| viXra.org > All Submission Categories > 2011 |
 |
 |
| viXra.org > All Submission Categories > 2011 |
|
|
[186] viXra:2011.0213 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-30 19:57:40
Authors: Jesus Delso Lapuerta
Comments: 4 Pages. It would fit better in Optics-Polarimetry
The hermitian polarization matrix is written, using the Pauli matrices and the identity matrix as a basis, with four real coefficients, the four Stokes vector parameters; the interaction of light with matter is described as the modification
of these 4 parameters by a 4x4 matrix, the Mueller matrix. Pauli matrices form a Clifford algebra, the projection operators R and L define the two Stokes vectors for right-handed and left-handed circularly polarized light. In four dimensions, the Minkowski metric ηµν = diag(+1, −1, −1, −1) leads to the Clifford algebra C(1,3) Dirac matrices, the 16 Dirac matrices form a basis for the polarization matrix, now with 16 Stokes parameters the interaction of light with matter is described by a 16x16 Mueller matrix, the projection operators R and L in this algebra define the right-handed and left-handed circularly
polarized light.
Category: Quantum Physics
[185] viXra:2011.0212 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-30 13:34:29
Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: Pages.
In this paper, we consider the abc conjecture. Assuming that c<rad^2(abc) is true, we give a new proof of the abc conjecture, by proceeding with the contradiction of the definition of the abc conjecture, for \epsilon \geq 1, then for \epsilon \in ]0,1[.
Category: Number Theory
[184] viXra:2011.0211 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-30 20:02:58
Authors: George R. Briggs
Comments: 4 Pages.
The W+, W - particle pair becomes W +,- single Majorana type to accommodate the new 90 MeV boson. A new quark is introduced which we have called the Wigner.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[183] viXra:2011.0210 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-30 09:26:00
Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 8 Pages. In French [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
As part of the Tunisian Geodesy Upgrade project, we present in this report an investigation of the quality of our Tunisian Primordial Terrestrial Geodetic Network (RGPTT). On this subject, we present the study of Laplacian closures between the eight astronomical azimuths as well as the agreements between bases measured in 1982 during work to revalue the RGPTT object of agreement n°2916 between the OTC and the Institut Géographique National de France (IGNF). We give in part A the methodology followed, the results obtained and the conclusions. The part B of the investigation concerned the different calculations, is given in the full paper.
Category: Geophysics
[182] viXra:2011.0209 [pdf] replaced on 2020-12-06 23:10:05
Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 17 Pages.
The main objective of this paper is to discuss the Evolution of the 3D Hypersphere World from the Beginning up to the present Epoch in frames of World-Universe Model (WUM). WUM is the only cosmological model in existence that is consistent with the Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum. To be consistent with this Fundamental Law, WUM introduces Dark Epoch (spanning from the Beginning of the World for 0.45 billion years) and Luminous Epoch (ever since for 13.77 billion years). Big Bang discussed in Standard Cosmology is, in our view, transition from Dark Epoch to Luminous Epoch due to Rotational Fission of Overspinning Dark Matter (DM) Superclusters’ Cores and self-annihilation of Dark Matter Particles (DMPs). WUM envisions Matter carried by DMPs from the Universe into the World from the fourth spatial dimension of the 4D Nucleus of the World. Luminous Matter is a byproduct of DMPs self-annihilation.
WUM solves a number of physical problems in contemporary Cosmology and Astrophysics through DMPs and their interactions: Angular Momentum problem in birth and subsequent evolution of Galaxies and Extrasolar systems – how do they obtain it; Fermi Bubbles – two large structures in gamma-rays and X-rays above and below Galactic center; Missing Baryon problem related to the fact that the observed amount of baryonic matter did not match theoretical predictions. WUM reveals Inter-Connectivity of Primary Cosmological Parameters and calculates their values, which are in good agreement with the latest results of their measurements.
In 2013, Model predicted the values of the following Cosmological parameters: gravitational, concentration of intergalactic plasma, and the minimum energy of photons, which were experimentally confirmed in 2015 – 2018. “The Discovery of a Supermassive Compact Object at the Centre of Our Galaxy” (Nobel Prize in Physics 2020) made by Prof. R. Genzel and A. Ghez is a confirmation of one of the most important predictions of WUM in 2013: “Macroobjects of the World have cores made up of the discussed DM particles. Other particles, including DM and baryonic matter, form shells surrounding the cores”.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[181] viXra:2011.0208 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-30 09:05:18
Authors: Stephane H Maes
Comments: 14 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.
In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model without new Physics other than gravity. These considerations hints at a even stronger relationship between gravity and the Standard Model.
Besides having multi-folds, and gravitons, living in AdS(5) tangent to the multi-fold universe spacetime, spacetime points and particles or field locally encounter additional 3D spatial dimensions due to the multi-folds used by paths of entangled particles. It provides an apparent local 7D manifold embedding the multi-fold universe spacetime.
Modern unconstrained 5+D Kaluza-Klein (KK) empty (flat) space models, i.e. without compactification constraints of the additional spatial dimensions in 7D, allow the recovery from the 7D vacuum of gravity and electromagnetism as well as Yang Mills and the symmetries needed for strong and weak interactions. They also provide geometrical sources for masses, charges, wave functions, equations, quantum behavior and quantum vacuum. Unfortunately, limitations in terms of lack of chirality and chiral fermions, as well as apparition 5th or higher order forces, have tampered the enthusiasm just as what happened with earlier KK models.
Within a multi-fold universe, we can recover chiral fermion and chiral symmetry breaking, due to gravity, of Electroweak and Strong interactions, while avoiding 5th (and more) forces, magnetic monopoles (because not relying on compactification), undue precessions, loss of conservation laws or supersymmetry. Such considerations do not work in conventional induced space-time-matter theories. In other words, the Standard Model seems to be induced purely from gravity and spacetime geometries in a multi-fold universe. Explanations for masses, charges and quantum behaviors (wave functions, equations QFT loops and of course entanglement and quantum gravity emerging from entanglement) can be hinted, albeit not (yet) quantified, in multi-fold universes. This is quite an achievement putting multi-fold mechanisms, themselves also physically clarified in terms of mapping, on par with, if not ahead of, other Quantum Gravity, GUTs and ToEs candidates of Unification of Physics. The analysis of 7D empty universes vs. AdS(5) both surrounding any spacetime points, in a multi-fold universe, also illustrates the implications of dualities and the differences between multi-fold universes with additional dimensions vs. the universe where superstrings, supersymmetry, supergravity and M-theory seem to live and matter [Truncated to <400 words by Admin]
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[180] viXra:2011.0207 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-30 09:13:59
Authors: Elizabeth Gatton-Robey
Comments: 7 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
This is an addendum to the work I previously submitted at https://vixra.org/abs/1904.0227
Category: Number Theory
[179] viXra:2011.0206 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-30 09:00:51
Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 1 Page.
In this paper I show how is possible to do a new application to the Bertrand’s postulate doing a conjecture with 3 prime numbers and the double of 2 of them.
Category: Number Theory
[178] viXra:2011.0205 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-30 08:58:27
Authors: Dominic Espree
Comments: 14 Pages.
Quantum gravity is the most profound outstanding question in fundamental physics. How do we describe spacetime itself quantum mechanically? In this article we present a novel approach called “geometrodynamics,” which uses the interconnections between space, time, and mechanical entropy. In particular we will show how quantum scattering processes indicate that Lorentz symmetry must be broken, in a way manifested physically through transformation of energy into mass that can no longer be accelerated. Throughout we apply our theoretical ideas to specific physical situations.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[177] viXra:2011.0204 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-30 09:26:32
Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
Comments: 1 Page. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
The abbreviation for Quantum ChromoDynamics is QCD, but the term Quantum Colour Dynamics tells already more appropriate what has been created: a shamefully childish fantasy.
Category: Quantum Physics
[176] viXra:2011.0203 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-30 09:18:41
Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 7 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
In this paper, we present some comparisons of geodetic azimuths obtained by GPS by classical geodesy and by astronomical observations (Laplace's points). The geodetic azimuths are calculated using 3D coordinates or by plane coordinates (Tunisian Lambert projection). The results obtained confirm that the orientation issued by GPS is identical to astronomical orientation which confirms also the orientation of the Tunisian Primordial Geodetic Network obtained by the definitive adjustment of the French Institut Geographique National in 1984.
Category: Geophysics
[175] viXra:2011.0202 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-30 08:56:18
Authors: Zafar Turakulov
Comments: 10 Pages. A new method for solving linear ordinary differential equations is discovered. This material exposes examples of general solutions obtained this way.
We have worked out a new geometric approach to linear ordinary differential equations of second order which makes it possible to obtain general solutions to infinite number of equations of this sort. No need new families of special functions and their theories arose, solutions are composed straightforwardly. In this work we present a number of particular cases of equations with their general solutions. The solutions are divided into four groups the same way one encounters in any book on special functions.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[174] viXra:2011.0201 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-30 08:54:28
Authors: Sven Anke, Tobias Falk, Georg Bendt, Ilya Sinev, Michael Hävecker, Hendrik Antoni, Ioannis Zegkinoglou, Hyosang Jeon, Axel Knop-Gericke, Robert Schlögl, Beatriz Roldan Cuenya, Stephan Schulz, Martin Muhler
Comments: 32 Pages.
CoFe2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by using a colloidal one-pot synthesis method based on the decomposition of metal acetylacetonates in the presence of oleyl amine. The characterization by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and N2 physisorption revealed non-porous spinel phase CoFe2O4 NPs with an average particle size of 4 nm. The unsupported metal oxide NPs were applied in the selective oxidation of 2-propanol in a continuously operated fixed-bed reactor under quasi steady-state conditions using a heating rate of 0.5 k min-1. 2 Propanol was found to be oxidatively dehydrogenated over CoFe2O4 yielding acetone and H2O with high selectivity. Only to a minor extent dehydration to propene and total oxidation to CO2 was observed at higher temperatures. The detected low-temperature reaction pathway with maxima at 430 and 510 K was inhibited after the initial 2 propanol oxidation up to 573 K, but an oxidative treatment in O2 or N2O atmosphere led to full regeneration. No correlation between the desorbing amount or the surface oxygen species investigated by O2 temperature-programmed desorption experiments and the low-temperature activity was observed. The amounts of evolving CO2 during the TPO experiments indicate deactivation due to formation of carbonaceous species. Inhibition experiments with pre-adsorbed reaction intermediates and infrared spectroscopy identified acetate species as reversible poison, whereas carbonates are rather spectators. In addition, carbon deposition was detected by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, which also revealed a minor influence of cobalt reduction during the deactivation process as confirmed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies.
Category: Chemistry
[173] viXra:2011.0200 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-30 08:52:54
Authors: Rosa M. Arán-Ais, Fabian Scholten, Sebastian Kunze, Rubén Rizo, Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
Comments: 27 Pages.
The efficient electrochemical conversion of CO2 provides a route to fuels and feedstocks. Cu catalysts are well-known to be selective to multicarbon products although the role played by the surface architecture and the presence of oxides is not fully understood. Here, we report improved efficiency towards ethanol by tuning the morphology and oxidation state of the Cu catalysts via pulsed CO2 electrolysis. We establish a correlation between the enhanced production of C2+ products (76 % ethylene, ethanol and n-propanol at -1.0 V vs RHE) and the presence of (100) terraces, Cu2O, and defects on Cu(100). We monitored the evolution of the catalyst morphology by analysis of cyclic voltammetry curves and ex situ atomic force microscopy data, while the chemical state of the surface was examined via quasi in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. We show that the continuous (re-)generation of defects and Cu(I) species synergistically favors the C-C coupling pathways.
Category: Chemistry
[172] viXra:2011.0199 [pdf] replaced on 2021-03-24 06:29:36
Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 5 Pages. Submitted to the journal.
Several famous conjectures from Number Theory are studied. I derive a new
equivalent formulation of Goldbach's strong conjecture and present an
independent conjecture with some evidence for it.
Category: Number Theory
[171] viXra:2011.0198 [pdf] replaced on 2021-03-24 08:56:39
Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 5 Pages. Submitted to the journal.
In this short but rigorous research note I study Robin's Inequality. The
number of possible violations of this inequality turns out to be finite. As the
finiteness includes zero, I am able to convince you that there are no such
violations.
Category: Number Theory
[170] viXra:2011.0197 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-30 10:34:09
Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 3 Pages. Rejected by many top journals without review
There is a critical issue against Hawking Radiation: the ``Trans-Planckian problem'',
dwelling on the fact that the laws
of gravitation are unknown at short distances [Adam D.~Helfer,
``Do black holes radiate?'', Rep.\ Progr.\ Phys.\ 66 (6), 943--1008 (2003)].
In this short note, I demonstrate to have no Hawking Radiation from
the static neutron star and the collapsing star (latter gradually becomes a
Black Hole), therefore, one has no Information Loss Paradox
[Sabine Hossenfelder (2020) ``The Black Hole Information Loss Problem is
Unsolved. And Unsolvable'', https://youtu.be/mqLM3JYUByM].
Category: Astrophysics
[169] viXra:2011.0195 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-28 17:29:33
Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 3 Pages.
This meditation on the 2020-2021 viral holocaust examines how
certain elements in the Land of the Free have led to excessive
numbers of cases and deaths that could have been prevented by
public health measures, as proven by several countries around the
world. What is it about our America and about our human species
that lures us into actions and inactions that are not scientifically
logical and rational? What lessons can be learned that will help
our species survive emerging existential challenges associated
with unchecked population and climate changes?
Category: Social Science
[168] viXra:2011.0193 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-28 09:51:29
Authors: Jean-Yves BOULAY
Comments: Pages.
It is proposed here to represent the quantum distribution of atomic orbitals in an unprecedented table where the quantum shells and subshells are drawn in the form of chevrons whose vertices are occupied by orbitals with the magnetic quantum number m = 0. This new representation visually shows, much better than a classic linear chart, the relationship between the number of quantum shells and the number of orbitals . Also, this new visual model can be easily used in the individual quantum depiction of the atoms represented alone or into molecules and can find its place in illustration of some two-dimensional space-time quantum theories. Finally, this graphic representation allows to introduce the hypothesis of the existence of stealth orbitals, quantum gates opening towards singularities.
Category: Quantum Physics
[167] viXra:2011.0192 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-28 09:57:04
Authors: Richard A. Peters
Comments: 21 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
The constancy of the speed of light offers a clue about how the Universe works. The speed of light in each galaxy is the same as in every other galaxy even as the galaxies move at relativistic speed relative to each other in the general expansion of the Universe. In addition, each galaxy is accelerated by the gravitation of nearby galaxies that adds the so-called peculiar velocity of the galaxy to the velocity of the general expansion at the galaxy. The propagation of photons is supported by a medium that permeates space at all scales. The medium that permeates a given galaxy must move at the same rate as the combined velocity of the general expansion at the galaxy and the peculiar velocity of the galaxy. We examine two models of gravity to determine which supports the concerted motion of the medium and its host galaxy. We find that only one of the two models supports this concerted motion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[166] viXra:2011.0191 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-28 11:00:04
Authors: Méhdi Pascal
Comments: 22 Pages.
Fermat's divisors are all integers dividing the polynomial x^n-x, the largest of these divisors is denoted by Z (n) plays an important role in Bernoulli's number theory, it is exactly the denominator of these numbers to one small index shift, for example, whatever the integer x, we have 2730 divided x^13-x, and b(12)=b(13-1)=-691/2730. In this paper we will study some properties of these large Fermat divisors.
Résumé :
Les diviseurs de Fermat sont tous entiers divisant le polynôme xn-x, le plus grand de ces diviseurs est noté par Z(n) joue un rôle important dans la théorie des nombres de Bernoulli, c’est exactement le dénominateur de ces nombres à un petit décalage d’indice, par exemple, quelque soit l’entier x, on a 2730 divise x^13-x, et b(12)=b(13-1)=-691/2730.
Dans ce papier nous allons étudier quelques propriétés de ces grands diviseurs de Fermat.
Category: Number Theory
[165] viXra:2011.0190 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-27 10:32:47
Authors: Deval Srivastava, Saim Shaikh, Priyank Shah
Comments: 8 Pages.
In our day and age where the numbers of cars on the road are rapidly increasing, thereby causing traffic. Drivers are becoming more reckless and carefree as the burden on the current human and automated system grows. Drivers and bikers who may wish to save a few minutes may break red lights and avoid wearing helmets but these small actions can have a significant impact and can result in the loss of lives. We propose a system that will intelligently use deep learning-based object detection to identify traffic offenders and provide methods to penalize them by recognizing their number plate. Our system will be able to detect traffic light violators and bikers without helmets. It has been designed in such a way that it is robust enough to work in drastic conditions and intelligent enough to reduce human dependence.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[164] viXra:2011.0189 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-27 10:33:55
Authors: John Suss
Comments: 11 Pages.
The interval of propagation in Maxwell’s theory is lightlike. If we assume that the interval is timelike, instead, by introducing a fundamental length, a rich new theory emerges. In this article it is shown that by varying the interval with respect to the fundamental length, the Lienard-Wiechert (LW) potential automatically emerges.Then by varying the fundamental length in the expression for the moment of LW potential about the interval of propagation, the total field of a single point charge moving with arbitrary velocity and acceleration also emerges.They have exactly the same form as in Maxwell’s theory but are finite everywhere, have finite self-effects and obey the Lorenz gauge condition.This is accomplished without using Maxwell’s eqs at all. Only the interval of propagation is used.The Lorentz force, the field Lagrangian density, the energy stress tensor, all have the same form, are finite everywhere and have finite self effects.This shows that there exist at least one consistent theory different from Maxwell’s theory which gives the same results while eliminating the infinities of Maxwell’s theory in a Lorentz covariant way.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[163] viXra:2011.0188 [pdf] replaced on 2020-11-28 09:47:46
Authors: Georgina Woodward
Comments: 15 Pages.
Gyroscopic motion is used to explain why it is that there is maintenance of same or opposite axis of rotation orientation, by electron particles produced as a pair. Important for answering two important questions. Why can pairs of particles separated by large distances act as if they are coordinating their responses to tests? The proposed answer making faster than light communication between particles unnecessary. It also explains the strange semi permanence of propensity to give particular state outcomes for a repeated same test, that is lost when there is an intermediate different test. Two famous examples of supposed quantum strangeness.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics
[162] viXra:2011.0187 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-27 10:35:58
Authors: M. D. Monsia
Comments: 3 Pages.
The exact and explicit general periodic solution of polynomial differential equations of Duffing type is calculated as a power law of the cosine function. In doing so the solution of all Duffing equations of three terms like the cubic, quintic and heptic equations may be easily expressed in a straightforward fashion.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[161] viXra:2011.0186 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-26 10:58:06
Authors: Valeriy V. Dvoeglazov
Comments: 7 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the rules of viXra.org]
The second-order equation in the $(1/2,0)\oplus (0,1/2)$ representation of the Lorentz group
has been proposed by A. Barut in the 70s, ref.~\cite{barut}. It permits to explain
the mass splitting
of leptons $(e,\mu,\tau)$. The interest is growing in this model (see, for instance, the papers by
S. Kruglov~\cite{kroug} and J. P. Vigier {\it et al.}~\cite{vig,dvo}). We noted some additional points of this model.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[160] viXra:2011.0185 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-25 16:05:13
Authors: Valeriy V. Dvoeglazov
Comments: 7 Pages. Some parts have also be presented at the XIII DGFM SMF Workshop, Nov. 4-8, 2019. Leon, Gto., M\'exico.
Both algebraic equation $Det (\hat p - m) =0$ and $Det (\hat p + m) =0$ for $u-$ and $v-$ 4-spinors have solutions with $p_0= \pm E_p =\pm \sqrt{{\bf p}^2 +m^2}$. The same is true for higher-spin equations (or they may even have more complicated dispersion relations). Meanwhile, every book considers
the equality $p_0=E_p$ for both $u-$ and $v-$ spinors of the $(1/2,0)\oplus (0,1/2))$ representation only, thus applying the Dirac-Feynman-Stueckelberg procedure for elimination of negative-energy solutions. The recent Ziino works (and, independently,
the articles of several other authors) show that the Fock space can be doubled. We re-consider this possibility on the quantum-field level for both
$s=1/2$ and higher spin particles.
Some parts have also be presented at the XIII DGFM SMF Workshop, Nov. 4-8, 2019. Leon, Gto., M\'exico.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[159] viXra:2011.0184 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-26 11:06:25
Authors: Jonathan Corriveau
Comments: 7 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
The article explains an experiment designed to prove if gravity is caused or not by spacetime bending.
A prediction is made about gravity and general relativity. The goal is a better understanding of gravity needed in order to create a better theory of gravity or better, a unified theory.
Category: Astrophysics
[158] viXra:2011.0183 [pdf] replaced on 2021-01-29 20:41:23
Authors: Sergey L. Cherkas
Comments: 7 Pages.
Usually, one wants to have a simple picture of the trustworthiness of the main elections result. However, in some situations only partial information about the elections is available. Here we suggest some criterion of comparing of the available information with the official results. One of the criterions consists in comparison of the mean value over available sample with the
official mean value. A Monte Carlo simulation is performed to calculate a probability of the difference between the average value in some random sample and the average over the total set.
Another method is an analysis of the nature of the peculiarities in the probability distribution functions consisting in comparison of the probability distribution functions for the percentage and the number of voters for Mr. Lukashenko in each polling station.
The last criterion is rather esthetic than exposing. It could be applied to arbitrary elections systems such as United Kingdom or
United States if one wants to extract the main result in a few pictures.
Category: Statistics
[157] viXra:2011.0182 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-26 11:12:58
Authors: Yu-Lin Chou
Comments: 3 Pages. expository article
It is a classical but relatively less well-known result that,
for every given measure space and every given $1 \leq p \leq +\infty$,
every sequence in $L^{p}$ that converges in $L^{p}$ has a subsequence converging almost everywhere.
The typical proof is a byproduct of proving the completeness of $L^{p}$ spaces, and hence is not necessarily ``application-friendly''.
We give a simple, perhaps more ``accessible'' proof of this result for all finite measure spaces.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[156] viXra:2011.0180 [pdf] replaced on 2021-07-06 12:25:37
Authors: Michael A. Ivanov
Comments: 28 Pages. Chapter in book {\it The Origin of Gravity From First Principles}, edited by V. Krasnoholovets, NY: Nova Science, 2021, pp 23-56.
The model of low-energy quantum gravity by the author is based on
the conjecture about the existence of the background of
super-strong interacting gravitons, gravity is considered as the
screening effect. The Newton constant G and the Hubble constant
H are computable in the model. In this chapter, main effects of
the model are discussed, some cosmological consequences are
confronted with observations. Galaxy number counts/redshift and
counts/magnitude relations are considered. It is shown that this
model can fit observations with the theoretical luminosity
distance without dark energy. The Hubble parameter of this model
is a linear function of the redshift, that is consistent with
existing observations. Results of numerical modeling of the
influence of the additional deceleration of bodies, and some
possibilities to verify the model are described.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[155] viXra:2011.0179 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-26 07:36:23
Authors: Chenchen Lin, Xiangjun Mi, Bingyi Kang
Comments: 17 Pages.
Conflict management is a key issue in D-S evidence theory(DST) and has been the focus of many related researchers. However, there has been a lack of discussion about whether the evidence should be fused. In this paper, in the frame of DST, inspired by the belief universal gravitation[1], we proposed a concept of belief Coulomb force (BCF) to focus on whether or not the evidence should be fused. It aims to discuss the elimination of conflicts in the information fusion process from the perspective of electricity, which may provide us with a new idea to solve the problem of conflict evidence. An application is used to show that the conflict management is solved better than previous methods by using the proposed BCF.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[154] viXra:2011.0178 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-24 18:38:00
Authors: Arturo Tozzi
Comments: 12 Pages.
One of the criteria to a strong principle in natural sciences is simplicity. The conventional view holds that the world is provided with natural laws that must be simple. This common-sense approach is a modern rewording of the medieval philosophical/theological concept of the Multiple arising from (and generated by) the One. Humans need to pursue unifying frameworks, classificatory criteria and theories of everything. Still, the fact that our cognitive abilities tend towards simplification and groupings does not necessarily entail that this is the way the world works. Here we ask: what if singularity does not pave the way to multiplicity? How will we be sure if the Ockham’s razor holds in real life? We will show in the sequel that the propensity to reduce to simplicity the relationships among the events leads to misleading interpretations of scientific issues. We are not going to take a full sceptic turn: we will engage in active outreach, suggesting examples from biology and physics to demonstrate how a novel methodological antiunitary approach might help to improve our scientific attitude towards world affairs. We will provide examples from aggregation of SARS-Cov-2 particles, unclassified extinct creatures, pathological brain stiffness. Further, we will describe how antiunitary strategies, plagiarising medieval concepts from William od Ockham and Gregory of Rimini, help to explain novel relational approaches to quantum mechanics and the epistemological role of our mind in building the real world.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[153] viXra:2011.0177 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-25 09:09:24
Authors: Di Sia Paolo
Comments: 5 Pages.
With these comments, I wish to focus on the problems encountered in the paper: Šorli,
A.S. Mass - Energy Equivalence Extension onto a Superfluid Quantum Vacuum. Sci Rep 9, 11737 (2019). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-48018-2.
The paper denotes problems of conceptual, technical and aesthetic nature, and brings as
support of a possible “introduced model”, as indicated there, extremely poor mathematical concepts, confused ideas and concepts in general, inadequate qualitative figures, everything presented in a questionable English. It follows an analysis of the critical found points.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[152] viXra:2011.0175 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-25 09:20:58
Authors: Antoine Balan
Comments: 1 Page.
We define a flow over connections of the spinor fiber bundle of a manifold.
Category: Geometry
[151] viXra:2011.0174 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-24 09:06:32
Authors: Victor Sorokine
Comments: 2 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
In one of Fermat's equivalent equalities, the 3rd digit in the sum of powers a^n+b^n-c^n is not zero and there is a single-valued function of only the last digits a’, b’, c’ ; therefore it cannot be zeroed out with the 2nd and 3rd digits in the sum of bases a+b-c. Apart from the simplest foundations of the theory of a prime number and the consequences of the little theorem, this is, strictly speaking, the proof of the FLT in the first case. See the proof of the second case here: https://vixra.org/pdf/1908.0072v1.pdf .
Category: Number Theory
[150] viXra:2011.0173 [pdf] replaced on 2020-12-11 11:02:35
Authors: Cameron Wong
Comments: 31 Pages.
It has been for more than a century that in the modern physics campus classical physics is chided as being incapable of proposing convincing explanation on the photoelectric effect. However, to this author, there appears some interesting evidence that witnesses the opposite. As the number one evidence, Fig.01 in the text portion of this article shows many curves defying the linearity supposedly entitled on them by the equation E(max)=hf-W , which is proposed based on the concept of photon, or quantum in explaining the photoelectric effect. Contrary to the chiding from the modern physics, as we will see, classical physics, relying on the assumption of existence of Aether, can explain the geometry behavior of all these curves, while exposing the self-refutation nature of the equation E(max)=hf-W.
Category: Quantum Physics
[149] viXra:2011.0172 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-24 08:37:20
Authors: Dmitriy S. Tipikin
Comments: 56 Pages.
The crisis in modern fundamental physics is due to the lack of new experimental results which would contradict to the existing paradigms. But where to search for such experiments? In this publication the experimentalist point of view is clarified for many immediate problems like unification of matter and wave, dark matter, quantum entanglement and experiments with pulsing gravitational force.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics
[148] viXra:2011.0171 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-24 08:54:38
Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: Pages.
In this book, I present my collection of 23 papers written, with different approaches to try to resolve the abc conjecture and others conjectures related to it like c<rad^2(abc). This monograph can give an idea about the advancement of the comprehension of the conjectures related to the problem cited above.
Category: Number Theory
[147] viXra:2011.0170 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-24 09:00:04
Authors: Han Geurdes
Comments: 6 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]
In the paper we employ entangled particles from a source. The question is asked if it is possible to maintain the view that only measured phenomena are to be considered phenomena and that ’tHooft his predetermination avoids the paradox.
Category: Quantum Physics
[146] viXra:2011.0169 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-24 08:40:11
Authors: Yu-Lin Chou
Comments: 2 Pages. expository article
Establishing on a finite measure space the implication for almost everywhere convergence to imply weak convergence of the corresponding induced measures (in particular to imply convergence in distribution) is usually indirect, convergence in measure being the transition. We give a simple, pedagogically informative proof for the implication.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[145] viXra:2011.0168 [pdf] replaced on 2021-02-09 18:59:56
Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 14 Pages.
The probable origins of the words mentioned in the title are considered. The translation of article into English is enclosed.
Category: Linguistics
[144] viXra:2011.0167 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-23 11:05:00
Authors: Guido F. Nelissen
Comments: 9 Pages.
The scientific method is based on experiments and on the mathematical processing of the obtained data in the form of mathematical equations. The fact that this method allows us to predict the outcome of experiments with mathematical accuracy, gives us the feeling that we completely grasp the physical processes.
In this introduction to his papers on the physical nature of the basic concepts of physics such as length, time, velocity, mass, linear momentum, energy, etc., the author demonstrates that this self-confidence is based on a circular reasoning: the experimental data agree with our mathematical equations, because the mathematical equations are quantitative expressions of the experimental data. In that way, the mathematical formulation is not necessarily a description of the physical process, but any description that fits in with the mathematical equation.
It is clear that in that way the ‘laws’ of physics, which consist of the mathematical equations expressed in spoken words, will rather give us a logical insight in the mathematical equations than in the underlying physical mechanism.
This quantitative approach has thereby led to the use of an impenetrable, trivial terminology, with weird concepts, such as ‘force field’, ‘energy field’, ‘curved space-time’, ‘dark matter’, ‘dark energy’, ‘creation’ and ‘annihilation’ of particles, ‘multiverses’, etc. .
To come to a real understanding of the physical processes, the author proposes the approach of a natural elucidating physics’ that allows him to define the physical nature of the basic concepts.
Category: Classical Physics
[143] viXra:2011.0165 [pdf] replaced on 2020-11-24 08:27:34
Authors: Quang Nguyen Van
Comments: 2 Pages.
So far, there are in all five solvable quintics of the shape x^5 + ax^4 + b = 0. We have found one more. In this paper, we give that equation and its solutions.
Category: Algebra
[142] viXra:2011.0164 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-21 17:32:58
Authors: Alexander Chang
Comments: 6 Pages.
Recent advances have begun to blur the lines between theoretical mathematics and applied mathematics. Oftentimes, in a variety of fields, concepts from not only applied mathematics but theoretical mathematics have been employed to great effect. As more and more researchers come to utilize, deploy, and develop both abstract and concrete mathematical models (both theoretical and applied), the demand for highly generalizable, accessible, and versatile mathematical models has increased drastically (Rosen, 2011). Specifically in the case of Complex Systems and the accompanying field of Complex Systems Analysis, this phenomenon has had profound effects. As researchers, academics, and scholars from these fields turn to mathematical models to assist in their scientific inquiries (specifically, concepts and ideas taken from various subsets of graph theory), the limitations of our current mathematical frameworks becomes increasingly apparent. To remedy this, we present the Chang Graph, a simple graph defined by an n-sided regular polygon surrounding a 2n-sided regular polygon. Various properties and applications of this graph are discussed, and further research is proposed for the study of this mathematical model.
Category: Topology
[141] viXra:2011.0163 [pdf] replaced on 2021-02-19 00:35:24
Authors: Pranjal Jain
Comments: 18 Pages.
This paper proves inequalities among generalised f-means and provides formal conditions which a function of several inputs must satisfy in order to be a `meaningful' mean. The inequalities we prove are generalisations of classical inequalities including the Jensen inequality and the inequality among the Quadratic and Pythagorean means. We also show that it is possible to have meaningful means which do not fall into the general category of f-means.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[140] viXra:2011.0162 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-22 10:55:18
Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 1 Page. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]
In economics, the purchase price is made up of the exchange fee (intermediate fee) and the product price, but the price posted on the product in many stores is easily misunderstood because it includes the exchange fee to make it easier for consumers to
understand the price of the product.
Category: Economics and Finance
[139] viXra:2011.0161 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-22 11:01:08
Authors: Richard A. Peters
Comments: 37 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
To advance a model describing attributes of nature, we are free to claim properties of the model that we believe support those attributes. Absent real experiments we can perform thought experiments to evaluate whether the assumed properties of the model support the attributes we’re attempting to model. At the same time, we must consider alternative models that may also support those attributes. Our model is not validated unless we can invalidate the alternatives. Two models are examined: the familiar Newtonian model of gravity and inertia and the TI field model of gravity and inertia, which is a concept of this author. These two models differ in how matter objects interact with gravity and how each model supports the propagation of nature’s force particles. We look at these two models to determine which supports correctly the time dilation that occurs during four phenomena: the twin paradox, the Global Positioning System (GPS), a clock in free fall in a gravitational field and a clock at rest on the surface of a gravitational body.
Category: Classical Physics
[138] viXra:2011.0160 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-22 10:57:30
Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 3 Pages. Rejected by many top journals without review
Re-proof of Gödel incompleteness theorem. I use no mathematical expressions.
Category: Set Theory and Logic
[137] viXra:2011.0159 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-21 12:28:51
Authors: Boris Mikhailovich Popov
Comments: 94 Pages. In Russian [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
В настоящей книге автор, руководствуясь установкой Исаака Ньютона, что природа во всём предельно проста и экономна и если она чем и наделила тела в процессе их порождения, то одной только силой инерции, в качестве основополагающего принципа действия гравитации рассматривает инерцию. Благодаря подходу, основанному на такой установке, осуществлена категоризация феномена гравитации под такую рубрику опыта как инерция, показана законность её членства в этой категории, закон всемирного тяготения и три остальных закона Ньютона сведены к одному закону – закону инерции, сформулированному и обоснованному задолго до Ньютона Галилео Галилеем.
In this book, the author, guided by the installation of Isaac Newton, that nature in everything is extremely simple and economical, and if she endowed bodies with anything in the process of their generation, then by the force of inertia alone, inertia is considered as the fundamental principle of the action of gravity. Thanks to an approach based on such an attitude, the phenomenon of gravity was categorized under such a heading of experience as inertia, the legitimacy of its membership in this category was shown, the law of universal gravitation and the three other laws of Newton were reduced to one law - the law of inertia, formulated and substantiated long before Newton by Galileo Galilei.
Category: Classical Physics
[136] viXra:2011.0158 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-21 12:36:33
Authors: Boris Mikhailovich Popov
Comments: 60 Pages. In Russian [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
Исследования по созданию природоподобных технологий набирают обороты. По заверениям адептов и апологетов движения, развитие природоподобных технологий нацелено на перевод техносферы на органичные природе принципы действия, на симметричный симбиоз техносферы с природой, при котором существующая ресурсная база не будет истощаться, а, наоборот, станет качественно развиваться и наращиваться. В результате человечество, преодолев ограничения прежней ресурсной базы, окажется в комфортной для продолжительной жизни среде обитания, получит доступ к немыслимым ныне дарам и благам.
Research into the creation of nature-like technologies is gaining momentum. According to the assurances of adherents and apologists of the movement, the development of nature-like technologies is aimed at transferring the technosphere to principles of action organic to nature, to a symmetrical symbiosis of the technosphere with nature, in which the existing resource base will not be depleted, but, on the contrary, will begin to qualitatively develop and grow. As a result, mankind, having overcome the limitations of the former resource base, will find itself in a habitat that is comfortable for a long life, and will gain access to the gifts and benefits that are inconceivable today.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics
[135] viXra:2011.0157 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-21 12:34:54
Authors: Boris Mikhailovich Popov
Comments: 133 Pages. In Russian [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
В настоящей книге автор проводит мысль о том, что практически все знания человек получает из коллективного сознания. И потому его ум – это, по сути, искусственный интеллект. Отсюда и ограниченность его представлений и понятий об окружающем мире, но выход из этого сложного положения есть. Внимательный читатель получит новые ответы на вечные вопросы: откуда берется наше сознание, насколько прочны основы наших знаний, свободна ли наша воля, насколько «логична» традиционная наука и даже насколько актуальна в наше время метафизика!
In this book, the author carries out the idea that a person receives practically all knowledge from the collective consciousness. And therefore, his mind is, in fact, artificial intelligence. Hence the limitation of his ideas and concepts about the world around him, but there is a way out of this difficult situation. The attentive reader will receive new answers to the eternal questions: where does our consciousness come from, how strong are the foundations of our knowledge, is our will free, how “logical” is traditional science, and even how relevant is metaphysics in our time!
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics
[134] viXra:2011.0156 [pdf] replaced on 2020-11-24 08:28:05
Authors: Antoine Balan
Comments: 2 Pages. In French
The 2-morphisms are generalizations of morphisms between algebras. They are morphisms of algebras if we make a tensor product.
Category: Algebra
[133] viXra:2011.0155 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-21 12:45:38
Authors: Ashok Saxena
Comments: Pages.
Kurt Gödel in 1931, proved in his famous ‘Incompleteness theorem’, that there are problems which can not be solved by pure mathematical models. To deal with such a paradox with existing mathematical string models, I adopted a new approach of ‘model dependent realism’ to carve new ‘Super symmetry string model’ of structure and working of universe.
The proposed mathematically consistent, Logistic Geometrical ‘Treo model’, investigates basic of all basics of the universe beyond the domain of mathematics, to find out ‘where do the laws of nature come from’. Treo or strings are one object of creation. They present in two forms. As free treos they form packets of all photons and matter particles, which produce action by exerting load on space matrix. While as bound treos (five positive dimensions of universe) alternately interwoven with voids (five curled up negative dimensions) they form our ten dimensional omnipresent space (Space matrix i.e. Space- time- energy). In our quantum universe the mass energy does not increase linearly but it increases in steps, successively at all √S quantum levels in each of four dimensions of space–time. All bound treos vibrate at Planck frequency or S vibrations per second; the cosmic rhythm, which decides unit space, unit time, unit energy, unit mass, unit action and unit reaction. One unit space is a big cubical space, having S bound treo on its each side [c14].According to proposed kinetic coloumn geometry, load of increasing number of free treos (ACTION) results in layer by layer increasing contraction of unit Space- matrix (REACTION) which successively involves four dimensions of space-time, to concentrate and direct kinetic energy ‘for equal and opposite reaction’, to support this load, with the conversion of equal number of bound treos in kinetons. Involvement of each next dimension changes coloumn geometry and nature of erupted force, and forms fields of all four basic forces thus leading us to Quantum Gravitation. The dispersing load from center of cosmic body on each concentric bigger outer layer in its gravitational field, first constructs three dimensional spherical deformation which gets occupied by mass energy of parent spherical cosmic body. While still distally in two dimensional elliptical deformations at gravitational field quantum levels, according to gravitational kinetic energy levels in orbits all baby bodies are lodged. The one dimensional deformation, which obeys Newton’s gravitational field equations, uniformly continues up to periphery of gravitational field.[132] viXra:2011.0153 [pdf] replaced on 2021-02-13 15:53:43
Authors: Gajendra Singh Solanki
Comments: 6 Pages. This is the third paper in the series of 'Rudiments of relativity revisited'. The Foundation of which is developed in the previous ones and the next one shows the new transforms can reproduce the so far proven results of relativity.
The mathematical elegance and simplicity of Lorentz transform to support four-vector-based covariant formulation comes from its operation in the Minkowski domain that maps the position and calculates the time accordingly. But the same also makes it difficult to interpret. Transforming it back to the real domain that maps the time and calculates the position accordingly eases their interpretation, which leads to real domain transforms, a tool to discern the real effects from mere mathematical ones. Many new phenomena like relativity of spatial concurrence and relativistic non-localization, so far hidden under the elegance of the former, are brought to light. The real domain exhibits relativistic time-dilation, length-contraction, velocity-addition, clock compatible interval and phase relationship, and Doppler effect, but the non-simultaneity disappears. New transform is reducible to Lorentz transform establishing their equivalence.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[131] viXra:2011.0152 [pdf] replaced on 2021-02-23 14:58:07
Authors: Gajendra Singh Solanki
Comments: 7 Pages. This is the fourth paper in the series of 'Rudiments of relativity revisited'. New transforms applied here are derived in the previous one. The next few papers propose new experiments that can verify the new phenomena predicted.
In our previous paper, the real domain transform is derived and its equivalence with Lorentz transform is established. The latter operates in the Minkowski domain by mapping the positions and computing the times accordingly, thus taking advantage of four-vector-based covariant formulations by mixing spacetime, but the same makes it difficult to interpret. The former operates in the real domain that maps the times and computes positions, providing an alternative view to facilitate a correct interpretation of Lorentz transform. Besides exhibiting relativistic time-dilation, lightspeed preservation, length-contraction, velocity-addition, clock-compatible interval and phase relationship, and the Doppler principle, the new transforms also predict new phenomena like relativity of spatial concurrence and relativistic non-localization that remained hidden so far and challenge the interpretation of Lorentz transform based on the relativity of simultaneity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[130] viXra:2011.0151 [pdf] replaced on 2021-02-23 15:09:49
Authors: Gajendra Singh Solanki
Comments: 6 Pages. This is the fifth paper in the series of rudiments of relativity revisited challenging relativity of simultaneity. Next one establishes the relativity of spatial concurrence.
The relativity of simultaneity and synchronization is considered as an underlying concept of the current framework of special relativity. However, it is deduced most often from the famous train embankment thought experiment, despite the fact the setups can be developed to test the simultaneity both directly and indirectly. Relativity of simultaneity is analyzed here as a concept separate from time dilation because the latter is reproduced by the new formulation of relativity without any need for synchronization term. It is shown that non-simultaneity is a result of assuming the existence of photons at overlapped positions in the two frames, which is supported by neither Lorentz nor new transforms. Experimental setups are proposed to directly detect the two blasts at their very locations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[129] viXra:2011.0150 [pdf] replaced on 2021-02-23 22:13:21
Authors: Gajendra Singh Solanki
Comments: 5 Pages. This is the sixth paper in the series of rudiments of relativity revisited. The next one analyses the Einstein's famous train embankment experiment on relativity of simultaneity.
Real domain formulation of special relativity explicitly exhibits relativity of spatial concurrence, relativistic non-localization, and anisotropic spatial warping in contrast to the relativity of simultaneity and synchronization of the current framework. The new formulation contradicts the current interpretation of Lorentz transforms based on the relativity of simultaneity and the assumption that the photon exists at an overlapped position in different frames. The existence of photons at different positions in different frames opens the doors to new exciting relativistic phenomena not explored so far. This paper, the sixth in the series of rudiments of relativity revisited, the previous one, and the next propose an array of experiments to distinguish between the two relativistic physics. Relativity of spatial concurrence and of simultaneity are mutually exclusive, the presence of one discards the other and vice versa.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[128] viXra:2011.0149 [pdf] replaced on 2021-02-23 17:14:10
Authors: Gajendra Singh Solanki
Comments: 5 Pages. This is the seventh paper in the series of rudiments of relativity revisited. The next one explores RNL for superluminal communication.
Experiments to directly test relativity of simultaneity and relativity of spatial concurrence have already been proposed. In this eighth paper in the series of “Rudiments of relativity revisited”, the famous train embankment thought experiment for simultaneity is analyzed under the new formulation of relativity, and the experiments on the same are proposed to differentiate between the two theories. Current relativity assumes a photon to be relativistically localized at an overlapped position in different frames leading to the relativity of simultaneity, while the new relativity asserts their relativistic non-localized existence at different positions in different frames, leading to the relativity of spatial concurrence. New theory reproduces the so far proven results of relativity besides predicting new experimentally verifiable phenomena unexplored so far.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[127] viXra:2011.0148 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-20 16:40:45
Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 10 Pages. PDF of submission to Zelddovitch 4 conferencer, 2020, held online . This PDF is commensurate with material which if accepted will be part of the Zeldovich 4 conference proceedings
We start with an elementary example of a nonsingular configuration using a trivial
solution to massive gravity yielding a nonzero initial time step. Then we present
a history of the cosmological constant issue from Einstein’s introduction—which
did not work because his static universe solution to the Ricci Scalar problem and
GR was unstable—to the radius of the universe being proportional to the inverse
square root of the cosmological constant. We use two spacetime first integrals to
isolate a nonperturbative cosmological constant solution at the surface of the start of
expansion of the universe. A phenomenological solution to the cosmological constant
involves scaling the radius of the present universe. Our idea is to instead solve the
cosmological constant at the surface of the initial spacetime bubble, using the initially
derived time step, ∆t, as input for the cosmological constant. This was done in
a Zeldovich4 section for dark energy; solving the initial value of the cosmological
constant supports one of the models of DE and why the universe reaccelerated a
billion years ago. We depend on Katherine Freese’s Zeldovich4 talk of dark stars,
which form supermassive black holes, to consume initially created DM, and Abhay
Ashtekar’s nonsingular start to the universe as part of a solution to low l values in
CMBR data. We conclude with a reference to a multiverse generalization of Penrose’s
cyclic conformal cosmology as input to the initial nonsingular spacetime bubble.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[126] viXra:2011.0147 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-20 03:09:41
Authors: Harshdeep S. Chhabra
Comments: 7 Pages.
This paper discusses the nuclear fission of Uranium-235 and Uranium-238 and further gets into the discussion of how Uranium-238 can be used for fission fuel for power generation
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[125] viXra:2011.0145 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-20 10:24:20
Authors: Anatoly V. Belyakov
Comments: 8 Pages.
The review article presents the proton structure in accordance with the model based on a mechanistic interpretation of Wheeler's geometrodynamics. It is shown that this model gives a physically justified interpretation of the concepts introduced in quantum chromodynamics, such as "quark", "color", and also excludes the problem of confinement and others. The main parameters of the proton are calculated, namely: its mass, magnetic moment, lifetime, the proton-neutron mass difference, and also an analytical formula for its radius is derived. Typical lifetimes for various classes of elementary particles have been determined. Successful usage of the model gives reason to assume the model can be used for development a more rational theory of strong interactions instead of QCD.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[124] viXra:2011.0144 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-19 18:56:10
Authors: Leonov N.N.
Comments: 14 Pages. English and russian texts
The first "hydrogen" - "thermonuclear" bomb was created and tested in 1952. After that, immediately began work on the creation of controlled "thermonuclear" power reactors - power reactors on light nuclei. Almost seventy years have passed since then, but until now, apart from empty promises of creating an energy paradise on Earth, there are no real hints of success in solving this problem in the thermonuclear problem.
The theory of nonlinear oscillations - TNО, after conducting its own investigation, discovered the reason for such long empty promises and real failures in the thermonuclear problem. This reason was formed two hundred years ago, with Ampere's erroneous interpretation of the result of the famous experiment of Oersted (1821). Due to Ampere's mistake, the physics of the microworld thoughtlessly refused to take into account the magnetic interactions between micro-objects. As a result, the reactions of fusion of light nuclei, which provide the release of thermonuclear energy in the Sun and in the "hydrogen" bomb, were misunderstood by physicists. The same reactions were incorporated into the scheme of building controlled "thermonuclear" reactors.
A method for solving the "thermonuclear" problem was discovered by TNO when analyzing the causes of equally long failures in the "neutrino" problem [1].
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[123] viXra:2011.0143 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-19 14:01:52
Authors: Eeshan Mundhe
Comments: 5 Pages.
A non-terminating sequence like 31, 331, 3331, 33331, … starts with first seven terms as prime numbers, while the 8th term, which is 333333331, can be expressed as 17 x 19607843. Using Fermat’s Little Theorem, it can be easily proved that there are many more terms in this sequence that are not prime numbers. This paper puts forward a solution to find factors of composite numbers in all such sequences without using Fermat’s Little theorem or divisibility tests. The solution uses a prime number only once to scan all the terms of the unending sequence together, to check if any term is divisible by that prime number instead of checking every term separately, hence reduces the computational complexity. The solution finds the smallest number of the sequence which is divisible by a particular prime number and also proves that it cannot be assumed that all the terms of such sequences will be prime numbers.
Category: Number Theory
[122] viXra:2011.0142 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-19 17:08:25
Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 9 Pages.
Antimatter is a realm of physics that has long been a favorite of
science fiction. When two things or forces annihilate each other
simultaneously, that is seemingly beyond strange. What causes
real antimatter, and how it has worked to help make the visible
universe we know and love, is a detective story that this essay
elucidates.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[121] viXra:2011.0141 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-19 18:54:13
Authors: Toshiro Takami
Comments: 11 Pages. Presented as a preprint
I statistically analyzed 27 patients with neurofibromatosis type 1. Since
the 1930's, it has been said that the neurofibromatosis type 1 born to
affected mothers is very serious. It is called "maternal effect". But many
are against the opinion. The result of my examination is as follows.
The male case from affected mother and the female case from affected
father have extremely possibility of having malignant tumors.
The male cases from affected father and the female case from affected mather and those who were sporadic case didn't have malignant tumors. They were all benign.
"When the tumor is found in the male case from affected mother or female
case from affected father, it is extremery much possibility of having
malignant tumors."
I newly name it "cross effect".
Category: Mind Science
[120] viXra:2011.0140 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-19 19:04:04
Authors: Robyn A. Lindley, Edward J. Steele
Comments: 8 Pages.
In hepatocellular cancer (HCC) there is an over expression of the RNA editing enzyme ADAR1. Further, the prominent genomic somatic mutation signature in HCC is almost exclusively focused on mutations at A:T base pairs where A-to-G mutations far exceed T-to-C mutations (when read on the non-transcribed strand). A clear mechanism for this extreme transcriptional strand biased mutation signature, putatively associated with over expression of ADAR1 deaminase, is yet to be explicitly demonstrated. The standard description of this strand bias has been nominally called “Transcription Coupled Damage” (TCD) to distinguish it from more conventional “Transcription Coupled Repair” (TCR). We show that the TCD description does not satisfy all features of the molecular evidence. The conventional view is that ADAR1 is thought to target adenosines at WA-sites for editing to inosine (I) in double stranded RNA stem-loop structures in transcripts. Here we show that the totality of the molecular and cellular data on these mutation signatures provides strong presumptive evidence for a clear role for ADAR1-mediated A-to-I deamination at WA-sites as the mutagenic driver in hepatocellular and possibly other related ADAR1-Hi cancers displaying biased mutation features at A:T base pairs.
Category: Biochemistry
[119] viXra:2011.0138 [pdf] replaced on 2024-09-03 20:53:01
Authors: Sheng-Ping Wu
Comments: 4 Pages.
The main idea of this article is simply calculating integer functions in module. The algebraic in the integer modules is studied in completely new style. By a careful construction, a result is proven that two finite numbers is with unequal logarithms in a corresponding module, and is applied to solving a kind of high degree diophantine equation.
Category: Number Theory
[118] viXra:2011.0137 [pdf] replaced on 2020-12-07 23:59:29
Authors: Max Myakishev-Rempel, Ivan V. Savelev
Comments: 12 Pages.
This paper continues the series of papers on DNA resonance signaling. Previously the authors proposed that DNA is involved in the work of mind directly and immediately via the network of optical fibers. The authors proposed the mechanism of signal transduction in DNA via a sequence-specific resonance between the clouds of delocalized charges in the base stack. It was computationally demonstrated that certain repetitive patterns of delocalized charge clouds were evolutionarily enriched in various genomes. Here, the authors propose that natural quantum computation in DNA in living cells is based on the tautomerization of basepairs and involves coordinated oscillations of hydrogen-bond protons and aromatic electrons. The authors expand the ORCH-OR theory to include the collapse of the wave function of aromatic electrons in purines and propose that such collapses and expansions produce the experience of consciousness and the perception of time. The above mechanisms are supported by an observation that the majority of the psychoactive drugs are aromatic and the suggestion that they modify the aromaticity of DNA by binding to it. Quantum mechanical considerations for the collapse of aromaticity by double proton transfer in basepairs are discussed in terms of the collapse of the wave function, loss of delocalization, and the dynamic balance between coherence and decoherence in DNA.
Category: Physics of Biology
[117] viXra:2011.0136 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-18 19:13:06
Authors: Florian Michael Schmitt
Comments: 7 Pages.
We will show that with help of the gravitationally dragged aether concept, relativistic clock corrections on GPS satellites can be computed precisely.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[116] viXra:2011.0135 [pdf] replaced on 2020-11-23 11:48:13
Authors: Gajendra Singh Solanki
Comments: 8 Pages. This is the first paper in the series of 'Rudiments of relativity revisited' which along with the next lay the foundation of an alternative theory of special relativity.
The Current framework of special relativity is shown to transform the unique time of a frame to many illusory times in the other frame that cannot be associated with any real clock. So, we revisit relativity as a problem of observing motion under finite signal speed. Kishori’s axioms are developed for avoiding undesirable effects of finite signal speed from creeping into cross-frame measurements. The illusory transformed time and the relativity of simultaneity are shown as the undesirable effects of finite signal speed that creep into the current framework. A methodology is developed here to directly test the simultaneity of relativity experimentally, which is often deduced indirectly despite being directly testable. This study lays down the foundation of an alternative formulation of relativity that complies with Kishori’s axioms besides the two famous postulates of relativity, reproduces the so far proven results, and also predicts new experimentally verifiable phenomena.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[115] viXra:2011.0134 [pdf] replaced on 2020-11-23 12:19:13
Authors: Gajendra Singh Solanki
Comments: 6 Pages. This is the second paper in the series of 'Rudiments of relativity revisited' which along with the previous lays the foundation of a new theory. The next one derives the new transforms.
The unique time of a frame does not transform to a unique time of the other frame under the current framework of special relativity, which is accepted as an inherent principle called the simultaneity of relativity. In our first paper ‘Rudiments of relativity revisited’, a setup is devised to show how these transformed times can be illusory and can not be associated with any real clock. This endeavor is an investigation if it is possible to develop an alternative mathematical framework of special relativity under the same two postulates but guided by Kishori’s axioms, which directly relates the unique times of the two frames. This paper succeeds to lay down the foundation of a framework that adopts the relativity of spatial concurrence replacing the relativity of simultaneity. Further, this new formulation asserts the relativistic non-localization of particles like photons, exhibiting quantum physical attributes as an inherent aspect of relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[114] viXra:2011.0133 [pdf] replaced on 2020-11-19 18:52:01
Authors: Mihai Grumazescu
Comments: 7 Pages. I had to change only the title
Gravity is thought to originate from a peculiar quantum property of matter called tendency of motion. Restlessness is an innate property of mass, as Brownian motion shows. Nucleons are thought to be self-propelled particles changing direction due to gravitational information called G-information. The observation that stars, black holes and other cosmic structures are emitting huge quantities of neutrinos and that the same structures have the most gravitational effect in the universe make the neutrinos the best candidate as a carrier of G-information. A simple weighing experiment shows a decrease of the weight of a test object by 0.05% at 350-400 m distance from the core of a CANDU nuclear reactor. This weight anomaly can be explained by the fact that a horizontal flux of anti-neutrinos generated by the nuclear reactor provides G-information to a population of nucleons of the test body which otherwise would receive G-information only from the ground neutrinos.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[113] viXra:2011.0132 [pdf] replaced on 2021-07-18 18:31:06
Authors: Udo E. Steinemann
Comments: 12 Pages.
F. WILCZEK has published an article on the concept of time-crystals (please look into [1]). This article is to be understood as an attempt to drawn a picture mathematically, which approaches the contents of WILCZEK’s article.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[112] viXra:2011.0131 [pdf] replaced on 2020-11-25 01:38:50
Authors: Yu-Lin Chou
Comments: 6 Pages. Two minor changes: an example added; a sentence modified.
We prove the precompactness of a collection of Borel probability measures over an arbitrary metric space
precisely under a new legitimate notion,
which we term
\textit{topological stationarity},
regulating the sequential behavior
of Borel probability measures directly in terms of the open sets.
Thus the important direct part of Prokhorov's theorem,
which permeates the weak convergence theory,
admits a new version with the original and sole assumption --- tightness --- replaced by topological stationarity.
Since,
as will be justified,
our new condition is not vacuous and is logically independent of tightness,
our result deepens the understanding of the connection between precompactness of Borel probability measures and metric topologies.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[111] viXra:2011.0130 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-17 12:31:49
Authors: Richard L. Amoroso
Comments: 41 Pages. Preprint submitted to Universe, Special Issue "Supersymmetric Quantum Theory", currently under peer review.
A radical, albeit pragmatic protocol for experimental access to putative String/M-theoretic,
Einstein Unified Field Mechanical (UFM) additional dimensionality (XD) of the brane-bouquet bulk is
presented. If successful, results demonstrate the existence dimensionality beyond the metric of
observed physical reality provided by the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics and Cosmology.
Quantum Mechanics (QM), as well-known is incomplete and further, should no longer be considered
the basement of reality; meaning, Locality and Unitarity – the fundaments of quantum theory are an
insufficient basis for extending the representation of reality. A seminal model of Tight Bound States
(TBS) below the lowest Bohr orbit in hydrogen, proposed by Vigier, is extended to a Kaluza-Kleinlike
(KK) cyclical tier of XD hyperspherical cavities defined within a finite radius manifold of
uncertainty (MOU) up to a semi-quantum limit, predicting, in its domain, additional spectral lines in
Hydrogen. The proposed protocol for this process, with phase modifications, provides efficacy of
large-scale additional dimensions (LSXD) of the brane bulk; XD-LSXD incursion duality accesses
nonlocal Einsteinian UFM phenomena, leading to myriad new classes of technological innovation.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[110] viXra:2011.0129 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-16 18:11:19
Authors: Yannis Haralambous
Comments: 33 Pages.
In this paper we attempt to decrypt the sequence of digits given by Jonathan Safran Foer in his novel Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close. We create directed acyclic graphs that a human can follow to find potential solutions. Representations of these graphs are displayed in this paper. The Python code used to produce them is also provided, in the appendix.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[109] viXra:2011.0128 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-16 14:17:16
Authors: Daniel Archer
Comments: 4 Pages.
Stellar Metamorphosis obeys the natural law of birth, growth, degradation and rebirth as an
endless cycle, this law is explained in this paper and discovered to be a new law!
Category: Astrophysics
[108] viXra:2011.0127 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-16 16:23:32
Authors: Emil Gigov
Comments: 4 Pages.
A small test of relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[107] viXra:2011.0126 [pdf] replaced on 2020-11-17 10:54:59
Authors: Yuan Jiang, Rebecca Jiang
Comments: 7 Pages. Revised email address and Eq. 21.
Extending an existing quantum optic model for beamsplitters, a comprehensive model is developed from the first principles of quantum physics to describe photons traversing linear optical devices of arbitrary number of ports and even a circuit of devices, which are essential components of photonic quantum computing gates and circuits. The model derives the quantum operators and states of the photons at the egress ports of a device, gate or circuit from those at the ingress ports. As an application and validation, it is used to model the experiment that discovered the Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) effect and to explain the effect without the notion of quantum interference. The experiment is not only a landmark in the research of quantum optics but also important to photonic quantum computing design.
Category: Quantum Physics
[106] viXra:2011.0125 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-16 09:23:31
Authors: Huhnkie Lee
Comments: 52 Pages. Thank you for your fantastic online database for us all //:-D
An analogy between metaphysics and physics is introduced. We will discuss phenomena in history, philosophy, politics, religions, ideologies, activisms in a unified framework. This could be ‘a’, if not ‘the’, unified field theory or theory of everything //:-)
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[105] viXra:2011.0124 [pdf] replaced on 2022-03-10 13:53:38
Authors: Felix M. Lev
Comments: 19 Pages. Published in Open Mathematics, vol. 20, no.1, pp. 94-107 (2022).
Following the results of our recently published book (F. Lev, Finite mathematics as the foundation of classical mathematics and quantum theory. With application to gravity and particle theory. Springer (2020)), we discuss different aspects of classical and finite mathematics and explain why finite mathematics based on a finite ring of characteristic p is more general (fundamental) than classical mathematics: the former does not have foundational problems, and the latter is a special degenerate case of the former in the formal limit p→∞. In particular, quantum theory based on a finite ring of characteristic p is more general than standard quantum theory because the latter is a special degenerate case of the former in the formal limit p→∞ .
Category: General Mathematics
[104] viXra:2011.0123 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-16 09:26:55
Authors: Daher Al Baydli
Comments: 14 Pages. Preprint paper
The aim of this paper is to give a computational treatment to compute the cup iproduct and Steerod operations on cohomology rings of as many groups as possible.
We find a new method that could be faster than the methods of Rusin, Vo, and Guillot. There are some available approaches for computing Steenrod operations on these cohomology rings. The computation of all Steenrod squares on the Mod 2 cohomology of all groups of order dividing 32 and all but 58 groups of order 64; partial information on Steenrod square is obtained for all but two groups of order 64. For groups of order 32 this paper completes the partial results due to Rusin, Thanh Tung Vo and Guillot.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms
[103] viXra:2011.0122 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-16 06:44:57
Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 5 Pages.
NMR erzeugt in inhomogenen Magnetfeldern nur unpräzise Spektrallinien. Ursache ist die schnell anwachsende Phasendifferenz zwischen den vielen Einzelsignalen. Diese Unterschiede verringern sich durch kurzzeitiges Einschalten zweier magnetischer Hilfsfelder, wodurch die Amplitude des FID-Signals steigt. Wiederholte Phaseninversionen verbessern Dauer und SNR des FID-Signals erheblich und senken die Halbwertsbreite der gewählten Spektrallinie.
Category: Classical Physics
[102] viXra:2011.0121 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-16 06:46:11
Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 5 Pages.
In inhomogeneous magnetic fields, NMR produces only imprecise spectral lines. The cause is the rapidly growing phase difference between the many individual signals. These differences are reduced by briefly switching on two auxiliary magnetic fields, which increases the amplitude of the FID signal. Repeated phase inversions significantly improve the duration and SNR of the FID signal and reduce the half-width of the selected spectral line.
Category: Classical Physics
[101] viXra:2011.0118 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-15 14:44:14
Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych, Bezverkhniy Vitaliy Volodymyrovich.
Comments: 7 Pages.
Using de Broglie waves of elementary particles it is shown how time is formed in the Universe. The definitions of the concepts "time" and "space" are given. Time is a simple duration of the process of oscillation of microparticles, which is fixed at a certain point in space. Therefore, time is a scalar and there is no "arrow of time". It is also shown how de Broglie waves transfer information between microparticles at a speed exceeding the speed of light in a vacuum.
Category: Quantum Physics
[100] viXra:2011.0117 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-15 20:13:24
Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 8 Pages.
The ghost in modern astrophysics is its cloud castles. Inside each theoretical cloud castle all appears well; but then “looking down” reveals there is no quality causative foundation. This essay explores how and why astrophysicists built their cloud castles from correlation, not causation, and
how good science can return theory to a solid foundation.
Category: Astrophysics
[99] viXra:2011.0116 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-15 20:14:46
Authors: Toshiro Takami
Comments: 7 Pages.
A case of complete remission of childhood-onset fluency disorder was reported in a patient who took fluoxetine privately to overcome social anxiety disorder. All reports of childhood- onset fluency disorder in Europe and the U.S. have shown temporary effects only while the patient was taking the drug, and all of them have relapsed after stopping the drug, and there have been no reports of complete remission. We present this case as an extremely remarkable case.
Category: Mind Science
[98] viXra:2011.0115 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-14 11:57:26
Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 5 Pages.
This essay describes a major medical discovery wrapped inside a
real family hospital crisis. The author was by misfortune at the
anonymous center, but it could have involved anybody else outside
the myopic hospital medical community. What was discovered
was a too-obvious revelation about how to fix a dangerous medical
protocol that was leading to untold thousands of tube-fed patients
needlessly dying a painful death.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[97] viXra:2011.0113 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-15 11:49:17
Authors: Huang Shan
Comments: 1 Page.
Relate the sum of powers of multiple primes to the sum of powers of natural numbers.
Category: Number Theory
[96] viXra:2011.0112 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-15 11:49:29
Authors: Huang Shan
Comments: 1 Page.
By connecting the sum of powers of multiple prime numbers with the power sum of natural
numbers, the relationship between even numbers in natural numbers and the sum of powers of multiple
prime numbers is obtained.
Category: Number Theory
[95] viXra:2011.0111 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-15 11:49:40
Authors: Huang Shan
Comments: 1 Page.
By speculating the magic angle of graphene, we can guess the magic angle formula of other
crystals.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[94] viXra:2011.0110 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-15 11:49:53
Authors: Huang Shan
Comments: 1 Page.
Other basic physical constants can be derived as long as the speed of light, the value of the
basic charge, and the value of one of the two vacuum permeability and vacuum permittivity are known.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[93] viXra:2011.0106 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-14 10:16:10
Authors: Kenneth Ramsey
Comments: 3 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]
Aircraft design is reaching a limit on the greatest airspeed obtainable in the atmosphere. A solution might be to control the boundary layer. During the Second World War, an effort was made to manipulate the layer of air that exists at the surface of aircraft. The system used very small holes along the leading edges of the wings. A compressor forced air through the holes and exhausted the compressed air. This did improve the performance of the planes, but the holes required a great effort to keep clear. Here an effort to control the boundary layer is proposed using the piezoelectric effect. A research effort is described.
Category: Classical Physics
[92] viXra:2011.0105 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-13 23:14:49
Authors: Anamitra Palit
Comments: 7 Pages.
The article considers tensor transformations of the differential elements pertaining to the coordinates to derive that the nth order differential behaves as a tensor. This stands in contradiction to accepted notions. It also derives by considering the Taylor series, a significant and an unexpectedly conflicting result that the nth order partial derivatives of scalar functions with respect to the coordinates behave like rank ‘n‘covariant tensors.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[91] viXra:2011.0103 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-14 10:19:32
Authors: Ali Yousif Hassan Edriss
Comments: Pages.
This article has two parts: the first part is investigated on Tesla’s claims about
unified resonance of alternated current, he said that he could magnify the electromagnetic radiation to that extent to shake and swing Brooklyn bridge in 1898, I reached in this investigation that Einstein has an evident to confirm tesla’s demonstration, this evidence is his equation for stimulated emission.
The second part of this paper is investigated on the idea that crossed my mind about finding a connection between Einstein’s stimulated emission and Einstein’s cosmological constant to support my former postulation that Dark Energy is just
photon pressure on ordinary matter. In this investigation I found that Dark Energy density has direct relationship to Einstein’s stimulated emission coefficients. The argument of that is expressed like this: since photon is responsible for electron’s jump down onto lower orbital in atom, and I postulate before that Dark
Energy is photon pressure, so there is a connection between this phenomenon and
that through Einstein’s cosmological constant.
Category: Astrophysics
[90] viXra:2011.0102 [pdf] replaced on 2021-02-10 20:20:10
Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 25 Pages.
The probable etymology of two Russian words is considered. Attached is the translation of the article from Russian into English.
Category: Linguistics
[89] viXra:2011.0100 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-12 20:42:06
Authors: Rafahiya Bouchareb, Zaid Laadjal
Comments: 5 Pages.
In this short note, we present an overview of novel coronavirus (Covid-19) outbreaks in most countries of the world. Some procedures taken to combat the coronavirus. We proposed the practice of physical activities during the quarantine period, and we showed their importance and their positive effects.
Category: Social Science
[88] viXra:2011.0099 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-13 10:11:22
Authors: Rodney Bartlett
Comments: 24 Pages. This article has been submitted to the science journal "Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society". It has completed the formal peer-review process and is currently waiting for the editor's final decision as to whether to publish it.
This novel hypothesis uses mathematics in the form of topology. The goal: to establish a “proof of concept” to which equations can be added, by anyone. It’s concluded the Steady State, Big Bang, Inflation and Multiverse theories all ultimately fail and a topological model including bits (binary digits), Mobius strips, figure-8 Klein bottles and Wick rotation works better. The failed cosmologies have impressive good points leading to the idea that they’re all necessary stepping-stones. For example, the Big Bang is seen here as violation of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics but its supposed origin from quantum fluctuations is reminiscent of bits switching between 1 and 0. The topological hypothesis has potential to explain dark matter (DM), dark energy (DE) and electromagnetic-gravitational union. This model predicts (1) the universe’s nature is binary and topological, (2) antigravitons are the quanta of dark energy, (3) dark energy has no connection with the expanding universe since there never was, nor will be, expansion or contraction (dark energy comprises dark matter – in some dimensions, dark matter’s being composed of dark energy will follow DE=DMc^2: in others, it won’t), (4) immortality, and (5) imprints in the Cosmic Microwave Background from gravitational waves will oneday be detected unambiguously and not interpreted as evidence of inflation. The article “post-dicts” Special Relativity’s time dilation as well as existence of both curvature and flatness in space-time. Finally, the article introduces what is called vector-tensor-scalar geometry - and extensions of Einstein's Gravity and Maxwell's Electromagnetism.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[87] viXra:2011.0098 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-13 10:12:30
Authors: Fabien Sabinet
Comments: 1 Page.
Experiments testing Bell's inequalities generally uses sources of entangled photons emitted in opposite direction, sent through polarizer of specific different orientation and finally correlated. But the correlation result would be the same if photons was emitted by only one source of 360° rotating polarization, separated in two flux by a semi-transparent mirror, and finally correlated as in the standard experiment. Therefore, it would demonstrate that the result is not due to any entangled state of the photons.
Category: Quantum Physics
[86] viXra:2011.0097 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-13 10:36:50
Authors: Ashok Saxena, Ashwarya Saxena, Amit Saxena
Comments: Pages.
The position of any baby body is decided by ‘gravitational kinetic energy level of parent body’ at its orbit, which is not considered by ‘Titius-bode’s law’.
According to TREO model of gravitation,’ if the mass of any cosmic body is converted in Planck masses (unit masses) and all distances are converted in Planck least lengths, then it is observed that the ‘number of unit masses in any cosmic body are always equal to the ‘number of graviton layers’ (of Planck least length) present in radius of its gravitational sphere. e.g. 10^ 38 unit masses cosmic body of Sun exerts (10 ^38) 2 unit masses load at its gravitational center, which is supported by a rotating 10^ 38 layered kinetic coloumn having (10 ^38) 2 gravitons which forms gravitational sphere of Sun. [9] Exactly same size of gravitational sphere of Sun has been calculated by General theory. (1) In any gravitational field the first baby body, always condenses at 10^4 th gravitational field ‘quantum level’ of parent body. Distance of any desired ‘quantum level’ from gravitational center of parent cosmic body, in terms of number of bound treo layers, can be calculated by proposed formula (square of desired ‘quantum level number’ × number of graviton layers in gravitational sphere of parent body). (2) All planets are placed according to Gravitational kinetic energy i.e. v^2 levels in their individual orbit (as calculated by Newton’s formula; v^2 = MG/r) at ‘Ten planetary quantum levels of Sun’ between 10^4 to 10^5 ‘gravitational field quantum levels’. If v^2 is E, in orbit of its first planet Mercury; then it is E/2 in orbit of Venus, E/3 in orbit of Earth, at E /4 or E/2^2 is Mars, at E/9 or E/3^2 is Cereus & asteroid belts, at E /16 or E/4^2 is Jupiter, at E /25 or E/5^2 is Saturn, at E /49 or E/7^2 is Uranus, at E / 81 or E/9^2 is Neptune and exactly at E /100 or E/10^2 is minor planet Pluto are placed. (3) The biggest baby body in any gravitational field condenses at gravitational kinetic energy in orbit of its first satellite / 3^2. Ganymede of Jupiter, Titan of Saturn, Titanium of Uranus and Triton of Neptune are all biggest satellites of outer planets at this quantum level, and asteroid belts placed at E/3^2 energy level, is the result of breaking down of biggest planet of our solar system.[8][85] viXra:2011.0096 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-13 10:33:31
Authors: Ashok Saxena, Ashwarya Saxena, Amit Saxena
Comments: Pages.
As per proposed Treo model of gravitation [9] presence of any mass energy exerts a load on omnipresent space matrix (space-time-energy), which is reacted by equal force, with the kinetic energy generated by contraction of involved space matrix. This action- reaction mechanism for load of any cosmic body deforms all four dimensions of involved space time, which matches the geometry of Schwarzschild matrix for Sun, as described by general theory.
Any ‘m’ unit masses body, exerts a load of m^2 unit masses (pressure on space matrix) at its gravitational centre, which is supported by equal number of m^2 gravitons arranged according to proposed coloumn geometry in its gravitational sphere (rotating kinetic coloumn of fourth dimension) formed by space matrix. Bodies fall towards each other (gravitational attraction) as deficient support is provided to both bodies, due to generation of insufficient number of supporting gravitons/ kinetons, by common shared space matrix in between. This central load of m^2 unit masses, dilutes / spreads on surrounding space matrix outside its gravitational sphere, as 2 M exerted load, on each orbit of gravitational field. This 2M load spreads, in n th bound treo layer (of orbit) from gravitational center of body, equally on each of its 2n-1 apex bound treos, present along the Reduced Compton wave length of matter wave, in this orbit. The ‘r ×a free treos load’ on each apex bound treo, is supported by equal number of v^2 kinetons present in its reacting sub kinetic coloumn. Thus total kinetic energy in all sub kinetic coloumns, which are present on each apex bound treos along the matter wave in orbit, can support total load of body, which is twice of total unit masses in this body. After studying the positioning pattern of all planets, according to the gravitational kinetic energy (v^2) level in planetary orbits of Solar system, the observation was verified by calculating the gravitational kinetic energy (v^2) in orbit of all satellites of ‘four outer planets’ [8a] and we also found the same pattern when we moved outside our solar system. The ‘Earth like seven planets’ are orbiting around an ultra-cool red dwarf star named as Trappist 1; present at 39.6 light years away in constellation Aquarius. The analysis of observed Data [15] of seven planets of Trappist 1(1b,1c,1d,1e,1f,1g,1h), is being done to confirm the correctness of this ‘proposed super symmetrical quantum model of gravitation’, outside our solar system.[84] viXra:2011.0095 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-13 09:05:56
Authors: Bruno R. Galeffi
Comments: 4 Pages.
Spatial orientation and magnitude of quarks magnetic moments in nucleons are derived from geometric considerations. Magnetic moments for d and u quarks are estimated respectively at 11.5e 26 and 23e 26 J/T. From these findings, quark mass is found ≈ 1.22e 29 Kg (6.85 MeV) ≊ mN*α where mN is the nucleon mean rest mass and α the fine-structure constant.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[83] viXra:2011.0094 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-13 10:25:28
Authors: Leonov N.N.
Comments: 21 Pages. English and russian texts
Every day, the bicentennial anniversary of Ampere's famous mistake made in interpreting the experimental result of Oersted (1821) is getting closer. This mistake distorted the true understanding of the nature of magnetism. Because of her, physics still naively considers magnetism not independent, but a secondary phenomenon originating from electricity.
The falsification of the nature of magnetism led to a distortion of the quantitative characteristics of the intrinsic magnetic fields of electrons, neutrons and protons, to the refusal to take into account the magnetic interactions between micro-objects in the theory of the microworld in physics and in chemistry, and to the loss of the ability to use Newton's quantitative formalism in studies of the structures of atoms and other objects of the microworld ... Thus, Ampere's mistake caused serious damage to the achievement of true ideas about the structure of material objects of the micro- and macrocosm.
Physics has not yet been able to correct this Ampere's mistake. The theory of nonlinear oscillations had to deal with its correction. Some of these fixes are summarized below.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[82] viXra:2011.0093 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-12 11:24:08
Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 17 Pages.
The Hubble tension between the early and late local universe is an active topic in cosmology. Recently revealed discrepancy between
the Planck and Hubble numbers for our visible universe’s age appears to be from two high-quality data sets competing for one Hubble constant answer. No unified Hubble constant has been
derived, because there are both the initial BB expansion forces PLUS the increasing net shadow attraction to great matter just beyond our expansion bubble. To clearly understand apparent
Dark Energy, we must also understand the adjacent Multiverse.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[81] viXra:2011.0091 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-12 11:25:23
Authors: Peter Bissonnet
Comments: Published in JP Journal of Mathematical Sciences -ISSN: 2248-9851, Vol. 27, Issues 1&2, 2020, Pages 1-5, Copyright Ishaan Publishing House, Received: October 24, 2020
The derivation of a generalized transport flux is attempted from the well-known Fokker-Planck
equation using a covariant 4-dimensional approach
Four-dimensional tensor analysis is used in the derivation of this generalized transport flux.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy
[80] viXra:2011.0090 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-12 10:26:50
Authors: Yu-Lin Chou
Comments: 6 Pages. expository article
Although the concept of Brownian motion or Wiener process is quite popular,
proving its existence via construction is a relatively deep work and would not be stressed outside mathematics.
Taking the existence of Brownian motion in $C([0,1], \R)$ ``for granted'' and following an existing implicit thread,
we intend to present an explicit, simple treatment of the existence of Brownian motion in the space $C([0, +\infty[, \R)$ of all continuous real-valued functions on the ray
$[0, +\infty[$ with moderate technical intensity.
In between the developments, some informative little results are proved.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[79] viXra:2011.0087 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-11 15:03:55
Authors: Kiyoung Kim
Comments: 24 Pages.
To understand how solar magnetic field is generated and maintained, new prototype model for solar dynamo process is considered, in which the model is based on the concept of Mass-Charge interaction. The differential rotation of the Sun, solar magnetic activity cycle, and the variations of sunspot numbers can be explained with the PVN charge interactions of solar planets on the hot plasma in the Sun, not with their gravitational interactions, of which the tidal effect, however, has been wondered whether the planetary alignment in the solar system has a correlation to the solar cycle or not.
Category: Astrophysics
[78] viXra:2011.0086 [pdf] replaced on 2020-11-12 10:59:22
Authors: James Smith
Comments: 5 Pages.
Unfortunately, some students, teachers, and even physicists object to the "addition" of scalars and bivectors on the basis that we cannot add things that are not of the same type. Perhaps the objection is not so much to the operation itself, as to the use of the name "addition" for this operation. Still, the operation interacts with others in unfamiliar ways that might cause discomfort to the student. This document explores those potential sources of discomfort, and notes that no problems arise from this unusual "addition" because the developers of GA were careful in choosing the objects (e.g. vectors and bivectors) employed in this algebra, and also in defining not only the operations themselves, but their interactions with each other. The document finishes with an example of how this "addition" proves useful.
Category: Geometry
[77] viXra:2011.0085 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-11 20:49:36
Authors: Alexander Bolonkin
Comments: 12 Pages.
In several important previous works [1,2,8-24], each based on the laws of conservation of energy and momentum, the author proposed a new type of rocket engine. The innovated rocket engine extracts energy from the atmosphere as it moves through the atmosphere and uses the harnessed energy to create a powerful propelling thrust. The author shows that if the mass of gas from which the engine is repelled is several times greater than the mass of gas that the engine brakes when receiving energy, then the thrust created by such an engine will be positive. This engine is capable of propelling aircraft to speeds of capable of reaching outer space. In addition, a direct compressor and a motor-generator were invented, in which compression and expansion – the generation of electricity, is produced by an electric field. The author also invented an external rocket-electric motor. All this can make a revolution not only in interplanetary space, but also in future aviation. The cost of fuel is about half the cost of a passenger's ticket in current aviation and almost 90% of the cost of a vehicle-to-space launch. The author uses the word "free" flight or launch in the sense of "without fuel consumption".
----------------------------------------------
Keywords: dipole electric rocket engine.
Category: Classical Physics
[76] viXra:2011.0084 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-11 20:51:55
Authors: Alexander Bolonkin
Comments: 12 Pages.
предыдущих работах [1,2,8-24], основываяс на законах сохранения энергии и импульса, автор предложил неоычный ракетный двигатель. Двигатель при своем движении извлекает энергию из атмосферы и использует ее для создания силы тяги. Автор показывает, что если масса газа, от которой отталкивается двигатель, в несколько раз больше, чем масса газа, которую тормозит двигатель при получении энергии, то тяга создаваемая таким двигателем, будет положительной. Такой двигатель может разогнать летательный аппарат до космических скоростей. Кроме этого, были изобретены прямочные компрессор и двигатель-генератор, в которых сжатие и расширение – генерация электричества, производится электрическим полем. Aвтором также изобретен внешний ракетно-электрический двигатель. Все это способно сделать революцию не только в космосе, но и в авиации. Стоимость топлива составляет около половины стоимости билета пассажира в авиации и почти 90% стоимости космического запуска. Слово «бесплатный» полет или запуск, автор употребляет в смысле «без расхода топлива».
------------------------------------------
Ключевые слова: дипольный электрический ракетный двигатель.
Category: Classical Physics
[75] viXra:2011.0083 [pdf] replaced on 2021-01-27 09:01:29
Authors: Ichiro Tanabe, Riko Ozao
Comments: 11 Pages.
To provide solutions for the unresolved theoretical questions of black holes, such as the presence of an event horizon, we propose a new spherically symmetric exact solution (we call the Ryskmit (R) solution). The R solution can be obtained by applying Kruskal-Szekeres coordinates (referred to hereinafter as Kruskal coordinates) to the Schwarzchild solution. The R solution has no singularities other than the origin of coordinates and no “event horizon”; therefore, a black hole from which information could not be extracted from the outside need not be considered. Far from the origin, this solution is approximately equal to the Schwarzschild solution. Another characteristic of this solution is that the gravity reaches its maximum at the Schwarzschild radius, and at the half of this radius, it transits to Minkowski space, in which gravity does not exist. This means that the gravity gradually decreases with distance from the Schwarzschild radius. Based on the law of conservation of energy, we deduced a result that explains the production of sufficient kinetic energy for gamma-ray burst. Furthermore, the metric of this solution was remarkably similar to the Reissner–Nordstrøm metric, and the presence and absence of an electrical charge lead to two different masses at the scale of Planck units where the two solutions match. This is an important relationship for answering questions about dark matter. As described above, this exact solution could be a useful basic equation that sheds light not only on astrophysics, but also on particle theory and the unified field theory.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[74] viXra:2011.0082 [pdf] replaced on 2020-11-26 13:58:49
Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 21 Pages.
In this paper, we will prove, based on reasoning as well as mathematical evidence and experimental obser- vations, why Newton gravity moves at the speed of light and is not instantaneous as previously thought. The misunderstanding that Newton gravity is instantaneous has constrained our progress in understanding gravity to its full extent.
We will show that all of Newton’s gravitational phenomena contain the Planck length and the speed of gravity; this speed of gravity is identical to the speed of light. A series of gravitational phenomena that are considered to be non-Newtonian and most often explained by theory of general relativity actually contain no information about the speed of gravity. However, all observable gravity phenomena can be predicted from the Planck length and the speed of gravity alone, and we can easily extract both of them from gravitational phenomena with no knowledge of any physics constants. In addition, we can also measure the speed of light from electromagnetic phenomena and then extract the Planck length from any of Newton’s gravitational phenomena with no knowledge of G or h.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[73] viXra:2011.0081 [pdf] replaced on 2020-12-06 02:58:03
Authors: Abolfazl Soltani
Comments: 9 Pages.
Pluto, Ceres and all planets of Solar system except Neptune, with a high approximation, follow a rule called Titius-Bode rule or Bode rule, which can by no means be considered as a stochastic event. This rule shows that the distance of planets from the sun in Solar system is regulated. Here, I prove that the existence of a standing and cosine wave packet, with the wavelength λ = 0.6 AU (AU represents the distance of Earth from the Sun) and the phase constant ∅=π/6, in solar system is the reason for Bode rule. And moreover, I prove that this huge wave packet belongs to the sun. Bode rule does not predict the distance of Neptune from the Sun but, this article is able to give us the distance of Neptune. Based on this article, Quantum mechanics will enter into a new stage.
Category: Astrophysics
[72] viXra:2011.0080 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-11 08:44:15
Authors: Takamasa Noguchi
Comments: 7 Pages.
Representation of ζ(2n) using the tangent number and consideration of ζ (2n + 1) and L (2n).
Category: Number Theory
[71] viXra:2011.0079 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-11 08:42:32
Authors: Antoine Balan
Comments: 2 Pages.
We geometrize the Navier-Stokes equations and we propose a Lagrangian to solve the NS equations.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[70] viXra:2011.0078 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-11 10:30:10
Authors: N. Gurappa
Comments: 35 Pages. 5 figures, Review of Non-dualistics interpreation of QM (except Entanglement)
A new `wave-particle non-dualistic interpretation at a single-quantum level' is presented by showing the physical nature of Schrodinger's wave function as an ‘instantaneous resonant spatial mode’ to which a particle's motion is confined. The initial phase associated with a state vector is identified to be related to a particular position eigenstate of the particle and hence, the equality of quantum mechanical time to classical time is obtained; this equality automatically explains the emergence of classical world from the underlying quantum world. Derivation of the Born rule as a limiting case of the relative frequency of detection is provided for the first time, which automatically resolves the measurement problem. Also, the Born rule derivation is supplemented with a geometrical interpretation. `What’s really going on' in Young's double-slit and Wheeler's delayed-choice experiments is explained at a single-quantum level. Also, an interference experiment is proposed to verify the correctness of the non-dualistic interpretation.
Category: Quantum Physics
[69] viXra:2011.0077 [pdf] replaced on 2021-01-12 12:29:25
Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 10 Pages.
The probable etymology of several words of Russian is considered. The translation of article into English is enclosed.
Category: Linguistics
[68] viXra:2011.0076 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-11 09:50:06
Authors: G. L. Harnagel
Comments: 7 Pages.
Since the first part of the twentieth century, it
has been maintained that faster-than-light motion could produce time travel into the past with
its accompanying causality-violating paradoxes.
However, there are two different approaches
to tachyon communication around a loop, one
employs a "hand-off" between momentarily-
adjacent observers in relative motion passing
each other, while the other applies direct tachyon
communication between moving observers who
are not adjacent. Tachyon physics in the latter method clearly precludes causality violation,
but it is more subtle in the former approach. An
analysis of what would be observed in a physics
laboratory, rather than what is inferred from a
Minkowski diagram, attests that causality violation does not occur in the hand-off method,
either. Thus it is demonstrated that tachyons
do not violate causality.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[67] viXra:2011.0075 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-10 09:58:08
Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 7 Pages.
A simple experiment I designed and carried out when I was five years old became the foundation years later of a deep understanding of the prejudicial “scientific” information that supports the origins of American racial prejudice.
Category: Social Science
[66] viXra:2011.0074 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-10 10:06:17
Authors: Claude Michael Cassano
Comments: 9 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]
The Bessel linear homogeneous ordinary differential equation (LHODE) with real parameter may be solved exactly using my "Vector Space Transformation Technique" similarly to the usage to solve the "Exact Solution of All Half-Integer Bessel LHODE Formula" - using "Exact solution of ODEs - Vector Space Transformation Technique - Part 2", Theorem I.1.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[65] viXra:2011.0073 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-10 10:09:25
Authors: Gordon Stewart Watson
Comments: 6 Pages.
Bell's theorem has been described as the most profound discovery of science; one of the few essential discoveries of 20th Century physics; indecipherable to non-mathematicians. However, taking elementary analysis to be an adequate logic here, we refute Bell's theorem, correct his inequality and identify his error. Further, we do this under the principle of true local realism, the union of true locality (or relativistic causality: no influence propagates superluminally) and true realism (or non-naive realism: some existents change interactively). We thus lay the foundation for a more complete physical theory: one in line with Einstein's ideas and Bell's hopes. Let's see.
Category: Quantum Physics
[64] viXra:2011.0072 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-10 10:10:21
Authors: Gerard van der Ham
Comments: 2 Pages.
In this paper the outcomes of Bell-test experiments are accounted for in a local-real way.
In a visual way is explained why Quantum Mechanic correlation is found in experiments and why Bell's inequalities are violated.
Category: Quantum Physics
[63] viXra:2011.0071 [pdf] replaced on 2021-01-12 12:26:57
Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 29 Pages.
The probable etymology of the Russian bush of words is considered. The translation of article into English is enclosed.
Category: Linguistics
[62] viXra:2011.0070 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-10 10:25:14
Authors: Richard Lewis
Comments: 6 Pages. Published in International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 14(11) 2020 [Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the rules and guidelines of viXra.org]
The following assumptions of the Big Bang theory are challenged and found to be false: the cosmological principle, the assumption that all matter formed at the same time and the assumption regarding the cause of the cosmic microwave background radiation. The evolution of the universe is described based on the conclusion that the universe is finite with a space boundary. This conclusion is reached by ruling out the possibility of an infinite universe or a universe which is finite with no boundary. In a finite universe, the centre of the universe can be located with reference to our home galaxy (The Milky Way) using the speed relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) rest frame and Hubble's law. This places our home galaxy at a distance of approximately 26 million light years from the centre of the universe. Because we are making observations from a point relatively close to the centre of the universe, the universe appears to be isotropic and homogeneous but this is not the case. The CMB is coming from a source located within the event horizon of the universe. There is sufficient mass in the universe to create an event horizon at the Schwarzschild radius. Galaxies form over time due to the energy released by the expansion of space. Conservation of energy must consider total energy which is mass (+ve) plus energy (+ve) plus spacetime curvature (-ve) so that the total energy of the universe is always zero. The predominant position of galaxy formation moves over time from the centre of the universe towards the boundary so that today the majority of new galaxy formation is taking place beyond our horizon of observation at 14 billion light years.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[61] viXra:2011.0069 [pdf] replaced on 2025-09-22 05:48:52
Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 24 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified
We study the Turkmen-English Dictionary by Jonathan Garrett, Greg Lastowka, Kimberly Naahielua and Meena Pallipamu. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,βH=0.04) i.e. a magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Isingmodel with four nearest neighbours with βH=0.04. H is external magnetic field, β is 1/(k_B T) where, T is temperature and k_B is the Boltzmann constant.
Category: Linguistics
[60] viXra:2011.0068 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-10 10:09:21
Authors: Mostafa Khalaji
Comments: 11 Pages. 17th Iran Media Technology Exhibition and Conference, Tehran, Iran, November 2020
With the growing data on the Internet, recommender systems have been able to predict users’ preferences and offer related movies. Collaborative filtering is one of the most popular algorithms in these systems. The main purpose of collaborative filtering is to find the users or the same items using the rating matrix. By increasing the number of users and items, this algorithm suffers from the scalability problem. On the other hand, due to the unavailability of a large number of user preferences for different items, there is a cold start problem for a new user or item that has a significant impact on system performance. The purpose of this paper is to design a movie recommender system named TRSM-RS using users’ demographic information (just users’ gender) along with the new weighted similarity measure. By segmenting users based on their gender, the scalability problem is improved and by considering the reliability of the users’ similarity as the weight in the new similarity measure (Tanimoto Reliability Similarity Measure, TRSM), the effect of the cold-start problem is undermined and the performance of the system is improved. Experiments were performed on the MovieLens dataset and the system was evaluated using mean absolute error (MAE), Accuracy, Precision and Recall metrics. The results of the experiments indicate improved performance (accuracy and precision) and system error rate compared to other research methods of the researchers. The maximum improved MAE rate of the system for men and women is 5.5% and 13.8%, respectively.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[59] viXra:2011.0067 [pdf] replaced on 2020-11-18 17:15:24
Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 9 Pages.
This is a review article. Here we show that neutron stars, due to the atom-like structure of baryons and structure of spacetime, are mathematically very simple objects: they have an invariant density, a spherical shape although they spin very fast, they have no relativistic mass, and we can neglect the nuclear and gravitational binding energy. We also described mathematically the magnetars.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[58] viXra:2011.0066 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-09 20:03:18
Authors: Eugene V. Stefanovich
Comments: 9 Pages. Published in the General Science Journal on September 23, 2019
Modern theories of strong interactions suggest that baryon-antibaryon forces can be strongly attractive, and manifestations of ``baryonium'' states have been seen in experiments. In light of these new data, we attempt to revisit the Fermi-Yang-Sakata idea that mesons and baryons are bound states of few fundamental ``sakatons'' identified with $p, n, \Lambda$, and $\Lambda_c$ particles. We optimized parameters of inter-sakaton potentials and calculated meson and baryon mass spectra in fair agreement with experiment. Moreover, the same set of potentials
allows us to reproduce approximately elastic scattering cross sections of baryons and binding energies of light nuclei and hypernuclei. This suggests that the Sakata model could be a promising organizing principle in particle and nuclear physics. This principle may also coexist with the modern quark model, where both valence and sea quark contributions to the hadron structure are allowed.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[57] viXra:2011.0065 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-08 22:58:23
Authors: Edward J Steele
Comments: 4 Pages.
Arthur Firstenberg has written an important book (Firstenberg 2020). He is both a scientist, a medical professional and science writer/journalist with an eye to deep history and much knowledge. It is well written and clear, but uneven in parts, particularly absence of a sensible discussion of Hoyle-Wickramasinghe’s Panspermia-Cosmic Biology - the author’s conclusions on the origins of influenza pandemics since the1880s (from 1889 in particular) suffer from not considering all the extant evidence for Panspermia. The book is in two parts over 565 pages, rich in detailed referencing and notes which begins on page 393. This is a valuable resource.
Category: Physics of Biology
[56] viXra:2011.0064 [pdf] replaced on 2020-11-17 11:15:15
Authors: Chris Martian
Comments: 4 Pages. 4
The graviton particle is predicted to carry the force of gravity. But, since we have yet to observe a graviton, we cannot say for sure that this is the only behavior it has; it could also behave similarly to other particles in the Standard Model. Observation of a graviton is necessary to rule this out, otherwise we cannot say for sure whether we have a known particle or a graviton behaving like one. This paper outlines four justifications for why this observation will never happen.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[55] viXra:2011.0062 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-09 10:27:19
Authors: Sangwha Yi
Comments: 4 Pages.
In the Cosmological Special Theory of Relativity , we study energy momentum relations, Klein-Gordon equation and wave function.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[54] viXra:2011.0061 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-09 10:28:35
Authors: Luca Nascimbene
Comments: 18 Pages.
A photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light into an electrical current. The current is generated when photons are absorbed in the photodiode. Photodiodes may contain optical filters, built-in lenses, and may have large or small surface areas. Photodiodes usually have a slower response time as their surface area increases. The common, traditional solar cell used to generate electric solar power is a large
area photodiode. Photodiodes are similar to regular semiconductor diodes except that they may be either exposed (to detect vacuum UV or X-rays) or packaged with a window or optical fiber connection to allow light to reach the sensitive part of the device. Many diodes designed for use specifically as a photodiode use a PIN junction rather than a p–n junction, to increase the speed of response. A photodiode is designed to operate
in reverse bias.
Category: Classical Physics
[53] viXra:2011.0060 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-09 10:29:11
Authors: Suraj Deshmukh
Comments: 2 Pages.
In this paper, I will give the concluding remarks and corrections in the formalism of incremental
forms of time. Incremental form of time popped out from an primitive claim in the field of classical
mechanics. The claim is based on the inequality in total time spend by an observer and total time
spend in observing a point like particle moving with uniform velocity in space. we will reformulate
and revise the entire formalism. The paper will be complete in it’s own way.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[52] viXra:2011.0059 [pdf] replaced on 2020-11-20 21:11:31
Authors: M. D. Monsia
Comments: 8 Pages.
In this paper we present a remarkable Lienard equation with strong and high order nonlinear terms. The equation is explicitly integrable in terms of periodic tangent function. The related quadratic Lienard type equations may also exhibit the tangent function profile. The presented equation includes for example, the cubic and quintic Duffing equations with cubic singularity as special cases.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[51] viXra:2011.0058 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-08 19:57:14
Authors: Ralph B. Hill
Comments: 17 Pages.
A novel and comprehensive ‘Dual-Energy’ Cosmological model (DEC) is shown to emerge from one principle. It sweepingly addresses problems in the current ΛCDM model from an initial singularity to dark energy. It follows from a new fundamental understanding of energy and gravity. This new understanding of energy and gravity is based on highly specific qualitative evidence from key cosmological features and the physical energy source for gravity. The evidence coherently suggests the presence of negative energy in space and a fundamental positive-negative symmetry of energy. Gravity is shown to be the fundamental mechanism that generates positive and negative energies from zero. In gravitational acceleration energy is gained at the expense of negative energy in space. A wide range of hard problems in current theory are naturally addressed. A discernable fault line in current theory emerges. The new model naturally provides physical definition for origin and expansion of the universe. A universe of positive energy arises naturally from zero in a ‘not quite so big’ bang with corresponding negative energy. The nature of the forces driving expansion and their direction are finally defined. Expansion is driven by repulsive gravitational forces between positive masses and surrounding voids dominated by negative energy. A higher order of symmetry in the evolution of the universe emerges. Spatial flatness emerges naturally. Isotropy with repetitive structures emerge from an origin of uniform mechanisms. Negative energy acts as a dynamically evolving property of space. The dual-energy principle naturally delivers both repulsive negative energy and the physical model for its increase. It addresses an observed accelerated expansion. The contrived concept of a positive dark energy becomes obsolete. An anti-de Sitter like character of space provides surprising support for string theory in AdS/CFT correspondence. Fundamental energy concepts in other areas of physics may be reevaluated. The fundamental physical properties of negative energy are to be explored.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[50] viXra:2011.0057 [pdf] replaced on 2020-11-10 20:00:46
Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 3 Pages.
Using products of rational numbers and the Eratosthenes method we can find a solution to the problem of rational prime numbers. This kind of numbers is a subset of the rationals and the problem has variations for decimals, centesimals, etc.
Category: Number Theory
[49] viXra:2011.0056 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-08 20:22:09
Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 5 Pages. submitted to Journal [Corrections made by viXra Admin]
In this paper we examine how closely a multiplicative function resembles an additive
function. We show that in fact, given any small $\epsilon>0$, \begin{align}E(\Omega,
g;x)\gg \frac{x}{(\log \log x)^{\frac{1}{2}+\epsilon}}\nonumber
\end{align} for some choice of multiplicative function, where $\Omega(n)=\sum
\limits_{p||n}1$. This is therefore an extension of an earlier result of De Koninck, Doyon
and Letendre \cite{de2014proximity}.
Category: Number Theory
[48] viXra:2011.0055 [pdf] replaced on 2020-11-19 18:52:31
Authors: Jean Louis Van Belle
Comments: 14 Pages.
The phenomenon of matter-antimatter pair creation and annihilation is usually taken as confirmation that, somehow, fields can condense into matter-particles or, conversely, that matter-particles can somehow turn into lightlike particles (photons and/or neutrinos) – which are nothing but traveling fields (electromagnetic or, in the case of the neutrino, some strong field, perhaps). However, pair creation always requires the presence of a nucleus. We, therefore, wonder whether pair creation and annihilation cannot be analyzed as part of some nuclear process. We argue the usual nuclear reactions involving protons and neutrons can effectively account for the processes of pair creation and annihilation. We therefore argue that the need to invoke some quantum field theory (QFT) to explain these high-energy processes would need to be justified much better than it currently is.
Category: Quantum Physics
[47] viXra:2011.0054 [pdf] replaced on 2020-11-26 04:55:53
Authors: Robby Igusti Chandra, Victor Christianto
Comments: 22 Pages. This paper has been presented at OCRPL webinar, 26th November 2020, with theme: Transformative Theological Education. Your comments are welcome.
In many nations, the dynamics of economy, politics, and culture are often not determined by the majority, such as the farmers or fishermen. Instead, the main drivers and decision-makers of economic policy are often in the hands of the few who are well-educated, capital owners, and those who have access to the government. Three main roles of the societies at the middle ages which were the feudal lords/capital owners, the farmers, and traders still play similar roles today where the capital owners supported by some government units exploit the poor farmers and fishermen as they control the production process, market access, and supply chain line. With such a system, it has been proven that humanity ends up suffering from health issues, social or political conflicts, economic crises, and even ecological disasters. With the conditions above, various theologians proposed a Christian concept of an economic system that is based on the understanding of the Trinitarian God. As it is central throughout Christian theology, any theology that relates to economic systems can be linked to Trinitarian presuppositions, i.e. relational identity. However, there has been no economic system and its application regarding both. This writing is an effort to explore whether the concept of koinomics or economic system based on the Trinitarian dimensions, which is koinonia and perichoresis, can be applied to the economic system of a small community as a model. The article also explores other religious concepts and their application to address the issue.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism
[46] viXra:2011.0053 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-08 11:21:09
Authors: Miroslaw Kozlowski
Comments: 10 Pages.
According to S. Hawking and W Israel calculation the frequencies of the gravitational waves is in the range 10^-7 t0 10^11 Hz. In this paper we show that the theoretical ( calculated) frequencies of the brain waves is of the order 10 Hz. Due to the overlapped frequencies the interference of the brain waves and gravitational waves is possible.
Category: Astrophysics
[45] viXra:2011.0052 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-08 11:22:28
Authors: Yu-Lin Chou
Comments: 2 Pages. expository article
To prove the equivalence between the $\eps$-$\delta$ characterization and the topological characterization of the continuity of maps acting between metric spaces, there are two typical approaches in, respectively, analysis and topology. We provide another proof that would be pedagogically informative, resembling the typical proof method --- principle of appropriate sets --- associated with sigma-algebras.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[44] viXra:2011.0051 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-08 11:39:18
Authors: Méhdi Pascal
Comments: 11 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
Determination of the classes of polynomials where we can apply Raabe's Multiplication formulas.
Détermination des classes des polynômes où on peut appliquer les formules de Multiplications de Raabe.
Category: Number Theory
[43] viXra:2011.0050 [pdf] replaced on 2020-11-11 19:15:25
Authors: M. D. Monsia
Comments: 7 pages
We present, in this paper, an exceptional Lienard differential equation. In spite of the presence of strong and high order nonlinearity term, the proposed equation is explicitly integrable. The general solution is expressed in terms of trigonometric functions. Also the general solutions of related quadratic Lienard type equations are periodic and may exhibit harmonic oscillations. The presented equation includes many nonlinear equations like the cubic-quintic, and cubic Duffing equations, Mickens truly nonlinear equations and the Ermakov-Pinney equation as special cases so that the explicit general solution of several nonlinear equations may be easily obtained for the first time.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[42] viXra:2011.0049 [pdf] replaced on 2020-11-08 23:07:32
Authors: Toshiro Takami
Comments: 5 Pages.
We experience a case of childhood-onset fluency disorder mildly affected by escitalopram. The case is 28 years old, male, with no close relatives with childhood onset fluency disorder. His parents had been aware of his stuttering since childhood and he had been treated by a speech therapist with no effect. She came to our clinic. She was started on medication. The patient started medication. In the beginning, she had no progress and failed, but paroxetine responded. The patient's longstanding stuttering almost disappeared. However, the patient dislikes sexual dysfunction and stops taking it on his own. The stuttering flared up, but the stuttering is now well controlled with escitalopram. He has been on escitalopram continuously as he relapses when he stops the drug. He is also experiencing sexual dysfunction that is being treated with sildenafil.
Category: Mind Science
[41] viXra:2011.0048 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-07 08:50:08
Authors: Kisor Ray, Gautam Sengupta, Kunal Ganguly, AbhijitMitra
Comments: 4 Pages. Published in IJRAR in 2019, 6(1) [Corrections made by viXra Admin]
While discussing the project management challenges in developing countries like India with respect to western developed countries it was revealed that standard PMBok based project management may not be entirely suitable as well as applicable to a large diverse country like India. The built-in complexities require accounting many local factors. These factors force a developing nation like India to remain way behind the western countries for the ease of project management and execution. This paper intends to highlight the approaches which can bring more comfort in execution of projects and their management closer to the developed nations.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[40] viXra:2011.0047 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-06 08:56:24
Authors: Dong-Yih Bau
Comments: 5 Pages.
The whole is more than the sum of its parts. Einstein wanted to experience the universe as a whole with cosmic religious feeling and considered the rest as details for disciplinary research. He developed the methodical principle theory to enhance humanity’s ability to experience the universe as a whole. However, the scientific community is blind to the principle theory approach. The unconstrained thinking of expert scientists (and philosophers) has permeated the scientific field. Academic and research tasks concerning the universe continue to accumulate but may not enhance our understanding of it.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[39] viXra:2011.0045 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-06 09:02:03
Authors: Paul R. Gerber
Comments: 3 Pages.
The common tests of the weak equivalence principle not only deal with the acceleration of masses, but include, in principle, the simultaneously occurring emission of a gravitational wave, even when it is far too small to be observable. Einstein’s ‘extension’ of the weak equivalence principle ignores this tiny effect, and thus, corresponds to postulating a instantaneous action at arbitrary distances, and consequently, implies the absence of gravitational waves in the theory of general relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[38] viXra:2011.0044 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-06 09:03:38
Authors: Yu-Lin Chou
Comments: 4 Pages. expository article
Given a countable collection of almost sure events, the event that at least one of the events occurs is ``evidently'' almost sure. It is, however, not so trivial to assert that the event for every event of the collection to occur is almost sure. Measure theory helps to furnish a simple, definite, and affirmative answer to the question stated in the title. This useful proposition seems to rarely, if not never,
occur in a teaching material regarding measure-theoretic probability; our proof in particular would help the beginning students in probability theory to get a feeling of almost sure events.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[37] viXra:2011.0043 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-06 09:04:24
Authors: Yu-Lin Chou
Comments: 3 Pages. expository article
That every Euclidean subset homeomorphic to the ambient Euclidean space is open, a version of invariance of domain, is a relatively deep result whose typical proof is far from elementary. When it comes to the real line, the version of invariance of domain admits a simple proof that depends precisely on some elementary results of ``common sense''. It seems a pity that an elementary proof of the version of invariance of domain for the real line is not well-documented in the related literature even as an exercise, and it certainly deserves a space. Apart from the main purpose, as we develop the ideas we also make present some pedagogically enlightening remarks, which may or may not be well-documented.
Category: Topology
[36] viXra:2011.0042 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-06 08:47:36
Authors: Yu-Lin Chou
Comments: 4 Pages. expository article
We wish to demystify the concept of a homeomorphism for anyone who finds the idea ``intangible'', by showing that one can construct a homeomorphism out of any given bijection in a natural way. Some interdisciplinary examples are discussed for concreteness.
Category: Topology
[35] viXra:2011.0041 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-05 19:51:05
Authors: M. D. Monsia
Comments: 7 Pages.
We derive the Lienard equation with strong nonlinearities from the solution of the Ermakov-Pinney equation. As a result, we give the exact and explicit general solution of this equation for the first time, so that the solution of a lot of differential equations like the cubic-quintic Duffing equation may be easily obtained.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[34] viXra:2011.0040 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-05 10:59:03
Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 2 Pages.
Here, on the basis of the star-quantum resonance described in the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST), we calculated the lower limit for mass of stars with stable H burning - it is 0.0818 solar mass.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[33] viXra:2011.0038 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-05 01:39:15
Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 8 Pages.
The main objective of this paper is to discuss the most important notions for any Cosmological model – Space, Time and Gravitation. According to Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM), the World is a 3D Hypersphere of the 4D Nucleus of the World, which is a 4D ball expanding in the fourth spatial dimension. All points of the Hypersphere are equivalent; there are no preferred centers or boundaries of the World. The World is Finite and has a Spatial Measure – Radius of the curvature in the fourth spatial dimension R . All spatial parameters of the World can be measured relatively to R . Any cosmological model of the Infinite Universe has no Spatial Measure.
WUM introduces a Cosmological Time that is principally different from a Solar Time which is defined by the parameters of the Solar System: the Rotation of the Earth around its own axis (day) and the Sun (year). Cosmological Time is defined by an Impedance of the Medium of the World that equals to the Hubble’s parameter. Cosmological Time τ is a Timing Measure of the World that defines the Age of the World. All timing parameters of the World can be measured relatively to τ . WUM concludes that any theory of evolution of the Universe should be consistent with the Cosmological Time.
WUM states a Supremacy of Matter: Time, Space and Gravitation have no separate existence from Matter. They are closely connected with the Impedance, Gravitomagnetic parameter, and Energy density of the Medium of the World respectively. Gravitation, Space and Time are all emergent phenomena. In this regard, it is worth recalling Albert Einstein quote: “When forced to summarize the theory of relativity in one sentence: time and space and gravitation have no separate existence from matter”.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[32] viXra:2011.0037 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-04 13:19:01
Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 2 Pages.
Here we calculated radius (12.1 km) and the lower limit for mass (0.891 solar masses) of neutron stars. Such a limit is defined by the characteristic energy of neutrinos in hot nuclear plasma that forces a shower of beta decays.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[31] viXra:2011.0036 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-04 20:20:15
Authors: Vasyl Korniienko, Vasyl Belokrinitsky, Ivan Vikulin
Comments: 11 Pages. in English and Russian
It is known that any matter has a quantum electromagnetic field (QEF) [1], Therefore, the WEF of Earth's stressed matter generates waves of quantum electromagnetic energies (S-radiation), which reveals the origin of geopathic radiation (GR), which, as is well known, cause diseases. For the same reason, electric generators, including solar panels, together with electric current generate quantum currents. Internet technology and satellites transform them into S-radiation, the effects of which, like GR, cause diseases. The orbits of these satellites correlate with the dislocation of coronavirus foci, indicating their involvement in the emergence and development of the pandemic. It is shown that the S-radiated metal of the roof of the car, as well as a person infected with COVID-19, generate S-radiations that infect others. Proposed measures that will increase the effectiveness of quarantines, which will stop the pandemic.
Category: Physics of Biology
[30] viXra:2011.0035 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-04 20:25:30
Authors: Edward Lulofs
Comments: 5 Pages. CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 [Correction made be viXra Admin]
This dark matter candidate has been tested to exist. How well it models current knowledge is to be determined.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[29] viXra:2011.0034 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-04 20:26:12
Authors: Xindong Wang, Alex Shulman
Comments: 11 Pages.
We study the algebraic structure of the eigenvalues of a Hamiltonian that corresponds to a many-body fermionic system. As the Hamiltonian is quadratic in fermion creation and/or annihilation operators, the system is exactly integrable and the complete single fermion excitation energy spectrum is constructed using the non-interacting fermions that are eigenstates of the quadratic matrix related to the system Hamiltonian. Connection to the Riemann Hypothesis is discussed.
Category: Condensed Matter
[28] viXra:2011.0033 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-03 23:12:21
Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 5 Pages.
A new theory shows that the gravitational constant may be variable with changes in space. Since the earth orbits the sun, there are perihelion and aphelion, which causes the constant changes of the gravitational constant measured by the earth at different orbital positions. This change in the gravitational constant directly causes a change in the gravitational force on the earth's matter. If the earth's gravitational constant changes, it will lead to changes in the potential energy of the entire atmosphere, which in turn will cause changes in kinetic energy of air. The formation of tropical storms is more sensitive to changes in atmospheric energy. If there is enough energy change, under other conditions suitable, it may cause a rapid increase or decrease in the frequency of tropical storms. This article compares the existing tropical storms on the earth and finds that after the earth begins to move out of the aphelion (in July), the earth’s gravitational constant begins to increase gradually. This leads to a decrease in the potential energy of the earth's atmosphere, causing a gradual increase in kinetic energy of air. This increase in kinetic energy can easily lead to the instability of the sea level atmosphere, and then more tropical storms. The earth's orbit begins to deviate from the perihelion (January), and the earth's gravitational constant begins to gradually decrease, which leads to an increase in the potential energy of the earth's atmosphere, which in turn leads to a gradual decrease in the kinetic energy of air. The reduction of kinetic energy of air also means that more atmospheric disturbance energy can be absorbed, thereby reducing the frequency of tropical storms. This trend is in line with the global tropical storm record for a long time in the past. It is a good explanation why there are many tropical storms in August and September, but there are very few tropical storms in April and May.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[27] viXra:2011.0032 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-04 08:19:45
Authors: Michael Tzoumpas
Comments: 8 Pages.
There is no a nucleus with more than two neighboring protons, because the presence of a third proton creates an increased negative potential that exceeds their stability potential, causing a cleaving (beta decay β+) of this third proton. These two protons are next to each other and due to their opposite magnetic moments they create a column of magnetic field, while a magnetic column is created by the rotated neutrons as well. So, the first phase of the nuclei structure ends in He-4. Of course, protons are immobile, while neutrons are rotating around them. However, how is the second nucleus He-4 added? Apparently having a common axis with the first He-4. But why is beryllium Be-8, with the two superimposed nuclei He-4, unstable? We will prove that column construction is based on the stability of carbon C-12 and oxygen O-16, which
consist of three superimposed nuclei He-4 and four He-4 respectively. Consequently, the
structure of the nuclei begins with the so-called lower-order nuclei, as the deuterium, tritium and helium He-3, which evolve into helium He-4 and then first upper-order oxygen nucleus, that has four helium nuclei He-4 in a column of strong negative electric field.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[26] viXra:2011.0031 [pdf] replaced on 2021-03-28 21:34:37
Authors: Olvine Dsouza
Comments: 10 Pages. Only changes has done on title of the research paper.
We introduce ALPHA Prime Theory and ALPHA Prime Series, a new method to find prime numbers and their prime factors (Similar to Sieve of Eratosthenes). We also highlighted the key property that is the additive property of natural numbers which is direct responsible for behavior of prime and composite numbers in natural number line and how it can help us to find prime and composite numbers and its prime factors.
Category: Number Theory
[25] viXra:2011.0030 [pdf] replaced on 2020-11-10 05:05:50
Authors: Yu-Lin Chou
Comments: 3 Pages. expository article; the first version is somewhat misleading.
With a new proof approach,
we show that the normal distribution with mean zero and variance $1/3$ is the distribution of the integrals $\int_{[0,1]}W_{t}\df t$ of the sample paths of Wiener process $W$ in $C([0,1], \R)$.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[24] viXra:2011.0029 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-04 09:55:35
Authors: Yu-Lin Chou
Comments: 5 Pages.
Denote by $\CDF^{0,1}(\R)$ the class of all (cumulative) distribution functions on $\R$ with zero mean and unit variance;
if $F \in \CDF^{0,1}(\R)$,
we are interested in the asymptotic behavior of the function sequence
$(x \mapsto nF(x/\sqrt{n}))_{n \in \N}$.
We show that
$\inf_{F \in \CDF^{0,1}(\R)}\liminf_{n \to \infty}nF(x/\sqrt{n}) \geq \Phi(x)$ for all $x \in \R$,
which in particular would be a result obtained for the first time regarding the growth order of an arbitrary standardized distribution function on $\R$ near the origin.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[23] viXra:2011.0028 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-04 10:16:06
Authors: Victor Krasnov
Comments: 5 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
Circa 1100 B.C. the Chinese scientist Chu Kong, watching the shadow of a gnomon during winter and summer solstices, measured the obliquity of ecliptic and defined its value: 23° 54' 02" [1], [2], [3]. Since then until present is supposed to believe, that the planets of the Solar system rotate in the same plane – the ecliptic, with not large deviations of a few degrees of separate planets from the rotation plane of the Earth.
Rotation planes of all the planets during millennia and centuries passed was characterized with the only parameter. i.e. the angle of incline. Any other parameters characterizing the rotation planes of the planets, have never been done and they do not exist at present.
The given research of the coordinates of the planets’ rotation plane showed, that any objects forming a planetary type system move along a wavy trajectory. It is shown, that the “flatness” of rotation of the planets is S-shaped.
Category: Astrophysics
[22] viXra:2011.0027 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-03 20:28:36
Authors: Dimiter Prodanov
Comments: 5 Pages.
In their article, Kudryashov et al. (2021) try to establish the analytical solution of the SIR epidemiological model. One of the equations given there is wrong, which invalidates the presented solution, derived from this result. The objective of the present letter is to indicate this error and present the correct analytical solution to the SIR epidemiological model.
Category: Quantitative Biology
[21] viXra:2011.0026 [pdf] replaced on 2021-05-19 06:18:24
Authors: Richard Shurtleff
Comments: 16 pages, 8 figures
The alignment of transverse vectors on the sky, such as the polarization directions of electromagnetic radiation from astronomical sources, can be an interesting property of the sources themselves or of the intervening medium between source and detector. For many regions of the Milky Way the alignment of the polarization directions of starlight is evident. However evident visually, it is useful to have a numerical alignment function that can be used to judge the significance of the correlations. The test described here evaluates the tendency for aligned directions to focus on points in the sky, as well as correlations in their avoidance of points in the sky. The formulas needed to conduct the test are derived and two illustrative examples are provided. In one sample from the Milky Way, the polarization directions from starlight
are seen to converge far from the sample and, for another sample, a set of quasars with polarized radio emissions, the convergence occurs close to the sample.
Category: Astrophysics
[20] viXra:2011.0025 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-03 15:01:18
Authors: Chris Martian
Comments: 4 Pages.
All mass experiences the effects of gravity, and all electrical equipment experiences the effects of electromagnetic interference. A series of circuits programmed to calculate specific irrational numbers will experience differences in these types of interference, which we can use to our advantage to determine the relative difference in gravity between us and some reference point, giving us our net acceleration.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[19] viXra:2011.0023 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-03 10:01:37
Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 13 Pages.
Gravity, black holes, and big bangs are expressions of one emerging physics. New 21st-century astrophysics has some aspects of the antique 20th-century physics, and even aspects of much older physics. However, the dialectically new physics
theory also has critically important new elements, yielding surprising revelations.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[18] viXra:2011.0022 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-03 10:05:07
Authors: Manal H. G. Kanaan, Miroslaw Kozlowski
Comments: 5 Pages.
In this paper we calculated volume occupied by matter in the brain In the case of brain the binding energy is the first and fundamental quantum property of the brain. The structure of the brain is rather strange The matter is from macroscopic point of view absent! Human brain is empty of the matter. We argue that considering mass contents human brain is the sphere of the radius of 0.1m with nucleus of the radius of ( 10-15 m3)1/3= 10-5m
Category: Astrophysics
[17] viXra:2011.0021 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-03 10:05:45
Authors: Manal H. G. Kanaan, Miroslaw Kozlowski
Comments: 5 Pages.
In the paper we study the periodicity of the Covid-19 infection. With the Polar Plot we obtain pictures of the Covid -19 for different times
Category: Classical Physics
[16] viXra:2011.0020 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-03 10:24:04
Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 6 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
In this paper, we give another proof of the formula of sinus of spherical trigonometry.
Category: General Mathematics
[15] viXra:2011.0019 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-03 10:30:55
Authors: Jean-Max Coranson-Beaudu
Comments: 7 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form] Published in Afr. J. Math. Comput. Sci. Res. Vol. 13(2), pp. 85-91
Riemann's hypothesis, formulated in 1859, concerns the location of the zeros of Riemann's Zeta function. The history of the Riemann hypothesis is well known. In 1859, the German mathematician B. Riemann presented a paper to the Berlin Academy of Mathematic. In that paper, he proposed that this function, called Riemann-zeta function takes values 0 on the complex plane when s=0.5+it. This hypothesis has great significance for the world of mathematics and physics. This solutions would lead to innumerable completions of theorems that rely upon its truth. Over a billion zeros of the function have been calculated by computers and shown that all are on this line s = 0.5+it. In this paper, we initially show that Riemann's (Zêta) function and the analytical extension of this function called
(Aleph)) are distinct. After extending this function in the complex plane except the point s=1, we will show the existence and then the uniqueness of real part zeros equal to 1/2.
Category: General Mathematics
[14] viXra:2011.0017 [pdf] replaced on 2020-11-03 03:59:25
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 4 Pages.
Hamiltonian time crystals (HTC) are time-dependent solutions of the equation of motion that develop in a minimum energy configuration. A subset of HTC’s includes periodic solutions with minimal energy that spontaneously break time-translation invariance. Recent studies suggest that HTC’s may be realized as novel topological structures formed by knotted molecules. In this brief note we show that fractional dynamics of harmonic oscillators may replicate the properties of HTC’s outside the realm of traditional condensed matter applications.
Category: Condensed Matter
[13] viXra:2011.0016 [pdf] replaced on 2020-12-18 16:53:30
Authors: Alfred Bennun
Comments: 14 Pages. 5 figures
The limit for causality relating to each other events is the Planck time of 10^-45 s. Strangely enough provides a causality of origin to indeterminism. Hence, showing that a causal determinism could coexist in smaller expand of time with the different reality of quantum mechanics. Hence, entanglement defined by spooky by Einstein could be part of a unitary description. Thus, characterizing the Planck as bosons structure that could occupy the same quantum state, allows for simultaneous events, which do not require an inflationary stage. Moreover the Planck dissipation through uncoupling of forces could be unidirectional by their rotation state at origin. Hence, asymmetry could reduce pair annihilation and exclude quarks. Thus, allowing their characterization as the particles representing quantum gravity by absorbing the energy from unstable particles to produce more quarks. From the uncoupling of the electromagnetic force emerge electrons that could orbit the quarks within the protons. Consequently, results in the heat producing synthesis of hydrogen and helium and relates gravity to their emergence creating the 3D space. The 4th dimension links together the local-micro within the macro-overall continuum by the emergence of an arrow of time. The primordial universe as a function of 1060 Planck bosons could be thermodynamically characterized as an inwardly functional open system. The galactic recession by the Hubble’s law generates internalized entropy, within emerging voids. Hence at the stage of galactic formation, the voids distend space as dark energy with a cooling effect with a dispersion of entropy. The recoil pressures over galaxies increments the inertial mass, contributing to the gravitational forces exerted as dark matter. The recoil increases the linear momentum, and when approaching c results in a decrease in the rate of increase of the inertial mass. At very long distances, the values of z> 1 appear as due to the lack of resolution and cannot be differentiated by their contribution to impulse and the angular momentum. The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) telescopically observes primordial galaxies by a lookback on time, describing the primordial galaxies by their light arrival time distance within the space. The Planck bosons in expansive disintegration avoid an inflationary period and could be scaled by parametric down-conversion (PDC) in recurrent quantum sequence: 2n (n = 0, 1, 2…) were used to model the causal space-time continuum. Density fluctuations due to the decoupling of forces generated the primordial resonances and gravitational waves, affecting the plasma state, causing the acoustic waves printed in the universe to emerge. The contribution of the angular momentum of the primordial universe to the quantification confers the spin to the particles axis, allowing acquiring distention configurations between two focuses. In quarks these may be characterized in the pulling vs contraction. In electrons could determine orbits, which delocalized their position vs momentum.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[12] viXra:2011.0015 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-02 21:38:17
Authors: Tsutomu Matsuura, Hiroshi Okumura, Saburou Saitoh
Comments: 21 Pages.
Professor Rolin Zhang kindly invited in The 6th Int'l Conference on Probability and Stochastic Analysis (ICPSA 2021), January 5-7, 2021 in Sanya, China as a Keynote speaker and so, we will state the basic interrelations with reproducing kernels and division by zero from the viewpoint of the conference topics. The connection with reproducing kernels and Probability and Stochastic Analysis are already fundamental and well-known, and so, we will mainly refer to the basic relations with our new division by zero $1/0=0/0=z/0=\tan(\pi/2) =\log 0 =0, [(z^n)/n]_{n=0} = \log z$, $[e^{(1/z)}]_{z=0} = 1$.
Category: Statistics
[11] viXra:2011.0014 [pdf] replaced on 2021-03-25 03:56:23
Authors: Antonio Leon
Comments: 9 Pages.
This paper proves a result on the decimal expansion of the rational numbers in the open rational interval (0, 1), which is subsequently used to discuss a reordering of the rows of a table T that is assumed to contain all rational numbers within (0, 1), in such a way that the diagonal of the reordered table T could be a rational number from which different rational antidiagonals (elements of (0, 1) that cannot be in T ) could be defined. If that were the case, and for the same reason as in Cantor’s diagonal argument, the open rational interval (0, 1) would be non-denumerable, and we would have a contradiction in set theory, because Cantor also proved the set of rational numbers is denumerable.
Category: Set Theory and Logic
[10] viXra:2011.0013 [pdf] replaced on 2020-12-10 12:36:06
Authors: Antonio Leon
Comments: 7 Pages.
Inspired by the emblematic Hilbert Hotel, Hilbert machine is a conceptual super-machine whose functioning questions the consistency of the actual infinity hypothesis subsumed into the Axiom of Infinity.
Category: Set Theory and Logic
[9] viXra:2011.0012 [pdf] replaced on 2020-12-01 05:28:53
Authors: Antonio Leon
Comments: 10 Pages.
This chapter introduces a formalized version of Zeno’s Dichotomy in its two variants (here referred to as Dichotomy I and II) based on the discreteness and separation of ω-order (Dichotomy I) and of ω∗-order (Dichotomy II) defined below in this section. Each of these formalized versions leads to a contradiction pointing to the inconsistency of the hypothesis of the actual infinity.
Category: Set Theory and Logic
[8] viXra:2011.0011 [pdf] replaced on 2025-09-03 11:49:18
Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 20 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified
We study Khasi English Dictionary by U Nissor Singh. We draw the natural logarithm of thenumber of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of theletter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,βH=0) i.e. a magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Ising model with four nearest neighbours and in the absence of external magnetic field, H, with βH=0. β is1/(k_B T), where, T istemperature and k_B is the tiny Boltzmann constant.
Category: Linguistics
[7] viXra:2011.0008 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-02 04:27:46
Authors: Kazufumi Sakai
Comments: 7 Pages. Journal for Foundations and Applications of Physics, vol. 7, No. 2 (2020)
The investigation of the interference phenomenon of Young's double-slit using a single photon is an epoch-making experiment demonstrating the mystery of quantum mechanics, but the details have not yet been clarified. We have developed a method for observing the behavior of photons near the double-slit using a multimode optical fiber to obtain a two-dimensional map of photon motion. Quantitative analysis of the directional motion revealed that the directional change was related to the derivative of the electric field and was uniquely determined by the direction of photon motion.
Category: Quantum Physics
[6] viXra:2011.0006 [pdf] replaced on 2020-12-13 10:04:28
Authors: Wan-Chung Hu
Comments: 7 Pages.
Human host immune responses to parasitic infections are complex. They can be categorized into four immunological pathways against four types of parasitic infections. For intracellular protozoa, the eradicable host immunological pathway is TH1 immunity involving macrophages, interferon gamma (IFNg) CD4 T cells, innate lymphoid cells 1 (ILC1), CD8 T cells, invariant natural killer T cells 1 (iNKT1) cells, and immunoglobulin G3 (IgG3) B cells. For free-living extracellular protozoa, the eradicable host immunological pathway is TH22 immunity involving neutrophils, interleukin (IL)-22/IL-17 CD4 T cells, innate lymphoid cells 3 (ILC3), iNKT17 cells, and IgG2 B cells. For endoparasites (helminths), the eradicable host immunological pathway is TH2a immunity with inflammatory eosinophils (iEOS), IL-5/IL-4 CD4 T cells, IL-25 inducing inflammatory innate lymphoid cells 2 (iILC2), mast cells-tryptase (MCt), iNKT2 cells, and IgG4 B cells. For ectoparasites (parasitic insects and arachnids), the eradicable host immunological pathway is TH2b immunity with inflammatory basophils, mast cells-tryptase/chymase (MCtc), IL-3/IL-4 CD4 T cells, IL-33 inducing nature innate lymphoid cells 2 (nILC2), iNKT2 cells, and immunoglobulin E (IgE) B cells. The tolerable host immunity against ectoparasites and endoparasites is TH9 immunity with regulatory eosinophils, regulatory basophils, IL-9 mast cells (MMC9), thymic stromal lymphopoietin inducing innate lymphoid cells 2, IL-9 CD4 T cells, iNKT2 cells, and IgA2 B cells. This categorization provides a complete framework of immunological pathways against four types of parasitic infections.
Category: Biochemistry
[5] viXra:2011.0005 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-01 18:23:20
Authors: Hiroshi Okumura, Saburou Saitoh
Comments: 10 Pages.
In this paper we introduce a very interesting property of the Laurent expansion in connection with the division by zero calculus and Euclid geometry by H. Okumura. The content may be related to analytic motion of figures. We will refer to some similar problems in the spectral theory of closed operators.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[4] viXra:2011.0004 [pdf] replaced on 2020-11-02 11:52:49
Authors: Jean Louis Van Belle
Comments: 17 Pages.
We apply our realist interpretation of quantum mechanics to an analysis of the mechanics of electron propagation through a crystal and derive a formula for the effective mass of an electron which differs by a factor 2 from Feynman’s. We think this solves his rather weird remark on the relation between the effective and free-space mass of an electron, which says the effective mass turns out to be 2 to 20 times the free-space mass of the electron. Our calculations imply the effective mass equals the free-space mass in the absence of a potential barrier between successive atoms in an lattice, which is what is to be expected. We also find Feynman’s use of the small angle approximation for the argument of the wavefunction (so as to simplify the energy formula) is unjustified: the order of magnitude of the kb factor in the energy formula is one rad (radian), so that is too large for an small angle approximation. This remarkable result is surprising but makes sense because the reduced energy formula has no maximum, which contradicts the empirical reality of the conduction band in conductors as well as in semiconductors.
Category: Quantum Physics
[3] viXra:2011.0003 [pdf] replaced on 2020-11-11 20:05:52
Authors: Olvin Dsouza
Comments: 15 Pages.
We had taken a unique and a simple approach and tried to prove Goldbach’s conjecture, the famously known conjecture which mathematician throughout the centuries are trying to solve it but always get failed. We know that there are additive property of prime and composite numbers that governs all prime numbers including composites numbers (multiple of two prime
numbers) and we have highlighted some of those additive property and proved
that Goldbach's conjecture is true.
Category: Number Theory
[2] viXra:2011.0002 [pdf] replaced on 2021-05-09 04:10:22
Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 11 Pages.
This paper presents a new basis for the analysis of Einstein’s spacetime by presenting the idea of “time-points” in space consistent with “c” being a paradigm where time does not pass, and thus a potential sea of time-points in space, accounting for the idea of hidden “non-local” particles as time-points in space that interact to form mass, thus resolving Bell’s Theorem.
Category: Quantum Physics
[1] viXra:2011.0001 [pdf] submitted on 2020-11-01 09:50:32
Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych, Bezverkhniy Vitaliy Volodymyrovich
Comments: 6 Pages.
Since viruses are the first form of life on Earth, it can be shown that it was viruses that formed and spread biological life on the planet. The evolutionary transition from giant viruses to the first protozoan bacteria is logical and can be considered proven. The genome of the organism is encoded in DNA and viruses are the first form of life, therefore, in the past, there should have been the last universal DNA molecule, which contained the genes of all possible living beings in our biosphere.
Category: Biochemistry
| Third-Party Links: |
|