitions of the main phylogenetic concepts for the views of dealing only with known group members were proposed. Inability to provide a concise definition of holophyly using the existing terms indicates the lack of more basic concepts. These concepts were also proposed here and holophyly was defined using them near the end of the paper. The intersection of four basic “phyly” (enophyly, merophyly, kollitophyly, and schizophyly) results in the unambiguous triad of holophyly, paraphyly, and schizophyly. The definitions of the terms in this triad are believed to be unambiguous unlike the widespread definitions of holo-(mono-), para- and “polyphyly”. Here, many terms were defined using others in order not to make the definitions too cumbersome. Nevertheless, the “primary phyly” seem not less useful in phylogenetic discussions than the phyly of the triad. So also is the terms inprestor, rendestor, ancessure, drade and skade as well as the more precisely defined term clade. The first two terms seem to be necessary and important regardless of the views on the classification of unknown organisms.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[176] viXra:2012.0198 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-26 23:06:57
Authors: Pierre Lamothe
Comments: 13 Pages.
A shortened English version of new concepts appeared this year in three French papers about cycles in Generalized Collatz Subsequences (GCS) and few new developments. Reduced and compact subseqs – Shape vector and shape rank – Triplet operator as a powerful tool to compose linear functions – Monoid of transition functions between elements of compact sequences – Diophantine equation pmx - rdy - q = 0 related to each monoid element – Shape class as general solution of this diophantine equation – Specific cyclic solution – Universal rotation function on q parameters – Condition for tranfer cyclic property to numbers – Cardinality of equation classes – Cycle occurence probability in classes – Layers of linked algebraic cycles.
[175] viXra:2012.0197 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-27 02:04:22
Authors: Stephane H Maes
Comments: 4 Pages. All related details of the projects(and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.
Recently a controversial series of paper ends up proposing the possibility that the universe be a neural network by observing that with an irreversible thermodynamics model of the learning process of the neural network, it might appear possible to model quantum and quantum physics as well as observe emergence of a General Relativity space time and gravity, and the plausibility to construct a generalized holographic principle beyond the AdS/CFT correspondence conjecture. The approach has been received with some skepticism.
In this paper , we present our suggestions to interpret the results including how NN models could relate to the Wigner wonder at why mathematics describe the Physical world.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[174] viXra:2012.0196 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-27 03:29:27
Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 7 Pages.
Here we consider stars from a wide range of masses that generate thermal energy through nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium. Some boundary condition from the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST) leads to the exact lifetime of the Sun equal to 11.95 gigayears. We also used the Wien's displacement law to determine the dependence of the mean mass of newly formed stars on the running radius of the Universe. We described the missing baryon problem.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[173] viXra:2012.0195 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-27 11:11:55
Authors: K. S. Ooi
Comments: 7 Pages.
Even though input and output facilities are critical in programming, we usually do not spend too much time on them in programming courses. When we teach a programming course to beginners, there are other more pressing topics we must cover, and therefore we do not allocate too much time on input/output facilities, other than using them to perform simple tasks of taking input from keyboard and output the result on the screen. In this article, we focus on formatted output facilities of C. The signatures of format in formatted output of C using printf can still be found in Python.
Category: Education and Didactics
[172] viXra:2012.0194 [pdf] replaced on 2021-01-01 06:57:14
Authors: Vincenzo Nardozza
Comments: 3 Pages.
We study the Gauss-Bonnet theorem applied to a specific example.
Category: Geometry
[171] viXra:2012.0193 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-27 12:25:03
Authors: K. S. Ooi
Comments: 4 Pages. Nil
Compared to C and Java, the Python’s Hello World is a one liner. If we look beyond the line, there is more than meets the eye. Among the possible cursory detour one can take are: object/type, string multiplication, built-in string functions, for statement, list comprehension, mumbo jumbo, and even Hy. We dare you to explore.
Category: Education and Didactics
[170] viXra:2012.0192 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-25 16:54:02
Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 5 Pages.
It is instrumental interpretation of Quantum Mechanics. Why this new interpretation is needed Because all known interpretations only describe how Quantum Mechanics works, so that one can be able to apply equations, but do not answer the question: "why did nature need Quantum Mechanics at all?"
Category: Quantum Physics
[169] viXra:2012.0191 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-26 11:57:34
Authors: Stephane H Maes
Comments: 8 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/
In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model without new Physics other than gravity. These considerations hints at a even stronger relationship between gravity and the Standard Model.
Recently a controversial series of papers ended up proposing the possibility that the universe be a neural network. It is the result of observing that with an irreversible thermodynamics model of the learning process of the neural network, it might appear possible to model quantum and classical physics, to observe the emergence of a General Relativistic spacetime with gravity, and plausible to construct a generalized holographic principle beyond the AdS/CFT correspondence conjecture. The approach has been received with some skepticism.
In this paper, we do not try to assess the validity of the approach and proposal. We simply assume that the proposal amounts to showing that neural network (NN) learning with a suitable thermodynamically related loss function (aka cost function) optimization, that amounts to extremize the free energy of the system, can model the Physics of the universe. When we add a model of entanglement, we discover that the neural network must allow its involved neurons to pair into pairs (or groups) of (dynamic) Qubits. Non quantum NN neurons cannot be simply grouped this way. Instead one need to add new (external) NN, that themselves emulate Qubit behaviors, between the “entangled” nodes. It amounts to match the multi-folds, including their spacetime extensions, and mechanisms. Furthermore the additional NN, explain the possibility to induce 7D physics in 4D space time to induce the Standard Model with gravity (SMG), encountered with multi-fold universes, while the multi-fold dynamics itself (in AdS(5), does not have necessarily have to be governed by General Relativity. [Truncated by viXra Admin to <400 words]
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[168] viXra:2012.0190 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-25 23:17:29
Authors: Anamitra Palit
Comments: 3 Pages.
The article considers the transformation of the covariant derivative of a rank one contravariant tensor to bring out a conflicting aspect of the theory in that we arrive at an impossible equation.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[167] viXra:2012.0189 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-26 03:23:23
Authors: Henry Wong
Comments: 2 Pages.
In this paper we lay out the proof of this result in group theory using an old-fashioned approach.
Category: Algebra
[166] viXra:2012.0188 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-26 03:41:55
Authors: V.A. Kuz`menko
Comments: 6 Pages.
The physical nature of the nonrandom quantum phenomena of bunching-antibunching of photons in a beam splitter is discussed. The physical explanation is based on the fact that the forward and reverse processes are not equivalent in quantum physics. The possibility and necessity of an experimental study of the nonlocality of memory of quantum systems is also discussed.
Category: Quantum Physics
[165] viXra:2012.0187 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-26 12:10:21
Authors: GuagSan Yu
Comments: 7 Pages.
Because Newton's third law and Newton's second law proved to be wrong, then according to the new second law of motion and the new third law of motion, the new mechanics principle is produced, the most important and remarkable is, that the momentum is not conserved And the principle of energy is not conserved, it be found.
Category: Classical Physics
[164] viXra:2012.0186 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-26 12:10:53
Authors: K. S. Ooi
Comments: 6 Pages.
Higher-order functions are essential tools for functional programmers, but majority of Python programmers are imperative. When the higher-order functions are used in imperative development, it usually has negative impact on readability of the code. With a small investment on understanding these higher-order functions, we may be able to alleviate some miscommunication between developers with different backgrounds in Python. In this article, two higher-order functions are examined: map and filter. Few examples are given in this article to illustrate their differences.
Keywords: Python 3, higher-order functions, map, filter
Category: Education and Didactics
[163] viXra:2012.0185 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-26 12:19:35
Authors: K. S. Ooi
Comments: 4 Pages.
String slicing technique can be applied to only one kind of Python 3 iterables. In Python 3, there are two kinds of iterables, the sequence and the collection. The string slicing technique can only be applied to sequence, and can not be applied to collection. For example, keys of dictionary are keys that uniquely identifies their respective values. Any values other than the keys cannot be used as identifiers. The implementation of Python in this respect is therefore clean.
Keywords: Python 3, iterables, slicing, sequence, collection
Category: Education and Didactics
[162] viXra:2012.0184 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-24 22:28:57
Authors: Oleg G. Verin
Comments: 23 Pages.
The events occurring on the Sun not only determine the Earth climate and processes of planetary scale, but also immediately influence on wellbeing and health of each of us.
Therefore so much attention is given to the Sun research, and every «malfunction» of solar activity and enormous magnetic storms, threatening the operation of electrical supply networks, modern electric equipment and Internet, cause general alertness.
However «interior arrangement» and operation mechanism of the Sun are so complex, that the amount of ambiguities and questions while studying the Sun, perhaps, grows faster, than the amount of discovered solutions.
And it occurs despite of the use of modern space devices and constant progress in research techniques!
It becomes more and more evident, that in the existing physical picture of the Sun misses some key element, which would bind seeming separate facts.
Category: Astrophysics
[161] viXra:2012.0183 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-25 13:15:28
Authors: Aditya Banerjee
Comments: 7 Pages.
This paper gives a brief report about Jupiter's magnetodisc and its current system.The formation of magnetodiscs are caused by outward stretching of field lines loaded with plasma and the motion of this disc gives us knowledge about low-frequency wave generation. Structure, nature and periodicities of the current sheets are discussed with spacecraft flyby data. The approach for understanding the magnetodiscs current system has been taken with different models suggested by previous researches and their data.
Category: Astrophysics
[160] viXra:2012.0182 [pdf] replaced on 2021-05-23 19:02:46
Authors: W. Berckmans
Comments: Pages.
Particles and gravitons in Physics are conform this PhR model coherent patterns of standard but dynamic space-time-raster points. This proposition allows the calculation of a simple but quantitative relationship between mass values of a neutron, a proton and an electron.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[159] viXra:2012.0181 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-25 13:20:37
Authors: K. S. Ooi
Comments: 8 Pages.
Python, the most popular language at this moment, is the language of choice to write readable code. As coding instructors, it is our virtue to teach students to write code that is easy to read and understand. However, Python was older than Java. There are functional programming components that survive, and many students find them too cool to ignore. I address one such higher-order function, reduce(), in this article. Over-reduce() is the first issue I discuss. If we understand the problem well and do not shoehorn our problem into reduce(), there are alternatives readily available. In this article, I gives few examples that we should not reduce().
Category: Education and Didactics
[158] viXra:2012.0180 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-25 10:58:08
Authors: Dmitriy S. Tipikin
Comments: 6 Pages.
Many attempts to find the missing matter in the galaxies (dark matter) failed and now more and more scientists are looking for different approaches to explain the discrepancies present (most visible is galaxies rotation curves). In addition to MOND, the emerging approach is to check the larger scale uniformity of the space-time (on smaller scales, up to around Schwarzschild radius they were already discovered a century ago). If present, such non-uniformity may be discovered through careful analysis of the orbits of binary stars. Simple analysis of Porrima (Gamma Virginis) binary star demonstrated such possibility.
Category: Astrophysics
[157] viXra:2012.0179 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-25 12:40:41
Authors: Vladimir Aksayskiy
Comments: 2 Pages.
Within the framework of similarity of analogies, the interrelation of stellar and planetary forms of life is considered, which allows interpreting and predicting the dynamics of a pandemic in the spirit of Alexander Chizhevsky - as the terrestrial echo of solar storms.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[156] viXra:2012.0178 [pdf] replaced on 2023-05-17 21:38:21
Authors: A. V. Kaminsky
Comments: Pages.
The reductionist approach suggests the possibility of deriving consciousness from physical laws. However, so far, such attempts have not been successful. In this paper, I consider the possibility of the reverse approach, and show how to obtain quantum mechanics from a formalized representation of consciousness.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[155] viXra:2012.0177 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-24 20:20:17
Authors: K. S. Ooi
Comments: 8 Pages.
Python slice syntax is nothing new. We find such syntax in other programming languages. However, string slicing in Python is usually covered briefly in standard references, Python textbooks as well as favorite websites. In this article, the author attempts to explore every nook and cranny of string slicing in Python. Besides proving a string slicing theorem, the author explores the limitation of string slicing expressed in everyday languages, the default values of all three arguments of the slice, the minimal string slice statement, the meaning of negative step, the influence of step on other two arguments, and two suggestions to correctly predict the substring of a slice.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms
[154] viXra:2012.0176 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-24 20:19:08
Authors: Cameron Wong
Comments: 1 Page.
Everyone studying photoelectric effect must know this equation
E_max=hf-W (Eq.01)
where E_max is said to represent the maximum kinetic energy that a photoelectron carries when flying across the electrodes, h is the Planck constant, f is the frequency of an incident light, and W is the so-called work function. Based on this equation, a concept called photon, then further called quantum, is firmly rooted in modern physics.
Category: Quantum Physics
[153] viXra:2012.0174 [pdf] replaced on 2021-02-03 14:07:34
Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 20 pages, 50 figures, 8 tables
Crystallography indicates that the structure of the atomic nucleus must follow a crystal-like order. Quasicrystals and Atomic Clusters with a precise Icosahedral- and Dodecahedral structure indicate that the five Platonic Solids are the theoretical framework behind the design of the atomic nucleus. With my study I advance the hypothesis that the reference for the shell-structure of the atomic nucleus are the Platonic Solids. In my new model of the atomic nucleus I consider the central space diagonals of the Platonic Solids as the long axes of Proton- or Neutron Orbitals, which are similar to electron orbitals. Ten such Proton- or Neutron Orbitals form a complete dodecahedral orbital-structure (shell), which is the shell-type with the maximum number of protons or neutrons. An atomic nucleus therefore mainly consists of dodecahedral shaped shells. But stable Icosahedral- and Hexagonal-(cubic) shells also appear in certain elements.
Constant Phi which directly appears in the geometry of the Dodecahedron and Icosahedron seems to be the fundamental constant that defines the structure of the atomic nucleus and the structure of the wave systems (orbitals) which form the atomic nucelus. Albert Einstein wrote in a letter that the true constants of an Universal Theory must be mathematical constants like Pi (π) or e. My mathematical discovery described in chapter 5 shows that all irrational square roots of the natural numbers and even constant Pi (π) can be expressed with algebraic terms which only contain constant Phi (ϕ) and 1. Therefore it is logical to assume that constant Phi, which also defines the structure of the Platonic Solids must be the fundamental constant that defines the structure of the atomic nucleus. Indication for the important role which the Dodecahedron plays in the structure of a matter also seems to come from the observation of the M87 black hole.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[152] viXra:2012.0173 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-24 09:27:26
Authors: Suresh Kumar S
Comments: 3 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]
It is possible that relativistic particles experiencing time dilation and space contraction Lorentz transformation effects are measured to have velocities less than what they actually possess,based on relationality principle and interrelatedness of masses,which evidence as inertia. Hence possibilities for superluminal velocities to be measured as relativistic speeds tending to absolute velocity or conforming to the speed of light exists.
This can have implications for exotic matter and exotic geometries with quantum entanglement equivalence.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[151] viXra:2012.0171 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-24 10:38:28
Authors: Ashok Saxena, Sumit Majumdar, Surekha saxena, Ashwarya Saxena, Amit Saxena
Comments: Pages.
Universe is made up of one object of creation, which are strings named as Treos in this proposed treo model. All treos are of Planck least length and present only in one dimension of length. Treos are of two types, as free treos they form all packets of photons and matter, while as bound treos they get arranged alternately with curled up voids to construct omnipresent uniform space matrix of universe. [5] Thus it forms our space or multilayered cubical spaces of Planck length. [4a] All bound treos of space matrix vibrate simultaneously at Planck frequency or S times per second, which decides S number as cosmic code of our universe. This S number carves our universe and calibrates unit space, unit time, and unit energy. [3] S number of treos is one quanta energy, which is quantum of unit action and the value of reduced Planck constant while its angular momentum is Planck constant as calculated. [4 b]. Our Universe is Quantum Pendulum universe and EM energy or Mass energy increases only in steps, at each of √S quantum levels in each dimension, in units of S free treos in first dimension (of length), √S × S free treos in second dimension (of length and breadth), and S × S free treos in third dimension (of length, breadth and depth). To neutralize these loads equal numbers of bound treos are converted in kinetons. By action of one free treo load, one bound treo vibrating in S plains (in 360 degree), now starts vibrating S times only in direction of load along with S vibrations per second, thus it converts in one kineton and space gets contracted. Unit space matrix is a cube of S bound treos on its each side, and it is functional unit of space matrix which reacts and increasingly deforms, with conversion of equal number of bound treos in kinetons with increasing load at each of √S quantum levels in all three dimensions of space. [4d] Along with increase of one quanta EM energy at each next quantum level, the increased angular momentum as hv1, hv2, hv3 and hv4 ......hv√S, produces equal number of EM waves of all √S type of photon packets (which comprises EM spectrum). [Truncated by viXra Admin to < 400 words]
Category: Astrophysics
[150] viXra:2012.0170 [pdf] replaced on 2020-12-30 20:27:17
Authors: A.V. Kaminsky
Comments: 8 Pages. In Russian
We show that the pseudo-Euclidean nature of space-time is based on physical incompleteness, due to the ontological status of the subjective observer.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[149] viXra:2012.0169 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-24 11:46:29
Authors: Jesus Delso Lapuerta
Comments: 4 Pages.
Electromagnetism and Gravity field equations are unified and described by a new E(4,0) tensor for Total Energy representing the new Conformal Energy tensor T(4,0) and the Stress–Energy tensor T(2,0).
In four dimensions electromagnetic field tensor is defined as a differential 2-form F that constructs electromagnetic stress–energy tensor as a combination of F and the Hodge dual of F, in Einstein field equations this role is played by the Weyl tensor C, the conformal tensor curvature is the only part of the curvature that exists in free space and governs the propagation of gravitational waves, so the conformal energy tensor can be defined as a combination of C and the Hodge dual of C.
The Hodge dual definition of electromagnetic tensor and Weyl tensor leads to electromagnetic field tensor embedded in Weyl tensor unifying Electromagnetism and Gravity, both tensors are related to the Conformal Energy tensor
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[148] viXra:2012.0168 [pdf] replaced on 2020-12-25 08:42:01
Authors: Sattawat Suntisurat
Comments: 5 Pages.
Proof of Fermat's Last Theorem by using basic of algebra.
Category: Algebra
[147] viXra:2012.0167 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-23 11:16:14
Authors: Ashok Saxena
Comments: Pages.
Treos or strings are one object of creation and they exist in two forms. As ‘free treos’ they form packets of all photons and matter particles, which produce action by exerting load on space matrix, and as ‘bound treos’ (five positive dimensions of universe) they are alternately interwoven with voids (five curled up negative dimensions) to form ten dimensional omnipresent Space matrix (i.e. Space- time- energy). All bound treos vibrate S times per second i.e. at Planck frequency, in S directions in a circle.
Without photon ‘EM forces’, without nucleons ‘binding strong nuclear forces’ and without alpha, beta and gamma particles ‘week forces’ can not erupt and at least a body is required for eruption of ‘gravitational force’. Mere presence of all these exert a load (of mass or momentum) on space matrix which is neutralized by four types of their respective bosons (kinetic energy coloumns generated due to layer by layer deformation of space matrix), which together unite to form fields of four basic forces. In quantum universe the energy increases in multiple of quanta and the unit of increment changes in each dimension which is, S free treos (of unit photon) in first dimension, √S × S free treos (of unit electron) in second dimension, S x S free treos (of unit mass) in third dimension and √S (S × S) free treos (one billion metric ton) in fourth dimension. From one quantum unit photon to S quanta mass energy (in one unit mass) in first and second dimension, spreads at each apex bound treo in its Reduced Compton wave length and exert a load (of free treos) according to its packet density, which is neutralized by equal number of kinetons (bound treos vibrating only in direction of load) and get arranged according to ‘coloumn geometry’ forming kinetic coloumns, to produce an equal and opposite reaction. There is only one universal force, which is produced by action- reaction mechanism of space matrix. According to proposed treo model, Load (ACTION) dependent layer by layer increasing contraction of omnipresent Space- matrix (space-time-energy) with increasing load, successively involves all four dimensions of Space-time, to concentrate and direct energy ‘for equal and opposite REACTION’ With involvement of each next dimension in deformation, the coloumn geometry changes along with the nature of force erupted, thus forming fields of all four basic forces and leads us to Quantum Gravitation.[146] viXra:2012.0165 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-23 11:16:02
Authors: Ashok Saxena, Sumit Majumdar, Surekha saxena, Ashwarya Saxena, Amit Saxena
Comments: Pages.
Kurt Gödel in 1931 [1], proved in his famous ‘Incompleteness theorem’, that there are problems which can not be solved by pure mathematical models. To deal with such a paradox with existing mathematical string models, we adopted a new approach of ‘model dependent realism’ to carve new ‘Super symmetry string model’ of structure and working of universe. In this proposed mathematically consistent, logistic, geometrical ‘Treo model’, we investigated ‘basic of all basics’ of universe beyond the domain of mathematics, to find out ‘where do the laws of nature come from’.
We study WHAT in three dimensions of space; Time the fourth dimension tells us WHERE and with the Introduction of Energy as positive fifth dimension of universe [2a], the proposed model successfully answers HOW our universe works.2b][3a][18g] Treos or strings are described as one object of creation. Alternately interwoven with voids as bound treos they construct all space (Space-Time- Energy), i.e. multilayered cubical spaces of Planck length. [4a] Where as they accumulate in integral multiple of one quanta energy (S number of free treos), to form all photons and matter particles packets. All bound treos of space matrix vibrates simultaneously at Planck frequency or at cosmic Rhythm, by S (1.85539 x 10^43) number of times per second, and thus it marks S as dimensionless new constant [2b][3a][18g] This S number carves our universe and calibrates ‘unit space’ (Big cubical space with S bound treos in its each side), ‘unit time’ (S vibrations per second), and ‘unit energy’ [3]. As calculated S number of treos, which is one quanta ‘unit energy’, and also quantum of ‘unit action’, is the value of ‘reduced Planck constant’ while its angular momentum is ‘Planck constant’ [4 b]. S number directly or indirectly decides the value of all other universal constants e.g. Speed of light (S bound treo distance per second), Gravitational constant (S^2 kinetons per unit mass per second per second), while Cosmological constant (uncurling of each void by 1/S^2 of Planck least length per vibration) gives the value of Hubble’s constant. The role of voids is explored, in producing accelerated expansion of universe with all its possible consequences, in our Quantum pendulum universe. This new quantum model, named as ‘treo model’, uses Planck units only to explain the structure of universe and its working, which leads to unification of forces and quantum gravitation.[145] viXra:2012.0164 [pdf] replaced on 2023-08-11 23:14:14
Authors: Waldemar Puszkarz
Comments: 3 Pages. Originally published on Research Gate in March 2020
We conjecture that a formula that represents a difference between two primorials of different parities generates only odd abundant numbers for its arguments greater than 3. Using PARI/GP, we verified this conjecture for the arguments up to $4*10^4$. We also discuss another formula that generates only odd abundant numbers in an arithmetic progression and explain its origin in the context of the distribution of odd abundant numbers in general.
Category: Number Theory
[144] viXra:2012.0163 [pdf] replaced on 2023-08-11 11:19:49
Authors: Waldemar Puszkarz
Comments: 3 Pages. Originally published on Research Gate in March 2020.
We present a formula for the smallest possible numbers whose number of divisors is the $n$-th perfect number. The formula, that produces an integer sequence $a(n)$, involves the $n$-th Mersenne prime that appears both in an exponent of a power of 2 and in the product of consecutive odd primes (the odd primorial). While smallest in some sense, these numbers are among largest one can run into through an exercise in elementary number theory.
Category: Number Theory
[143] viXra:2012.0162 [pdf] replaced on 2021-02-17 22:27:15
Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 6 Pages.
The probable etymology of Russian words, mentioned in the title, is considered. Attached is a translation of the article from Russian into English.
Category: Linguistics
[142] viXra:2012.0161 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-23 11:22:48
Authors: Viktor Strohm
Comments: 22 Pages.
The movement of a material point along curves of the second order is represented by the differential equation. The projections on the coordinate axes of the first and second derivatives are calculated. The direction of the velocity and acceleration vectors is determined.
Category: Education and Didactics
[141] viXra:2012.0160 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-22 13:19:33
Authors: Alon Brook-Ray, Steve Schochet
Comments: 8 Pages.
Some theorems and lemmas on Smooth Functions Vanishing at Zero Map $H^s$ with $s>d/2$ into itself.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[140] viXra:2012.0159 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-22 13:26:31
Authors: Alon Brook-Ray
Comments: 11 Pages.
Solutions to problems 12 and 13 in chapter 16 of Volume 3 of PDE textbook by Michael Taylor.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[139] viXra:2012.0158 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-22 20:24:51
Authors: Richard L Amoroso
Comments: 6 Pages. Proceedings of 2004 conference in honor of Romanian Academian Mihai Draganescu's 75 birthday, in Mihai Drăgănescu in Media Res, D. Tufiş, G. Tecuci, A. Rusu & I. Isac[Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
Wouldn’t it be nice if this auspicious occasion were of a 76th; instead of a 75th, then it might be pertinent to enjoy Meredith Willson’s well known march from The Music Man - “Seventy-six Trombones Led The Big Parade”. Intellectually I try to hold the reigns firm, but my heart will not help and the spirit is set free to soar at the circumstance of this wondrous occasion; because you see this is a cosmic feeling that I have and I do not wish to control it! So for a brief moment at least liberty is taken from the sensibilities of conservative protocol to enjoy the refrain:
Seventy-six trombones led the big parade, With a hundred and ten cornets close at hand. They were followed by rows and rows, Of the finest virtuosos, The cream of every famous band. Seventy-six trombones caught the morning sun, With a hundred and ten cornets right behind. There were over a thousand reeds, Springing up like weeds, There were horns of every shape and size. There were copper bottom timpani in horse platoons, Thundering, thundering, all along the way. Double bell euphoniums and big bassoons, Each bassoon having its big fat say. There were fifty mounted canons in the battery, Thundering, thundering, louder than before. Clarinets of every size, And trumpets who'd improvise A full octave higher than the score! Seventy-six trombones hit the counterpoint, While a hundred and ten cornets blazed away. To the rhythm of Harch! Harch! Harch! All the kids began to march, And they're marching still right today! Seventy-six trombones led the big parade, when the order to march rang out loud and clear. Starting off with a big bang bong on a Chinese gong, by a big bang bonger at the rear. Seventy-six trombones hit the counter point, while a hundred and ten cornets played the air. Then I modestly took my place as the one and only bass, and I oompahed up and down the square.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics
[138] viXra:2012.0157 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-21 18:09:00
Authors: Marc Schofield
Comments: 21 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
Finding cohesion in the seemingly abstract.
Category: Number Theory
[137] viXra:2012.0156 [pdf] replaced on 2020-12-23 11:09:59
Authors: J. Akande, K. K. D. Adjaï, A.V. R. Yehossou, M. D. Monsia
Comments: 5 pages
We present for the first time a singular quadratic Lienard type equation having the linear harmonic oscillator solution. We show also the existence of a singular quadratic Lienard type equation having the solution of the Ermakov-Pinney equation. Consequently, these equations may be used as truly nonlinear oscillators.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[136] viXra:2012.0155 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-22 00:37:02
Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 12 Pages.
This article provides a comparison of the Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) with the prevailing Big Bang Model (BBM) of the Standard Cosmology. The performed analysis of BBM shows that the Four Pillars of the Standard Cosmology are model-dependent and not strong enough to support the model. The angular momentum problem is one of the most critical problems in BBM. Standard Cosmology cannot explain how Galaxies and Extra Solar systems obtained their enormous orbital and rotational angular momenta. WUM is the only cosmological model in existence that is consistent with the Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[135] viXra:2012.0154 [pdf] replaced on 2022-01-16 22:51:21
Authors: Felix Lev
Comments: 16 Pages. Published in Physics of Particles and Nuclei Letters, vol. 18, no. 7, pp. 729-737 - published by Springer Nature
Following the results of our publications, in the first part of this letter, we explain that quantum theory based on finite mathematics (FQT) is more general (fundamental) than standard quantum theory based on Poincare invariance. Standard concept of particle-antiparticle is not universal because it arises as a result of symmetry breaking from FQT to standard quantum theory based on Poincare or standard anti-de Sitter symmetries. In FQT one irreducible representation of the symmetry algebra describes a particle and its antiparticle simultaneously, and there are
no conservation laws of electric charge and baryon quantum number. Poincare and standard anti-de Sitter symmetry are good approximations
at the present stage of the universe but in the early stages they cannot take place. Therefore, the statement that in such stages the numbers of baryons and antibaryons were the same, does not have a physical meaning, and the problem of baryon asymmetry of the universe does not arise. Analogously, the numbers of positive and negative electric charges at the present stage of the universe should not be the same, i.e., the total electric charge of the universe should not be zero.
Category: Quantum Physics
[134] viXra:2012.0152 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-20 20:19:47
Authors: Stephane H Maes
Comments: 3 Pages. All related details of the projects(and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.
In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model without new Physics other than gravity. These considerations hints at a even stronger relationship between gravity and the Standard Model.
In a multi-fold universe, we predicted that no spontaneous wave function collapse or decoherence is due to gravity induced spacetime or curvature superposition. It was at the difference of a widely held conjecture formalized by Penrose and Diósi. Experimental results seem to confirm that indeed gravity does not induce collapse by curvature superposition, albeit of course fluctuations and interactions could still result in collapse as with any other quantum interactions.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[133] viXra:2012.0151 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-21 09:26:44
Authors: Valentin Malinov
Comments: 14 Pages.
Why scientists stating that the Theory of Relativity and Quantum Mechanics they are not compatible, and one of them probably is wrong?
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[132] viXra:2012.0150 [pdf] replaced on 2021-09-07 00:36:11
Authors: V.A. Kizka
Comments: 9 PAGES; DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.25354.08649
In this article I am trying to connect the processes in our conscious with existence.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[131] viXra:2012.0149 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-20 09:27:47
Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
Comments: 3 Pages.
Given the evidence that a photon is a short period of an electromagnetic wave with a well defined amount of energy, the theory how light can cause an electron to escape from a metal can easily be shown to be the reverse process.
Category: Quantum Physics
[130] viXra:2012.0148 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-20 06:31:20
Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 5 Pages. In French.
The purpose of this note is to give proposals for the methodology for using the new coordinates obtained following the completion of the calculations of the compensation for the new Tunisian terrestrial geodetic network called the Tunisian Terrestrial Primordial Geodetic Network (RGPTT).
Category: Geophysics
[129] viXra:2012.0147 [pdf] replaced on 2020-12-22 19:48:03
Authors: Jean Louis Van Belle
Comments: 19 Pages.
The special problem we try to get at with these lectures is to maintain the interest of the very enthusiastic and rather smart people trying to understand physics. They have heard a lot about how interesting and exciting physics is—the theory of relativity, quantum mechanics, and other modern ideas—and spend many years studying textbooks or following online courses. Many are discouraged because there are really very few grand, new, modern ideas presented to them. Also, when they ask too many questions in the course, they are usually told to just shut up and calculate. Hence, we were wondering whether or not we can make a course which would save them by maintaining their enthusiasm. This paper is a draft of the fifth chapter of such course. It offers a comprehensive overview of the complementarity of wave- and particle-like perspectives on electromagnetic (EM) waves and radiation. We finish with a few remarks on relativity.
Category: Quantum Physics
[128] viXra:2012.0146 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-20 10:35:53
Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 4 Pages.
Here we show that the charge radius of proton depends on kind of measurement - it solves the proton charge radius puzzle. The key role plays the virtual leptonic field which interacts with proton via the electroweak force.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[127] viXra:2012.0145 [pdf] replaced on 2021-04-16 15:38:12
Authors: Attilio Colombo
Comments: 30 Pages. Added to Section III a discussion about simultaneity hyperplanes
In this work it is shown how absolute simultaneity of spatially distinct events can be established by means of a general criterion based on isotropically propagating signals and how it can be consistently preserved also when operating with Lorentz-like coordinate transformations between moving frames. The specific invariance properties of these transformations of coordinates are discussed, leading to a different interpretation of the physical meaning of the transformed variables with respect to their prevailing interpretation when associated with the Lorentz transformation. On these basis, the emission hypothesis of W. Ritz is then applied to justify the outcomes of the Fizeau experiment, thanks to the introduction of an additional hypothesis regarding the influence of turbulence on the refractive index of the moving fluid. Finally, a test case to investigate the validity of either the Galilean or the Relativistic velocity composition rule is presented. Such test relies on the aberration of the light coming from celestial objects due to the motion of the observer and on the analysis of the results obtained by applying the two different formulas to process the data of the observed positions, as measured in the moving frame, in order to determine the actual un-aberrated location of the source.
Category: Classical Physics
[126] viXra:2012.0144 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-19 19:38:48
Authors: Jesus Delso Lapuerta
Comments: 4 Pages.
Einstein's general relativity is a theory of the nature of time, space and gravity in which gravity is a curvature of space and time that results from the presence of matter or energy. Spacetime curvature caused by an inhomogeneous distribution of matter unveiled by a discontinuous pattern of fringes instead of the expected continuous pattern
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[125] viXra:2012.0143 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-19 19:40:43
Authors: Mingchun Xiao
Comments: 5 Pages.
COVID-19, which originated in 2019, triggered a global pandemic in 2020. In the treatment of COVID-19, botanicals have achieved certain effects. My research found that the physiological mechanism of botanicals in the treatment of COVID-19 is that the alkaloids contained in plants can correct the PH value in blood and body fluids, maintain acid-base balance, and thereby inhibit the reproduction of COVID-19 and fungi. The pathological mechanism is that the invasion of COVID-19 will induce the proliferation of Candida albicans in the human body and cause acute leukemia. When Candida albicans proliferate in large numbers, it will destroy tissue cells, hinder the gas exchange in the blood, cause a large amount of carbon dioxide to stay, and cause the pH of body fluids and blood to be acidic. The alkaloids contained in plants can biochemically combine the hydrogen ions in body fluids and blood to reduce the concentration of hydrogen ions in body fluids and blood, thereby reaching acid-base balance and inhibiting the inflammatory response of Candida albicans.
Category: Biochemistry
[124] viXra:2012.0142 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-19 11:21:13
Authors: Adrià Descals, Luis Alonso, Gustau Camps-Valls
Comments: 4 Pages.
This paper introduces a methodology for predicting the year of plantation (YOP) from remote sensing data. The application has important implications in forestry management and inventorying. We exploit hyperspectral and LiDAR data in combination with state-of-the-art machine learning classi-fiers. In particular, we present a complete processing chain to extract spectral, textural and morphological features from both sensory data. Features are then combined and fed a Gaussian Process Classifier (GPC) trained to predict YOP in a forest area in North Carolina (US). The GPC algorithm provides accurate YOP estimates, reports spatially explicit maps and associated confidence maps, and provides sensible feature rankings.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[123] viXra:2012.0141 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-19 11:23:27
Authors: Pablo Morales, Adrián Pérez-Suay, Rafael Molina, Gustau Camps-Valls, Aggelos K. Katsaggelos
Comments: 5 Pages.
Passive Millimeter Wave Images (PMMWIs) are being increasingly used to identify and localize objects concealed under clothing. Taking into account the quality of these images and the unknown position, shape, and size of the hidden objects, large data sets are required to build successful classification/detection systems. Kernel methods, in particular Gaussian Processes (GPs), are sound, flexible, and popular techniques to address supervised learning problems. Unfortunately, their computational cost is known to be prohibitive
for large scale applications. In this work, we present a novel approach to PMMWI classification based on the use of Gaussian Processes for large data sets. The proposed methodology relies on linear approximations to kernel functions through random Fourier features. Model hyperparameters are learned within a variational Bayes inference scheme. Our proposal is well suited for real-time applications, since its computational cost at training and test times is much lower
than the original GP formulation. The proposed approach is tested on a unique, large, and real PMMWI database containing a broad variety of sizes, types, and locations of hidden objects.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[122] viXra:2012.0140 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-19 11:48:14
Authors: Ali Yousif Hassan Edriss
Comments: 50 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]
The universe consists of an empty space in which light travels in straight lines and bends when there is energy, which is represented in masses. The universe consists of six dimensions, four of them are objects and tangibles, which is what relativity has proven and two of them cannot be seen or felt, which is what quantum theory has proven. The universe is the speed of light in a vacuum. Then came quantum mechanics and proved this matter through its theory of quantum entanglement. The reason why we do not see these additional dimensions is that they fall within the prohibited areas imposed by the quantum world, and in which we can not know the details of the events entered into except with some general, but not detailed. And praise be to God, I have developed a mathematical method for knowing and predicting events within these regions, and this method is by using algorithms and exponential functions. Perhaps God Almighty created these tools so that we can get closer to him and draw closer to him and his creativity, and we must know that quantum mechanics is not specific to the microscopic or subatomic world. Not only but the visual world, even and this in the case of very high fields, as we shall see. This book revolves around the hypothesis of the existence of other dimensions and the first person discovered was the Prophet Muhammad, may God bless him and grant him peace. These dimensions are completely within the scope of the quantum world and are distinguished by having a gravitational field or any very high field, which led to the emergence of this quantum property. When moving within these dimensions, the body will experience very high speeds that exceed the speed of light in the four-dimensional billions of stages. This is not a violation of the relativity theory, because what we deal with is more than four dimensions. The first person to discover these dimensions was the Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him, as I mentioned, and he described his biography in these dimensions in an impressive way.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[121] viXra:2012.0139 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-19 13:07:56
Authors: Miguel Cerdá Bennassar
Comments: 4 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]
This paper studies other algorithms for the sequences in the Collatz Conjeture.
Category: Number Theory
[120] viXra:2012.0138 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-18 15:30:15
Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 2 Pages.
Henri Brocard posed two articles in 1876 and 1885 exposing the diophantine equation n!+1=m^2. It was also propose by Ramanujan. The unsolved problem says that it has not possible other solutions than n=4,5,7. In this paper I want to show a revision of the problem with the Stirling’s approximation to factorials.
Category: Number Theory
[119] viXra:2012.0137 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-18 20:40:38
Authors: Tai-Choon Yoon, Yina Yoon
Comments: 10 Pages. [Heading "Abstract" added by viXra Admin]
We reviewed the Euler integral for the factorial, Gauss' Pi function, Legendre's gamma function and beta function, and found that gamma function is defective in $\Gamma(0)$ and $\Gamma(-x)$ because they are undefined or indefinable. And we came to a conclusion that the definition of a negative factorial, that covers the domain of the negative space, is needed to the Euler integral for the factorial, as well as the Euler $Y$ function and the Euler $Z$ function, that supersede Legendre's gamma function and beta function.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory
[118] viXra:2012.0136 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-18 20:43:07
Authors: Tai-Choon Yoon, Yina Yoon
Comments: 4 Pages. [Heading "Abstract" added by viXra Admin]
The Riemann product formula is provided with the function $\zeta(s)$ for all complex numbers from $\int_0^\infty\frac{x^{s-1}}{e^x-1}dx$ by substituting $-x$ only partly for $x$ in the numerator, which is incorrect, because we can find even negative factorials at the same place instead of the so-called trivial zero.
And for Riemann hypothesis, we may derive out $q=\frac{2n\pi}{ln(a)}$ from the complex variable $z=\pm(p+iq)$ of the Riemann zeta function, which is applicable for all positive and negative planes and complex space including $\zeta(\frac{1}{2})$.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory
[117] viXra:2012.0135 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-18 20:46:20
Authors: Tariq Alraqad, Akbar Ali, Hicham Saber
Comments: 10 Pages.
Let $G$ be a graph containing no component isomorphic to the path graph of order $2$. Denote by $d_w$ the degree of a vertex $w$ in $G$. The augmented Zagreb index ($AZI$) of $G$ is the sum of the quantities $(d_ud_v/(d_u+d_v-2))^3$ over all edges $uv$ of $G$. Denote by $\mathcal{G}(n,\chi)$ the class of all connected graphs of a fixed order $n$ and with a fixed chromatic number $\chi$, where $n\ge5$ and $3\le \chi \le n-1$. The problem of finding graph(s) attaining the maximum $AZI$ in the class $\mathcal{G}(n,\chi)$ has been solved recently in [F. Li, Q. Ye, H. Broersma, R. Ye, MATCH Commun. Math. Comput. Chem. 85 (2021) 257--274] for the case when $n$ is a multiple of $\chi$. The present paper gives the solution of the aforementioned problem not only for the remaining case (that is, when $n$ is not a multiple of $\chi$) but also for the case considered in the aforesaid paper.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory
[116] viXra:2012.0133 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-18 12:36:19
Authors: Namanh Vu Hoang
Comments: 36 Pages.
This research utilizes implementation of classic methods for systematic data collection using the medium of the Internet to investigate the idea of culture as a shared cognitive semantic structure. We used the material domain of automobile manufacturer brand names to investigate our intuition that a shared understanding exists within the American culture and is pervasive across a diversity of demographic groups. Semantic structure information for 48 automobile manufacturer brand names was obtained using two association tasks (free-list and pile-sort) for a sample of 927 English-speaking United States residents recruited from online sources. Using this data, we estimate the shared structure of perceived similarity among automobile brands within the sampled population, and investigate the extent to which this structure reflects a cultural consensus, which is shared across demographic groups. Employing multidimensional scaling methods, we explore the properties of this structure and provide our interpretation in terms of known brand attributes. Via an additional instrument, we also measure subjects' tendency to infer that novel information regarding one brand will be causally relevant for assessing the properties of other brands. We use this data to test the hypothesis that closely associated brands are seen as causally relevant, net of objective factors such as ownership by the same firm.
Major findings include the following: (i) a comparison of semantic structures on the semantic domain of automobile brand names among subjects shows strong consensus with little variation across demographic groups, (ii) the different elicitation methods give strong convergent results, (iii) the detectable properties in determining semantic structure are region of origin and perceived brand luxuriousness, and (iv) the semantic structure of automobile brand names shows weak correlation between closely associated brands and causal relevancy.
These results show that knowledge of the domain of automobile manufacturer brand names is representative of a systemic pattern with significant cultural investment, and that administration of cognitive association methods via an Internet-based instrument is appropriate for measuring these less intuitive domains and are adequate for producing large and diverse samples across vast geographic distances.
Category: Social Science
[115] viXra:2012.0132 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-18 04:55:51
Authors: S. Opoku-Inkum
Comments: 6 Pages.
Presented here is a theory in theoretical physics that describes a cosmic gravitational force and how it manifests differently across different manifolds. This theory describes the cosmos to exist in levels of manifolds, each having degrees of freedom in a specific number of dimensions, which makes the cosmic force have deviant properties per each manifold. In support of this concept, a modified version of the Einstein Field Equations (EFE) is given to aid in description of the manifolds and to show the relationships and trends across the manifolds.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[114] viXra:2012.0131 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-18 06:58:02
Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 5 Pages.
Here we show that the effective Gaussian source radii for the proton-hyperon pairs obtained at the LHC follow from the atom-like structure of baryons which is described in the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST). The effective radii strongly depend on the methods used, as has been proven with the proton.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[113] viXra:2012.0130 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-16 11:12:58
Authors: James Smith
Comments: Pages.
We prove the Intersecting-Chords Theorem as a corollary to a relation-ship, derived via Geometric Algebra, about the product of the lengths of two segments of a single chord. We derive a similar theorem about the product of the lengths of a secant a chord.
Category: Geometry
[112] viXra:2012.0129 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-16 11:15:46
Authors: James A. Smith
Comments: 8 Pages.
Euclid proved (Elements, Book III, Propositions 20 and 21) proved that an angle inscribed in a circle is half as big as the central angle that subtends the same arc. We present a high-school level version of Hestenes' GA-based proof ([1]) of that same theorem. We conclude with comments on the need for learners of GA to learn classical geometry as well.
Category: Geometry
[111] viXra:2012.0128 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-16 13:46:19
Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 7 Pages.
In this paper we introduce and develop the notion of simple close curve magnetization. We provide an application to Bellman's lost in the forest problem assuming special geometric conditions between the hiker and the boundary of the forest.
Category: Geometry
[110] viXra:2012.0127 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-16 21:36:55
Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 17 Pages.
Extended ASCII is a character encoding which uses 8-bit for every single symbol. My character encoding uses 10-bit for symbol, and it is more efficient in the transmission of the data in short and long texts because its properties.
Category: Digital Signal Processing
[109] viXra:2012.0125 [pdf] replaced on 2021-01-24 18:30:31
Authors: Jaykov Foukzon
Comments: 26 Pages. Accepted by Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology [Corrections made by viXra Admin to confirm with the requirements on the Replacement Form]
In paper [1] published recently A. L.Kholmetskii et al.argued that S.A.Podosenov et al.
paper [2] wrong and cannot explain nowel Mössbauer experiment in a rotating system.
However paper [1] contains a lot of principal mistakes: (i) first notice that [1] based on rejection the Einstein equivalence principle (EEP) (see [3]) and misconception in basic notion of GRT. By using these misconception A. L.Kholmetskii et al.argued that: "the problem of the physical interpretation of the observed energy shift between emission and absorption lines in a rotating system under the framework of general relativity open".
Ofcourse after rejection the EEP under the framework of general relativity one explains nothing.
(ii) secondary note that paper [1] based on misleading in quantum optics.
In quantum optics we dealing with the probability density w(t,r),r∈ℝ³ such that
w(t,‖r‖,Ω)δΩdt is the probability of the photon registration near point r, between
instant t and t+dt by a detector with angular size δΩ≪1sr and located at the point r∈ℝ³.The probability density w(t,r) is not highly localized in free space except
unphysical 1D case known from literature (see [4],5B 1.2).A single photons cannot be
localized by using photodetector. Nevertheless in order to disprove S.A.Podosenov et al.
paper [2], A. L.Kholmetskii et al. in [1] naively argued that γ-quanta is a point particle
and propagate along highly localized classical trajectory. But this is a missconcept.
Remark 1. But more importantly, these authors deliberately mislead readers by reporting
absolutely false information about the experimental results stated in the classical papers
[5]-[9].
A. L.Kholmetskii et al. wrote (see [1] p.5): However, "it becomes obvious that Podosenov et al. [26] did not even realize the fact that Eq. (11) indicates a red shift of the frequency of the resonant radiation (i.e., ν_{R}<ν₀ ), whereas the equality k=2/3 in Eq. (4), obtained in the experiments [9--12] corresponds to the blue shift of the resonant radiation when ν_{R}>ν₀. We add that the same blue shift of the frequency of the resonant γ -quanta has been obtained in all other Mössbauer rotor experiments [1--6] (see corresponding ref.[5]-[9] in this paper) in the configuration where the source of resonant radiation was located on the rotational axis, and the resonant absorber was mounted on the rotor rim".
Remark 1. Note that in classical Mössbauer rotor experiments [1]--[6] only a red shift
in full accordance with GRT prediction without any doubt were obtained. [Truncated by viXra Admin to <400 words]
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[108] viXra:2012.0124 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-17 12:55:45
Authors: Muhammed Omar Badr
Comments: 1 Page.
The formula e=mc² is maybe the most famous formula of the world. The Planck units are the fundamental units of Physics. The speed of light is a fundamental constant in physics.
Is there a connection between them? And what could a connection between them tell us? The following paper shall answer this question.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[107] viXra:2012.0123 [pdf] replaced on 2021-04-02 20:54:36
Authors: Huhnkie Lee
Comments: 279 Pages. Some graphical and typographical errors were corrected [Corrections made by viXra Admin to confirm with the requirements on the Replacement Form]
This book is a collection of five academic research papers written by the aforementioned
author in Alaska between August 2020 and December 2020.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[106] viXra:2012.0122 [pdf] replaced on 2021-02-11 20:21:03
Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 12 Pages.
The Russian cluster of words listed in the title is considered. The translation of article into English is enclosed.
Category: Linguistics
[105] viXra:2012.0121 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-16 08:58:04
Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 2 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
A new model of our universe can explain the conundrum of supergiant voids in the CMB.
Category: Astrophysics
[104] viXra:2012.0120 [pdf] replaced on 2021-03-30 02:41:03
Authors: A. A. Frempong
Comments: 6 Pages. Copyright © by A. A. Frempong
By applying basic mathematical principles, the author surely, and instructionally, proves, directly, the original Beal conjecture which states that if A^x + B^y = C^z, where A, B, C, x, y, z are positive integers and x, y, z > 2, then A, B and C have a common prime factor. One will let r, s, and t be prime factors of A, B and C, respectively, such that A = Dr, B = Es, C = Ft, where D, E, and F are positive integers. Then, the equation A^x + B^y = C^z becomes D^xr^x + E^ys^y = F^zt^z. The proof would be complete after showing that the equalities, r^x = t^x, s^y = t^y and r = s = t, are true. The proof of the above equalities would involve showing that the ratios, (r^x)/(t^x) = 1 and (s^y)/(t^y) =1, which would imply that r = s = t. The main principle for obtaining relationships between the prime factors on the left side of the equation and the prime factor on the right side of the equation is that the power of each prime factor on the left side of the equation equals the same power of the prime factor on the right side of the equation. High school students can learn and prove this conjecture for a bonus question on a final class exam.
Category: Number Theory
[103] viXra:2012.0119 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-15 10:31:56
Authors: Philippe E. Ruiz
Comments: 17 Pages.
The pattern of the primes is one of the most fundamental mysteries of mathematics. This paper introduces a core polynomial model for primes based on nested residual regressions. Residual nestedness reveals increasing polynomial intertwining and shows scale invariance, or at least strong self-similarity up to at least p = 15,485,863. Accuracy of prediction decreases as the prediction range increases, conversely, the increase in the number of models helps refine predictions holistically.
Category: Number Theory
[102] viXra:2012.0118 [pdf] replaced on 2020-12-17 05:37:35
Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 10 Pages.
Here we described the origin of the magnetic-activity cycles of solar-like cool stars. On the basis of the atom-like structure of baryons, we calculated the ratios of the activity-cycle period to rotation period for the Sun and for the active and inactive branches. We also solved the coronal heating problem.
Category: Astrophysics
[101] viXra:2012.0117 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-14 19:28:18
Authors: M. Nonti, K.K.D. Adjaï, J. Akande, M.D. Monsia
Comments: 17 Pages.
In this paper we present a general class of differential equations of Ermakov-Pinney type which may serve as truly nonlinear oscillators. We show the existence of periodic solutions by exact integration after the phase plane analysis. The related quadratic Lienard type equations are examined to show for the first time that the Jacobi elliptic functions may be solution of second-order autonomous non-polynomial differential equations.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[100] viXra:2012.0116 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-14 19:29:26
Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: Pages.
In this note, we give one propriety of the geodesic lines of the ellipsoid
of revolution.
Category: Geometry
[99] viXra:2012.0112 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-14 19:52:13
Authors: Viktor S. Dolgikh
Comments: 7 Pages. In english and Russian [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
I represent the continuation of my previously published works: 1701.0488, 2009.0160. It presents the geometric structures of organic compounds: carbohydrates; protein amino acids, and the formation of the mechanism of "living matter" on their basis. In the conclusion - "analysis", will be given and its formula-definition. The description is of a constructional direction.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[98] viXra:2012.0111 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-14 19:43:30
Authors: Bogdan Szenkaryk
Comments: 8 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
The article presents simple and cheap ways to study the density change of dark matter that exists all around us. We encounter these changes in the density of dark matter in our daily lives, but we do not notice them. The article presents how the density of dark matter changes under the influence of magnetisation, permanent deformation and heating.
Category: Astrophysics
[97] viXra:2012.0110 [pdf] replaced on 2020-12-17 03:39:19
Authors: Antoine Balan
Comments: 2 pages, written in french
We define the continuous tensor calculus which is the tensor calculus when the dimension of the spaces is the cardinality of the continuum. The spaces are called infinite manifolds
Category: Geometry
[96] viXra:2012.0109 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-14 09:18:09
Authors: A. Macleod
Comments: 153 Pages.
The problem of energy conservation in the universe is investigated both in the context of conventional cosmology and alternatives.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[95] viXra:2012.0108 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-14 10:31:58
Authors: G. L. Harnagel
Comments: 4 Pages.
Concerns that tachyons, which have imaginary
mass, may violate causality have been been discussed in the context of two distinct embodiments for constructing a message loop. One
employs transmitters in motion relative to receivers, while the other has transmitters and
receivers at rest with each other and messages
are passed between moving observers using electromagnetic signals. The latter (Method II) is
of interest only to those who seek to disprove
the existence of faster-than-light phenomena by
constructing hypothetical thought experiments
based solely upon kinematics that purportedly
violate causality, often by specious means. The
former (Method I), on the other hand, is based
upon the wider foundation of both kinematics
and dynamics, and sound analysis proves that
causality is not violated. For Method I, the relative speed between transmitter and receiver limits the propagation speed according to u = c^2/v, where u is the maximum possible propagation
speed and v is the relative speed between transmitter and receiver. This paper discusses this paradigm for communicating between outposts
in different star systems. Techniques will be discussed for increasing propagation speed beyond
that limited by the relative motion between earth
and a planetary base in orbit around a distant
star.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[94] viXra:2012.0107 [pdf] replaced on 2020-12-23 10:50:54
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 11 Pages. 1 figure.
This paper is a subsequent paper to the previous two papers “Chen’s Formulas of the Fine-structure Constant” (viXra:2002.0203) and “Supplement Formulas of the Fine-structure Constant α, New Formulas of Euler Number e and Their Relationships with Nuclides” (viXra:2008.0020) for giving some supplement formulas and explanations to some recent measurements. In the previous papers, many formulas of the fine-structure constant (α) based on the key numbers 112, 173, 137, 83, 29 et al had been given, and some fractional number formulas of α based on 56 and 81 had also been given. In this paper, some new fractional number formulas of α based on 56 and 81 were supplemented, and some explanations to recent (the last decade) measurements of α were presented, especially the latest most accurate measurement of α (reported by Nature on Dec. 2, 2020) was commented.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[93] viXra:2012.0106 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-14 19:57:19
Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 10 Pages. Submitted to the journal The Fibonacci Quartely. Comments welcome
In this paper, we consider the abc conjecture. In the first part, we give the proof of the conjecture c < rad ^{1.63}(abc) that constitutes the key to resolve the abc conjecture. The proof of the abc conjecture is given in the second part of the paper, supposing that the abc conjecture is false, we arrive in a contradiction.
Category: Number Theory
[92] viXra:2012.0105 [pdf] replaced on 2020-12-18 01:09:28
Authors: Anwesh Bhattacharya
Comments: 10 Pages. Presented at MMLA 2019, PES University, Bangalore.
In this paper, we have derived a formula to find combinatorial sums of the type $\sum_{r=0}^n r^k {n\choose r}$ for $k \in \mathbb{N}$. The formula is conveniently expressed as a linear combination of terms involving the falling factorial. The co-efficients in this linear expression satisfy a recurrence relation, which is identical to that of the Stirling numbers of the first and second kind.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory
[91] viXra:2012.0104 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-14 12:54:13
Authors: J. Akande, K.K. D. Adjaï, L.H. Koudahoun, M.D. Monsia
Comments: 7 pages
We show in this paper the existence of non-periodic real-valued and complex-valued solutions of the Mathews-Lakshmanan oscillator equation. The theory allows also to find the sinusoidal periodic solution given by the authors. As an oscillator can only have periodic solutions for the same model parameters, we conclude that the Mathews-Lakshmanan equation is a pseudo-oscillator.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[90] viXra:2012.0103 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-14 13:38:50
Authors: Popov Boris Mikhailovich
Comments: Pages. [Corrections made to conform with the rules and guidelines of viXra.org]]
В современной науке принято считать, что процесс – это аранжированная по времени или неким другим способом совокупность реализации действий и изменений условий. В статье рассматривается процесс свободного падения тел в аранжировке не только по времени, но и по пространству. В соответствии с современными представлениями падение тел происходит с ускорением, с отсутствием сил деформации (инерции) на нем. То есть тяжелые тела стремятся вниз, хотя они не подвержены действию какого-либо импульса. Если считать пружину синонимом силы, то сила тяготения синонимом силы не является.Идея статьи навеяна чтением труда Эйлера "Основы динамики точки"
Category: Classical Physics
[89] viXra:2012.0101 [pdf] replaced on 2021-03-09 14:43:36
Authors: Capt. Joseph H. Forrington
Comments: 25 Pages
A proof of the gravitational dynamics developed here-in is LIGO’S Sept. 14, 2015 detection of a “gravity wave”, and a proof of the nature of the evolving continuum is IBEX failing to find a shock wave at the edge of the heliopause and the “dead zone” discovered by Pioneer 1. This is a Time Dilation-based cosmology. The evolution of time is the primary, irresistible, force in the universe, as all events in space must evolve forward with time. This is the Fundamental Direction and Rate of Evolution, herein represented by Einstein’s Fundamental Metric, which is the basis of the tensors describing a null gravitational field. Fluctuations in the CMB are fluctuations in the rate of time. When a standing wave forms a dilation pit, we also see an irresistible Gravitational Direction and Rate of Evolution. Dilation creates a density at the faster end due to contraction to maintain c and an increase in energy and pressure due to an increase in frequency. Gravitational evolution translates the fundamental energy of time into kinetic energy. When the gravitational evolution impedes at the central focus of a spherical dilation pit, the kinetic energy is translated into thermal energy. The resultant of the FDE & GDE is the curvature in evolution we see as the spacetime/quantum continuum evolves forward. We have 2 event horizons we appear to evolve between where time appears to stop, “Limits of Relativity”. We apparently evolve toward the event horizon of the galactic MECO (“black hole”) and away from the outer, cosmic, horizon. The passage of proper time within our own inertial frames has an acceleration aspect of ~2.2686*10^-18 s/s that manifests the Hubble shift through time dilation in older frames and time appears to stop at ~13.9 Gly looking outwards. This acceleration eliminates singularities and infinite expansions when added to the time elements of Einstein’s field equations. Each galaxy can be considered a branching of the evolution of the universe. Both of these event horizons retreat when approached and the dilation gradient shifts, so if the 1 s/s limit is considered the edge of the universe, MECO’s are gateways to other universes without end. The proof that the ~2.2686*10^-18 s/s acceleration in the inertial frame exists is in the fact that life forms grow up, against the GDE (gravity). Galactic rotation velocities are explained. The origin of spacetime is explained. This model replaces LamdaCDM/Big Bang.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[88] viXra:2012.0100 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-13 11:56:59
Authors: Joseph Bakhos
Comments: Pages.
A gravity force law that alternates between repulsive and attractive values. It has correct units, scales to planets, solar systems, galaxies, and clusters. It gives approximately correct values for planetary acceleration around the Sun, and approximately correct values for the acceleration due to gravity on planetary surfaces.
Category: Astrophysics
[87] viXra:2012.0097 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-13 12:02:52
Authors: Meblu Sanand Tom
Comments: 8 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
In this paper we will discuss Millikan's oil drop experiment in a detailed way. Here We see combination of many different fields of Physics such as Particle Physics, Electrodynamics, Fluid Mechanics etc...We verify the theory using interactive simulations and MATLAB.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[86] viXra:2012.0096 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-13 08:09:52
Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 3 Pages.
The original Compton wavelength published by Arthur Compton [1] in 1923 was not full relativistic, but this has been extended to a full relativistic Compton wavelength by Haug [2]. This means also the standard Compton edge not is full relativistic, here we extend the Compton edge to be full relativistic.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[85] viXra:2012.0095 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-13 12:08:49
Authors: John I Domazet
Comments: 11 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]
This paper will describe the design to a device which is patent pending with the USPTO and that would address Miguel Alcubierre paper about warp drives and his assumption that exotic materials would be required in order to produce negative energy. It is the assertion of this paper that negative energy for a warp drive will not be found under the normal aspects of matter to harness, but rather must be found through the manufacturing of a device that would replicate it.
Essentially, to harness the potential of negative energy, one must first design a circuit that continually creates and harnesses the inertial moment of a closed circuit. In this quantum “big bang” inertial moment, the negative energy that provides the equal and opposite force within the closed circuit can be moved through the displacement field using capacitor discharge timing and the space it creates within two separate thermally induced circuits. By using the mathematics behind Maxwell’s demon, the time varying field that creates the displacement current phenomenon is aligned with the time varying of capacitor charge and discharge cycles to create circuits that have their specific orbital spins organized. Within magnetron circuits, three electrode capacitors move the potential of the single anode through internal and external reactions. These reactions and signals are controlled through vacuum tubes and oscillated between twin cells, rectifying and amplifying their waves or particles and organizing them into positive forward and negative backward right-hand moving waves contained within an individual phase of power. This oscillation creates a greater third wave and becomes the first means to understanding negative energy as a backward moving cold current, that would expel the equal and opposite force normally contained within a hot closed circuit, creating two right hand moving hot and cold currents locked in a thermal exchange within a single phase of power. Through the use of vacuum tubes, the context of harnessing the potential of light being a wave or a particle becomes very apparent, with the device resembling the theoretical version of a warp drive that would mathematically move to the speed of light.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy
[84] viXra:2012.0093 [pdf] replaced on 2021-03-03 03:00:26
Authors: Jesus Delso Lapuerta
Comments: 4 Pages.
In four dimensions with the Minkowski metric the electromagnetic field tensor is defined as a differential 2-form F that constructs the electromagnetic stress–energy tensor as a combination of F and the Hodge dual of F, in Einstein field equations this role is played by the Weyl tensor C, the conformal tensor curvature is the only part of the curvature that exists in free space and governs the propagation of gravitational waves, so the conformal energy tensor can be defined as a combination of C and the Hodge dual of C
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[83] viXra:2012.0092 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-11 21:22:56
Authors: Saty Raghavachary
Comments: 10 Pages.
Regarding intelligence as a ‘considered response’ phenomenon is the key notion that is presented in this paper. Applied to human-level intelligence, it seems to be a useful definition that can lend clarity to the following related aspects as well: mind, self/I, awareness, self-awareness, consciousness, sentience, thoughts and feelings, free will, perception, attention, cognition,
expectation, prediction, learning. Also, embodiment is argued to be an essential
component of an AGI’s agent architecture, in order for it to attain grounded cognition, a sense of self and social learning - via direct physical experience and mental processes, all based on considered response.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[82] viXra:2012.0091 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-11 16:17:35
Authors: Sangwha Yi
Comments: 5 Pages. Thank you for reading
In the general relativity theory,we find Klein-Gordon wave function is in Robertson-Walker and Schwarzschild space-time.Specially , this article is that Klein-Gordon wave equation is treated by gauge fixing equations in Robertson Walker space-time and
Schwarzschild space-time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[81] viXra:2012.0090 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-11 21:33:59
Authors: Valentín Ibáñez Fernández
Comments: 37 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
Using Fizeau's experience, the paper shows experimentally and theoretically the change the speed of light in inertial moving systems.
The theoretical interpretation of Fizeau's experiment, like that of A. Einstein, based on representations of the motion of light signals in a stationary ether.
Since the theory of the fixed an ether allowed us to determine the absolute motion of the motion of electromagnetic waves at a constant speed in the universe with a fixed an ether.
However, rethinking the experience of Fizeau, from the point of view of the propagation of a light wave in the material medium - ether, which consists of a moving inertial system. In addition, the material medium-ether changes its speed depending on the speed of the system; the paper concludes that the speed of light in an inertial moving system depends on the speed of the inertial system.
Category: Classical Physics
[80] viXra:2012.0089 [pdf] replaced on 2020-12-17 19:10:28
Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 47 Pages.
In this paper we will show that standard physics to a large degree consists of derivatives of a deeper reality. This means standard physics is both overly complex and also incomplete. Modern physics has typically started from working with first understanding the surface of the world, that is typically the macroscopic world, and then forming theories about the atomic and subatomic world. And we did not have much of a choice, as the subatomic world is very hard to observe directly, if not impossible to observe directly at the deepest level. Despite the enormous success of modern physics, it is therefore no big surprise that we at some point have possibly taken a step in the wrong direction. We will claim that one such step came when one thought that the de Broglie wavelength represented a real matter wavelength. We will claim that the Compton wavelength is the real matter wavelength. Based on such a view we will see that many equations in modern physics are only derivatives of much simpler relations. Second, we will claim that in today’s physics one uses two different mass definitions, one mass definition that is complete or at least more complete, embedded in gravity equations without being aware of it, as it is concealed in GM, and the standard, but incomplete, kg mass definition in non-gravitational physics. First, when this is understood, and one uses the more complete mass definition that is embedded in gravity physics, not only in gravity physics, but in all of physics, then one has a chance to unify gravity and quantum mechanics. Our new theory shows that most physical phenomena when observed over a very short timescale are probabilistic for masses smaller than a Planck mass and dominated by determinism at or above Planck mass size.
Our findings have many implications. For example, we show that the Heisenberg uncertainty principle is rooted in a foundation not valid for rest-mass particles, so the Heisenberg uncertainty principle can say nothing about rest-masses. When re-formulated based on a foundation compatible with a new momentum that is also compatible with rest-masses, we obtain a re-defined Heisenberg principle that seems to become a certainty principle in the special case of a Planck mass particle. Furthermore, we show that the Planck mass particle is linked to gravity and that we can easily detect the Planck scale from gravity observations.
Category: Quantum Physics
[79] viXra:2012.0088 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-12 09:51:59
Authors: Kuan-Sian Wang, Mei-Yu Lee
Comments: Pages.
We discussed the simulator and test statistic of continuous Bernoulli distribution which is important to test the pervasive error of variational autoencoders in deep learning. We provided the sufficient statistic, the point estimator, the confidence interval, test statistic, goodness of fit, and one-way test for continuous Bernoulli distribution. Besides, continuous binomial distribution can be derived, so the the confidence interval and the test can be worked under two continuous Bernoulli populations. Continuous trinomial distribution can also be find. Please download the computer software of this book from https://github.com/meiyulee/continuous_Bernoulli
Category: Statistics
[78] viXra:2012.0087 [pdf] replaced on 2021-02-21 08:13:46
Authors: Daniel Archer
Comments: 6 Pages. 8 pictures, 8 quotes
In Stellar Metamorphosis red stars evolve into brown dwarfs. In this paper it is shown why and how this happens and supporting evidence is provided.
Category: Astrophysics
[77] viXra:2012.0086 [pdf] replaced on 2021-07-23 21:21:05
Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 5 Pages. Submitted to the journal.
In this short note, I prove the abc conjecture.
You are free not to get enlightened about that fact. But please pay respect to new dispositions of the abc conjecture and research methods in this note.
Category: Number Theory
[76] viXra:2012.0085 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-10 22:21:17
Authors: James Camacho
Comments: 2 Pages.
In this paper we use induction to prove that all roots of 2 are irrational.
Category: Number Theory
[75] viXra:2012.0084 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-11 08:40:51
Authors: Cameron Wong
Comments: 8 Pages.
Bohr model and Planck constant are destructive to each other
Category: Quantum Physics
[74] viXra:2012.0082 [pdf] replaced on 2021-02-08 20:22:48
Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 18 Pages.
The origin of some Russian words is considered. The translation of article into English is enclosed.
Category: Linguistics
[73] viXra:2012.0081 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-11 08:42:06
Authors: Franz Hermann
Comments: 27 Pages.
It is known that a regular polygon with an even number of sides can be paved with a rhombic mosaic with the rhombus side equal to the polygon side. This paper provides a generalization for constructing a rhombic mosaic for the case of any n-gon. in addition, we consider cases of constructing a rhombic-fractal mosaic of regular polygons. In addition, the hypothesis "about a combined mosaic" is formulated»
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory
[72] viXra:2012.0080 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-11 09:12:58
Authors: Egger Mielberg
Comments: 23 Pages. [Note by viXra Admin: Title must be consistant on the Submission Form and in the article]
A purely sense-to-sense connection between two arbitrary objects would allow trillions of other objects to be associated with each other by their specific sense. The main benefit of the sense connection is still lost if an object of
certain nature does not still have a property's association to even a single another object (-s).
We propose a new paradigm of a mathematical space that is sense-centered and AI-focused in its nature. One of the main purposes of this space are to create an informational sphere for a a massive number of heterogeneous objects by the existed sense relationship between them. It may be extremely useful if a life event (behavior) in the future of one person, say buying a car could be described by another life event (behavior) in the past of another person, say the baby's a birthday celebration or the properties of physical phenomena in the past will trigger some actions in the future.
Category: Set Theory and Logic
[71] viXra:2012.0079 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-10 19:25:45
Authors: Yahya A. Sharif
Comments: 2 Pages.
God exists and created the world. The world is logically built by an intelligent creator Even Physics says no Here I will show that physics is true as well as God exists
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics
[70] viXra:2012.0078 [pdf] replaced on 2021-02-04 20:08:41
Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 43 Pages. 75 figures, 12 tables
In 1945 Albert Einstein wrote a letter about his thoughts to the correct foundation of a Universal Theory to the physicist & friend Ilse Rosenthal-Schneider. Einstein wrote that the true constants of a universal theory must be of a “rationell“-type, like Pi (π) & e, constants which are transparent constructions out of number 1, and which all have values based on the logical base of the complete theory. (chapter 1)
My mathematical discovery described in chapter 3.1, shows that all irrational square roots of the natural numbers and even constant Pi (π) can be expressed by only using the most irrational constant Phi (ϕ) and Number 1 as base units. I made this discovery with the help of an algebraic term found in Peter Danenhower’s study “Phase Spaces in Special Relativity : Towards eliminating gravitational singularities“
The base constants of a Universal Theory must be constant Phi (ϕ) and Number 1 !
Constant PhI (ϕ) seems to be the fundamental constant that defines the distribution of waves and “particles“ in the universe, and the base unit (number) 1 seems to represent a base energy/wave element. (chapter 3.3)
Direct after the Big-Bang only energy existed. Therfore the fundamental physical theory must be able to explain how matter formed out of “massless energy“. However this energy (“matter“) may not be distributed in a flat-space universe but instead in a universe with a structure that is similar to a spatial 3-hypersurface with a hyperbolic Poincare-Dodecahedral-Space (PDS)-structure.
The filament structure of our universe and the final image sequence of the EHT2017 project, which shows the structure of the M87 central black hole shadow, seem to confirm this ! The EHT2017-images seem to show a dodecahedral structure, indicated by 3 - 4 full-pentagonal rings and some half-pentagonal rings.
Based on the Platonic Solids and on constant ϕ, I also present a first concept of the Universal Theory and a new calculable model of the atomic nucleus. ( see chapter 3 to 3.4 , and my Study )
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[69] viXra:2012.0076 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-10 19:32:52
Authors: Volkmar Müller
Comments: 5 Pages.
The lower limit of cosmological expansion postulated by standard cosmology is called into question for both theoretical and observable reasons. The cosmological redshift is not interpreted here as a Doppler effect and numerical increase in distance, but as an expansion of the space-time scale. All objects dominated by gravity, including small objects such as the Earth, participate in cosmological expansion contrary to standard theory. We give a number of examples for the extreme, 18-digit accordance of expansion rates of different knowledge areas with the cosmological expansion rate. This accordance means that a common cause is almost inevitable. The space expands with its content while maintaining the numerical distance, radius, rotation time and density. The Earth therefore shows no expansion, but a scale drift with a drift rate of the size of the Hubble constant. This intrinsic drift apparently also applies to distant galaxies. The expansion of galaxies assumed here makes the assumption of dark matter superfluous. The continents and our usual everyday environment are not involved in the expansion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[68] viXra:2012.0075 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-10 13:12:35
Authors: Eric Lee D'Aleo
Comments: 2 Pages.
The Unified Theory of Cosmic Plasma Physics is a grand unified theory based on plasma physics and derived from quantum electrodynamics. The theory’s power comes from its effortless solution to Hilbert’s 16th Problem. The Unified Theory of Cosmic Plasma Physics supplants heliophysics by employing Fermi Bubbles, Magellanic Clouds, Starspots, Pulsar Glitch, Color Superconducting Neutron Star Cores, and more plasma physics phenomena to solve pressing issues such as the coronal heating problem, final parsec problem, and strong cp problem.
Category: Astrophysics
[67] viXra:2012.0074 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-10 19:34:34
Authors: Jiri Soucek
Comments: 6 Pages.
The standard Bell’s theorem states that quantum mechanics (QM) cannot be locally realistic. Here we prove the strong Bell’s theorem which states that QM cannot be realistic. In the proof we use the Mermin’s form of the Bell’s theorem. Our result solves the old dilemma: non-locality or non-realism. Then we discuss the consequences of the strong Bell’s theorem, e.g. that no Bell non-locality of QM exists and that quantum theory is local and non-realistic.
Category: Quantum Physics
[66] viXra:2012.0071 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-10 08:39:05
Authors: Majid Zohrehbandian
Comments: 5 Pages.
Vertex cover problem is a famous combinatorial problem, which its complexity has been heavily studied. It is known that it is hard to approximate to within any constant factor better than 2. In this paper, based on the addition of new constraints to the combination of 3 semidefinite programming (SDP) relaxations, we introduce a new stronger SDP relaxation for vertex cover problem which solve it exactly on general graphs. In this manner and by solving one of the NP-complete problems in polynomial time, we conclude that P=NP.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory
[65] viXra:2012.0070 [pdf] replaced on 2021-01-30 22:34:13
Authors: Gene H. Barbee
Comments: 48 Pages. My email is genebarbee@msn.com.
The WMAP and PLANCK missions [3][5][17] measured and analyzed the Cosmic Background
Radiation. They published V/R=2.26e-18/sec for the current expansion rate and critical density
Rhoc= 9.2e-27 Kg/m^3. Using this density, the indicated composition of nature is about 5%
normal matter, 23% dark matter and 72% dark energy.
Insight is great (and why this is important to me). The WMAP team error is now clear. They
assumed that Cosmic Background Radiation temperature 2.725 K is scaled back to the equality
of mass density/photon mass density and decoupling. Shortly after the beginning neutrons and
protons fused to He4 and released energy. Much later stars released energy. Currently the CBR
temperature 2.725 K consists of 60% He4 energy and 40% star energy. But stars didn’t exist
during the equality period. This means that the temperature then was lower than the WMAP
assumption for each early expansion radius. The criteria for decoupling and equality are obeyed
but they occur earlier in time than the WMAP analysis. With earlier equality, the radius was
smaller when mass and photon density were equal. The mass associated with density is
consistent with protons only. Since the WMAP data was based on angles they could not discern
when the significant events occurred.
This paper compares two expansion analysis that agree with WMAP 9 year data [5]. Both are
based on the Hubble constant converted to kinetic energy. The first analysis replicates WMAP
data and explains why it requires a high critical density with only 5% baryons. The second
analysis is based on three sources of kinetic energy. This analysis is based on protons and there
is no missing matter or dark energy. This is detailed in Part 1 of this document.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[64] viXra:2012.0069 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-10 08:55:41
Authors: Jaime Vladimir Torres-Heredia Julca
Comments: 6 Pages.
In this paper we study a simple exponential growing problem which leads to a basic asymptotic function. It shows a hidden property of asymptotic functions.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[63] viXra:2012.0068 [pdf] replaced on 2020-12-14 21:16:28
Authors: Robby Igusti Chandra, Victor Christianto
Comments: 17 Pages. Paper presented at Euroasia Congress on Scientific Researches and Recent Trends-VII, held at Baku Eurasian University, Dec 6-8th, 2020. Conference web site : https://www.euroasiasummit.org/
The separation between the economic concept and moral values or theology occurs after the industrial age. Economic leaders who define the measurements in the macro-economic domain such as inflation rate, trade deficit, interest rate, gross domestic product (GDP), or debts do not include theological or moral concepts to their concerns. In daily business practices efficiency and effectivity in achieving net profits, brand image, and productivity becomes the success measurements. Thus, people accept the gap in wealth distribution as normalcy. Only in 2020 when humanity ends up being shaken by multiple crises such as COVID-19, social or political conflicts, global economic crises, people tend to evaluate such practices and the consequences. This article explores koinomics, a concept that combines economy and interrelational concerns with the theology about Christian view of Godhead as a proposed framework to deal with the wealth gap and economic success concerns. Thus, literature textual study becomes the main method. The study also analyses two communities as models that have been applying such a theological concept. As the result, the exploration on the relational dimensions of the Trinitarian God and the narrative in Luke 16 yields a finding that, there should be three main concerns and success measurements of business and economy: continuous creation process, inter-communal share and caring practices, added with mutual sustainable growth. The analysis on two models shows that they apply such idea successfully. Thus, the potentials of "koinomics" as a framework for business practices are affirmed, yet various challenges in business or economic contexts need to be answered from theological perspectives.
Category: Economics and Finance
[62] viXra:2012.0067 [pdf] replaced on 2020-12-11 08:34:18
Authors: Hiroshi Okumura
Comments: 2 Pages.
We consider the notable circle for the arbelos arising from Laurent expansion appeared in [1], [2, 3] in detail.
Category: Geometry
[61] viXra:2012.0066 [pdf] replaced on 2023-04-23 03:58:38
Authors: Aleksey Vaneev
Comments: 2 Pages.
This short note presents a schematic of a proposed acoustical feedback system that produces unexpected electrical energy feedback into the power grid.
Category: Classical Physics
[60] viXra:2012.0064 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-09 09:08:40
Authors: Junjae Lee
Comments: 8 Pages.
Invertible Rescaling Net (IRN) modeled the downscaling and up-scaling process using
Invertible Neural Networks (INN) instead of upscaling to the traditional Singleimage super resolution (SISR) method. As a result, it showed significantly improved performance than the previous method. However, apart from its high performance, IRN requires a lot of computation. hence, to improve this, we replace the existing dense block with Pixel Attention Distillation Block (PADB). In addition, we use Charbonnier loss
instead of Mean Absolute Error (MAE) for the existing reconstruction loss. Through these improvements, we trade off the high performance and speed of the existing architecture and achieve higher performance than the lightweight SR model using the conventional method. In addition, by improving the perceptual loss and adversarial loss. we achieve perceptually satisfactory results than the model using the IRN+ method.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[59] viXra:2012.0063 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-09 09:11:27
Authors: S. Kalimuthu
Comments: 21 Pages. This is a revolutionary program. If implemented, the rural economy will MUCH prosper.
For rural development in Tamil Nadu State, India the author proposes ten point programs. The important feature is that the author appeals to the government to announce that the state agricultural laborers are government employees.
Category: Economics and Finance
[58] viXra:2012.0062 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-09 09:12:09
Authors: Toshiro Takami
Comments: 8 Pages.
The Goto Islands, which belong to Nagasaki Prefecture, the westernmost part of Japan, and the islands of the western tip of Nagasaki facing the Goto Sea, are a region with a high incidence of mental disorders such as schizophrenia. It is estimated, in the author's experience, to be five times higher than the national average. Some argue that this is because the islands are a closed, unique world. However, there have been no reports of the islands of Japan being a zone of high incidence of mental illness. Nor do they live on Gotō, only where they are from, that is, where their ancestors - themselves, their parents, their grandparents, or their great-grandparents - were born.
It could be that some virus, spirochete, or something else is involved. However, the Goto Islands and the islands of the western end of Nagasaki facing the Goto Sea are highly endemic for the retrovirus ATRV (adult T-cell leukemia virus). However, there are other regions in Japan where the adult T-cell leukemia virus (ATLV) is highly endemic, such as the Goto Islands and the islands of the western end of Nagasaki facing the Goto Sea. There are no reports of a high incidence of schizophrenia or other psychiatric disorders in these regions.
The Goto Islands and the islands of the western tip of Nagasaki facing the Goto Sea contain a large number of genes that are inserted into the genes by retroviruses and predispose to mental illnesses such as schizophrenia.
Category: Mind Science
[57] viXra:2012.0061 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-09 09:13:31
Authors: Deep Bhattacharjee, Aruna Harikant
Comments: 4 Pages. 1 Figure
Combining the ‘Holographic Principles’ of Leonard Susskind and ‘Simulation Theory’ of Nick Bostrom, a theory has been reproduced in this paper dictating the negation of the relative entropy persistent in the present, thereby forbidding their collapse as subject to increment of entropy while moving forward in time and decrement of entropy while moving backward in time, preventing a phase of state before the Big Bang or the collapse of the convergence. The universe in its own way diverges taking the simultaneous array of ‘Past, Present and Future’ with the ‘Bread-Slice’ concept of time, the reality being augmented by some future advanced civilizations to create a Spatio-Temporal 3D ‘Hologram’ on a 2D Canvas, projecting through a simulation, thus creating exponential channels of realistic layers with a certain percentile of errors, which are so minimal in present stage, that, the universal constants of nature, G,c,ℏ remains unaltered, which may alter in future if the error fragmentation over simulation takes growth, censoring the future reality in a state of complete superposition excluding us, who are residing in the exponential shadows of simulations
Category: Mathematical Physics
[56] viXra:2012.0060 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-09 10:20:53
Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 42 Pages. In French.
This paper concerns the study of systematic errors in the combination of Doppler data and classical terrestrial observations in the adjustment of geodetic networks. This study is taken from the thesis presented in October 1986 for obtaining the Civil Geographic Engineer diploma from the National School of Geographic Sciences (ENSG / IGN France).
Category: Geophysics
[55] viXra:2012.0059 [pdf] replaced on 2020-12-14 19:18:13
Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
Comments: 5 Pages. In version 2 only chapter 5 has been modified
This theoretical investigation started at the moment the author picked up a hot piece of metal that had lain in the sun during a few hours, by asking himself the question: how can electro-magnetic radiation, considered at atomic level, cause raising the temperature of matter? The answer to that question has been found. However another question popped up (again): why are the orbits of electrons in an atom quantified? Only exactly orbiting at radii proportional to the square of integers is suspicious unnatural. Indeed, unless we define such a behaviour as natural of course.
Category: Quantum Physics
[54] viXra:2012.0058 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-08 19:58:30
Authors: Ashwin Rachha, Gaurav Vanmane
Comments: 7 Pages.
The internet today has become an unrivalled source
of information where people converse on content based websites such as Quora, Reddit, StackOverflow and Twitter asking doubts and sharing knowledge with the world. A major arising problem with such websites is the proliferation of toxic comments or instances of insincerity wherein the users instead of maintaining a sincere motive indulge in spreading toxic and divisive content.
The straightforward course of action in confronting this situation is detecting such content beforehand and preventing it from
subsisting online. In recent times Transfer Learning in Natural Language Processing has seen an unprecedented growth. Today with the existence of transformers and various state of the art
innovations, a tremendous growth has been made in various NLP domains. The introduction of BERT has caused quite a stir in the NLP community. As mentioned, when published, BERT dominated performance benchmarks and thereby inspired
many other authors to experiment with it and publish similar models. This led to the development of a whole BERT-family, each member being specialized on a different task. In this paper we solve the Insincere Questions Classification problem by fine tuning four cutting age models viz BERT, RoBERTa, DistilBERT and ALBERT.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[53] viXra:2012.0057 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-08 19:59:50
Authors: Yuriy A. Spirichev
Comments: 10 Pages.
It is shown that two forms of electromagnetic radiation follow from the tensor of four-dimensional derivative of canonical electromagnetic potential. One form corresponds to the electromagnetic waves of Maxwell Hertz, and the second form is a spatially localized wave structures of the electromagnetic field, similar to the vortex rings that exist in liquids and gases. These wave structures, moving at the speed of light, carry an impulse and a moment of an impulse, have the properties of a wave-particle and they can be identified with electromagnetic field quanta - photons. It is shown that the cause of corpuscular-wave duality of these structures and the existence of two forms of electromagnetic radiation is pseudo-Euclidian space-time geometry.
Category: Classical Physics
[52] viXra:2012.0056 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-08 20:02:04
Authors: Yaroslav Shitov
Comments: 21 Pages.
A sign pattern is a matrix with entries in {+, −, 0}. An n × n sign pattern S is spectrally arbitrary if, for any monic polynomial f of degree n with real coefficients, one can replace the + and − signs in S with real numbers of the corresponding signs so that the resulting matrix has characteristic polynomial f. This paper refutes a long-standing conjecture with a construction of an n × n spectrally arbitrary sign pattern with less than 2n entries nonzero.
Category: Algebra
[51] viXra:2012.0055 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-08 13:57:44
Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 8 Pages. In French.
In this note, we present the technical procedures for the execution of co-owned subdivisions in Tunisia. We give all the details concerning the work in the office as well as those in the field.
Category: Geophysics
[50] viXra:2012.0054 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-08 20:04:57
Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 4 Pages. Rejected by many top journals without review
It is the severe scientific criticism against Hawking's life work. One of the issues is the following.
The evaporation of the Black Holes is impossible at first because of Steven Hawking's
sentence in his original paper that the Schwarzschild Black Hole does not evaporate.
We have no other spherical symmetric Black Hole, which would have an event
horizon, and what shrinks despite that.
Category: Astrophysics
[49] viXra:2012.0053 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-08 20:06:01
Authors: Valentín Ibáñez Fernández
Comments: 16 Pages.
The paper demonstrates one analysis of the Michelson-Morley experiment. All subsequent theoretical studies led to the search of the theories that could explain why the experience of Michelson there was no measured the difference travel of the two ray of light and later every effort was made to settle the Lorenz equations. In this paper the new special theory of relativity, take into account the indicated shortcomings.
Comparing the result of motion of rays of light in two cuvettes, we will conclude that in the end time, rays of two cuvettes meet in the same point and we not observe the difference of the path. This result led to the conclusion to contradiction of the Lorentz Transformations and the Michelson-Morley experiment.
Category: Classical Physics
[48] viXra:2012.0052 [pdf] replaced on 2022-07-26 02:07:19
Authors: Kikuchi Morio
Comments: 125 Pages.
In a space from 3 dimensions, we do a tiling with one sort of figure applying periodic boundary condtion.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[47] viXra:2012.0051 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-08 09:02:26
Authors: Ramesh Chandra Bagadi
Comments: 16 Pages.
In this research investigation, the authors present a detailed scheme of a theoretical model for an approximate one step forecasting scheme. Firstly, the authors coin notions of Similarity and Dissimilarity. The authors then coin a notion of causal one step forecast for any given sequence. Parallely, the authors define concepts of Higher Order Sequence of Primes and RL Normalization Scheme based on which alternate better formulae for one step forecast for any given sequence are derived.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[46] viXra:2012.0049 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-08 08:07:44
Authors: Ana B. Ruescas, Gonzalo Mateo-García, Gustau Camps-Valls, Martin Hieronymi
Comments: 8 Pages.
Water quality parameters are derived applying several machine learning regression methods on the Case2eXtreme dataset (C2X). The used data are based on Hydrolight in-water radiative transfer simulations at Sentinel-3 OLCI wavebands, and the application is done exclusively for absorbing waters with high concentrations of coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM). The regression approaches are: regularized linear, random forest, Kernel ridge, Gaussian process and support vector regressors. The validation is made with and an independent simulation dataset. A comparison with the OLCI Neural Network Swarm (ONSS) is made as well. The best approached is applied to a sample scene and compared with the standard OLCI product delivered by EUMETSAT/ESA.
Category: Geophysics
[45] viXra:2012.0048 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-08 08:11:02
Authors: Fatih Nar, Adrián Pérez-Suay, José Antonio Padrón, Gustau Camps-Valls
Comments: 4 Pages.
This work tackles the target detection problem through the well-known global RX method.
The RX method models the clutter as a multivariate Gaussian distribution, and has been extended to nonlinear distributions using kernel methods.
While the kernel RX can cope with complex clutters, it requires a considerable amount of computational resources as the number of clutter pixels gets larger.
Here we propose random Fourier features to approximate the Gaussian kernel in kernel RX and consequently our development keep the accuracy of the nonlinearity while reducing the computational cost which is now controlled by an hyperparameter.
Results over both synthetic and real-world image target detection problems show space and time efficiency of the proposed method while providing high detection performance.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[44] viXra:2012.0047 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-08 10:47:59
Authors: Bernard Riley
Comments: 16 Pages. Including 17 figures
When observed, macroscopic lengths and distances, and elapsed times, adopt values that in Planck units are equal to integer, half-integer, quarter-integer, eighth-integer, etc powers of π or e. The values of the parameters then lie on the levels and sub-levels of two geometric sequences that ascend from Planck scale with common ratio π and e, respectively. Closely coincident levels and sub-levels in the two sequences are the most probable locations for the parameters of conspicuous objects. Many parameters are considered: earthly, astronomical and of the universe.
Category: Quantum Physics
[43] viXra:2012.0046 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-07 20:03:19
Authors: Chandra Raju
Comments: 7 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]
The strong nuclear force emerges because of a mass dependent inter-nucleon Yukawa potential energy. The same potential energy operates among clusters of nucleons such as alpha-alpha clusters. Here we show that a quasi-bound system of 4He cluster and 8Be has an excited state that matches with the Hoyle state.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[42] viXra:2012.0044 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-07 13:36:14
Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 7 Pages. In French.
In this note, we give a proof of a theorem of Linnik concerning the theory of errors, stated in his book "Least squares method and the mathematical bases of the statistical theory of the treatment of observations", without proof.
Category: Statistics
[41] viXra:2012.0043 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-07 19:50:08
Authors: Valentín Ibáñez Fernández
Comments: 219 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
The paper examines the unsubstantiated statements of the modern scientific community that the speed of light is a universal constant. At the same time, these statements are based on the work of A. Einstein's<< special theory of relativity >> and claim that this is an uncontested experimentally proven essence of nature, which has received irrefutable confirmation with the development of science and the results of experiments in electrodynamics and quantum mechanics.
A huge influence on these judgments left the work of Maxwell in electrodynamics. Maxwell left already at that time the theoretical views that the nature of electromagnetic waves is one with the nature of light waves and from here the idea of previous planetary studies advanced that the speed of light is constant. But Maxwell never dealt with the theory of the propagation of light waves inside inertial systems of motion and in his works emphasized that the medium in which the electromagnetic wave propagates is at rest and is material, as in the mechanics of continuous media on which his theory is based.
El artículo examina las afirmaciones no fundamentadas de la comunidad científica moderna de que la velocidad de la luz es una constante universal. Al mismo tiempo, estas afirmaciones se basan en el trabajo de la relatividad especial de A. Einstein y afirman que esta es una esencia probada experimentalmente no cuestionable de la naturaleza, que recibió una confirmación irrefutable con el desarrollo de la ciencia y los resultados de los experimentos obtenidos en electrodinámica y mecánica cuántica.
Una gran influencia en estos juicios dejó el trabajo de Maxwell en electrodinámica. Maxwell dejó ya en ese momento, las opiniones teóricas de que la naturaleza de la onda electromagnética, es de la naturaleza de las ondas dela luz y desde aquí ha avanzado la idea de estudios planetarios anteriores que la velocidad de la luz es constante. Pero Maxwell nunca se dedicó a la teoría de la propagación de ondas de luz dentro de los sistemas de movimiento inercial y en sus obras enfatizó que el medio en el que se propaga la onda electromagnética está en reposo y es material, como en la mecánica de medios sólidos sobre la cual se basa su teoría.
Аннотация.
В статье рассматривается не обоснованные утверждения современной научной общественности, что скорость света, есть универсальная постоянная. При этом, эти утверждения опираются на работу специальная теория относительности А. Эйнштейна и утверждают, что это не оспоримая экспериментально доказанная сущность природы, получившая неопровержимое подтверждение с развитием науки и результатов полученных экспериментов в электродинамике и квантовой механике.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[40] viXra:2012.0042 [pdf] replaced on 2020-12-08 09:50:21
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 3 Pages.
We suggest here that the Higgs scalar amounts to a weakly-bounded condensate of gauge bosons. According to this interpretation, the Higgs mass may be approximated from the sum of vector boson masses on spacetime endowed with minimal fractality.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[39] viXra:2012.0041 [pdf] replaced on 2020-12-10 21:06:36
Authors: A. A. Frempong
Comments: 11 Pages. Copyright © by A. A. Frempong
Using the "scientific approach", the author proves directly the original Beal conjecture (and not the equivalent conjecture) that if A^x + B^y = C^z, where A, B, C, x, y, z are positive integers and x, y, z > 2, then A, B and C have a common prime factor. One will let r, s, and t be prime factors of A, B and C, respectively, where D, E, and F are positive integers, such that A = Dr, B = Es, C = Ft. Then, the equation A^x + B^y = C^z becomes D^xr^x + E^ys^y = F^zt^z. Seven numerical Beal equations were factored. Based on the consistent pattern of the structure of the relationships between the prime factors on the left sides of the equations and the prime factors on the right sides of the equations in the factorizations, the author conjectured the equalities, r^x = t^x and s^y = t^y, which would imply that r = s = t, and establish that the Beal conjecture is true. The proof would be complete after showing that r^x = t^x, s^y = t^y and r = s = t, The proof in this paper is an expansion of a previous paper (viXra:2001.0694. by the author. The proof of the above equalities will be complete after showing that the ratios, (r^x)/(t^x) = 1 and (s^y)/(t^y) =1. To accomplish these relationships, one will factor out r^x on the left side of the equation, D^xr^x + E^ys^y = F^zt^z, followed by factoring out s^y of the same equation. The main principle for obtaining relationships between the prime factors on the left side of the equation and the prime factor on the right side of the equation is that the greatest common power of each prime factor on the left side of the equation equals the same power of the prime factor on the right side of the equation. High school students can learn and prove this conjecture as a bonus question on a final class exam.
Category: Number Theory
[38] viXra:2012.0040 [pdf] replaced on 2022-03-02 21:28:39
Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 32 Pages.
In this paper Temporal Mechanics moves beyond known issues of Bell’s Theorem, as per presenting the case of non-local time-points being responsible for the phenomenon of quantum entanglement and associated disparity between the location of a particle and its actual quantum mechanical status. To properly introduce and qualify the time-points, here is presented 5 “Principles of Simplicity” of time and space, principles that then shall explain the construction of the elementary and subatomic particles, and yet more fundamentally describing the relationship between a particle and a quantum of light and thence describe the natural propulsion and illumination of a particle and how that is observed in nature (and as what). The data backing Temporal Mechanics and proposed modelling ranges throughout all the confirmed and well-established data in physics and chemistry, to recently discovered data yet to be formally allocated theoretic understanding, uncovering embedded encryption in high energy particle collision data not previously recognised and theoretically placed, here with electron shell modelling as the newly proposed magnetic quantum shell (MQS) system.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[37] viXra:2012.0039 [pdf] replaced on 2021-07-30 20:46:32
Authors: Toshihiko Ishiwata
Comments: 12 Pages.
This paper is a trial to prove Riemann hypothesis according to the following process. 1. We create the infinite number of infinite series from one equation that gives ζ(s) analytic continuation to Re(s) > 0 and 2 formulas (1/2 + a + bi, 1/2 − a − bi) which show zero point of ζ(s). 2. We find that a cannot have any value but zero from the above infinite number of infinite series. Therefore zero point of ζ(s) must be 1/2 ± bi.
Category: Number Theory
[36] viXra:2012.0038 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-06 14:50:31
Authors: L. Martino, J. Vicent, G. Camps-Valls
Comments: 5 Pages.
This paper introduces an automatic methodology to construct emulators for costly radiative transfer models (RTMs). The proposed method is sequential and adaptive, and it is based on the notion of the acquisition function by which instead of optimizing the unknown RTM underlying function we propose to achieve accurate approximations. The Automatic Gaussian Process Emulator (AGAPE) methodology combines the interpolation capabilities of Gaussian processes (GPs) with the accurate design of an acquisition function that favors sampling in low density regions and flatness of the interpolation function. We illustrate the good capabilities of the method in toy examples and for the construction of an optimal look-up-table for atmospheric correction based on MODTRAN5.
Category: Statistics
[35] viXra:2012.0037 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-06 19:04:22
Authors: L.Martino, D. Heestermans Svendsen, J. Vicent, G. Camps-Valls
Comments: 5 Pages.
Many fields of science and engineering require the use of complex and computationally expensive models to understand the involved processes in the system of interest. Nevertheless, due to the high cost involved, the required study becomes a cumbersome process. This paper introduces an interpolation procedure which belongs to the family of active learning algorithms, in order to construct cheap surrogate models of such costly complex systems. The proposed technique is sequential and adaptive, and is based on the optimization of a suitable acquisition function. We illustrate its efficiency in a toy example and for the construction of an emulator of an atmosphere modeling system.
Category: Statistics
[34] viXra:2012.0036 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-06 19:06:41
Authors: L. Martino, V. Elvira, G. Camps-Valls
Comments: 5 Pages.
Monte Carlo (MC) algorithms are widely used for Bayesian inference in statistics, signal processing, and machine learning. In this work, we introduce an Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) technique driven by a particle filter. The resulting scheme is a generalization of the so-called Particle Metropolis-Hastings (PMH) method, where a suitable Markov chain of sets of weighted samples is generated. We also introduce a marginal version for the goal of jointly inferring dynamic and static variables. The proposed algorithms outperform the corresponding standard PMH schemes, as shown by numerical experiments.
Category: Statistics
[33] viXra:2012.0035 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-06 15:16:02
Authors: L. Martino, V. Elvira, G. Camps-Valls
Comments: 5 Pages.
Monte Carlo (MC) methods are widely used for Bayesian inference and optimization in statistics, signal processing and machine learning. Two well-known class of MC methods are the Importance Sampling (IS) techniques and the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms. In this work, we introduce the Group Importance Sampling (GIS) framework where different sets of weighted samples are properly summarized with one summary particle and one summary weight. GIS facilitates the design of novel efficient MC techniques. For instance, we present the Group Metropolis Sampling (GMS) algorithm which produces a Markov chain of sets of weighted samples. GMS in general outperforms other multiple try schemes as shown by means of numerical simulations.
Category: Statistics
[32] viXra:2012.0034 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-05 11:18:45
Authors: D. Heestermans Svendsen, L. Martino, M. Campos-Taberner, G. Camps-Valls
Comments: 5 Pages.
Solving inverse problems is central in geosciences and remote sensing. Very often a mechanistic physical model of the system exists that solves the forward problem. Inverting the implied radiative transfer model (RTM) equations numerically implies, however, challenging and computationally demanding problems. Statistical models tackle the inverse problem and predict the biophysical parameter of interest from radiance data, exploiting either in situ data or simulated data from an RTM. We introduce a novel nonlinear and nonparametric statistical inversion model which incorporates both real observations and RTM-simulated data. The proposed Joint Gaussian Process (JGP) provides a solid framework for exploiting the regularities between the two types of data, in order to perform inverse modeling. Advantages of the JGP method over competing strategies are shown on both a simple toy example and in leaf area index (LAI) retrieval from Landsat data combined with simulated data generated by the PROSAIL model.
Category: Statistics
[31] viXra:2012.0033 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-05 11:25:51
Authors: L. Martino, V. Elvira, G. Camps-Valls
Comments: 5 Pages.
We introduce a Particle Metropolis-Hastings algorithm driven by several parallel particle filters. The communication with the central node requires the transmission of only a set of weighted samples, one per filter. Furthermore, the marginal version of the previous scheme, called Distributed Particle Marginal Metropolis-Hastings (DPMMH) method, is also presented. DPMMH can be used for making inference on both a dynamical and static variable of interest. The ergodicity is guaranteed, and numerical simulations show the
advantages of the novel schemes.
Category: Statistics
[30] viXra:2012.0032 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-05 22:19:11
Authors: L. Martino, V. Laparra, G. Camps-Valls
Comments: 5 Pages.
Gaussian Processes (GPs) are state-of-the-art tools for regression. Inference of GP hyperparameters is typically done by maximizing the marginal log-likelihood (ML). If the data truly follows the GP model, using the ML approach is optimal and computationally efficient. Unfortunately very often this is not case and suboptimal results are obtained in terms of prediction error. Alternative procedures such as cross-validation (CV) schemes are often employed instead, but they usually incur in high computational costs. We propose a probabilistic version of CV (PCV) based on two different model pieces in order to reduce the dependence on a specific model choice. PCV presents the benefits from both approaches, and allows us to find the solution for either the maximum a posteriori (MAP) or the Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) estimators. Experiments in controlled situations reveal that the PCV solution outperforms ML for both estimators, and that PCV-MMSE results outperforms other traditional approaches.
Category: Statistics
[29] viXra:2012.0031 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-05 22:21:01
Authors: L. Martino, V. Elvira, G. Camps-Valls
Comments: 5 Pages.
Gibbs sampling is a well-known Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm, extensively used in signal processing, machine learning and statistics. The key point for the successful application of the Gibbs sampler is the ability to draw samples from the full-conditional probability density functions efficiently. In the general case this is not possible, so in order to speed up the convergence of the chain, it is required to generate auxiliary samples. However, such intermediate information is finally disregarded. In this work, we show that these auxiliary samples can be recycled within the Gibbs estimators, improving their efficiency with no extra cost. Theoretical and exhaustive numerical comparisons show the validity of the approach.
Category: Statistics
[28] viXra:2012.0030 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-05 22:23:48
Authors: D. Heestermans Svendsen, L. Martino, J. Vicent, G. Camps-Valls
Comments: 4 Pages.
This paper introduces a methodology to construct emulators of costly radiative transfer models (RTMs). The proposed methodology is sequential and adaptive, and it is based on the notion of acquisition functions in Bayesian optimization. Here, instead of optimizing the unknown underlying RTM function, one aims to achieve accurate approximations. The Automatic Multi-Output Gaussian Process Emulator (AMOGAPE) methodology combines the interpolation capabilities of Gaussian processes (GPs) with the accurate design of an acquisition function that favors sampling in low density regions
and flatness of the interpolation function. We illustrate the promising capabilities of the method for the construction of an emulator for a standard leaf-canopy RTM.
Category: Statistics
[27] viXra:2012.0029 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-05 22:27:21
Authors: Elémawussi Apédo Doutètien, K. K. Damien Adjaï, Jean Akandé, Marc Delphin Monsia
Comments: 1 Page.
We present a quadratic Lienard equation which contains several nonlinear equations as
special cases. The equation is exactly and explicitly integrable despite of the presence of quadratic term. The general solution is expressed as a power law of a sine function of time.
This allows to compare the properties of solutions with those obtained by phase plane analysis.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[26] viXra:2012.0028 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-05 12:50:05
Authors: Richard A. Peters
Comments: 21 Pages.
Previous studies have shown that the time dilation of a process (e.g., a ticking clock) is caused by the velocity of the process relative to a medium that supports the propagation of nature’s force particles. Proper operation of the Global Positioning System requires that the Earth and this medium move in concert about the Sun and about the galactic center. Absent this concerted motion there would be a cyclic variation in the time dilation of the GPS satellite clocks, a variation that is not observed. We examine two models of gravity to determine which supports the concerted motion of the medium, the Sun and the Earth. We find that only one of the two models supports this concerted motion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[25] viXra:2012.0027 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-05 21:22:13
Authors: Farkad Al Wattar
Comments: 1 Page.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics does not specify when a system, such as that epitomised in 1824 by Sadi Carnot as a `heat engine',
will cease functioning at the end of its useful life. Carnot's formulation of the Second Law
allowed for a heat engine to run indefinitely when provided with sufficient fuel. The Arrow
of Energy postulates that, as a result of wear and tear, a system of energy will cease functioning as the sum of all the useful energy produced approaches the total energy expended
in its construction. Therefore, the energy expended in constructing the system and the
sum useful energy produced by the system must be one-way entangled, forming an Arrow, similar to the Arrow of Time.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy
[24] viXra:2012.0026 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-06 12:31:10
Authors: Ron Larham
Comments: 5 Pages. Submitted to, and rejected by Mathematical Gazette, partially for being too chatty.
In this paper I discuss Question 8 from the Chalkdust 2019 Christmas card. In particular I investigate the ratio of the number of trailing zeros of a factorial to its number of digits.
Category: General Mathematics
[23] viXra:2012.0025 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-06 12:32:48
Authors: Shiyou Lian
Comments: 19 Pages.
Imprecise-information processing will play an indispensable role in intelligent systems, especially in the anthropomorphic intelligent systems (as human-machine dialogue and intelligent robots). Traditionally, the fuzzy set theory is used to deal with imprecise information, but which has some important theoretical and technical problems not solved very well. Recently, a new theoretical and technological system of imprecise-information processing has been founded (see literature [1]) which is different from fuzzy technology. The system results from the formation principle of imprecise information and has solid mathematical and logical bases, so which has many advantages beyond fuzzy technology. The system provides a technological platform for relevant applications and lays a theoretical foundation for further research.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[22] viXra:2012.0024 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-06 09:17:23
Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 11 Pages.
Here we show that the Titius-Bode (TB) law is a characteristic feature of the surroundings of various types of black holes. Only a star that is a remnant of a black hole may be surrounded by rings (or planets) whose radii (or semi-major axes) are defined by TB law. We explained the origin of Neptune and other massive planets, Kuiper belt and Oort cloud. We also described mathematically the 11-year sunspot cycle.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[21] viXra:2012.0023 [pdf] replaced on 2020-12-16 03:11:21
Authors: Saty Raghavachary, Lurong Lei
Comments: 9 Pages.
Computational modeling of natural cognition is a crucial step towards achieving the grand goal of human-level computational intelligence. Successful ideas from existing models, and possibly newer ones, could be assembled to create a unified computational framework (eg. the Standard Model of the Mind, which attempts to unify three leading cognitive architectures) - this would be of great use in AI, robotics, neuroscience and cognitive science. This short position paper proposes the following: a VR-based system provides the most expedient, scalable and visually verifiable way to implement, test and refine a cognitive mind model (which would always be embodied in a character in a virtual world). Such a setup is discussed in the paper, including advantages and drawbacks over alternative implementations.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[20] viXra:2012.0022 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-05 07:17:48
Authors: Ron Larham
Comments: 5 Pages.
In this paper I look at the experimental determination of the acceleration due to gravity \(g\) and the flow rate from my kitchen tap as suggested in a comment to a puzzle in "The Chicken From Minsk" (TCFM) using only equipment already on hand. This differs from the method proposed in TCFM in that it uses a method of taking the measurements that is practical rather than seemingly dismissing the problem of taking measurements with a wave of the hand.
Category: Classical Physics
[19] viXra:2012.0021 [pdf] replaced on 2021-03-14 19:59:59
Authors: Nicolae Mazilu
Comments: 184 Pages.
We uphold a general viewpoint that the ideas have their own ‘objective’ dynamics,
that is a dynamics independent of personalities. Every now and then, the ideas are accessible to
individuals. When it comes to social expression, though, it is only a genius, among individuals,
who can reach such an accessible idea as ultimate truth, even to the point where he/she succeeds
to casting it into proper words, available to society at large. Beyond those words no one can
‘rationalize’, not even the genius himself. We illustrate this observation with Erwin Schrödinger’s
interpretation of the wave function introduced by him to common knowledge, which has been cast
into proper words by another genius, Richard Feynman, who, nevertheless, honestly acknowledged
mistrusting that interpretation. In fact, Feynman always openly admitted, and effectively exercised
the probabilistic interpretation of Max Born. To wit, it is guided by this kind of interpretation, that
he has built the well-known version of wave mechanics, which is based entirely on the concept of
probability. We argue that Feynman was actually right on both accounts – Schrödinger’s and
Born’s interpretations – and show here why and how, thus revealing a few missing points in the
contemporary natural philosophy. The whole argument, and the accompanying illustration, stands
completely by the words of still another genius of modern physics: Louis de Broglie, whose
physics is documented and developed in the present work. The construction of this physics gives
us the opportunity of a historical review of significant moments of the physical knowledge
Category: Quantum Physics
[18] viXra:2012.0020 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-04 08:35:08
Authors: Daehyeon Kang
Comments: 4 Pages.
why the sky is blue is explained by fluorescence.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[17] viXra:2012.0019 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-04 08:34:13
Authors: Zhendong Jin, Biaoyan Hu, Yiran Liu
Comments: 6 Pages.
In close analogy to electronic semimetals, a variety of Weyl, Dirac points and nodal lines are predicted for phonons recently by ab initio calculations, but very few experimental confirmations have been made. We performed Inelastic Neutron Scattering (INS) experiments on MnSi and CoSi crystals, and identified multiple types of unconventional Weyl and Dirac points in their Brillioun zones. Being aware of neutron scattering's capability of wavefunction detection and polarization determination, we further derived an explicit relation between the topological invariant of a Weyl node and the INS intensity patterns nearby. Apart from protected surface states and novel transport phenomena, our work suggests that topological nodes also leave some observable traces in spectroscopic patterns.
Category: Condensed Matter
[16] viXra:2012.0018 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-04 07:19:19
Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 4 Pages.
Here we show that the rotation of the CMB linear polarization is the result of the electromagnetic interaction of photons with the rotating electric charges of electrons.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[15] viXra:2012.0017 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-04 08:42:53
Authors: Jianping Mao
Comments: 11 Pages. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejphysics.2021.3.1.51
A hypothesis is that in cosmic background, primordial photon lattice where emerges a way to empirical mass conservation, a photon was disturbed to create a spin then lead to its neighbors one by one raining -- microwave background radiation -- into this a small ripple, which poles apart spin directions pointing to a world was made of matter or antimatter. Now cosmos looks like a bigger and bigger hole in photon lattice that can serve as an isotropic gravity reference system seemingly influencing on everything. As a result, virtual inertia will become more real.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[14] viXra:2012.0016 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-03 20:19:01
Authors: Finn Newman, Izabelle Diesen, Ryan King
Comments: 51 Pages.
When pizzas are transported in carryout boxes, oil seeps into the cardboard and makes the box unrecyclable. In the recycling process, paper and cardboard are mixed with water to make a slurry. When contaminants such as oil are introduced, the whole batch of slurry becomes landfill because contaminated slurry makes for poor-quality paper that is not worth using ("Because You Asked: Why Can't I Recycle Stuff with Food n It?", 2014). Even small amounts of contaminants can ruin products made from recycled material. In fact, if contaminated materials are used to produce food packaging, the contaminants can migrate into food and become safety hazards (Triantafyllou, Akrida-Demertzi, & Demertzis, 2006). Food waste is one of the top five recycling contaminants, and if dirty materials go through recycling machinery, they can clog the system, leading to significant downtime at recycling centers (Marshall & Bandhauer, 2017). With the ever-growing threat of climate change and resource depletion, humans need to be more aware of how they use resources. In the city of Denver, only 12% of the waste was recycled, but if recycling contamination were to be eliminated, the recycling rate could be 16%, which represents a difference of over nine thousand tons of waste (McMillin, 2019; Cotton, 2017). Being able to recycle pizza boxes would decrease the amount of waste sent to landfills, so more work needs to be done to stop oil from ruining batches of recycling.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[13] viXra:2012.0015 [pdf] replaced on 2020-12-08 18:16:51
Authors: Shawn Halayka
Comments: 3 Pages.
The possibility of ultra-high-speed interstellar travel is considered. The role of the Devil's advocate is played, purely for the sake of interest -- it is considered that ultra-high-speed interstellar travel is impossible.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[12] viXra:2012.0014 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-03 21:11:20
Authors: Miloš Čojanović
Comments: 7 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]
In this paper we will derive the general equations for Doppler effect. It will be proved that regardless of the nature of the emitted waves and the medium through which the waves propagate the formula always has the same form and is identical to the general Doppler effect formula for sound. We will also show that Doppler effect can be used to establish a relationship between the local time of the source and the local time of the receiver. In addition, some new characteristics of the Doppler effect have been presented that have not been discussed in the literature so far.
Category: Astrophysics
[11] viXra:2012.0013 [pdf] replaced on 2021-01-07 06:38:04
Authors: Dante Servi
Comments: 8 Pages. Copyright by Dante Servi. With the revision [v3] I have again changed the description of the procedure, in order to make it more understandable.
With this article I illustrate my procedure (theoretically unlimited), able to reconstruct the distribution of prime numbers. The procedure is based on simple arithmetic calculations guided by a scheme that I cannot define other than graphical. The Eratosthenes sieve was the best of the first methods for finding prime numbers, but it has a limit; this procedure exceeds the limit. If there is a connection between my procedure and the Riemann hypothesis, it will be the mathematicians who will discover it.
Category: Number Theory
[10] viXra:2012.0012 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-02 11:53:02
Authors: Kenneth C. Johnson
Comments: 13 Pages.
The accuracy of precision diamond turning, e.g. for aspheric optics fabrication, can be greatly improved by incorporating dynamic interferometry in the tool position feedback loop. A miniature optical interferometer attached to the cutting tool or tool post measures the displacement between the tool and the workpiece surface, and the interferometer signal controls a fast-servo piezoelectric actuator incorporated in the tool post to minimize mid-spatial-frequency surface machining errors. The interferometer can also dynamically measure the step height across the tool’s cutting line to control low-spatial-frequency surface errors, and high-spatial-frequency roughness can be controlled by optimizing the geometry of the tool’s cutting edge.
Category: Classical Physics
[9] viXra:2012.0011 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-03 10:30:00
Authors: Jose M. Tarraga, Maria Piles, Gustau Camps-Valls
Comments: 12 Pages. 34th ML4D Workshop at Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2020), Vancouver, Canada.
In the current context of climate change, extreme heat waves, droughts and floods are not only impacting the biosphere and atmosphere but the anthroposphere too. Human populations are forcibly displaced, which are now referred to as climate-induced migrants. In this work we investigate which climate and structural factors forced major human displacements in the presence of floods and storms during years 2017-2019. We built, curated and harmonized a database of meteorological and remote sensing indicators along with structural factors of 27 developing countries world-wide. We show how we can use Gaussian Processes to learn what variables can explain the impact of floods and storms in a context of forced displacements and to develop models that reproduce migration flows. Our results at regional, global and disaster-specific scales show the importance of structural factors in the determination of the magnitude of displacements. The study may have both societal, political and economical implications.
Category: Climate Research
[8] viXra:2012.0010 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-03 05:33:12
Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 4 Pages. In French.
In this paper, we give the formula of the curvature of the curve image, in the case of a conformal map projection, of geodesic curves of the ellipsoid as the model of the Earth. As an example, we consider the UTM map projection and we give the expression of the formula of the curvature.
Category: Geophysics
[7] viXra:2012.0009 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-03 09:23:13
Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 4 Pages. In French.
The purpose of this note is to give the different characteristics of ellipsoids of revolution used as models of the Earth for the definition of geodetic systems in countries or on a global scale.
Category: Geophysics
[6] viXra:2012.0008 [pdf] replaced on 2021-02-20 05:17:53
Authors: Alaya Kouki
Comments: 116 Pages. Keywords : Mechanical impedance of vacuum, inertial time, inertial length, Newton gauge, scale invariance gauge, unity-multiplicity duality, viscosity-dispersion duality, Maxwell charge , Maxwell force, Maxwell radius, Maxwell mass, Maxwell pressure.
In this article we have unify the electromagnetic-field and the gravitational field by introducing a new universal constant. We conclude that the Planck system of unities had not any physical sense and we replace it by the new one which is more natural.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[5] viXra:2012.0006 [pdf] replaced on 2020-12-19 23:56:47
Authors: Ninh Khac Son
Comments: 62 Pages.
Time is a complex category not only in philosophy but also in mathematics and physics. In one thought about time, the author accidentally discovered a new way to explain and solve problems related to time dilation, such as solving the problem of Muon particle when moving from a height of 10 km to the earth’s surface, while the Muon’s lifespan is only 2.2 microseconds, or explaining Michelson-Morley experiment using the new method.
In addition, the author also prove that the speed of light in vacuum is the maximum speed in the universe, and discovered the red shift effect while there is no increase in distance between objects. To do this, the author has built two axioms based on the discontinuity in the motion of the object and draw two consequences along with the law of conservation of time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4] viXra:2012.0005 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-02 09:26:53
Authors: Ilgaitis Prūsis, Peteris Prūsis
Comments: 5 Pages. 5 figures
If there are two observers, then each of them can be considered at rest and everyone else is moving. Both observations individually correspond exactly to the Theory of Relativity, but comparison of their observations is mutually exclusive. This contradiction can only be resolved on the assumption that both observations are apparent, an illusion. The real values are at the rest frame. The TR allow from observations calculate real (rest) values.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[3] viXra:2012.0004 [pdf] replaced on 2020-12-05 22:31:38
Authors: Osvaldo F. Schilling
Comments: 5 Pages. 1 figure
In recent work we have drawn a quantitative picture of embryo-protons condensation in loop form, from a state at 3.7 GeV, which we freely associated to a “vacuum”. We then found evidence for the actual character of such a state from the flux profile of protons in cosmic rays, which indicates 3.7 GeV as the environment energy in equilibrium with embryo-protons after the big-bang. We here extend our arguments to suggest the connection with W. Bostick´s work on a filamentary-helical-toroidal loop description of particles, which might probably be the final stabilized shapes of the simple loops considered in our work.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[2] viXra:2012.0002 [pdf] replaced on 2021-08-03 12:08:26
Authors: Muntafa Mubarrat Mahi
Comments: 6 Pages.
The paper focuses on the part of the Coulomb’s Law that is just a definition and provides one possible mechanism for operationally defining electric charge based on the concept of force(action at a distance). Then a derivation of Coulomb’s law from the definition is presented and the sign
of the charges are defined. Finally, the paper concludes with a discussion
on the conservation of charge.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[1] viXra:2012.0001 [pdf] replaced on 2026-02-16 17:55:01
Authors: Friedrich-Karl Boese
Comments: 16 Pages.
The paper proves that General Relativity (GR) is not needed to explain the effects mentioned in the title. It will be shown that Newton’s laws are sufficient if the influence of the far distant masses of the universe is included into the calculation, i.e., if Mach’s principle is truly obeyed. The quantitative result with the perihelion shift of Mercury is very close to that of the GR, whereas there is a small, but possibly measurable, difference in the size of the event horizon of static black holes.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
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