| viXra.org > All Submission Categories > 2010 |
 |
 |
| viXra.org > All Submission Categories > 2010 |
|
|
[233] viXra:2010.0259 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-31 16:07:49
Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 6 Pages.
Based on Einstein’s field equations, mass curves space time and curvature of space-time dictates the gravitational field around the mass. In the theory of general relativity, the equivalence principle is the equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass, and Albert Einstein's observation that the gravitational "force" as experienced locally while standing on a massive body (such as the Earth) is the same as the force experienced by an observer in an accelerated frame of reference. Since acceleration consume energy, it’s a worthy question to ask how curvature of space time can supply this equivalent required energy for acceleration.
Let’s imagine that two similar small objects (e.g. mass A and mass B) are standing still in space-time relative to each other in their frame of reference. Now imagine that mass A absorbs an energetic pulse of gamma ray burst and starts to increase its mass (for example by absorbing radiation and increasing its thermal energy) .Its new effective mass will be signed as A’ where A’>>A.
Based on the interpretation today of the Einstein’s field equations the curvature of space time causes mass B to move towards mass A’ since it is the shortest geodesic path in the curved space-time. The curvature of space time is practically the potential energy.
But from mass B point of view (in its frame of reference where both mass A and B were standing still before the increase of mass A), it feels suddenly a force towards mass A’ and an increase in its kinetic energy and it is a worthy question to ask where does this extra kinetic energy come from? How can curvature in space-time explain this extra kinetic energy of mass B?
This article tries to analyze the Einstein field equations in a new heuristic approach and to explain the cause for the movement of mass B towards the increasing mass A’ due to what is related as gravitational force. The article also suggests that the source of the extra kinetic energy given to mass B comes from the CMBR (Cosmic Micro wave Background Radiation).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[232] viXra:2010.0258 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-31 19:41:50
Authors: George R. Briggs
Comments: 7 Pages.
A revised "Quantum of the Universe" is included in this model due to the recent increase in Higgs mass as a signal and the dark matter particle is recognized to be a dark neutrino particle of Majorana type (particle-antiparticle the same). We also have verified that the heavy 4430 MeV neutrino is a non-dark Majorana neutrino. A new boson also is introduced which we have called the Feynman.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[231] viXra:2010.0257 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-31 19:46:07
Authors: Russell Leidich
Comments: 9 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
Hidden Markov models (HMMs) are a class of generative stochastic process models which seek to explain, in the simplest possible terms subject to inherent structural constraints, a set of equally long sequences (time series) of observations. Given such a set, an HMM can be trivially constructed which will reproduce the set exactly. Such an approach, however, would amount to verfitting the data, yielding a model that fails to generalize to new observations of the same physical system under analysis. It’s therefore important to consider the information cost (entropy) of describing the HMM itself – not just the entropy of reproducing the observations, which would be zero in the foregoing extreme case, but in general would be the negative log of the probability of such reproduction occurring by chance. The sum of these entropies would then be suitable for the purpose of ranking a set of candidate HMMs by their respective likelihoods of having actually generated the observations in the first place. To the author’s knowledge, however, no approach has yet been derived for the
purpose of measuring HMM entropy from first principles, which is the subject of this paper, notwithstanding the popular use of the Bayesian
information criterion (BIC) for this purpose.
Category: Statistics
[230] viXra:2010.0256 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-31 11:26:29
Authors: Richard Lewis
Comments: 26 Pages. [Published in International Journal of Recent Advances in Physics (IJRAP) Vol.9, No.4, Nov. 2020]
The objective is to find a unified description of physical properties which applies at the small (atomic) scale and at the large (cosmological) scale. The starting point is the General Theory of Relativity. Light is described as a wave disturbance of spacetime propagating through space. The light interference experiment is discussed in detail considering light as a real physical wave passing through the apparatus and interacting with the detector so that probabilistic effects take place at the point of detection. The nature of mass and the nature of charge are explained. The concepts of force and field are shown to be dependent attributes and all properties are shown to be derived from spacetime. The nature of protons, neutrons and electrons as looped waves in spacetime is analysed with the implications for experimental observations. The unification of the four fundamental forces is achieved by recognising that the property "force" is not fundamental. The forces (gravitational, electromagnetic, strong and weak nuclear) arise as a result of differences in energy between possible positions of objects in spacetime. The forces arise in each case due to the context in which they occur. The Theory of Everything (TOE) or master theory question is resolved by showing that the core theory equations are the Einstein equations of GR with a cosmological constant of zero.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[229] viXra:2010.0255 [pdf] replaced on 2021-01-17 13:03:37
Authors: Theodore J. St. John
Comments: 19 Pages.
The purpose of this paper is to present a hypothesis: that frequency is the key to understanding the fundamental nature of time. Time and space are mirror images of each other and they are two different ways of expressing inverse frequency. The reason this is important is because, by starting with frequency the relationships of physics can be expressed by linear equations. It is known that frequency is directly proportional to and thus equivalent to quantum energy. By expressing the relationship of spatial frequency vs. temporal frequency as a simple geometric model, several well-known relationships fall into place without having to stretch the model into warped expressions of spacetime that require complicated hyperbolic functions or field equations. The result is a sensible interpretation of the meaning of time, spacetime, quantum particles and quantum wave functions. The model also lends itself directly to an understanding of how space and time become dissociated and transform into quantum bits of information, which automatically models reality as a quantum computer. The implications of these interpretations provide a bridge between physics, as a physical science, and life sciences that take in information from their surroundings, convolve it with itself as particles and thereby shape and reshape matter, allowing living organisms to change with time and adapt to their environment.
Category: Quantum Physics
[228] viXra:2010.0254 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-31 07:11:21
Authors: Theodore J. St. John
Comments: 36 Pages.
The idea of applying statistical analysis to study social trends and search for law-like patterns in social behavior is not new. But the idea of calling it “social physics” suggests the use of the scientific method, which is what made “regular physics” so successful. But the reason that “regular physics” has been so successful is because it is a process that includes both experimental and theoretical components. The new “social physics” has plenty of “big data” to analyze, but collecting and analyzing data is the experimental part of the process. Once the data is collected, it is important to use the data to design, test and refine theoretical models. Models are required in order to represent the most fundamental units and processes that are implicit to the system being studied. Mathematical models symbolically isolate the behavior of subsystems and relate that behavior to fundamental units. They must then be flipped around by using the proposed fundamental units and relationships to predict the behavior of the macro system, which can be tested by experiments and with actual data to verify that they are accurate.
The purpose of this paper is to provide a theoretical base model for social physics. It is hypothesized that the same fundamental components used in quantum physics, i.e. those of oscillating systems, apply to the systems studied in social physics. The paper is organized into four parts. Part 1 addresses the statistical part of the process, the data collection and analysis that reveal the existence of some underlying theme. Parts 2 and 3 present some important twists in the nomenclature and interpretation of fundamental concepts that make the model complete and flexible enough to express how living subsystems morph into more complex organisms as they mature. And Part 4 describes how application of the model with these interpretations in social physics will provide verifiable evidence that the new interpretations are the key to unlocking the part of reality that regular physics has failed to recognize.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[227] viXra:2010.0253 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-31 11:10:27
Authors: Bruno R. Galeffi
Comments: 2 Pages.
An approximation for α 1 to 99.99998% is determined from a straightforward formula using a combination of the golden ratio and π. An accuracy factor of 1.00000021354 is then formulated by means of the first two perfect numbers 6 and 28.
Category: Classical Physics
[226] viXra:2010.0252 [pdf] replaced on 2020-11-20 10:11:56
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 28 Pages. 7 figures.
In light of Chen’s formulas of the fine-structure constant [2,3], we construct similar formulas to calculate proton and neutron to electron mass ratios, H, He and Li atoms to electron mass ratios and elementary particles to electron mass ratios. It was found that the formulas of elementary particles to electron mass ratios had two types, accordingly elementary particles were supposed to have two genders, i.e., Yang (convex) or Yin (concave), and the Yang/Yin ratio of all quarks and leptons is 1/2. Consequently, a hypothetical model called Mass Model of Elementary Particle was established. In the model, a formula of an elementary particle to electron mass ratio is consist of a Time Factor (TF) times a Space Factor (SF). A Time Factor is a single integer, a Space Factor has an integer plus or minus at least one modified sub-factor (called Sub-space Factor (SSF)), which decides the particle’s gender is Yang or Yin. Based on the model, all elementary particles (including neutrinos and the particle of dark matter) to electron mass ratios were calculated, the mystery why quarks and leptons have three generations could be explained, and the mystery of matter and antimatter imbalance in the universe could be explained.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[225] viXra:2010.0251 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-30 20:04:54
Authors: Leonov N.N.
Comments: 22 Pages. English and russian texts
Due to the refusal to take into account the ether, with its resistance to the movement of micro-objects, physics has not yet managed to understand the substantial content of such phenomena as "displacement current", "Solar wind", "mobility of isolated atoms", "Brownian motion", "macroscopic etheric jet engines ".
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[224] viXra:2010.0250 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-30 20:07:08
Authors: Xindong Wang, Qiang Fu
Comments: 8 Pages.
We report the observation of sharp electrical resonance of water with width ~2 neV in the low radio frequency range at room temperature. The neV level of the resonant width under room temperature (~25 meV) is consistent with the theory in Wang et al (2020) that predicts a macroscopic long-range coherent quantum mechanical excited states, Majorana fermions, resulting from quantum entanglement of proton hopping at hydrogen bonds.
Category: Condensed Matter
[223] viXra:2010.0249 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-30 20:08:05
Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 11 Pages.
A recent experiment involving two quasars in a test of quantum entanglement failed to achieve its results as advertised. It failed to extend spooky communication out to near the edge of our visible
universe. It also failed to close loopholes that are still better answered by Bohmian mechanics.
Category: Quantum Physics
[222] viXra:2010.0248 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-30 20:17:07
Authors: Lalo Te
Comments: 3 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
A brief report regarding how to bring 4d mathematics to the general public through video games.
Category: Education and Didactics
[221] viXra:2010.0247 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-30 20:42:04
Authors: Dieter Grosch
Comments: 2 Pages.
It is shown that the Hubble constant is nothing more than the field strength dependence of the speed of light, and thus the curvature of the path of light by the resulting refractive index
Category: Astrophysics
[220] viXra:2010.0245 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-30 08:48:22
Authors: Claude Michael Cassano
Comments: 6 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
A formula for all the Half-Integer Bessel ODE is produced using my article "Exact solution of ODEs Vector Space Transformation Technique, Part 2".
(In an earlier publication I produced an algorithm for the Bessel hallf-integer solutions, but advancements on the Vector Space Transformation Technique allowed an actual formula to be produced (as well as further results)
Category: Functions and Analysis
[219] viXra:2010.0244 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-30 08:56:21
Authors: Chun Lin
Comments: 7 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
The problem of LCS (longest common subsequence) and LIS (longest increasing subsequence) are both well-solved; the former was proved to be solvable in $O(nm/log{n})$ \cite{masek} and the later $O(nlog{log{n}})$ \cite{segal}. Recently, the problem LCIS (longest common increasing subsequence) was proposed. While it can be seen as a combination of the two aforementioned problems, it seems difficult to adapt their solutions to the LCIS problem. Most of the approaches to LCIS utilizes dynamic programming and sophisticated data structure to speed up, while we use a simple algorithm to attack the case where the alphabet size is extremely small comparing to the sequence lengths.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms
[218] viXra:2010.0243 [pdf] replaced on 2021-01-13 14:33:44
Authors: Jorma Jormakka
Comments: 162 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to confirm with the requirements on the Replacement Form]
This document of 162 pages contains my solutions to five CMI Millennium Prize problems. Solutions to the remaining two problems are not here, as they are published elsewhere. This version from January 2021 differs from the original one in October 2020 in that I found an error in the 2008 proof of the Riemann Hypothesis and removed it. The 2020 proof is still alive. The Hodge counterexample is still in a journal review. Other papers are not submitted.
Category: General Mathematics
[217] viXra:2010.0242 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-30 11:04:41
Authors: Dieter Grosch
Comments: 3 Pages.
The attempt is made to calculate the planetary system as an atom according to Bohr, if one applies the principle of the "Dynamic Gravity Theory", i.e. that motion compensates gravity, then it can be described as an atom of atomic number 178.
Category: Astrophysics
[216] viXra:2010.0241 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-30 11:31:15
Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 30 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]
The electromagnetic field around a direct current in a wire and the so called Lorentz force, has always been questioned by me and others about the microscopic visualization of individual (string) particle physics. (figure 1). Now I present my view on EM space flight and Fermion Crushing based on kitchen table experiments and my Q-FFF Rigid Transformer String Theory. Also for Fermion crushing by focused B-fields at the end of solenoids we can use direct- or alternative currents, due to both opposite interference field symmetries at the end of the two coaxial solenoids. 1, for a two Coaxial Solenoid, (figure 2,3,4,5), 2, for a two equal diameter conductor Coaxial Tesla Pancake Coil with one lager tubular conductor pancake coil in the middle (Trifilar coil) for reaction less propulsion(figure 6, 30, 31)
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[215] viXra:2010.0240 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-30 11:36:46
Authors: Leo Vuijk
Comments: 38 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]
In Quantum FFF Theory, Fermions are supposed to be small rigid transformer strings with a propeller shape, able to become compound particles to form Quarks. Different elementary particles have different qualities by their different complex stringy shape. Leptons and Quarks have a propeller shape with left or right handed pitch creating charge difference. Gluons, Photons and Neutrino particles have no comparable pitch. The rigid FORM and Microstructure of elementary particles (rigid strings), is supposed to be the origin of functional differences between Higgs- Graviton- Photon- and Fermion particles. As a consequence, a new splitting, accelerating and pairing new paradigm Dark Matter Black Hole, (DMBH) seem to be able to convert vacuum particle energy (ZPE) into real plasma which could explain quick Galaxy- and Star formation, by so called Galaxy- or Stellar Anchor Black Holes (GABHs respectively SABHs).
These Anchor Black Holes can be observed as Herbig Haro ( HH) Hotspots or Bowshocks. Recent observations.
Observation 1: (figure, 1)
LIGO seems to prove that equal sized black holes do not merge at all, if the ratio of both black holes is less than 15 percent. (Nebel prize for New Physics)
Observation 2: (figure 3)
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[214] viXra:2010.0239 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-30 11:05:12
Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 3 Pages.
The Many Worlds Interpretation (MWI) was proposed by H.Everett. It has
sounded like most senseless stuff to the scientists of his time, but today it
is one of the leading interpretations of Quantum Mechanics (QM). I argue that
this interpretation does not conflict with the conventional interpretation.
Namely, the observer whose mind does not depart from Our Universe must use the
Copenhagen Interpretation (CI).
Category: Quantum Physics
[213] viXra:2010.0238 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-29 11:25:15
Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 12 Pages.
M110 is a prominent satellite galaxy of nearby M31, the great Andromeda galaxy. It is the only peculiar dwarf elliptical in the famous Messier list. This essay explains how and why M110 became so peculiar, with important cosmological consequences for dark matter halo theory.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[212] viXra:2010.0237 [pdf] replaced on 2025-08-15 07:21:19
Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 19 Pages. A crucial mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified
We study a Dictionary of Tibetan and English by Alexender Csoma de Koros. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BW(c=0.01) i.e. a magnetisation curve for the Bragg-Williams approximation of the Ising model with spin to next spin coupling $epsilon$, in the presence of $gamma$ nearest neighbours, and extenal magnetic field H, obeying $frac{ H}{gamma epsilon}=c=0.01$.
Category: Condensed Matter
[211] viXra:2010.0235 [pdf] replaced on 2020-10-29 20:09:25
Authors: Emanuel Gluskin
Comments: 2 Pages. I would like to interest serious laboratories studying the disease, and would be happy to participate a common research.
A method for fighting the pandemia is proposed, based on allowing an antagonism between the molecules of CoronaVirus [1]
Category: Physics of Biology
[210] viXra:2010.0234 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-29 10:52:24
Authors: Quang Nguyen Van
Comments: 1 Page.
We give a new solvable sextic equation and its solution.
Category: Algebra
[209] viXra:2010.0233 [pdf] replaced on 2020-11-11 19:17:14
Authors: J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 85 Pages. This is part of the Hilbert Book Model Project [Correction to format made by viXra Admin]
This document concerns the discovery of the grand structure of physical reality in terms of mathematical constructs and mechanisms. The grand structure emerges from simple foundations and leads via spaces that show an increasing complexity to a system of Hilbert spaces that will be called Hilbert repository. This structure acts as a powerful storage medium that physical reality applies to store and retrieve prepared data. The repository can easily capture the dynamic geometric data of all objects that will ever exist in our universe. It can also archive the universe as a dynamic manifold and all other physical fields that play in the lifetime of the universe. This enables physical reality to prepare data in a creation episode in which no running time exists and play the story of all archived objects during a running episode in which a flowing time indicates the progression of that life story as an ongoing embedding process.
The investigation concerns a hierarchy of spaces that show increasing degrees of complexity. Finding more complicated spaces is not a big problem. This turns out to be quite simple. The move to a more complicated platform appears always accompanied by several significant restrictions and understanding where these limitations come from is a much bigger problem. Today's mathematics is only just able to explain the restrictions of the Hilbert space. This no longer applies to the system of Hilbert spaces, which in this document is called the Hilbert repository. Current math cannot explain the restrictions and the extra features of the Hilbert repository. This fact will particularly interest those who are curious about the structure and behavior of physical reality. The approach is quite different from the usual path and provides other insights. The usual way tries to deduce new insights from what we know about classical physics. That path appears to be blocked.
The story makes it clear that only mathematics cannot provide a complete picture of reality, while experiments alone also cannot expose physical reality. The combination of mathematics and experimentation produces the best results.
The behavior of fields plays an important role in most theories. Basic physical fields are dynamic fields like our universe and the fields that are raised by electric charges. These fields are dynamic continuums. Most physical theories treat these fields by applying gravitational theories or by Maxwell equations. Mathematically these fields can be represented by quaternionic fields. Dedicated normal operators in quaternionic non-separable Hilbert spaces can represent these quaternionic fields in their continuum eigenspaces. Quaternionic functions can describe these fields. Quaternionic differential and integral calculus can describe the behavior of these fields and the interaction of these fields with countable sets of quaternions. All quaternionic fields obey the same quaternionic differential equations. The basic fields differ in their start and boundary conditions.
The paper introduces the concept of the Hilbert repository. It is part of a hierarchy of structures that mark increasingly complicated realizations of a purely mathematical model that describes and explains most features of observable physical reality. That model is the Hilbert Book Model.
Many of the subjects that are treated in this document cannot be found in standard textbooks. The paper treats the mathematical and experimental underpinning of the Hilbert Book Model.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[208] viXra:2010.0232 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-29 11:43:29
Authors: Dieter Grosch
Comments: 5 Pages.
By evaluating known data, definitions and the provision of an „elementary particle“ eP with the mass meP and of a constant, which can be called calm-gravitational-constant G0 and with the help of Newton’s gravitational law, it is possible to fulfill this task. This shows that, if you want to describe the nature, you just need these two above-mentioned constants. It will show too that these constants are opponents of Newton’s third axioms in form of mass and movement. It is shown that the failure of the title-task is caused by the over-particular evaluation of measuring results, which has resulted in a number of theories depending on the expected reproducibility. Furthermore, it will be found, that just the elemental particle as a constant is needed because then the length and time can be determined at will any correspondingly according to the found „world formula“.
Category: Classical Physics
[207] viXra:2010.0231 [pdf] replaced on 2020-10-30 11:17:55
Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 3 Pages.
It is assumed that the TOV limit (about 2.4 solar masses) is the upper limit to the masses of non-rotating neutron stars (NSs). In fact, masses of NSs are up to 24.81 solar masses (the upper limit is for the neutron black hole (NBH)). Here we show that the significant electromagnetic darkening of NSs for masses close to TOV limit is the result of the weak interactions of the spin-1 dark-matter (DM) loops with baryon plasma at the equators of the NSs. The second darkening should be observed for masses close to 19.5 solar masses - it is for the spin-2 DM loops. Darker should be also black holes composed of the NBHs.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[206] viXra:2010.0230 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-28 21:33:34
Authors: David Bryan Wallace
Comments: 6 Pages. A way to measure one-way light speed anisotropy without synchronization.
Einstein's special relativity theory asserts or implies that one‑way light speed is isotropic in every frame of reference for which the laws of mechanics hold good. Measurement of one‑way light speed anisotropy would refute that notion. Qualitative refutation has already been achieved. A scheme for earth-bound measurement of one‑way light speed anisotropy that does not require clock synchronization is described. The accomplishment of such a measurement could establish a preferred frame of reference, an “absolute rest frame.”
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[205] viXra:2010.0229 [pdf] replaced on 2020-10-31 07:26:48
Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
Comments: 2 Pages. Only the title has been changed
Yotta Hertz means 10^24 Hertz. If a neutron would be an electron orbiting a proton at a distance in the range of 10^-15-10^-11 m, it would be able to emit electro-magnetic waves up to these frequencies. The duration of such nuclear photons can go down to tens of zepto (10^-24) seconds.
Category: Quantum Physics
[204] viXra:2010.0228 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-28 21:39:06
Authors: Hiroshi Okumura, Saburou Saitoh
Comments: 14 Pages.
In this paper, we will discuss Euclidean geometry from the viewpoint of the division by zero calculus with typical examples. Where is the point at infinity? It seems that the point is vague in Euclidean geometry in a sense. Certainly we can see the point at infinity with the classical Riemann sphere. However, by the division by zero and division by zero calculus, we found that the Riemann sphere is not suitable, but D\"aumler's horn torus model is suitable that shows the coincidence of the zero point and the point at infinity. Therefore, Euclidean geometry is extended globally to the point at infinity. This will give a great revolution of Euclidean geometry. The impacts are wide and therefore, we will show their essence with several typical examples.
Category: Geometry
[203] viXra:2010.0227 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-28 21:41:23
Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 7 Pages.
This paper initializes the study of the Pierce-Birkhoff conjecture. We start by introducing the notion of the area and volume induced by a multivariate expansion and develop some inequalities for our next studies. In particular we obtain the inequality
\begin{align}
\sum \limits_{\substack{i,j\in [1,n]\\a_{i_{\sigma(s)}}<a_{j_{\sigma(s)}}\\s\in [1,l]\\v\neq i,j\\v\in [1,n] }}\bigg | \bigg |\vec{a}_{i} \diamond \vec{a}_{j}\diamond \cdots \diamond \vec{a}_v\bigg |\bigg |\sum \limits_{k=1}^{n}\int \limits_{a_{i_{\sigma(l)}}}^{a_{j_{\sigma(l)}}}\int \limits_{a_{i_{\sigma(l-1)}}}^{a_{j_{\sigma(l-1)}}}\cdots \int \limits_{a_{i_{\sigma(1)}}}^{a_{j_{\sigma(1)}}}g_kdx_{\sigma(1)}dx_{\sigma(2)}\cdots dx_{\sigma(l)}\nonumber\\ \leq 2C\times \binom{n}{2}\times \sqrt{n}\times \nonumber \\ \times \int \limits_{a_{i_{\sigma(l)}}}^{a_{j_{\sigma(l)}}}\int \limits_{a_{i_{\sigma(l-1)}}}^{a_{j_{\sigma(l-1)}}}\cdots \int \limits_{a_{i_{\sigma(1)}}}^{a_{j_{\sigma(1)}}}\sqrt{\bigg(\sum \limits_{k=1}^{n}(\mathrm{max}(g_k))^2\bigg)}dx_{\sigma(1)}dx_{\sigma(2)}\cdots dx_{\sigma(l)}\nonumber
\end{align}for some constant $C>0$, where $\sigma:\{1,2,\ldots,l\}\longrightarrow \{1,2,\ldots,l\}$ is a permutation for $g_k\in \mathbb{R}[x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_l]$ and $\vec{a}_{i} \diamond \vec{a}_{j}\diamond \cdots \diamond \vec{a}_k \diamond \vec{a}_{v}$ is the cross product of any of the $n-1$ fixed spots in $\mathbb{R}^{l}$ including the spots $\vec{a}_i,\vec{a}_j$.
Category: Algebra
[202] viXra:2010.0226 [pdf] replaced on 2025-08-05 15:04:16
Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 9 Pages.
It is known that Newton's law of gravitation can be derived as an approximation from Einstein's GR in the weak-field, low-velocity limit. The derivation is done mathematically. In this paper, I verify this claim by relating to observations of two celestial bodies: 1) The solar system. 2) A neutron star. Newton’s law is in good agreement for most of the planets in the solar system, except for the nearest planet to the Sun, Mercury. Mercury’s motion is determined by GR.
Category: Astrophysics
[201] viXra:2010.0225 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-28 07:50:55
Authors: Molokwu C. Reginald, Molokwu C. Bonaventure, Molokwu C. Victor, Okeke C. Ogochukwu
Comments: 8 Pages.
Convolutional Neural Networks have become
state-of-the-art methods for image classification in recent times. CNNs have proven to be very productive in identifying objects, human faces, powering machine vision in robots as well as self-driving cars. At this point, they perform
better than human subjects on a large number of image datasets. A large portion of these datasets depends on the idea of solid classes. Hence, Image classification has become an exciting and appealing domain in Artificial Intelligence
(AI) research. In this paper, we have proposed a unique framework, FUSIONET, to aid in image classification. Our proposition utilizes the combination of 2 novel models in parallel (MainNET, a 3 x 3, architecture and AuxNET,
a 1 x 1 architecture) Successively; these relatively feature maps, extracted from the above combination are fed as input features to a downstream classifier for classification
tasks about the images in question. Herein FUSIONET, has been trained, tested, and evaluated on real-world datasets, achieving state-of-the-art on the popular CINIC-10 dataset.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[200] viXra:2010.0224 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-28 07:53:30
Authors: Angel Garces Doz
Comments: 7 Pages.
As R. P. Feynman said: the fine structure constant is the probability that an electron emits or absorbs a photon. In this work several equations are shown; the majority of empirical heuristic character, by which the precise value of the fine-structure constant (its inverse) is obtained. Far from being pure numerology, we think that they are not accidental. We rely to affirm this in that in all there appear repetitively either mathematical constants such as Pi, e, etc, and / or quantum corrections due to the masses of the leptons with electric charge and the masses of the Wand Z bosons (and its entropies). This rules out its casual character. That there are so many possible equations and that they are related to very relevant aspects of mathematics, such as the monster group and others; allows us to demonstrate the extraordinary mathematical properties of this dimensionless constant
Category: Quantum Physics
[199] viXra:2010.0223 [pdf] replaced on 2021-03-18 06:27:42
Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 14 Pages.
Abstract.In this paper i will present model that can explain all Standard Model particles using symmetry and it can predict existence of new ones that are: anti-photon, anti-graviton, anti-gluon and graviton, first three are so called dark matter particles in this model. Workings of particle interaction here are very close to standard model, symmetry is exchanged (in SM its virtual force particle) that leads to change of energy state of particles interacting.To quantize all interaction i use Planck units as natural units, it leads to normalization without any kind of infinities. Spin is a rotation of field a physical rotation that is connected to energy of particle that is equal to symmetry exchange energy of particle.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[198] viXra:2010.0222 [pdf] replaced on 2020-10-31 10:56:35
Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: Pages.
In this paper about the $abc$ conjecture, assuming the condition $c<rad^2(abc)$ holds, and the constant $K(\epsilon)$ is a smooth function, having a derivative for $\epsilon \in ]0,1[$, then we give the proof of the $abc$ conjecture.
Category: Number Theory
[197] viXra:2010.0221 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-28 08:02:01
Authors: John Peel
Comments: 4 Pages. See previous papers for E and B
Using probabilities, the standard normal curve, density functions, the double slit experiment etc the author analyses the relationship between an abstract structure of photons (or wave/particle duality) , awareness and how calculations might be performed. Perhaps the arbitrary nature of information represented as 0 or 1 may not be so arbitrary or rather that the equations can be construed to suit binary values, and as written in previous papers, information may be a slippery concept.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[196] viXra:2010.0220 [pdf] replaced on 2020-11-01 02:24:46
Authors: Md Monzur Morshed
Comments: 11 Pages. This is a research proposal.
The internet can broadly be divided into three parts: surface, deep and dark among which the latter offers anonymity to its users and hosts [1]. Deep Web refers to an encrypted network that is not detected on search engine like Google etc. Users must use Tor to visit sites on the dark web [2]. Ninety six percent of the web is considered as deep web because it is hidden. It is like an iceberg, in that, people can just see a small portion above the surface, while the largest part is hidden under the sea [3, 4, and 5]. Basic methods of graph theory and data mining, that deals with social networks analysis can be comprehensively used to understand and learn Deep Web and detect cyber threats [6]. Since the internet is rapidly evolving and it is nearly impossible to censor the deep web, there is a need to develop standard mechanism and tools to monitor it. In this proposed study, our focus will be to develop standard research mechanism to understand the Deep Web which will support the researchers, academicians and law enforcement agencies to strengthen the social stability and ensure peace locally & globally.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[195] viXra:2010.0219 [pdf] replaced on 2020-10-29 05:31:49
Authors: Richard David Gill
Comments: 6 Pages.
I point out some obviously fatal mathematical errors in the recent paper published in Royal Society Open Science and entitled "Quantum correlations are weaved by the spinors of the Euclidean primitives" by Joy Christian, director of the "Einstein Center for Local Realistic Physics" in the city of Oxford, in the UK.
Submitted to RSOS on the invitation of the editors. This is my version 3; 29 October, 3020. Minor errors corrected and logos blanked.
Category: Quantum Physics
[194] viXra:2010.0217 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-27 10:18:44
Authors: Xindong Wang, Xiao Chen, Liqin Ke, Hai-Ping Cheng, B. N. Harmon
Comments: 20 Pages.
We propose a general variational fermionic many-body wavefunction that generates an effective Hamiltonian in quadratic form which can then be exactly solved. The theory can be constructed within density functional theory framework and a self-consistent scheme is proposed for solving the exact density functional theory. We apply the theory to structurally disordered system and a symmetric and asymmetric Hubbard dimer and corresponding lattice models and the the single fermion excitation spectra show a persistent gap due to the fermionic entanglement induced pairing condensate. For disordered system, density of state at the edge of the gap diverges in the thermodynamic limit, suggesting a topologically ordered phase and a sharp resonance is predicted as the gap is not dependent on the temperature of the system. For the symmetric Hubbard model, the gap for both half filling and doped case suggests quantum phase transition between the AFM and SC is a continuous phase transition.
Category: Condensed Matter
[193] viXra:2010.0216 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-27 10:43:42
Authors: Antoine Balan
Comments: 2 Pages.
We define a cohomology with values in an algebra fiber bundle.
Category: Geometry
[192] viXra:2010.0215 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-26 20:38:18
Authors: Malik Matwi
Comments: 69 Pages. [Corrections made to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
Chern-Simons theory is a gauge theory in $2+1$ dimensional spaceime. This theory does not depend on additional structures, like a metric structure, thus it is a topological quantum theory that measures topological invariants like linking numbers, Jones polynomial, and other quantum invariants for knots and 3-manifolds. The equations of motion of Chern-Simons action is vanishing of the curvature $F = 0$. No metric is used in forming the action principle. One might expect the path integral to be a topological invariant of $3$ manifolds. The difference for the equation of motion with the Maxwell theory is that the Maxwell theory has non-trivial solution of curvature $F\ne0$ in absence of matter, while the Chern-Simons theory has solution only with $F=0$. The Chern-Simons theory has non-trivial solution with $F\ne0$ only when the gauge field couples with matter. Since the action functional of the Chern-Simons theory is first order in space-time derivatives, its Legendre transform gives the trivial Hamiltonian $H=0$. So there is no dynamics, and the only dynamics would be inherited from coupling to dynamical matter fields
Category: Mathematical Physics
[191] viXra:2010.0214 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-26 20:11:47
Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 4 Pages. original article
We prove here, by the rigorous mathematical procedure, that so-called Lorentzian time
in the special theory of relativity is defined by the wave equation, where the wave of time is
the form of matter and not the Bergson physiological process in S and S′.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[190] viXra:2010.0213 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-26 20:12:47
Authors: Radi I. Khrapko
Comments: 5 Pages. IJME Accepted
A new calculation confirms the presence of spin radiation along the axis of rotation of a dipole. This is further proof of the need to introduce the spin tensor into classical electrodynamics, along with the energy-momentum tensor.
Category: Classical Physics
[189] viXra:2010.0212 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-26 20:13:46
Authors: Miroslav Josipović
Comments: 3 Pages.
This text is another in a series of supplements to the book [1].
Category: Mathematical Physics
[188] viXra:2010.0211 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-26 20:23:53
Authors: Claude Michael Cassano
Comments: 7 Pages. [Corrections made to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
Since the number of linearly independent solutions of an HLODE equals the order of the HLODE, the dimension of the solution set of an HLODE is it's order; so the dimension of all HLODEs of the same order is this order. Thus, a first order HLODE may be solved exactly using the single HLODE ; but higher order non-elementary HLODEs require that order number of equations to solve such HLODEs - i.e. usage of linear transformations between linearly independent HLODE solution sets of that same order. The first order HLODE being of dimension 1 may be solved exactly by itself. Higher order HLODEs are subject to condition that the additional dimensional HLODEs must also be satisfied.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[187] viXra:2010.0210 [pdf] replaced on 2023-08-11 10:25:47
Authors: Michael Parfenov
Comments: 16 Pages.
To automate cumbersome, error-prone and tedious manual procedures of calculations with quaternionic holomorphic (ℍ -holomorphic) functions we have developed and present here a special programmes pack in the Wolfram Mathematica® programming language. By using this pack a lot of examples of ℍ -holomorphic functions is processed. They give conclusive evidence that the so-called essentially adequate theory of quaternionic holomorphy is true. All considered ℍ -holomorphic functions are built from complex holomorphic ones in accordance with the general constructing rule defined earlier. At that combinations of ℍ -holomorphic functions are built from the simplest basis (irreducible) ℍ -holomorphic functions by using the usual rules of quaternionic algebraic operations.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[186] viXra:2010.0209 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-26 05:47:18
Authors: Gerard van der Ham
Comments: 2 Pages.
Bohr's ideas about quanta were not justified. This is being demonstrated by Bell-test experiments.
Category: Quantum Physics
[185] viXra:2010.0208 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-26 10:29:42
Authors: Chan Rasjid Kah Chew
Comments: 5 Pages.
Arthur H. Compton published his light photon scattering theory in 1922. He derived a remarkably elegant formula which now bears his name, the Compton scattering formula: λ' - λ = λ_c(1 - cos(φ). It was derived basically from energy and momentum conservation considerations for collision of x-ray or gamma-ray photons with electrons within the atoms of light elements. Due possibly to the sterling reputation of Compton as a physicist, his theory was readily accepted. But there is a critical flaw in the derivation of the Compton formula that should render the formula dubious. In the derivation, Compton assumed the scattering electron to be initially at rest. The original experiment of Compton used carbon graphite as the scattering target. The ionization energy of carbon is about 11.3eV and this is also the kinetic energy of the least bound electrons in the carbon atom. For the scattering angle of 10°, the energy lost to the x-ray photon which ended up as the recoil energy of the scattered electron was around 9.04eV. This shows that the initial kinetic energy of the scattering electron is not insignificant and should not be ignored. This unjustified assumption in the derivation makes the generality of the Compton scattering formula now dubious.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[184] viXra:2010.0207 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-25 12:18:24
Authors: Stephane H Maes
Comments: 6 Pages. All related details of the projects(and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.
In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model.
In this paper, we discuss the area laws encountered in multi-fold universes as well as their implications to AdS tangent to the Multi-fold Universe and recover results from the AdS/CFT correspondence conjecture and associated holographic principles. Multi-fold mechanisms can provide hints of superstrings in AdS(5) (+ additional dimensions), their relationship to gravity and explain a AdS/CFT correspondence or holographic principle. As a result, with multi-fold mechanisms we find physical explanations for the Ryu–Takayanagi conjecture; not as a conjecture but as a fact. Doing so, we will also revisit the related work of Ted Jacobson, on entanglement thermodynamics equilibrium and General Relativity, and apply it to a multi-fold universe.
This analysis reinforces the positioning and understanding of superstrings with respect to multi-fold universes. We believe that it has strong implications for superstrings and M-theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[183] viXra:2010.0206 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-25 19:42:33
Authors: Prajnanaswaroopa S
Comments: 3 Pages.
Here we obtain the list chromatic index, list total chromatic number some of powers of cycles
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory
[182] viXra:2010.0205 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-25 19:37:44
Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 17 Pages.
The Black Hole Information Paradox (BHIP) is a core question in quantum theory. When combined with General Relativity theory and string theories, these heritage perspectives try to synthesize a “theory of everything” that includes ever elusive quantum gravity. Resolving the so-called BHIP will reveal a new physics paradigm. The fresh analysis herein, along with much improved future telescopes, will help cosmology evolve deep into the 21st century.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[181] viXra:2010.0204 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-25 20:39:28
Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 8 Pages.
Recent multi-platform data has revealed that previously modeled Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) universal isotropy (equal Dark Energy expansion) is not isotropic (smooth in all directions), but directionally anisotropic. Major cosmological implications follow, and are explained herein.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[180] viXra:2010.0203 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-25 20:53:40
Authors: Yoshiharu Hana
Comments: 49 Pages. I'm sorry, I'm Japanese. Then I can’t use English, then this paper is written by google translation. If this paper has weird English translation, for that reason I can hand over the Japanese paper to need.
This paper is reconstruction of general relativity based on another interpretation of the law of invariance of light speed. And explain early quantum mechanics using another general relativity.
We derived this law by assuming that the law of invariance of the speed of light holds by observation from light.
My mail address : hashishinaha68@gmail.com
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[179] viXra:2010.0201 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-25 10:37:06
Authors: Arturo Tozzi
Comments: 8 Pages.
In this brief manuscript, we show how the sensitive ascending nervous fibers connecting peripheral receptors to cortical areas can be described in terms of braid groups. The group structure and generator operations of braids suggest a fresh approach to long-standing questions concerning human sensation and perception.
Category: Mind Science
[178] viXra:2010.0200 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-25 11:27:09
Authors: Bruno R. Galeffi
Comments: 7 Pages.
The neutron β decay is made possible through the cooperative interplay of an astonishing range of scales, stretching up to 25 orders of magnitude apart. From the size of particles mediating the strong force to the electron antineutrino oscillation wavelength, respective particle scales are reviewed or estimated.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[177] viXra:2010.0199 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-24 11:46:21
Authors: Kunle Adegoke
Comments: 10 Pages.
We derive new infinite series involving Fibonacci numbers and Riemann zeta numbers. The calculations are facilitated by evaluating linear combinations of polygamma functions of the same order at certain arguments.
Category: Number Theory
[176] viXra:2010.0198 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-24 05:30:35
Authors: Tiege Zhou
Comments: 10 Pages.
The author put forward that the change of the electron clouds of the transition metal ions is the electron pairing medium in unconventional superconductors. It is just like the vibration of lattice is the electron pairing medium in conventional superconductors. Calculations with TDDFT method show that the frequency of the change of the electron clouds of the transition metal ions is close to that of the lattice. So, the change of the electron clouds can be excited by free electrons. Results of three copper oxide superconductors show that the higher the frequency, the higher the transition temperature. The difference between the change of the electron clouds and the lattice is also presented. The difference can explain special properties of unconventional superconductors, such as real space paring, pseudo energy gap, d symmetry and unconventional isotopy effect.
Category: Condensed Matter
[175] viXra:2010.0197 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-24 11:56:34
Authors: Calogero Rinzivillo, Sergio Conte, Francesco Casciaro, Renato Bernardini, Elena Benigni, Ines Paola Monte, Ferda Kaleagasioglu, Fang Wang, Cengiz Mordeniz, Giuseppe Liberti, Elio Conte
Comments: 3 Pages.
We study a new fractal model for prediction of contagions of CoViD-19 (SarbecoBetavirus SARSCoV-
2) from August 24, 2020 to July 31, 20201 in Sicily that is a region of Italy. We obtain that the time of
the peak is estimated to be at December 7, 2020 and the number of contagions will be about 903 cases.
Category: Quantitative Biology
[174] viXra:2010.0196 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-24 10:05:13
Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 4 Pages.
This is a review article. We have described the properties of three dark-matter (DM) objects that result from the phase transitions of the Scale-Symmetric-Theory (SST) inflation field.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[173] viXra:2010.0195 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-23 19:50:49
Authors: M. D. Monsia
Comments: 11 Pages.
We perform in this paper a mathematical analysis of a supposed purely nonlinear isotonic oscillator designed to be a generalization of the Ermakov-Pinney differential equation. We calculate its exact and general solution. This allows the determination of new periodic solutions to the Ermakov-Pinney equation as well as non-periodic solutions as complex-valued function. In this context all motions corresponding to this nonlinear isotonic oscillator are not periodic so it is not consistent to consider such differential equations with real coefficients as conservative oscillators which can only have real and periodic solutions like the harmonic oscillator equation.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[172] viXra:2010.0194 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-23 19:51:38
Authors: Antonio Leon
Comments: 5 Pages.
Physics, the science of change, has managed to discover and to explain a large number of qualitative and quantitative aspects of a large number of natural changes, but change itself remains unexplained since we first faced it, over twenty-seven centuries ago. This paper proves, in terms of transfinite arithmetic, that change is inconsistent within the infinitist framework of the spacetime continuum, were all solutions have been tried until now. It then proposes a consistent solution within the finitist framework of the discrete spacetimes of cellular automata like models, proving the factor that convert between continuum and discrete spacetimes has the algebraic form of the relativistic factor of Lorentz transformation, which could be reinterpreted as an operator to translate between a consistent discrete reality and an inconsistent continuous reality.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[171] viXra:2010.0193 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-23 19:52:23
Authors: Yaroslav Shitov
Comments: 23 Pages.
Let f be a homogeneous polynomial of degree d with coefficients in C. The Waring rank of f is the smallest integer r such that f is a sum of r powers of linear forms. We show that the Waring rank of the polynomial
x1 y2 z3 − x1 y3 z2 + x2 y3 z1 − x2 y1 z3 + x3 y1 z2 − x3 y2 z1
is at least 18, which matches the known upper bound.
Category: Algebra
[170] viXra:2010.0192 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-23 20:02:59
Authors: Huhnkie Lee
Comments: 53 Pages. Thank you for your fantastic online database for us all //:-D
A theory is presented that is an alternative to, if not a disproof of, Einsteinian General Relativity theory. If not a mathematical disproof, perhaps a metaphysical displacement rather. A replacement. Any objections? //!-)
The discussion of physics is followed by a discussion of metaphysics relevant to the topic. A vertical hierarchy of forces in the universe is introduced.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[169] viXra:2010.0190 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-23 17:26:56
Authors: Antonio Leon
Comments: 3 Pages.
Double relativity is grounded on both, the theory of special relativity and the definition of speed as the ratio of a distance to the time it takes a body to traverse it, even if that distance is in relative motion with respect to the frame where both magnitudes are measured. This paper proves double relativity and special relativity lead to a contradiction involving the speed of light in a vacuum. It, then, proposes two alternatives to solve the inconsistency.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[168] viXra:2010.0189 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-23 08:49:39
Authors: Marino Sumo
Comments: 9 Pages.
Let H̃ be a right-irreducible, contra-characteristic, pairwise commutative manifold. In [23, 36, 15],
the authors address the compactness of algebraic topoi under the additional assumption that − ζ̃(y) >
ρ 00 0, . . . , BA( Ḡ) . We show that Φ > −1. The work in [35, 21] did not consider the associative case. In [17], the authors address the smoothness of real, Turing, sub-continuously D-Gödel random variables under the additional assumption that O > kT k.
Category: Number Theory
[167] viXra:2010.0188 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-23 10:38:56
Authors: Eliahu Shaikevich
Comments: 10 Pages. [Corrections made to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
There is such a historical number of trades N0 of both parities and such a way of placing them on the market that for any N > N0 the following inequality
always holds: M+(i) ≥ M−(i) + V−(i). we call it the Cover Theorem.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms
[166] viXra:2010.0187 [pdf] replaced on 2020-12-02 10:57:24
Authors: F.M. Sanchez, M.H. Grossman, R. Veysseyre, H. Veysseyre, D. Weigel
Comments: 23 Pages. Accepted for publication in Advances in Pure Mathematics (1 Dec. 2020)
The Number Theory comes back as the heart of unified Science, in a Computing Cosmos using
the bases 2;3;5;7 whose two symmetric combinaisons explain the main lepton mass ratios. The
corresponding Holic Principle induces a symmetry between the Newton and Planck constants which
confirms the Permanent Sweeping Holography Bang Cosmology, with invariant baryon density 3/10,
the dark baryons being dephased matter-antimatter oscillation. This implies the DNA bi-codon
mean isotopic mass, confirming to 0.1 ppm the electron-based Topological Axis, whose terminal
boson is the base 2 c-observable Universe in the base 3 Cosmos. The physical parameters involve
the Euler ideonal numbers and the special Fermat primes of Wieferich (bases 2) and Mirimanoff
(base 3). The prime numbers and crystallographic symmetries are related to the 4-fold structure of
the DNA bi-codon. The forgotten Eddington’s proton-tau symmetry is rehabilitated, renewing the
supersymmetry quest. This excludes the concepts of Multiverse, Continuum, Infinity, Locality and
Zero-mass Particle, leading to stringent predictions in Cosmology, Particle Physics and Biology.
Category: Quantum Physics
[165] viXra:2010.0186 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-23 08:55:38
Authors: Muhammed Omar Badr
Comments: Pages.
I was searching for a special mathematical structure regarding the distances of the planets in our solar system and found one.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[164] viXra:2010.0185 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-23 08:42:50
Authors: Yajun Liu, Kun Yu, Shenchao Zhang
Comments: 8 Pages.
Time is a concept we want to understand much more. In this paper, we set up a model to describe a photon with the velocity of light pushed by one unit energy. Under this process, we define the time t, rotating with velocity of light time and Space with Energy time. It is interesting to use this model we can analyze the relationship between time and space time with quantum scale and cosmic dimensions. We hope to throw a little bit light on the big picture of uniting the quantum mechanics and General relative theory.
Category: Classical Physics
[163] viXra:2010.0184 [pdf] replaced on 2020-10-23 01:53:37
Authors: Miroslav Josipović
Comments: 4 Pages. A few typos corrected.
This text is for the young people, as an extension to the book [3].
Category: Mathematical Physics
[162] viXra:2010.0182 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-22 20:04:28
Authors: Calogero Rinzivillo, Sergio Conte, Francesco Casciaro, Elena Benigni, Ferda Kaleagasioglu, Cengiz Mordeniz, Fang Wang, Elio Conte
Comments: 3 Pages.
We study a new fractal model for prediction of contagions of CoViD-19 (SarbecoBetavirus SARSCoV-
2) from August 24, 2020 to October 20, 2020 in Italy. We obtain that the time of the peak is estimated
to be at December 7, 2020 and the number of contagions will be about 20580 cases.
Category: Quantitative Biology
[161] viXra:2010.0181 [pdf] replaced on 2020-11-06 13:10:35
Authors: Jean Louis Van Belle
Comments: 21 Pages.
Uncertainty may result from (1) an impossibility to measure what we want to measure, or an impossibility to observe the system, (2) the limited precision of our measurement, (3) the measurement fundamentally disturbing the system and, as such, causing the information to be unreliable, (4) an uncertainty that is inherent to Nature (Copenhagen interpretation). We agree with Lorentz’s and Einstein’s viewpoint: there is no need to elevate indeterminism to a philosophical principle. The more important question is: how does quantum physics model it? How does it deal with it?
This paper wants to offer some thoughts on that, supporting Lorentz’s (and Einstein’s) position: we only have statistical indeterminism. Quantum physics should, therefore, not be seen as a radical departure from classical physics. Quantum-mechanical uncertainty is nothing but statistical indeterminism. This is, effectively, the fifth interpretation of uncertainty which should be added to the list above, and may well be the final one. The position is illustrated with a detailed discussion of the wavefunction(s) in the context of Schrödinger’s wave equation for the hydrogen atom.
We also further explore the question in regard to the (possible) physical dimension of the real and imaginary part of the wavefunction. To paraphrase Feynman, we wonder what could be ‘sloshing back and forth’ between the real and imaginary part of the wavefunction? We think it is kinetic and potential energy. We, therefore, briefly present our two-dimensional oscillator model again, but using the metaphor of a multi-piston radial engine as a metaphor this time.
Category: Quantum Physics
[160] viXra:2010.0180 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-22 10:47:48
Authors: Ashok Saxena, Ashwarya Saxena, Amit Saxena
Comments: 18 Pages. Fundamental research work being presented with 2 figures.
Kurt Gödel in 1931, proved in his famous ‘Incompleteness theorem’ about nature of mathematics, that there are problems that can not be solved by any set of rules or procedures [1]. Pure mathematical models of string and super string theories are good, but to understand the outcome of these theories you must before hand a clear problem or question on which to apply this mathematics. To deal with such a paradox we can adopt an approach that is called ‘model dependent realism’ as a tool to carve a string model whose predictions can be verified mathematically.
The proposed logistic- mathematical model introduces one more dimension “ Energy” as positive fifth dimension of universe [2] as part of our ten dimensional ‘space matrix’ i.e. Space-Time-Energy of universe; with five positive dimensions formed by strings (named as ‘treo’ in model) and five curled up negative dimensions represented by ‘void’.
These new observations will further help to describe finer details of working of space matrix and will decipher a new pattern, the ‘cosmic code’ based on S number (1.85539 x 1043 number; a dimension less new constant) which is universal Rhythm, at which all strings constantly vibrate at Planck frequency. [3] The new quantum model, named as ‘treo model’, only uses Planck units to explain the structure of universe and its working, which will lead to quantum gravitation. Treos or strings are described as one object for creation of space-time- energy and all matter. The role of voids is explored, in producing accelerated expansion of universe with its possible consequences, in our Quantum pendulum universe.
Category: Classical Physics
[159] viXra:2010.0178 [pdf] replaced on 2021-06-18 07:54:13
Authors: Risto Raitio
Comments: 22 Pages. Text and title expanded.
The focus of this note is in the formation of matter-antimatter asymmetric universe
without antimatter in the first place. To avoid problems of best known
published preon models we utilize ´t Hooft theory’s deterministic Hilbert space
methods to preons. Inflation is started in a ultra dense graviton phase predominating
the very early universe and producing supersymmetric preons, axion like
particles and torsion in spacetime. All standard model and dark sector fermions
are created as spectators during early inflation from the preons. The dark sector
particles are spectators all the way beyond reheating while the visible sector
particles couple to the inflaton. Before reheating is reached supersymmetry is
broken to the minimal supersymmetric standard model by gravitational mediation
from the preon sector. Consequently, asymmetric visible matter, symmetric
dark matter and dark energy are produced, and much later nucleons and light
nuclei are formed. The deterministic preon level structure is necessary for the
mechanism which creates from C symmetric preons the asymmetric standard
model visible matter directly, without notable amount of antimatter and without
the Sakharov conditions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[158] viXra:2010.0177 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-22 09:05:26
Authors: Alexander I. Dubiniansky, Pavel Churlyaev
Comments: 8 Pages. dubinyansky@mail.ru
Приведена новая версия возникновения магнитного поля у звёзд и планет. С точки зрения теории упругой вселенной, элементарные частицы осесимметричны, но сферически не симметричны. Они имеют вид электрических и магнитных диполей. При высоких давлениях внутри звёзд и планет элементарные частицы постепенно приобретают одинаковую ориентацию. При этом вокруг звёзд и планет возникает магнитное поле. Ядро звезды или планеты приближается к строению нейтронной звезды. (A new version of the appearance of a magnetic field in stars and planets is presented. From the point of view of the theory of the elastic universe, elementary particles are axisymmetric, but not spherically symmetric. They take the form of electric and magnetic dipoles. At high pressures inside stars and planets, elementary particles gradually acquire the same orientation. In this case, a magnetic field arises around the stars and planets. The core of a star or planet is approaching the structure of a neutron star.)
Category: Astrophysics
[157] viXra:2010.0176 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-22 10:37:24
Authors: Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 7 Pages. This paper has not been submitted elsewhere. Your comments are welcome.
In this short review, we extend ideas in our preceding paper on possibility that the space
consists of discrete cells, to become cells composed of superconductor quasi-crystalline.
We discuss some features of this model. To our best knowledge, there is not yet similar
proposal as we outlined herein.
Category: Astrophysics
[156] viXra:2010.0175 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-22 10:38:50
Authors: Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 5 Pages. This paper has not been submitted elsewhere. Your comments are welcome.
It is known, despite special theory of relativity has been widely accepted, in our recent draft
submitted to this journal it is shown that some experiments have been carried out suggesting
superluminal wave propagation, which make Minkowski lightcone not valid anymore. Therefore,
it seems worth to reconsider the connection between elastic wave and electromagnetic wave
equations, as in their early development. In this paper we will start with Maxwell-Dirac
isomorphism, then we will find its connection with elastic wave equations.
Category: Classical Physics
[155] viXra:2010.0174 [pdf] replaced on 2020-10-24 11:42:12
Authors: Bogdan Szenkaryk
Comments: 3 Pages.
The article presents the errors of German researchers who measured the shortest period of time on the basis of one hydrogen H2 molecule.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[154] viXra:2010.0173 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-22 10:53:01
Authors: Alexander I. Dubiniansky, Pavel Churlyaev
Comments: 7 Pages. Email: dubinyansky@mail.ru [Correction made by viXra Admin]
A new version of the appearance of a magnetic field in stars and planets is presented. From the point of view of the theory of an elastic universe, elementary particles are axially symmetric, but spherically not symmetric. They take the form of electric and magnetic dipoles. At high pressures inside the stars and planets elementary particles gradually become the same orientation. In this case, a magnetic field arises around the stars and planets. I core of a star or planet is approaching the structure of a neutron star.
Category: Astrophysics
[153] viXra:2010.0172 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-21 20:11:06
Authors: Ali Yousif Hassan Edriss
Comments: 33 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]
This paper discusses author’s equations compared with related scientific papers and already made devices that are working now, these devices are made for some purposes such as: High power energetic laser applications: Such as nuclear exploration, astrophysics, Electromagnetic Bomb or Gun, Weather controlling by high density Laser (Teramobile), and so on. Industrial applications such as: laser cutting machines, laser welding, photochemical reactions, communications, and so on. Medicines purposes: cancer medications, dentistry’s applications, physiotherapy’s applications, laser for LASIK, Wound healing, pain relief and healing with, laser therapy, osteoarthritis, laser for Glaucoma, and so on. I will use here in my paper some given information like (photon energies and intensities) which obtained from Device’s Catalog and then substitute these information on my equations to evaluate and modify it. This strange idea came out after all my failed attempts to do confirmed experiments. In this paper I adopt the screenshots I took from advertising devices’ companies with putting web links to them, then I discuss through comparing with my equations. In the beginning I will give an introduction to the author’s equations and pointing to my reading about, then I will discuss with pictures- if I could- and papers why these equipment act like that. This step is servicing my situation because there are no experiments done to approve my equations so I adopt the comparison between my results and devices’ parameters or papers’ results. In this paper I follow a systemic graduation from high dense and energetic lasers to moderate until very low energy and density trying to give physical explanation according to my equations. Then I adopt new ideas about the optimum using of these equations especially in telecommunications and satellite efficiency.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[152] viXra:2010.0170 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-21 20:12:50
Authors: Edward R. Floyd
Comments: 13 Pages. Published in "Progress in Physics" Vol. 16(2), pp 143-153 (2020)
There are solutions of the Klein-Gordon equation for the massless neutrino that produce massless neutrino oscillation of flavor. These solutions serve as a counterexample to Pontecorvo, Maki, Nakagawa, and Sakata theory for neutrino
oscillation of flavor, which implies neutrinos must have mass contrary to the standard model. We show that the wave function for the massless antineutrino for an inverse beta decay (IBD) is a superposition of two independent solutions of
the Klein-Gordon equation. One solution represents the latent incident wave upon an IBD. The other solution represents the latent reflected wave from the IBD. This superposition renders a compound modulated wave function with regard to amplitude and phase modulations. This compound modulation is shown to facilitate neutrino oscillation that may be massless and, therefore, consistent with the standard model. Extra to a massless counterexample, the weak interaction is shown to transmute the wave function during an IBD by changing the amounts of the latent incident and latent reflected wave functions that are allocated to the superposition.
Category: Quantum Physics
[151] viXra:2010.0168 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-21 20:13:58
Authors: Antonio Leon
Comments: 10 Pages.
This paper examines some optical properties of isotropic crystals, as well as the critical reflection of light, from the perspective of different inertial reference frames in relative motion. The analysis proves several breaks of Lorentz symmetry in optical crystallography and general optics. It also demonstrates there is no other relativist alternative to Lorentz transformation able to give a solution to the problems posed by Lorentz transformation in the scenario of optics and optical crystallography. The conclusions of the arguments point to the convenience of considering a new discrete paradigm for the spacetime continuum in which this and other problems could find a solution.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[150] viXra:2010.0167 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-21 20:16:34
Authors: Yi Cao
Comments: 17 Pages.
1) We hypothesized that the strong force, the electric force, and the gravity force (named as S-force, E-force, and G-force) are the three primary forces that only exert in r-1D dimension. We also hypothesized that the magnetic force is the rotation-diffusion (RotaFusion, or RF) force of the electric force (named RFe-force), the weak force is the RF-force of the strong force (named RFs-force), and the dark matter is the RF-force of the gravity force (named RFg-force). These RF-forces are the orthogonal forces of the primary forces, and they (initially) only exert in θφ-2D dimension. In this way, we re-classified the four fundamental interaction forces into three pairs of forces: S/RFs force, E/RFe force, and G/RFg force. We also believe that the Dark Matter is originated from RFg-force (at least partly). 2) From the knowledge of electric field (E-force) and magnetic field (RFe-force), we tried to build a brand new {N,n} QM field theory, based on Schrodinger (or a similar differential) equation/solution. This new field theory is expected to seamlessly unify all forces in our universe. Only the framework of this newly designed field theory has been discussed. 3) We hypothesized that our universe is formed under the residue force of G/RFg force, similar as that an atom’s nucleus is formed under the residue force of S/RFs force, and a molecule is formed under the residue force of E/RFe force. We imagined the large-scale structure of our universe based on the molecule of either a C60 Buckyball, or a rhodopsin, or a hemoglobin macro molecule.
Category: Quantum Physics
[149] viXra:2010.0166 [pdf] replaced on 2020-10-23 10:37:55
Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 4 Pages.
In this short note, we present the Gaussian law of gravitation, based on the concept that the mass is collision- time, see our paper Collision Space-Time, [1].
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[148] viXra:2010.0164 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-21 08:53:45
Authors: John F. Signus
Comments: 37 Pages. Multiple alignment to all known viral genomes (at a sensitivity higher than NCBI analysis) made possible using the SERRATUS toolbox.
Recently, Daoyu Zhang et. Al [1], Mona Ralker et. Al [2] and Mohit Singla et. al [3] have reported exceptional anomalies associated with the RaTG13 metagenomic dataset which was inconsistent with that of a real fecal sample. Despite extensive search, we are only able to isolate 2 datasets Other than RaTG13 itself, that possessed significant levels of non-adaptor repeat sequences and absence of bacteria in the context of “bat” and “fecal” or “virome”.
Furthermore, the analysis of such datasets have revealed an established pipeline of which a viral sequence is “rehosted”—e.g. added to a metagenomic sample that originally did not contain such viral sequences. This raises serious questions to the legitimacy of RaTG13 genome and the associated Nature paper.
Category: Biochemistry
[147] viXra:2010.0163 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-21 08:55:24
Authors: E. P. J. de Haas
Comments: 35 Pages.
The necessity of Lorentz transforming the Dirac matrices is an ongoing issue with contradicting opinions. The Lorentz transformation of Dirac spinors is clear but for the Dirac adjoint, the combination of a spinor and the `time-like' zeroth gamma-matrix, the situation is fussy again. In the Feynman slash objects, the gamma matrix four vector connects to the dynamic four vectors without really becoming one itself. The Feynman slash objects exist in 4-D Minkowsky space-time on the one hand, the gamma matrices are often taken as inert objects like the Minkowski metric itself on the other hand. To be short, a slumbering confusion exists in RQM's roots. In this paper, first a Pauli-level biquaternion environment equivalent to Minkowski space-time is presented. Then the Weyl-Dirac environment is produced as a PT doubling of the biquaternion Pauli-environment. It is the production process from basic elements that produces some clarification regarding the mentioned RQM foundational fussiness.
Category: Quantum Physics
[146] viXra:2010.0162 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-21 10:37:27
Authors: Ate Nieuwenhuis
Comments: 2 Pages. An earlier, almost identical version is available at https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.22776.29443
The assumption that each player conditions on the endogenous actions of his rivals when the players are unable to cooperate is inconsistent with the assumption of rational, optimising behavior.
Category: Economics and Finance
[145] viXra:2010.0161 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-20 19:22:45
Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 34 Pages.
We humans are our own entangled reflections from far away, in the mirror symmetric Muliverse.
The Base for the Ultimate Theory of Everything (TOE) is the reflective entangled multiverse supported by: John Cramer's TI is the same as CP (Charge Parity) symmetric multiverse entanglement. (clocks are running only backwards over there)
TI is: Transactional Interpretation between mirror symmetric wavefunctions. Libet's retarded measurement results between RPI and RPII, are assumed to be the support for TI. Bohmian Double Slit Interpretation also seems to need a reflective entangled Universes, and the Benjamin Libet experiment. Mirror symmetry could solve the absence of antimatter in one universe like our sole material universe. My predictions for the TOE (Q-FFF Theory).
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[144] viXra:2010.0160 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-20 19:27:31
Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 3 Pages. Send your comment to: juanmillaszgz@gmail.com
In this paper I show how it is possible to find the value of an exponent in the square root of a negative number. Using four formulas whose I have develop.
Category: Algebra
[143] viXra:2010.0159 [pdf] replaced on 2020-12-01 01:54:54
Authors: Antonio Leon
Comments: 13 Pages.
The argument of Thomson lamp and Benacerraf’s critique are reexamined from the perspective of the w-order legitimated by the hypothesis of the actual infinity subsumed into the Axiom of Infinite. The conclusions point to the inconsistency of that hypothesis.
Category: Set Theory and Logic
[142] viXra:2010.0158 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-20 19:36:13
Authors: Antonio Leon
Comments: 6 Pages.
This paper discusses the role of Lorentz transformation in two inconsistent changes in the velocity of a photon freely moving through a standard fluid each time it is reflected by a mirror inside the fluid, being the fluid at rest in its container and the container observed at rest and at uniform relative motion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[141] viXra:2010.0157 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-20 19:45:33
Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 6 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin]
In [paper] we study the master function and its connection to other arithmetic functions in number theory.
Category: Number Theory
[140] viXra:2010.0156 [pdf] replaced on 2020-10-21 09:51:18
Authors: Jean Louis Van Belle
Comments: No. of pages excludes title page.
As a pointer, and a service to other amateur physicists, I thought it would be useful to sum up the main pitfalls and discoveries I stumbled upon while working my way through Feynman’s Lectures. I call it a Survivor’s Guide to Quantum Physics because – at times – it did feel like going through a jungle, or wading through deep water, or climbing a mountain for which there is no map. Indeed, while there is a tendency to present quantum physics as a coherent set of principles and theory, it is not. At best, it is a toolbox with some novel mathematical techniques, approaches and models. At worst, it tries to present itself as an alternative to classical physics, which it is not. Quantum physics is, in essence, a combination of Maxwell’s equations and the Planck-Einstein relation. That is it. Nothing more. Nothing less. In the QED sector, at least. The one and only quantum is Planck’s quantum of (physical) action, and its physical dimension – a force times a distance times a period (cycle time) – is, unfortunately, not always well understood by those who are supposed to understand it – which is why there is a lot of nonsense around.
In short, we hope this short paper might help you to avoid the mistakes I made, and that is to waste time on things you should not waste time on: stuff that is not useful, or plain wrong even. And then I will also try to highlight the little shortcuts or visualizations that may help you to get a much more intuitive grasp of things.
Category: Quantum Physics
[139] viXra:2010.0155 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-19 22:04:03
Authors: Stephane H Maes
Comments: 6 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.
In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model.
In this paper, we discuss how in a multi-fold universe, gravitons live in AdS(5) and affect spacetime via effective attractive potential or curvature. They attach to entangled particles. These effects in spacetime result into quasi particle effect in spacetime. Quantum uncertainties spread gravity effects within the extra dimensions from the multi-fold, resulting into the impression of a local 7D embedding governed by general relativity (GR) that induces properties of space time and matter in the multi-fold spacetime and can explain the Standard Model with gravity.
On the other hand, GR may or may not govern AdS(5) and multi-fold dynamics, with implications for superstrings and related theories. So, in a multi-fold universe, particle live in a 4D spacetime with properties induced by a 7D vacuum geometrical effects, while gravitons live in a AdS(5) space surround every point of spacetime. Other particles in AdS(5)(+additional dimensions) may simply be unphysical.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[138] viXra:2010.0154 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-20 10:36:08
Authors: Thomas J. Buckholtz
Comments: 126 Pages.
We try to solve three decades-old physics challenges. List all elementary particles. Describe dark matter. Describe mechanisms that govern the rate of expansion of the universe. We propose new modeling. The modeling uses extensions to harmonic oscillator mathematics. The modeling points to all known elementary particles. The modeling suggests new particles. Based on those results, we do the following. We explain observed ratios of dark matter amounts to ordinary matter amounts. We suggest details about galaxy formation. We suggest details about inflation. We suggest aspects regarding changes in the rate of expansion of the universe. We interrelate the masses of some elementary particles. We interrelate the strengths of electromagnetism and gravity. Our work seems to offer new insight regarding applications of harmonic oscillator mathematics. Our work seems to offer new insight regarding three branches of physics. The branches are elementary particles, astrophysics, and cosmology.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[137] viXra:2010.0152 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-19 19:25:25
Authors: Antonio Leon
Comments: 4 Pages.
This paper uses transfinite ordinals to prove the distance between any two given points and the interval of time between any two given instants can only be finite, and that, under certain conditions, the number of events between any two events is always finite. It also proves a contradiction involving the actual infinity hypothesis on which the spacetime continuum is grounded. The alternative of a discrete spacetime is then considered, and the consideration leads, via Pythagoras digital theorem, to the conclusion that the factor for converting between continuous and digital geometries is the relativistic Lorentz factor if length is replaced with the product of speed and time in a isotropic space. These finitist results suggest the convenience to consider the possibility of a digital interpretation of special relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[136] viXra:2010.0151 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-19 10:54:51
Authors: Antonio Leon
Comments: 3 Pages.
The discussions on Thomson’s lamp analyzed in the precedent chapter can be formalized (at least up to a certain point) by introducing a simple symbolic notation that allows to define the lamp and its functioning in abstract terms. The symbolic definition can then be used to develop formulas that represent the functioning laws of the lamp. Being independent of the number of times the lamp is turned on/off, these laws represent the universal attributes and the universal behaviour of a Thomson’s lamp. As we will see, some of those laws are not compatible with the assumption that a Thomson’s lamp can be switched infinitely many times during a finite interval of time. This conclusion proves that, as its author defended, Thomson supertask is inconsistent.
Category: Set Theory and Logic
[135] viXra:2010.0150 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-19 14:23:37
Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 1 Page.
Here we claim that the monoenergetic peak at (2.3 +- 0.2) keV in the XENON1T experiment is a result of exchange effects in beta decay emission. The SST leads to a peak at 2.415 keV. More precise data from XENON1T will show whether our proposal (i.e. 2.415 keV) is correct.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[134] viXra:2010.0149 [pdf] replaced on 2020-10-20 08:20:20
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 5 Pages.
Fractional-time Schrödinger equation (FTSE) describes the evolution of quantum processes endowed with memory effects. FTSE manifestly breaks all consistency requirements of quantum field theory (unitarity, locality and compliance with the clustering theorem), unless the order of fractional differentiation and integration falls close to one. Working in the context of the minimal fractal manifold, we confirm here that FTSE approximates the attributes of gravitational metric and provides an unforeseen generation mechanism for massive fields.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[133] viXra:2010.0148 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-19 19:39:51
Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 4 Pages.
In this paper we give a geometric proof of the fact that the sum of all odd numbers up to any
given threshold is always a perfect square. We then relate this fact to the binary Goldbach conjecture, one of the oldest unsolved problem in mathematics.
Category: General Mathematics
[132] viXra:2010.0147 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-19 19:41:58
Authors: Eren Unlu
Comments: 4 Pages.
Fisher Discriminant Analysis (FDA), also known as Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) is a simple in nature yet highly effective tool for classification for vast types of datasets and settings. In this paper, we propose to leverage the discriminative potency of FDA for an unsupervised outlier detection algorithm. Unsupervised anomaly detection has been a topic of high interest in literature due to its numerous practical applications and fuzzy nature of subjective interpretation of success, therefore it is important to have different types of algorithms which can deliver distinct perspectives. Proposed method selects the subset
of outlier points based on the maximization of LDA distance between the class of non-outliers via genetic algorithm.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[131] viXra:2010.0146 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-19 10:21:53
Authors: Marino Sumo
Comments: 11 Pages.
Let τ be an almost elliptic morphism. Recent interest in finitely right-free monoids has centered on constructing pseudo-analytically maximal
groups. We show that every continuously negative system is degenerate, uncountable and invariant. In this setting, the ability to construct almost
surely closed, almost surely hyper-empty homeomorphisms is essential. It would be interesting to apply the techniques of [11] to natural functors.
Category: Number Theory
[130] viXra:2010.0145 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-18 19:45:36
Authors: Alexander Bolonkin
Comments: 8 Pages.
The author suggests new aircraft with a new external, ion-field electric motor. The new ion-electric motor is described in detail by the author in other articles to which references are given. In this article, the author briefly talks only about the principle of its work. Three types (shapes) of the new aircraft are described: conventional supersonic, disk-shaped, and dipole. The proposed type of aircraft can fly and accelerate to cosmic speeds in any gas environment of any planet with low fuel consumption and maneuver in outer space.
Category: Classical Physics
[129] viXra:2010.0144 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-18 19:46:43
Authors: Alexander Bolonkin
Comments: 8 Pages.
Автор предлагает новые летательные аппараты с новым внешним, ионно-полевым электрическим двигателем. Новый ионно-электрический двигатель подробно описан автором в других статьях, на которые даны ссылки. В данной статье автор коротко говорит только о принципе его работы. Описаны три типа (формы) нового самолета: обычный сверхзвуковой, дискообразный и дипольный. Предлагаемый тип самолета может летать и разгоняться до космических скоростей в любой газовой среде любой планеты с малым расходом топлива и маневрировать в космическом пространстве.
Category: Classical Physics
[128] viXra:2010.0143 [pdf] replaced on 2020-12-10 15:00:18
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 17 Pages.
A solar geoengineering re-radiation model is developed for the global mean Earth’s energy budget (GMEEB) and results provide new insights. The GMEEB is depicted in terms of re-radiation events. We apply the model to 1950 and 2019 to illustrate its capability. To obtain the GMEEB, modeling only requires solar energy input, the re-radiation factor, and the amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing. The model then predicts the GMEEB with and without forcing. A 61.8% optimum re-radiation factor is found in modeling in the absence of forcing. Above or below this value, iterative transition states occur. We demonstrate the possible transitional states and how they may converge to a new GMEEB with its re-radiation GHG change. Results suggest that albedo controls have many advantages in reducing global warming. We find about 38% less reverse forcing would be needed for global albedo increases compared to GHG reductions to mitigate climate change.
Category: Climate Research
[127] viXra:2010.0142 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-18 19:56:54
Authors: Olvine Dsouza
Comments: Pages. [Corrections made to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
This research is all about the biggest question... is it possible that without using factorization method can we find two prime numbers factors of any given product (composite number)? Answer is yes.... We have found the formula method that proves how additive property of prime numbers has direct relation with its multiplicative property and how it can help to find any two multiplied prime factors of given composite number.
Category: Number Theory
[126] viXra:2010.0140 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-18 19:57:58
Authors: Stephane H Maes
Comments: 5 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.
Strings and their evolutions as superstrings and M-theory have been one of the main focus of theoretical Physics for the last 40 years. In fact some have characterized superstrings and M-theory as the best candidates at explaining quantum gravity and providing a Theory of Everything. Others have claimed that it is “Physics of the next century provided for our exploration this century”. Yet not much has come out of it in terms of actual predictions or observation of anything about anything.
In the context of explaining gravity with entanglement with multi-fold mechanisms, we encountered traces of superstrings and may have met some of them or their impacts. It qualifies for an alien encounter of the third type. Dualities between spacetime and superstrings were derived, yet nobody embarked or will ever embark on a superstring spacetime trip, at least. So no encounter of the fourth type.
This paper summarizes what we have determined about strings, superstrings and M-theory as part of the multi-fold universe models. The observations and lessons learned are telling signs for superstring investigators.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[125] viXra:2010.0139 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-18 19:58:12
Authors: Stephane H Maes
Comments: 3 Pages. All related details of the projects(and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.
We postulate the E/G conjecture for the real universe: entanglement is gravity and gravity is entanglement. In other words, entanglement creates gravity effects and gravity results from entanglement effects.
E/G conjecture is a factual duality in multi-fold universes. With its close match and recovery of other superstring-based conjectures, we argue that it plays at the minimum an equivalent role as mathematical model, or as model of the real universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[124] viXra:2010.0138 [pdf] replaced on 2021-01-13 14:22:14
Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 18 Pages.
Examples of linguistics of the Russian words CLIENT, PROTEGE, PATRONAGE, ASSOCIATION.
The translation of article into English is enclosed.
Category: Linguistics
[123] viXra:2010.0137 [pdf] replaced on 2020-10-18 14:22:47
Authors: Imrich Krištof
Comments: 6 Pages.
This new paper describes the nowdays phenomena virion diseases, like for example Covid-19, herpes virion, influenza virion, cancer virion and HIV. Contemporary Biotech science even can resolve this difficult situation of health of whole world population. In some case can successfully regenerated, reanimated, restart the health for people in the most exploatated regions or countries on the whole world. Also has the great significance discoveries crisper/Cas9, genetic scissors which can improve the genome of whole world population. (Jennifer A. Doudna, Emmanuelle Charpentier, Nobel Prize Winners in Chemistry in 2020).
Category: Biochemistry
[122] viXra:2010.0136 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-18 12:16:54
Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych, Bezverkhniy Vitaliy Volodymyrovich.
Comments: 5 Pages.
It is shown that the cause of cosmic voids and galaxy clusters is the chaotic motion of galaxies. According to I. Prigogine, in an open system, near a stationary state, far from equilibrium, fluctuations of parameters are possible. Therefore, in chemical cyclic systems such as the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction, the concentration of substances can take on any values, and these values can fluctuate over time. If we assume that the Universe is an open system, which is located near a stationary state (far from equilibrium), then in some regions of the Universe the concentration of galaxies can be any, which inevitably leads to the appearance of clusters of galaxies and space voids.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[121] viXra:2010.0135 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-18 13:00:16
Authors: Vladimir Leonov
Comments: 754 Pages. 181 Figures [Corrections made to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]
[This work is dedicated] to the quantum theory of Superunification written in 1996-2000 and published in English in England (2010) and India (2011). The Theory of Superunification (SU) is the Unified Field Theory (UFT) or the Theory of Everything (TE), which physicists around the world are trying unsuccessfully to create, ignoring the fact that the Superunification theory was created 20 years ago. The theory of Superunification is a theory of quantum gravity that logically completes Einstein's general theory of relativity (GR). The theory of Superunification is the first quantum theory of relativity (QR). The theory of Superunification is based on the discovery of a new universal particle the quantum of space-time (quanton), as a particle of dark matter. Quanton was discovered by Vladimir Leonov in 1996. The dynamic interferometer Leonov in 2020 was the first to detect the field of quantons as dark matter particles. The theory of Superunification has been confirmed experimentally. This is a sensational scientific breakthrough that brings fundamental physics out of its deepest crisis. The elastic dark matter tissue is presented by us as a four-dimensional quantized space-time consisting of quantons. This is the global static electromagnetic field of the Universe, which is the carrier of the superstrong electromagnetic interaction (SEI) - the fifth fundamental force (Superforce). Electromagnetism and gravitation are manifestations of the SEI field perturbation. Electromagnetism is the result of the electromagnetic polarization of quantized space-time. Gravity is the result of spherical deformation of the elastic dark matter tissue. The mass of particle (body) is like a nodule inside the elastic dark matter tissue in the form of a lump (cluster) of its deformation energy. Gravitational well appears around the body's mass inside the elastic tissue of dark matter as a result of its spherical deformation. Gravitational well is the physical basis of gravity and the principle of relativity. In this case, the gravitational field is described by the deformation vector D inside the elastic dark matter tissue as a gradient of the quantum density (p) of the medium D = grad (p). The force of gravity F is the gradient F = gradW of the dark energy W. The accelerated run of galaxies from the center of the Universe under the action of the force F = gradW is possible only for an inhomogeneous spherically deformed Universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[120] viXra:2010.0134 [pdf] replaced on 2020-10-19 06:00:10
Authors: Jean Louis Van Belle
Comments: 10 Pages.
This paper explores the common concept of a field and the quantization of fields. We do so by discussing the quantization of traveling fields using our photon model, and we also look at the quantization of fields in the context of a perpetual ring current in a superconductor. We then relate the discussion to the use of the (scalar and vector) potential in quantum physics and, finally, a brief discussion of Schrödinger’s wave equation which, we argue, just models the equations of motion of charged particles in static and/or dynamic electromagnetic fields – just what Dirac was looking for. We argue that the idea that Schrödinger’s equation may not be relativistically correct is based on an erroneous interpretation of the concept of the effective mass of an electron.
Category: Quantum Physics
[119] viXra:2010.0133 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-18 12:24:03
Authors: Stephane H Maes
Comments: 7 Pages. All related details of the projects(and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.
In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model.
In this paper, we discuss the point of view of the virtual particles used to explain gravity emergence from entanglement and in particular position their use versus the more conventional view on virtual particles in QFT. Indeed, besides the fact that QFT has challenges to model particles, there are some strong views on what is or is not appropriate when it comes to involving virtual particles in conventional QFT, or vacuum fluctuations for that matter. The proposed multi-fold mechanisms on the other hand rely first and foremost on the concept of particles, with modifications to conventional QFT. In that context virtual particle play a central role. Besides evangelizing the need to evolve QFT, we also review how virtual particles are key to the notion of small scale non negligible addition of gravity to the standard model, and to a proposal for Ultimate Unification where al particles convey gravity and their proper interactions. We also discuss how this model is key and aligned to the area laws of blacks holes, Hawking’s radiation and the absence of gravity shielding even when using virtual particle. This discussion will also offer some perspectives on QFT in curved spacetime. The bottom line is that there are no contradiction with the main views on virtual particles of conventional QFT proposed with multi-fold universe mechanisms and that in fact, while hard to formulate, the use of virtual particles could also be modeled with fields and associated multi-fold fields.
We also discuss comparing our model using pairs of entangled virtual particles versus models using only (or in addition) pairs of entangled gravitons. Such a multi-fold model with only gravitons may recover the same results or differ depending on how massive gravitons would be modeled in these new models. But we end up still recommending only a model where gravitons live in AdS(5).
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[118] viXra:2010.0132 [pdf] replaced on 2021-05-25 14:00:21
Authors: Antonio Leon
Comments: 50 Pages.
This article introduces a new foundation for Euclidean geometry more productive than other classical and modern alternatives. Some well-known classical propositions that were proved to be unprovable on the basis of other foundations of Euclidean geometry can now be proved within the new foundational framework. Ten axioms, 28 definitions and 40 corollaries are the key elements of the new formal basis. The axioms are totally new, except Axiom 5 (a light form of Euclid’s Postulate 1), and Axiom 8 (an extended version of Euclid’s Postulate 3). The definitions include productive definitions of concepts so far primitive, or formally unproductive, as straight line, angle or plane The new foundation allow to prove, among other results, the following axiomatic statements: Euclid's First Postulate, Euclid's Second Postulate, Hilbert's Axioms I.5, II.1, II.2, II.3, II.4 and IV.6, Euclid's Postulate 4, Posidonius-Geminus' Axiom, Proclus' Axiom, Cataldi's Axiom, Tacquet's Axiom 11, Khayyam's Axiom, Playfair's Axiom, and an extended version of Euclid's Fifth Postulate.
Category: Geometry
[117] viXra:2010.0131 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-18 12:33:45
Authors: Antonio Leon
Comments: 34 Pages.
It seems reasonable to assume that mathematical infinity was not the objective of Zeno’s Dichotomy (in any of its variants), however, a sort of mathematical infinity was already present in these celebrated arguments. Aristotle proposed a first solution to Zeno’s Dichotomy by introducing what we now call one-to-one correspondences, the key instrument of modern infinitist mathematics. But Aristotle, more naturalist than platonic, finally rejected the method of pairing the elements of two infinite collections (in this case of points and instants) and introduced instead the distinction between actual and potential infinities. Aristotle’s distinction served to define, gross modo, two opposite positions on the nature of infinity for more than twenty centuries. The actual infinity was finally mathematized through set theory in the first years of the XX century and the discussions on its potential or actual nature almost vanished. But, as we will see here, things still remain to be said on this issue.
Category: Set Theory and Logic
[116] viXra:2010.0130 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-18 11:37:52
Authors: Antonio Leon
Comments: 4 Pages.
This article examines a wrong argument in a seminal physics paper published 114 years ago: Einstein's paper on the electrodynamics of moving objects. Although the argument in question is not determinant for the main conclusions of the paper (thanks to the prevalence of Lorentz transformation also deduced in the same paper), it contains several basic and significant errors that have remained undetected to this day. Those errors are consequences of a misinterpretation of the Principle of Relativity, surprisingly the same misinterpretation one can find in some naif critiques of special relativity. Considering the relevance of the paper and of its author, and the importance of the errors, there is no alternative but to make them public.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics
[115] viXra:2010.0129 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-18 12:27:45
Authors: Antonio Leon
Comments: 6 Pages.
After a short review of the classical detonator paradox, this article introduces two variants of the celebrated argument that are not paradoxical arguments but true contradictions involving Fitzgerald-Lorentz contraction.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[114] viXra:2010.0128 [pdf] replaced on 2024-04-26 13:10:14
Authors: Dmitriy Skripachov
Comments: 6 Pages.
A new approach in non-Euclidean geometry is obtained by adding types of deformation of the coordinate system. The concept of curvature is clarified taking into account the type of deformation. Such deformations can be stretching-compression, bending, shear, and torsion. The straightness of reference systems, traditional for non-Euclidean geometry, remains unchanged.
Category: Geometry
[113] viXra:2010.0127 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-17 16:31:47
Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 3 Pages.
Both too much gold in the Universe and the recently observed metallicity of a globular cluster below an acceptable lower limit, are forcing a radical shift in mainstream cosmology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[112] viXra:2010.0126 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-17 18:57:11
Authors: Jonathan Corriveau
Comments: 4 Pages.
A new theory for gravity that explains Dark matter.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[111] viXra:2010.0124 [pdf] replaced on 2021-08-21 18:12:26
Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 35 Pages.
Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) envisions Matter carried from the Universe into the World from the fourth spatial dimension by Dark Matter Particles (DMPs). Luminous Matter is a byproduct of Dark Matter (DM) self-annihilation. WUM introduces Dark Epoch (spanning from the Beginning of the World for 0.45 billion years) and Luminous Epoch (ever since for 13.77 billion years). Big Bang discussed in Standard Cosmology (SC) is, in our view, transition from Dark Epoch to Luminous Epoch due to Rotational Fission of Overspinning DM Supercluster’s Cores and self-annihilation of DMPs. WUM solves a number of physical problems in SC and Astrophysics through DMPs and their interactions: Angular Momentum problem in birth and subsequent evolution of Galaxies and Extrasolar systems; Fermi Bubbles – two large structures in gamma-rays and X-rays above and below Galactic center; Coronal Heating problem in solar physics – temperature of Sun's corona exceeding that of photosphere by millions of degrees; Cores of Sun and Earth rotating faster than their surfaces; Diversity of Gravitationally-Rounded Objects in Solar system and their Internal Heating. Model makes predictions pertaining to Rest Energies of DMPs, proposes New Type of their Interactions. WUM reveals Inter-Connectivity of Primary Cosmological Parameters and calculates their values, which are in good agreement with the latest results of their measurements.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[110] viXra:2010.0123 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-17 11:35:18
Authors: S. N. Njokweni, P. Kumar
Comments: 9 Pages. [Preprint Format]
One of the reasons for many diseases such as diabetes, stroke, high blood pressure, kidney disease, etc., is the excess consumption of salt and sugar in the diet. So, to minimize these health problems, it is important to consume appropriate quantity of salt and sugar in the diet. This paper presents the design and development of a salt and sugar detection system using a low cost compact microstrip patch antenna. The salt and sugar detection system using a compact microstrip antenna is based upon the variation of antenna parameters in the solutions of different concentrations of salt and sugar. The defected ground structure (DGS) is utilized for decreasing the size and improving the performance of the proposed microstrip patch antenna. The antenna is fed by using a microstrip line and it resonates at 2.4 GHz. The designed antenna is simulated and optimized using the computer simulation technology (CST) microwave studio. The antenna with optimized dimensions is fabricated and measured. The measurements of the return loss of the fabricated microstrip patch antenna for various solutions with different concentrations of salt and sugar are performed. The measured results confirm that the proposed compact microstrip patch antenna is suitable to detect the concentration of salt and sugar in the water. From the measured results, it is observed that the return loss of the antenna decreases, when the concentration of salt and sugar is increased. The proposed antenna is also suitable for compact 2.4 GHz wireless local area networks (WLAN) applications.
Category: Classical Physics
[109] viXra:2010.0122 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-17 11:34:38
Authors: Siddharth Sharma
Comments: 16 Pages.
This paper uses the Model of Consciousness called Integrated Information Theory (IIT) developed by Giulio Tononi and his team and generalized Mathematical Model of IIT and Quantum IIT developed by Johannes Kleiner and Sean Tull, to develop a model of consciousness for Kerr black hole.In which I will step by step define System, State, Mechanism, Space of Proto-experience, Division & Cuts and Repertoire for Kerr Black Hole in terms of it's mass and angular momentum per unit mass using Information Geometry to be precise Ruppeiner geometry, where probability density is defined in terms of Ruppeiner metric, which is negative of hessian of entropy of Kerr black hole. In the section of black hole thermodynamics we will also discuss how entropy is the function of area of event horizon of black hole:. Prior to that we will discuss what is event horizon and how it's radius is a function of it's mass and angular momentum per unit area. This paper can serve a pioneering work on understanding and developing a relationship between cosmology and Consciousness, and as it is suggested that universe could itself be a black hole: this paper may help to develop a model for consciousness of cosmos itself
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[108] viXra:2010.0121 [pdf] replaced on 2021-04-08 22:17:19
Authors: Stephane H Maes
Comments: 8 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/
In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model.
In particular with chirality flips of fermions induced by gravity, right-handed neutrinos (and left-handed anti-neutrinos) can appear in flight and now acquire mass when encountering Higgs bosons. Because perturbatively self-gravity effects may be stronger for anti-neutrinos, the chirality flips in flight will trap longer in flight right-handed anti neutrinos than left-handed neutrinos; creating a matter antimatter asymmetry. While very small this can explain the dominance of matter of antimatter, hence why we exist.
As we visit the properties of antimatter, we also predict that, in a multi-fold universe, anti-matter is attracted by gravity, not repelled; something that is still an open issue today in Physics.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[107] viXra:2010.0120 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-16 20:52:41
Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 8 Pages.
In this paper we formulate and prove several variants of the Erdos-Turan additive bases conjecture.
Category: Number Theory
[106] viXra:2010.0119 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-16 08:11:27
Authors: A. Bennun, N. Ledesma
Comments: 10 Pages. 4 figures
The Universe Expansion evidences the possibility of thermodynamic dissipative structures, constituted by short-lived particles decaying and releasing energy, to form more stable ones during the period of 10^-26 to 10^-11 s. The thermodynamic of these processes favor the models, in which the cooling effects of expansion could be balanced by the temperature generated in the primordial absorption of bosons, particles decay and annihilation. The microscopic chronology during the state of plasma, maintains asymptotic freedom which allows multiple quark and antiquark aggregations, preventing massive annihilations. In the primordial quark-antiquark-gluon plasma emerges the Muons that show a 1% asymmetric annihilation, in the decay of B-mesons. This could be integrated into the cyclical elimination of antimatter, by incorporation into matter of the energy from environment bosons or pair annihilation. The self-duplication of pions provides such a mechanism because their constitutive quarks resist separation forces by generating gluons. Annihilation energy could be returned as a 99% that jointly with a 1% contributed by the resting mass of quarks, could create nucleons. The plasma evolved from pions and quarks annihilations, would have a large population of positrons, electrons and high energy photons. It is shown that coupling between reactions, allows nucleons cycles in which electrons, positrons and gamma radiation could be absorbed, generating neutrinos/antineutrinos. Hence, quantum chronology in a dynamics of open thermodynamics coupling becomes compatible with the description of the space-time like a continuum. In this, the universal constants, allows integrating dissipative potentials at different scales and within a large diversity of configurations, into the evolutive architecture of the universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[105] viXra:2010.0116 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-16 08:11:00
Authors: A. Bennun, N. Ledesma
Comments: 11 Pages. 5 figures
Data of particle physics were studied for its fitness within a self-selection principle. A plot of mesons and baryons, according to their energy and half-life, reveals an overall tendency of deconfinement and reconfinement of energy, leading to hadrons dominance. The decay of the particles contributes to increment enthalpy along primordial chronology. The strong force opposes to the separation of the constitutive quarks of pions through self-multiplication, incrementing the mass of the system. Sequencing and integrating reactions paths of hadrons and antihadrons, allow for the disappearance of antiprotons and antineutrons, yielding a residue of 2 neutrons. Also, the process emits gamma photons, electrons, positrons, neutrinos, antineutrinos, kaones and piones. The energy of decay and pair-annihilation could be confined in hadrons, in order to prevent a Universe immersed into residual gamma radiation. The generation of the resting mass of hadrons, involves a 99% of releasable energy to form gluons, summing-up to a 1% mass of quarks. Also, an oscillation neutron-proton and antineutron-antiproton cycle captures primordial radiation. Each one absorbs 1 gamma photon, 1 electron and 1 positron, and generates 2 neutrinos and 2 antineutrinos that leak-out of the system. Half-life is a statistical defined parameter, which allows synchronizing events globally disconnected, without introducing an ad-hoc velocity greater than c, to allow global connectivity. The phases of particles decay and reconfinement, inputs a statistical convergence allowing parameterization of an evolutionary selection processes.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[104] viXra:2010.0115 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-16 08:16:55
Authors: N. Gurappa
Comments: 9 Pages. 2 figures
According to non-dualistic interpretation of quantum mechanics, the initial/ global/overall phase associated with a quantum state vector is related to a particular eigenstate of an observable. This phase gives raise to a ``tube" like geometrical structure, associated with the state vector and the tube branches into several smaller tubes. The total number of smaller tubes is equal to the total number of eigenstates of the observable; each branch is associated with a particular eigenstate. The cross-sectional area of the initial tube is equal to the sum of cross-sectional areas of all tubes, resulting in the Born rule and also in the conservation of probability in quantum mechanics.
Category: Quantum Physics
[103] viXra:2010.0114 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-16 08:27:56
Authors: Victor Sorokine
Comments: 2 Pages. Великая теорема Ферма. Доказательство за 1 операцию умножения
After multiplying Fermat's equality by d^n, where prime n>2, d is a single-digit number with base n, 0<d<n, the penultimate digit in the number d^n is not zero (such exists!), the equality turns into inequality.
После умножения равенства Ферма на d^n, где простое n>2, d - однозначное число в счислении с базой n, 0<d<n, предпоследняя цифра в числе d^n не равна нулю (такая существует!), равенство превращается в неравенство.
Category: Number Theory
[102] viXra:2010.0113 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-16 08:30:32
Authors: Victor Sorokine
Comments: Pages.
After multiplying Fermat's equality by d^n, where prime n>2, d is a single-digit number with base n, 0<d<n, the penultimate digit in the number d^n is not zero (such exists!), the equality turns into inequality.
Category: Number Theory
[101] viXra:2010.0112 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-16 08:20:18
Authors: Miroslav Josipović
Comments: 3 Pages.
This short text is a continuation of a series on the applications of geometric algebra, related to the book [3]. As the book [3], this text is intended for young (or at least young at heart) and open-minded people.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[100] viXra:2010.0111 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-16 09:33:41
Authors: Ichiro Nakayama
Comments: 37 Pages.
Dark matter and the dark energy are the biggest mystery for physics. But those characters are already elucidated by the energy body theory. The cosmological term in the Einstein field equations is “the universal repulsion” which becomes negative energy. Einstein supposed the regular Universe. It was very natural because of “the conservation law of energy”. But it looks like the universe expansion broke “the conservation law of energy” Also, in “energy body theory” the dark energy is negative energy too. It is the same as “the universal repulsion”. “The conservation law of energy” is endorsed by the Universe circulation system which is introduced by the energy body theory. After all, the universe is the regular Universe. The energy body theory describes that everything in the universe is energy body and all of phenomena in the Universe are caused by trying to balance the different energy level between two energy body systems. Energy body is comprised of energy cell bodies which are extremely smaller than elementary particles. Gravitational field is comprised of space layers where energy cell bodies are arranged on the spherical face. Dark matter is gravitational field. The dark energy is that expanded energy cell bodies are spread out around gravitational field. Dark energy is generated with a gravitational field as a pair. Elementary particles are the excitation states of energy cell bodies. Specifically, elementary particles are the states that energy cell bodies are shrinking, expanding, and more rotating.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[99] viXra:2010.0110 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-16 10:40:05
Authors: Franz Hermann
Comments: 9 Pages.
It is known that it is impossible to leave the hyperbolic geometry induced by the absolute as a second-order curve on the projective real plane. However, using the properties and methods of some imaginary hyperbolic geometry, it is possible to "teleport" a straight line segment located on a plane in hyperbolic geometry to another part of the same plane where the elliptic geometry is induced. Read about this in our article.
Category: Geometry
[98] viXra:2010.0108 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-15 20:19:42
Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 7 Pages. Rejected by many top journals without review
There are tens of self-proclaimed proofs for the Riemann Hypothesis and only 2 or 4 disproofs of it in arXiv. To this Status Quo I am adding my very short and clear results even without explicit mentioning prime numbers. One of my breakthroughs uses the peer-reviewed achievement of Dr.~Sol\'e and Dr.~Zhu, published just 4 years ago in a serious mathematical journal INTEGERS.
Category: Number Theory
[97] viXra:2010.0107 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-15 20:20:39
Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 6 Pages.
Belief in spiritual or physical life after mortal life is a lifeline to functional sanity for most of us. Whereas we humans can never scientifically prove this belief thesis, it has rarely been
questioned within everyday cultures. How do humans differ from all other sentient species? What clear consequences flow from seemingly hardwired belief systems? Are modern science and logical philosophies essential guides, or is self-serving magical mysticism the best social formula?
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[96] viXra:2010.0106 [pdf] replaced on 2020-10-27 10:39:17
Authors: J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 14 Pages. This is part of the Hilbert Book Model Project [Correction made by viXra Admin]
This examination of reality is running like an exciting detective novel. The research uses a hierarchy of spaces that show varying degrees of complexity. Finding more complicated spaces is not a big problem. This turns out to be quite simple. The move to a more complicated form is always accompanied by several significant limitations and understanding where these limitations come from is a much bigger problem. Today's mathematics is only just able to explain the limitations of the Hilbert space. This no longer applies to the system of Hilbert spaces, which in this document is called the Hilbert repository. Current math cannot explain the restrictions and the extra features of the Hilbert repository. This fact will particularly interest those who are curious about the structure and behavior of physical reality. The approach is quite different from the usual path and provides other insights. The usual way tries to deduce new insights from what we know about classical physics. The story makes it clear that only mathematics cannot provide a complete picture of reality, while experiments alone also cannot expose physical reality. The combination of mathematics and experimentation produces the best results.
Category: Quantum Physics
[95] viXra:2010.0105 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-15 20:21:45
Authors: Kunle Adegoke
Comments: 21 Pages.
We show how every power series gives rise to a Fibonacci series and a companion series involving Lucas numbers. For illustrative purposes, Fibonacci series arising from trigonometric functions, inverse trigonometric functions, the gamma function and the digamma function are derived. Infinite series involving Fibonacci and Bernoulli numbers and Fibonacci and Euler numbers are also obtained.
Category: Number Theory
[94] viXra:2010.0104 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-15 20:42:33
Authors: Rochelle Forrester
Comments: 15 Pages.
The application of mathematics to a problem or question often leads to a deeper understanding of the problem or question and sometimes to an answer to the problem or question. The application of mathematics to warfare is possible in many situations, especially in relation to matters that involve the range, rate of fire, accuracy and effectiveness of missile weapons such as bow and arrows and firearms. This enables us to explain the results of many battles in the past and to predict the results of many battles in the future as many battles in the future may involve missile fire.
Category: Social Science
[93] viXra:2010.0103 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-15 11:31:53
Authors: Aaron Chau
Comments: 7 Pages.
In order to achieve better results in real estate investment and environmental protection planning, and also in order to have an eternal commercial building landmark to load our era into the history ; so such is human nature that kings, prime ministers, presidents, and chairpersons in different political systems , party committee secretaries and investors, they all hope to build an eternal commercial landmark in their country. However, where does the concept of eternal in the design diagram of this eternal landmark come from?
Category: Social Science
[92] viXra:2010.0102 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-15 07:53:19
Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 3 Pages.
Here we show the similarity between the neutron and the virtual neutral pion inside it on the one hand, and the Protoworld and the very early Universe inside it on the other hand. Such similarity leads to the correct abundances of different states (i.e. baryon matter, dark matter, photons and neutrinos, and dark energy) in the cosmic structure at the beginning of the expansion of the Universe and in the Universe today.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[91] viXra:2010.0101 [pdf] replaced on 2020-11-17 05:09:14
Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 7 Pages.
In a recent paper, we [1] discussed that Suto [2] has pointed out an interesting relativistic extension of Rydberg’s formula. In that paper, we had slightly misunderstood Suto’s approach, something we will comment on further here. The relativistic Suto formula is actually derived from a theory where the standard relativistic momentum relation is changed. The relativistic Rydberg formula we presented and mistakenly thought was the same as Suto’s formula is, on the other hand, derived to be fully consistent with the standard relativistic momentum relation. Here we will point out the differences between the formulas and correct some errors in our previous paper. The paper should give deeper and better intuition about the Rydberg formula and what it represents.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[90] viXra:2010.0100 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-15 11:16:47
Authors: J. F. Meyer
Comments: 8 Pages. Concerns Riemann Hypothesis
This investigation is a product of the ongoing scientific inquiry ' whence human suffering? ', the same encountering a critical need to call into serious question the long-standing π "approximation" methodolgy (ie. of exhaustion) employed by (and ever since) Archimedes (late, c. 287 – c. 212 BCE).
Category: Number Theory
[89] viXra:2010.0099 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-15 11:39:21
Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 2 Pages.
With this kind of notation we can use the method of Donald Knuth in iterations to express serial operators with them variables iterated.
Category: General Mathematics
[88] viXra:2010.0098 [pdf] replaced on 2020-10-27 10:37:08
Authors: J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 14 Pages. Dit is onderdeel van het Hilbert Book Model Project [Correction made by viXra Admin]
Dit onderzoek van de werkelijkheid loopt als een spannende detectiveroman. Het onderzoek maakt gebruik van een hiërarchie van ruimtes die verschillende gradaties van gecompliceerdheid vertonen. Het vinden van meer gecompliceerde ruimtes vormt geen groot probleem. Dit blijkt namelijk vrij eenvoudig. De stap naar een meer gecompliceerde vorm gaat steeds gepaard met een aantal significante beperkingen en het begrijpen waar deze beperkingen vandaan komen vormt een veel groter probleem. De huidige wiskunde is maar net in staat om de beperkingen van de Hilbertruimte te verklaren. Dat geldt niet meer voor het systeem van Hilbertruimten dat in dit document de Hilbert opslagruimte genoemd wordt. De huidige wiskunde kan de beperkingen en de nieuwe verschijnselen van deze structuur niet verklaren. Dit feit zal vooral hen die nieuwsgierig zijn naar de structuur en het gedrag van de fysieke werkelijkheid interesseren. De aanpak wijkt sterk af van de gebruikelijke weg en levert andere inzichten. De gebruikelijke weg tracht nieuwe inzichten af te leiden uit wat we weten over de klassieke natuurkunde. Het verhaal maakt duidelijk dat alleen wiskunde geen volledig beeld van de werkelijkheid kan bieden terwijl ook alleen meten de werkelijkheid ook niet bloot kan leggen. De kombinatie van wiskunde en experimenteren levert nog het meeste resultaat op.
Category: Quantum Physics
[87] viXra:2010.0097 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-14 12:58:06
Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych, Bezverkhniy Vitaliy Volodymyrovich.
Comments: 6 Pages.
It is shown that both the redshift and, therefore, the recession of galaxies is the effect of an observer who is located in the center of the cosmological ball on planet Earth. This effect is a consequence of the gravitational time dilation in accordance with Einstein's STR. That is, there is no real recession of galaxies, which means there is no Big Bang. Galaxies in the Universe are subject to the usual chaotic motion, but due to the indicated effects, we observe the scattering of galaxies.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[86] viXra:2010.0096 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-14 20:36:57
Authors: Kenneth Ramsey
Comments: 3 Pages.
A system is described to achieve earth orbit at a lower cost. The acronym is CATS (Cheap Access To Space). The space elevator and rockoons are discussed.
Category: Classical Physics
[85] viXra:2010.0095 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-14 19:06:28
Authors: Stephane H Maes
Comments: 7 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.
In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model.
In this paper, we discuss some of the properties and implications of the massive gravity contributions. In particular we will discuss it similarities and differences with what is usually meant by massive gravity in conventional physics and derived modern bigravity theories.. Instead of being a large-scale theory, where massive gravity can support a limited range or even a repulsive behavior, multi-fold massive gravity is here a mostly small-scale effect with almost no larger scale impact other than through entangled virtual neutrino pairs. Multi-fold universe accelerated expansion come from other effects of multi-fold mechanisms. In multi-fold theory, massive gravity is also multiple (one per available virtual carrier). The resulting gravity model is different from all the massive gravity and bigravity current proposed in the literature. In particular we discuss the known issues with conventional classical massive gravity.
We conclude with a suggestion to attempt, with or independently of a multi-fold models, bi (or multi) gravity models, massive only at very small scale with massless gravity at any larger scale. We already know that such model helps address many Standard Model and Standard Cosmology Model open issues: there is value in SMG: the standard Model with non-negligible gravity at its scales.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[84] viXra:2010.0093 [pdf] replaced on 2020-10-19 08:37:07
Authors: François Barriquand
Comments: 17 Pages. The content of the present article is identical to the content of its first version, except for the correction of a typing error one the left side of equation 13.
A variant of the well-known Einstein-Podolski-Rosen experiment is proposed, in which two protagonists may communicate in a way that constitutes a strong challenge for the most commonly accepted interpretation of the EPR experiment.
Category: Quantum Physics
[83] viXra:2010.0092 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-13 20:14:14
Authors: Shekhar Suman
Comments: 6 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin]
Riemann's Xi function is defined as ξ(s) = [...]. ξ(s) is an entire function whose zeroes are the non trivial zeroes of ζ(s) All the non trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function lie inside the critical strip 0 < R(s) < 1. In this paper[,], we use product representation of Riemann Xi function and
Schwarz Reflection principle to conclude that the Riemann Hypothesis is true.
Category: Number Theory
[82] viXra:2010.0091 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-13 20:19:06
Authors: Stephen Winter
Comments: 3 Pages.
A summary of theses of cosmology that query in particular the Friedmann equations. (A few basics
are scientific consensus): The scaling of the PASSAGE OF TIME preserves the reasonableness of the universe a) by relativistic scaling of time near the speed of light and b) by non-relativistic scaling of time dependent on the density of matter. GRAVITY is, although its sphere of influence is mathematically limitless, a local phenomenon. The non-relativistic scaling of spacetime is, although its sphere of influence is limited to voids, a universal phenomenon.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[81] viXra:2010.0090 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-13 20:15:39
Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 5 Pages. All related details of the projects(and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.
In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very small scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model.
The mechanisms proposed to address entanglement and that are responsible for gravity when considering entanglement of virtual particles, also automatically result into the (weak) principle of equivalence, without postulating it. It also required better qualifying the tenancy model of multi-folds in terms of Higgs interactions.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[80] viXra:2010.0089 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-13 08:05:16
Authors: Antoine Balan
Comments: 3 Pages.
We make a new presentation of the Asymptotic Riemann Hypothesis which is not Riemann Hypothesis but a nearby simpler problem.
Category: Number Theory
[79] viXra:2010.0088 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-13 08:06:33
Authors: Egger Mielberg
Comments: 12 Pages.
Simple and readable diagrams of a complex set of any kind would allow a million of connections between elements of that set to be formulated and understood clearly. Current diagrams provide the
visual solution for the first four-five sets mostly, but it is unreadable for the number of sets in more than five. We propose a solution, sense diagrams, for visualization of multimillion sets using sense-to-sense paradigm [1]. The nature of the set can be any. The nature of the elements of a set may differ from each other. The main criterion of the use of this diagrams is the
presence of qualitative or/and quantitative properties of an element of the set.
Category: Set Theory and Logic
[78] viXra:2010.0087 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-13 08:41:11
Authors: Korn Rakpradit
Comments: 50 Pages.
In mathematics we require a proof for any hypothesis .But in the past 160 years ago a man called Bernhard Riemann refused to give a proof for his hypothesis about zeta function which he thought would be the formula for the number of primes less than a given number ‘x’. He might have a very ‘serious’ reason for not proving this. But for me, after five years of attempt to stalk his papers and using only a high school mathematical knowledge and/or a little bit higher,I can say that all high school student can learn how to prove this hypothesis whether it is right or wrong. Let me show you the proof.
Category: Number Theory
[77] viXra:2010.0086 [pdf] replaced on 2020-12-05 14:00:19
Authors: Richard D. Lockyer
Comments: 34 Pages. Keywords: Sedenion Algebra, Octonion Algebra, algebraic invariance, algebraic variance, algebraic invariant Sedenion zero divisors, Cayley-Dickson doubling, observables, non-observables
The Cayley-Dickson dimension doubling algorithm nicely maps R → C → H → O → S and beyond, but without consideration of any possible definition variation. Quaternion Algebra H has two orientations, and they drive definition variation in all subsequent algebras, all of which have H as a subalgebra. Requiring Octonion Algebra O to be a normed composition algebra limits the possible orientation combinations of its seven H subalgebras to sixteen proper O orientations, which are itemized. Identification of the O subalgebras for Sedenion Algebra S and orientation limitations on these subalgebras provides a fully algebraic proof that all O subalgebras cannot be oriented as proper Octonion Algebras, verifying Sedenion Algebra is not generally a normed composition division algebra. The 168 standard Cayley-Dickson doubled Sedenion Algebra primitive zero divisors are presented, as well as representative forms that will yield primitive zero divisors for all 2048 possible maximal set proper O subalgebra orientations for Sedenion Algebras; algebraic invariant Sedenion primitive zero divisors. A simple mnemonic form for validating proper O orientations is provided. The method to partition any number of O algebraic element products into product term sets with like responses to all possible proper O orientation changes; either to a single algebraic invariant set or to one of 15 different algebraic variant sets, is provided. Most important for O based mathematical physics, the stated Law of Octonion Algebraic Invariance requires observables to be algebraic invariants. Its converse, The Law of the Unobservable suggests homogeneous equations of algebraic constraint built from the algebraic variant sets. These equations of constraint are important to mathematical physics since they will limit the family of solutions for the differential equations describing reality and do not have their genesis in experimental observation. An alternative to the Cayley-Dickson doubling scheme which builds by variations is provided.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[76] viXra:2010.0085 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-12 20:13:52
Authors: Richard L. Amoroso
Comments: 20 Pages. Preprint: Proceedings of IV International Symposium honoring mathematical physicist Jean-Pier Vigier, Paris, France
Although popular, Bigbang cosmology still contains critical untested assumptions and unresolved logical conflicts. Recent observational and theoretical insights suggest it has become feasible to consider developing a new
standard model of cosmology. Parameters for developing such a Continuous State Holographic Conscious Multiverse (HCM) are introduced in a preliminary form. The fundamental least unit of the new 11(12)D superspace makes correspondence with M-Theory, introduces the origin of complexity in self-organized living systems and refines the role of the observer in physical theory.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[75] viXra:2010.0084 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-12 10:19:34
Authors: Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 4 Pages. This paper has not been submitted elsewhere. Your comments are welcome.
In this short review, we extend ideas in our preceding paper on possibility that the space
consists of discrete cells, which we call “discrete cellular space” model [2]. We argue that
it is necessary to solve the continuum problem, albeit it can be compared and expanded by
the new theory called quantum graphity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[74] viXra:2010.0083 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-11 22:18:50
Authors: Stephane H Maes
Comments: 8 Pages. All related details of the projects(and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.
In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General Relativity (GR) at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model.
The present paper examines what can be said of time in a multi-fold universe: what is the notion of time, does it exist or make sense and is it continuous or discrete and is there an arrow of time? In particular, we discuss how multi-fold universe handles the well-known time problem, the Bryce Wheeler equation as well as the explanations proposed so far by Page and Wootters and the subsequent rigorous expansions of Gambini and Pullin. In a multi-fold universe, time can concretely exist both because of entanglement and its random walk constructive nature that renders spacetime, including time discrete, fractal and non-commutative within a spacetime geometry, yet become not observable at larger scales. Therefore, random walks and entanglement concretize time and entanglement is also responsible for the arrow of time: the multi-folds mechanisms are irreversible, yet they can appear reversible if not fully modeled, which explains why Quantum Physics and GR appear essentially reversible. When putting all these consideration together it becomes clear that random walks and entanglement not only generate and shape spacetime but they also are at the core of the concept of time and how it can be perceived by us.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[73] viXra:2010.0082 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-12 10:27:17
Authors: Gerard van der Ham
Comments: 1 Page.
Because of wrong interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, Bell applied in his theorem P = 1/2 for chances of opposite spincombination results whereas in reality these chances are cosine squared (phi/2). That is when definite spin of entangled electrons is assumed and when projection and perspective are applied correctly. For that reason Bell's inequalities are violated.
Category: Quantum Physics
[72] viXra:2010.0081 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-12 10:22:29
Authors: Egger Mielberg
Comments: 10 Pages. (Title correction is made by viXra Admin)
Any complex mathematical or physical problem can be solved easier if it is broken down into several less complex problems. A similar situation occurs
when it is necessary to determine the meaning of big data or several meanings of individual data blocks. A mechanism that could combine objects of various kinds with one meaning would help solve a number of problems of sense logic and semantic analysis. In this article, we describe one of the mechanisms, sense series that allows many different and complex objects to determine the presence of a semantic connection and sense dependence between them.
Category: General Mathematics
[71] viXra:2010.0080 [pdf] replaced on 2020-12-02 10:51:14
Authors: Miroslav Josipović
Comments: 8 Pages.
This text is motivated by the desire to point out some more applications of geometric
algebra in physics. The presentation is simplified, and the reader is referred to the literature.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[70] viXra:2010.0079 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-11 14:37:58
Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych, Bezverkhniy Vitaliy Volodymyrovich.
Comments: 8 Pages.
Using the particle-wave dualism of microparticles and the Bohr model of the atom, it is strictly shown that the maximum number of chemical elements in the periodic table cannot be more than 137. Since, starting from element 138, the speed of a 1S-electron when moving around the nucleus of an atom must be higher than the speed light in a vacuum. Therefore, Feynmanium (Z=137) is the last chemical element. It was also shown that a decrease in the half-life of chemical elements correlates with an increase in the 1S-electron relativism.
Category: Chemistry
[69] viXra:2010.0078 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-11 11:02:47
Authors: David M. W. Powers
Comments: 11 Pages. Accepted and presented at ConZealand2020. Rejected by arXiv as not in scope.
The history of robotics is older than the invention and exploitation of robots. The term ‘robot’ came from the Czech and was first used in a play a century ago. The term ‘robotics’ and the ethical considerations captured by ‘The Three Laws of Robotics’ come from a SciFi author born a century ago. SF leads the way! Similarly, the idea of Artificial Intelligence as a thinking machine goes back to the earliest days of computing, and in this paper we follow some of the key ideas through the work of the pioneers in the field.
We’ve come a long way since then, but are we there yet? Could we now build a conscious sentient thinking computer? What would it be like? Will it take over the world?
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[68] viXra:2010.0077 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-11 11:15:54
Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 4 Pages. If you want to make me a comment you can write to me at juanmillaszgz@gmail.com
In this new nomenclature of operators, I show how it is possible to invent four new types of operators. I define some of their properties and I show a practical application solving theoretically the problem of how many primes there are less than a given number.
Category: Number Theory
[67] viXra:2010.0076 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-11 11:28:05
Authors: Fenton J. Doolan
Comments: 3 Pages.
This paper offers a possible explanation of the formation and disappearance of the 'spokes' in Saturn's ring. It is proposed that Saturn's rings consist of a small percentage of pyrolytic carbon which is highly diamagnetic and superconducting.
Category: Astrophysics
[66] viXra:2010.0075 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-11 11:34:56
Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 3 Pages.
This paper is about a pattern of primes.
Category: General Mathematics
[65] viXra:2010.0074 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-11 11:35:58
Authors: András Miklós
Comments: 19 Pages.
A simple physical model called gravino theory is presented in this paper to explain gravity. The theory is based on the following three fundamental assumptions: 1) the Universe is filled by extremely small particles that move with the speed of light and are weakly absorbed by the material; 2) this gravino gas emits very weak electromagnetic radiation; 3) the speed of light depends on the local drift velocity of the gravino gas. Consequences of the assumptions and interesting results obtained from the gravino theory are discussed in the paper.
Category: Classical Physics
[64] viXra:2010.0072 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-11 11:38:01
Authors: James R. Johnson
Comments: 18 Pages.
Since Einstein’s failure to define a Grand Unified Theory, physicists have pursued a comprehensive theory explaining nature, a Theory of Everything. But because General Relativity, Quantum Field Theory, and Cosmology have little in common, defining one theory is an imposing task having eluded the best scientists for ninety years. So are we close to defining a Theory of Everything? This analysis, after defining requirements (which must include initial conditions), identifies four possible options for a Theory of Everything. Quotes from prominent physicists express divergent views on each alternative.
The leading proposal for a Theory of Everything is String Theory, which has possible issues. It requires supersymmetry, has extra compacted dimensions, and is background-dependent. A second less comprehensive theory is Loop Quantum Gravity which emphases background-independence based on discrete quantum space. Explaining how theories define relationships between spacetime, quantum space, quantum time, and quantum gravity, positions the role of background-independence in proposed theories.
If super symmetry and extra dimensions are discovered, String Theory or a modified String Theory integrated with Loop Quantum Gravity, may be the option. Or, possibly a radically new theory might be developed. Or, as the last option considers, the answer to the question - Does a Theory of Everything exist? - may be no; if so, nature will always be a mystery.
Keywords: Theory of Everything, String Theory, Loop Quantum Gravity, General Relativity, Quantum Mechanics, Cosmology, Spacetime.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[63] viXra:2010.0071 [pdf] replaced on 2020-10-21 19:38:12
Authors: Sangwha Yi
Comments: 8 Pages.
In the Cosmological Special Relativity Theory, we study Maxwell equations, electromagnetic wave equation and function.
Category: Astrophysics
[62] viXra:2010.0070 [pdf] replaced on 2020-12-24 20:16:36
Authors: A. I. Andreus
Comments: 4 Pages. In Russian and English
The quintessence of J. Weber's barrel was the concept of isotopes and
the application of this concept with the concept and in its development.
On my website, I noted a benchmark at
https://www.andreuslab.com/index0000.htm#top028 about an excursion into
modern research on this topic, which since the time of G. Cavendish had a
long break and reminded of itself with the barrel of J. Weber, whose
departure , J. Weber, to other worlds coincided with the new fiction of
the mainstream.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[61] viXra:2010.0069 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-10 11:22:03
Authors: Vladimir Pastushenko
Comments: 16 Pages.
A single theory is not a theory of everything. These are unified equations for electromagnetic fields (Maxwell) and equations for gravitational fields. These are the unified equations of relativistic dynamics of the Special Theory of Relativity and quantum relativistic dynamics. These are the unified equations of the General Theory of Relativity and quantum gravity.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[60] viXra:2010.0068 [pdf] replaced on 2020-10-27 06:43:57
Authors: Gordon Stewart Watson
Comments: 3 Pages.
Bell’s theorem has been described as the most profound discovery of science. Let’s see.
Category: Quantum Physics
[59] viXra:2010.0067 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-10 11:46:12
Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 23 Pages. [Non-conforming header blocked by viXra Admin]
This article proposes a viral diffusion model (like Covid-19 pandemic) in the ordinary differential equations (ODE) and stochastic differential equations (SDE) framework. The classic models based on the logistic map are analyzed, and then a noise term is introduced that models the behavior of the so-called deniers. This model fairly faithfully reproduces the Italian situation in today’s period. We then move on to local analysis, arriving at an equation of continuity for what concerns the density of the number of infected in an assigned region. We, therefore, prove a Theorem according to which classical logistics is the most catastrophic of predictions. In a realistic scenario, it is necessary to take into account the inevitable fluctuations in the aforementioned
density. This implies a fragmentation of the initial cluster (generated by “patient zero”) into an N disjoint sub clusters. For very large N, statistical analysis suggests the use of the two-point correlation function (and more generally, n-points). In principle, an estimate of this function makes it possible to determine the evolution of the
pandemic. The distribution of the sub clusters could be fractal, exactly as it happens for the distribution of galaxies starting from a homogeneous and isotropic primordial universe, but with random fluctuations in matter density. This is not surprising, since due to the invariance in scale, fractals have a low “computational cost”. The idea that pandemics are cyclical processes, that is, they occur with a given periodicity, would therefore remain corroborated.
Category: Physics of Biology
[58] viXra:2010.0066 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-10 11:53:43
Authors: Donghui Wang
Comments: 2 Pages.
The author found a rule through experiments, that is, the speed of an object falling on the water surface is directly proportional to the diffusion rate of the water wave stirred up. This finding can help to obtain the sail speed of a specific target by measuring the diffusion rate of water wave.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[57] viXra:2010.0065 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-10 08:39:48
Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 3 Pages.
According to the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST), before the expansion of the Universe, almost all baryon matter was in the form of neutron black holes (NBHs) clustered in protogalaxies. Here, on the basis of the SST cosmology, we present the mechanism that caused most of the matter in NBHs to end up outside the Schwarzschild surfaces of the protogalaxies in the form of high-energy plasma. The main reason was the violent collisions of dark matter (DM) with NBHs that started the expansion of the Universe. The too high abundance of gold suggests that number of collisions of NBHs was much higher than it is assumed in mainstream cosmology. On the other hand, the inflow of dark energy has forced the galaxies to continue moving away from each other, but also to increase the size of the galaxies. It is a verbal description with references to mathematical techniques.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[56] viXra:2010.0064 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-10 12:46:00
Authors: José Salvador Ruiz Fargueta
Comments: 111 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin]
For Paul Dirac, physical laws had to be mathematically beautiful, he believed that the Universe is written in a mathematical language, necessarily, beautiful and elegant. The theory I describe in this book is still a simple set of unconfirmed formulas and hints. Beauty is noted in many of these indications, but this is not enough, of course, to take it as true. It has taken me from the fluctuations of quantum vacuum, through the fractals and the compacted dimensions, until the beginnings of our Universe.
Category: Quantum Physics
[55] viXra:2010.0063 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-09 12:55:25
Authors: Ricardo Gobato, Alireza Heidari, Abhijit Mitra, Marcia Regina Risso Gobato
Comments: 5 Pages.
Ae extratropical cyclone” is an at- mospheric phenomenon that occurs when there is a very rapid drop in central atmospheric pressure. This phenomenon, with its characteristic of rapidly lowering the pressure in its interior, generates very intense winds and for this reason it is called explosive cyclone, “cyclone
bomb” CB. It was determined the mathematical
equation of the shape of the extratropical cyclone, being in the shape of a spiral called "Cotes’s Spiral."
In the case of CB, which formed in the south of the
Atlantic Ocean, and passed through the south coast of Brazil in July 2020, causing great damages in several cities in the State of Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil. With gusts recorded of 116 km/h, atmospheric phenomenon – CB hit southern Brazil on June 30, the beginning of winter 2020, causing destruction in its influence over. In five hours the CB
traveled a distance of 257.48 km (159.99 miles), at an average speed of 51.496 km/h (31.998 miles/h) 27.81 knots, moved towards ENE, with a low pressure center of 986 mbar, 07:20 UTC, approximate location 35◦S 45◦W, and 5 hours after 12:20 UTC had already grown and had a low pressure center of 972 mbar, approximate location 34◦S 42◦30’W. The temperatures of the clouds and the surface
near the low pressure center of the CB. The temperature in the center of the CB is approximately 45◦C at 07:20 UTC, July 1, 2020. Five hours later, at 12:20 UTC, in the low pressure center of the CB, the temperature varies from 45◦C to -30◦C, indicating that the CB increases in size and further tapers
its core, sucking a great amount of steam to high altitudes of water where it condenses quickly.
Category: Climate Research
[54] viXra:2010.0062 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-09 12:57:04
Authors: Leonov N.N.
Comments: 15 Pages. English and russian texts
Magnetism exists in the form of an indissoluble unity with its material carrier at any level of organization of matter. Therefore, a magnetic vortex can be born, at any level, only together with its material vortex "body". Each free elementary object of any level, due to its tornado-like nature, continuously generates a jet stream, forcing it to constantly be in motion. Since many free elementary objects, the level of ether and smaller levels, are located in the Universe rather densely, the movement of these free objects, due to constant collisions, is chaotic. Because of this. local vortex funnels can appear at each level. Depending on the parameters of the movement of free elements, such a funnel can be unstable or stable. The unstable "seed" funnel disappears and disintegrates into chaotically moving elements. A stable "seed" funnel grows into a stable free elementary object of its level.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[53] viXra:2010.0061 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-09 20:00:31
Authors: Tim Xiao
Comments: 26 Pages.
This paper presents a new model for pricing OTC derivatives subject to collateralization. It allows for collateral posting adhering to bankruptcy laws. As such, the model can back out the market price of a collateralized contract. This framework is very useful for valuing outstanding derivatives. Using a unique dataset, we find empirical evidence that credit risk alone is not overly important in determining credit-related spreads. Only accounting for both collateral arrangement and credit risk can sufficiently explain unsecured credit costs. This finding suggests that failure to properly account for collateralization may result in significant mispricing of derivatives. We also empirically gauge the impact of collateral agreements on risk measurements. Our findings indicate that there are important interactions between market and credit risk.
Category: Social Science
[52] viXra:2010.0060 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-09 20:01:48
Authors: Eren Unlu
Comments: 5 Pages.
We propose an innovative, trivial yet effective unsupervised outlier detection algorithm called Auto-Encoder Transposed Permutation Importance Outlier Detector (ATPI), which is based on the fusion of two machine learning concepts, autoencoders and permutation importance. As unsupervised anomaly detection is a subjective task, where the accuracy of results can vary on the demand; we believe this kind of a novel framework has a great potential in this field.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[51] viXra:2010.0059 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-09 20:02:43
Authors: Eren Unlu
Comments: 5 Pages.
A recently proposed temporal correlation based network framework applied on financial markets called Structural Entropy has prompted us to utilize it as a means of analysis for COVID-19 fatalities across countries. Our observation on the resemblance of volatility of fluctuations of daily novel coronavirus related number of deaths to the daily stock exchange returns suggests the applicability of this approach.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms
[50] viXra:2010.0058 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-09 20:05:31
Authors: Alexander Bolonkin
Comments: 5 Pages.
The author explores a seemingly absurd idea: getting free traction in a stream of air or liquid. This seems to contradict the laws of conservation of energy and momentum. In fact, these laws are fully enforced. The peculiarity is that these laws apply to DIFFERENT masses. Everyone knows that you can get energy from a stream (wind turbines) and everyone knows that you can get thrust from energy (airplanes). The author examines the conditions under which the propeller thrust will be greater than the wind turbine resistance, i.e. we will get a positive thrust. This useful thrust can reach the value of the engine thrust during cruising flight, i.e. such a propeller aircraft will practically not consume fuel, can fly forever and will have an unlimited range. This is shown by the example of three propeller-driven aircraft: An-24 (medium passenger), An-22 (Antey, cargo), Tu-95 (military bomber). All that is required for this: slightly (0.2 – 0.5 m) increase the radius of the propeller and replace the propeller with an AB-propeller.
Category: Classical Physics
[49] viXra:2010.0057 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-09 20:04:37
Authors: Alexander Bolonkin
Comments: 5 Pages.
The article examines the use of new propeller wind engines for ground transport (small cars, bicycles, sailboats on skates, catamarans, sea vessels). It is shown that using rotary wind screw installations, it is possible to significantly improve the traction characteristics of wind engines and reduce their dependence on the wind direction. In particular, allow the vehicle to move along the highway strictly against the wind (which is impossible for sailing vehicles).
Category: Classical Physics
[48] viXra:2010.0056 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-09 20:12:28
Authors: Alexander Bolonkin
Comments: 5 Pages.
Автор исследует, казалось бы, на первый взгляд, абсурдную идею: получение бесплатной тяги в потоке воздуха или жидкости. Кажется, что это противоречит законам сохранения энергии и импульса. На самом деле эти законы полностью соблюдаются. Особенность в том, что эти законы применяются к РАЗНЫМ массам. Все знают, что из потока можно получить энергию (ветродвигатели) и все знают, что из энергии можно получить тягу (самолеты). Автор исследует условия, при которых тяга пропеллера будет больше, чем сопротивление ветродвигателя, т.е. мы получим положительную тягу. Эта полезная тяга может достигать величины тяги двигателя при крейсерском полете, т.е. такой винтовой самолет практически не будет расходовать топливо, может летать вечно и будет иметь неограниченную дальность полета. Это показано на примере трех винтовых самолетов: Ан-24 (средний пассажирский), Ан-22 (Антей, грузовой), Ту-95 (военный бомбардировщик). Все, что для этого требуется: несколько (0.2 – 0.5 м) увеличить радиус воздушного винта и заменить винт на АБ-пропеллер.
(The author explores a seemingly absurd idea: getting free traction in a stream of air or liquid. This seems to contradict the laws of conservation of energy and momentum. In fact, these laws are fully enforced. The peculiarity is that these laws apply to DIFFERENT masses. Everyone knows that energy can be obtained from the flow (wind turbines) and everyone knows that traction can be obtained from energy (airplanes). The author investigates the conditions under which the propeller thrust will be greater than the resistance of the wind turbine, i.e. we'll get positive traction. This useful thrust can be as high as the engine thrust during cruise flight, i.e. such a propeller-driven aircraft will practically not consume fuel, can fly forever, and will have unlimited flight range. This is shown by the example of three propeller driven aircraft: An-24 (medium passenger), An-22 (Antey, cargo), Tu-95 (military bomber). All that is required for this: slightly (0.2 - 0.5 m) increase the radius of the propeller and replace the propeller with an AB-propeller.)
Category: Classical Physics
[47] viXra:2010.0055 [pdf] replaced on 2022-12-30 01:27:31
Authors: Masahito Morimoto
Comments: 80pages. This paper is basically the compilation of related author's papers and supplement with the calculation of a single particle interference by geometrical phase described in chapter II and section E of Chapter IV.
In this paper, we propose an alternate interpretation of the quantum theory using objective physical reality that does not depend on the conventional probability interpretation.As typical physical phenomena for the probability interpretation, we consider the single-photon interference, single-electron interference, and EPR correlation experimentsusing photon polarization. For the calculation using the alternate interpretation, the minus sign derived from the covariant quantization of Maxwell’s equations,which is associated with the scalar potential of time axis component of four-vector, is taken as it is as an inevitable request from the theory. In addition, geometrical phaseis incorporated, which can be recognized as a kind of scalar potential. We show that both conventional and alternate interpretation derive the identical calculation resultsfor these single photon, single electron interference, and EPR correlation.These alternate calculation processes describe that there is a kind of scalar potential in whole space-time and when there is some geometrical arrangement in thespace, the scalar potential forms the oscillatory field of the potential according to the arrangement. It reveals the objective physical reality that the single-photon,single-electron interference, and EPR correlation are generated by the movement of the photons and electrons in the oscillatory field with interference.In addition, we show that the oscillatory field formation of the scalar potential depending on the geometrical arrangement causes energy fluctuation in the space,which enables removal of infinite zero-point energy and causes spontaneous symmetry breaking and Casimir effect. By recognizing the electromagnetic field as anunitary U(1) gauge field and generalizing it to a special unitary SU(2), we also show the uncharged particle, e.g. neutron, interferences are generated by the geometricalarrangement of the SU(2) gauge field or geometrical phase. Furthermore, we discuss the origin of the scalar potential by distinguishing the space where the substanceexists and the vacuum.Finally, by introducing the extended Lorentz gauge, we propose the alternate solution without physical state and subsidiary condition for the contradiction between Lorentz gauge as an operator equation and the commutation relation in the covariant canonical quantization of Maxwell’s equations with the conventional Lorentz gauge.This paper contains the compilation of published author’s papers cite{Morimoto1,Morimoto2} in addition to featured discussions such as the physical reality, uncharged particle interference,geometrical phase and alternate proposal for the contradiction between Lorentz gauge as an operator equation and commutation relation.
Category: Quantum Physics
[46] viXra:2010.0054 [pdf] replaced on 2020-10-10 19:13:06
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 4 Pages.
The purpose of this note is to draw attention to several open issues related to Penrose’s singularity theorem of 1965.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[45] viXra:2010.0051 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-08 19:51:26
Authors: Elijah David Dick
Comments: Language: English ; Length: 2,894 words ; Pages: 7 ; File Size: 146 kb
Perhaps the most important scientific debate is the one over whether or not we are alone in the universe. For hundreds of years, the question of alien life has been argued over because of its significance in our place in the universe as a species, but, unfortunately, there is virtually no way of determining the answer to this question without going out and searching every corner of the universe for aliens. In this paper, a cosmological hypothesis is proposed which is incompatible with alien life and is, therefore, either valuable for offering an answer to whether evolved aliens exist, or valuable for being falsifiable in the case that evolved alien life is discovered. This hypothesis supposes two premises: that there is a bubble multiverse and that quanta of mass have a multiversal probability of existing at the moment of each universe's big bang.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[44] viXra:2010.0050 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-07 19:13:47
Authors: Saburou Saitoh
Comments: 13 Pages.
In this paper, we will discuss the Laplace transform from the viewpoint of the division by zero calculus with typical examples. The images of the Laplace transform are analytic functions on some half complex plane and meanwhile, the division by zero calculus gives some values for isolated singular points of analytic functions. Then, how will be the Laplace transform at the isolated singular points? For this basic question, we will be able to obtain a new concept for the Laplace integral.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[43] viXra:2010.0049 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-08 08:33:09
Authors: D. Williams
Comments: 11 Pages.
A New Class of Sample Means are constructed that seem to better estimate Population Means, at least for some distributions.
Category: General Mathematics
[42] viXra:2010.0048 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-08 03:17:49
Authors: Ramzi Suleiman
Comments: 23 Pages.
Many founding fathers of science have underscored the importance of beauty in mathematical representations of natural phenomena and their connection with the beauty of the objects they represent. Paul Dirac, for example, believed that the beauty of a mathematical equation might be an indication that it describes a fundamental law of nature; that it is a feature of nature in that fundamental physical laws are typically described in terms of great beauty. However, despite the growing body of research on beauty in nature and in mathematical representations of natural phenomena, we are unaware of studies in physics and mathematics devoted to the objective beauty induced by motion, regardless of the aesthetic qualities of the moving body. We undertake this objective by focusing on the Doppler formula, which describes the shifts in wave frequencies caused by the motion of the wave's source relative to a human observer or receiver. We underscore the apparent beauty of the equation and uncover several fascinating golden and silver ratios of the base formula and its mathematical moments. Furthermore, we allude to existing applications of the Doppler Effect and golden ratio aesthetics in computer-generated music, and sonar image-detection technology. We also propose a similar usage in the rapidly developing applications of Wi-Fi and smartphones to sense human motion. We point to appearances of the Doppler formula and its moments in quantum physics and the relativity of information, and contemplate the possibility of a deeper level of physical reality.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[41] viXra:2010.0047 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-08 08:41:28
Authors: Franz Hermann
Comments: 15 Pages.
Данная работа являет собой новое направление в обширном геометрическом разделе, который носит название «Геометрические преобразования». Представление геометрического преобразования в виде векторной функции позволяет рассматривать некоторые вопросы, которые ранее здесь просто не могли бы даже возникнуть. Мы имеем ввиду прежде всего алгебру некоторых геометрических преобразований и формулы их композиций, которые позволяют построить новый математический аппарат в геометрии преобразований.
This work is a new direction in the extensive geometric section, which is called "Geometric transformations". The representation of a geometric transformation as a vector function allows us to consider some questions that previously could not even arise here. We mean first of all the algebra of certain geometric transformations and formulas of their compositions, which allow us to build a new mathematical apparatus in the geometry of transformations.
Category: Geometry
[40] viXra:2010.0046 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-08 08:42:24
Authors: Victor Christianto
Comments: 4 Pages. This paper has not been submitted elsewhere. Your comments are welcome.
A new paper by Germain Tobar et al. seem interesting, that they claim that reversible dynamics of CTC is possible without problems. We comment this paper by pointing out at least 4 issues that make this paper problematic, not only practically but also conceptually.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[39] viXra:2010.0045 [pdf] replaced on 2021-01-13 14:22:56
Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 14 Pages.
The probable etymology of the Russian word BACK is considered. The translation of article into English is enclosed.
Category: Linguistics
[38] viXra:2010.0044 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-08 08:45:14
Authors: R Dasgupta
Comments: 15 Pages.
Relativity of simultaneity is shown to limit the accuracy in simultaneous measurement of position and momentum of a moving body by an inertial observer. The inaccuracy or uncertainty product derived from special relativity theory is found to be similar to the much known quantum mechanical uncertainty relation. However, whether the above two uncertainty relations indicate the same physics is debatable and any conclusion is not attempted here. A modification of this relativistic uncertainty formula under gravitational field is achieved using general relativity principles, and a small gravitational correction term has to be introduced. This gravitational term being small remains negligible in ordinary conditions but becomes appreciable at small time scale.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[37] viXra:2010.0042 [pdf] replaced on 2020-10-12 08:06:02
Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 3 Pages.
According to the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST), in our Universe there are no interactions capable of destroying the core of baryons, so there are no black holes with a central singularity. Here, within SST, we formulated the theory of fusion of baryonic black holes. We described the signals GW190521 and GW150914.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[36] viXra:2010.0041 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-06 21:04:27
Authors: Simon WW Manley
Comments: 17 Pages.
Trimethyl phosphate provides a convenient heteronuclear system for experiments with low-cost Earth’s Field NMR equipment, illustrating J-coupling and its application in NMR quantum computing. While only the 1-H signal is readily acquired, both the 1-H and 31-P nuclear spins can be manipulated independently by B1 pulses
Category: Quantum Physics
[35] viXra:2010.0040 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-07 08:15:23
Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 3 Pages. Rejected by many top journals without review
The argument that a time-like interval separates any two human death cases. The upper limit on
average death velocity is calculated. A death in Mars future colony can falsify the result. Intermediator causally connects the events of death.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism
[34] viXra:2010.0039 [pdf] replaced on 2020-10-09 08:24:51
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 10 Pages.
Complex Ginzburg-Landau equation (CGLE) is a paradigm for the onset of chaos and turbulence in nonlinear dynamics of extended systems. Here we point out that the underlying connection between CGLE and the Navier-Stokes (NS) equation bridges the gap between fluid flows, on the one hand, and the mathematics of General Relativity (GR) and classical gauge theory, on the other. The analogy hints to a possible link between the transition from laminar to turbulent flows and the mass generation mechanism of quantum field theory (QFT).
Category: Mathematical Physics
[33] viXra:2010.0038 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-06 08:21:32
Authors: Andrei P. Kirilyuk
Comments: 9 Pages. 4 eqs, 14 refs; paper presented at the 2019-20 FQXi essay contest, https://fqxi.org/community/forum/topic/3473
The unreduced solution to the arbitrary interaction problem, absent in the standard theory framework, reveals many equally real and mutually incompatible system configurations, or "realizations". This is the essence of universal dynamic undecidability, or multivaluedness, and the ensuing causal randomness (unpredictability), non-computability, irreversible time flow (evolution, emergence), and dynamic complexity of every real system, object, or process. This creative undecidability of real-world dynamics provides causal explanations for "quantum mysteries", relativity postulates, cosmological problems, and the huge efficiency of high-complexity phenomena, such as life, intelligence, and consciousness, giving rise to extended applications, far beyond the critical limits of usual science paradigm.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[32] viXra:2010.0036 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-05 21:20:04
Authors: Mark Ridler
Comments: 5 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin - Author name must be on the article and Abstract same on both the submisison form and article]]
What if the predictions of the Dirac equation are right but the standard interpretation since 1934 has been only half right? This is a reference to the pioneering work of Don Hotson in “Dirac’s Equation and the sea of negative energy, Infinite Energy magazine, issues 43 and 44. Actually the sea is only one solution. We could do as well with a ratio of 50:50 positive to negative mass. What if the single “unified force” is very much single and still at work today, not just in the earliest moments of the universe? This is a reference to the work by [the author] which unifies gravity and electromagnetism at the quantum level[....] What if Dark Matter and Dark Energy are both derived from superfluid negative mass?
Category: Astrophysics
[31] viXra:2010.0035 [pdf] replaced on 2020-12-31 04:59:56
Authors: Pranjal Jain
Comments: 7 Pages.
The aim of this paper is to generalize problem 3 of the 2019 PROMYS exam, which asks to show that the last 10 digits (in base 10) of t_n are same for all n >= 10, where t_0 = 3 and t_(k+1) = 3^(t_k). The generalization shows that given any positive odd integer p, t_m is congruent to t_n modulo [(p^2)+1]^n for all m >= n >= 1, where t_0 = p and t_(k+1) = p^(t_k)
Category: Number Theory
[30] viXra:2010.0032 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-05 21:22:17
Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 3 Pages. This submission grants viXra.org a non-exclusive license to distribute the article. I certify that the submitter has the right to grant this license. Revocability would be only if preprint removal were a condition for final publication.
In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model.
The presence of a matter obstacle or shield on the path of the entangled virtual photons may be understood as weakening the gravity perceived beyond or within by a test particle. It is an incorrect conclusion. The potential energy (momentum 4-vector) of the shield and the shield acting a new source ensure that gravity perceived by the test particle is unaffected (other than by the additional contributions due to the proper gravity of the shield).
In a multi-fold universe, Faraday cages do not weaken gravity!
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[29] viXra:2010.0031 [pdf] replaced on 2020-10-09 09:12:04
Authors: Jean-max Coranson-Beaudu
Comments: 3 Pages.
Riemann's hypothesis ([1],[2],[3],[6]) , formulated in 1859, concerns the location of the zeros of Riemann's Zeta function. The history of the Riemann Hypothesis is well known. In 1859, the German mathematician B. Riemann presented a paper to the Berlin Academy of Mathematic. In that paper, he proposed that this function, called Riemann-zeta function takes values 0 on the complex plane when s=0.5+it . This hypothesis has great significance for the world of mathematics and physics.([4]) This solutions would lead to innumerable completions of theorems that rely upon its truth. Over a billion zeros of the function have been calculated by computers and shown that all are on this line s = 0.5+it. In this paper we show that Riemann's function (xi) ��, involving the Riemann’s (zeta) �� function, is holomorphic and is expressed as an infinite polynom product in relation to their zeros and their conjugates.([5],[7]) By applying the functional equation of symmetry
��(1 − ��) = ��(��) , we deduce a relation between each zero of the function �� and its conjugate. We obtain the searched result: the real part of all zeros is equal to 1/2.
Category: Number Theory
[28] viXra:2010.0030 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-05 11:12:10
Authors: Aaron Chau
Comments: 6 Pages.
In order to achieve better results in real estate investment and environmental protection planning, and also in order to have an eternal commercial building landmark to load our era into the history ; so such is human nature that kings, prime ministers, presidents, and chairpersons in different political systems , party committee secretaries and investors, they all hope to build an eternal commercial landmark in their country. However, where does the concept of eternal in the design diagram of this eternal landmark come from?
Category: Economics and Finance
[27] viXra:2010.0028 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-05 11:44:07
Authors: Franz Hermann
Comments: 33 Pages.
Сегодня практически в любом учебнике по аналитической геометрии есть раздел, посвящённый коническим сечениям. Великий математик древности Евклид когда-то написал сочинение «Начала конических сечений» (к сожалению до нас не дошедшее). Другой великий математик древности Аполлоний Пергский главный труд своей жизни так и озаглавил «Конические сечения». До наших дней сохранились семь из восьми книг этого сочинения. Вопрос конических сечений – кривых второго порядка – с древних времён интересовал человечество. И вопрос этот окончательно не закрыт до сих пор (например, некоторые особенности задачи Аполлония). В настоящей работе мы познакомим читателя с ещё одним взглядом на вопрос конических сечений, который мы назвали «Введение в теорию касательных сфер».
Today, almost every textbook on analytic geometry has a section on conical sections. The great mathematician of antiquity Euclid once wrote the essay "Beginnings of Conical Sections" (unfortunately not extant). Another great mathematician of antiquity, Apollonius of Perga, titled the main work of his life "Conical sections". Seven of the eight books of this work have survived to this day. The question of conical sections - curves of the second order - has been of interest to mankind since ancient times. And this question has not yet been completely closed (for example, some features of the Apollonius problem). In this paper, we will acquaint the reader with another look at the issue of conic sections, which we called "Introduction to the theory of tangent spheres".
Category: Geometry
[26] viXra:2010.0027 [pdf] replaced on 2022-03-03 15:22:07
Authors: Azam Javid
Comments: 2 Pages.
At the beginning of the 20th century Albert Einstein developed the special and general theory of
relativity and thus solved contradictions in classical physics. For example that the speed of light is
finite[1]. The theory of relativity is widely accepted. In the following, the length contraction and time
dilation of special relativity are defined angle dependent with the angle. Moreover the gravitational
time dilation and the gravitational length contradiction of general relativity are rewritten with an
angle. The angles are associated in a fixed circle with the kinetic and potential energy of an object
in a gravitational potential.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[25] viXra:2010.0026 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-04 16:06:00
Authors: Saburou Saitoh
Comments: Pages. **
From the viewpoint of the philosophy of mathematics, we would like to introduce our recent results on the division by zero that has a long and mysterious history.
Category: General Mathematics
[24] viXra:2010.0025 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-03 22:14:16
Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 95 Pages.
World – Universe Model is based on three primary assumptions:
1) The World is finite and is expanding inside the Universe with speed equal to the electrodynamic constant c. The Universe serves as an unlimited source of energy that continuously enters into the World from the boundary.
2) Medium of the World, consisting of protons, electrons, photons, neutrinos, and dark matter particles, is an active agent in all physical phenomena in the World.
3) Two fundamental parameters in various rational exponents define all macro and micro features of the World: Fine-Structure Constant α, and dimensionless quantity Q. While α is constant, Q increases with time, and is in fact a measure of the size and the age of the World.
The World – Universe Model explains experimental data accumulated in the field of Cosmology over the last decades: the size and age of the World; critical energy density and the gravitational parameter; temperatures of the cosmic microwave background radiation and black body radiation of cosmic dust; fractal structure of the World and its evolution; observed expansion of the World and cosmological redshift. Additionally, the Model makes predictions pertaining to masses of dark matter particles, photons, axions, and neutrinos; proposes new types of particle interactions (Super Weak and Extremely Weak) and the fundamental physical parameters of the World; gives a new “low density small white dwarf” model of Ball Lightning and dineutrino model of Extreme Ball Lightning based on super weak interaction; explains “Pioneer Anomaly”; and resolves paradoxes like “Matter – Antimatter Asymmetry” and “Faint Young Sun”. The Model proposes to introduce a new fundamental parameter Q in the CODATA internationally recommended values for calculating time dependent parameters of the World.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[23] viXra:2010.0024 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-03 22:16:52
Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 69 Pages.
5D Space-Time-Energy World – Universe Model is a unified model of the World built around the concept of Medium, composed of massive particles (protons, electrons, photons, neutrinos, and dark matter particles). The Model provides a mathematical framework that enables precise calculation of Medium-bound physical parameters: Hubble’s parameter, intergalactic plasma parameters, temperature of microwave background radiation and the rest mass of photons. This paper aligns the World – Universe Model (WUM) with the theoretical framework developed by Prof. P. S. Wesson, albeit assigning a new physical meaning to the fifth coordinate. In the World – Universe Model, the fifth dimension is associated with the total energy of the Medium of the World, and the gravitomagnetic parameter of the Medium serves as the dimension-transposing parameter.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[22] viXra:2010.0023 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-03 22:19:23
Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 108 Pages.
This paper provides an overview of the Hypersphere World – Universe Model (WUM). WUM unifies and simplifies existing cosmological models and results into a single coherent picture, and proceeds to discuss the origin, evolution, structure, ultimate fate, and primary parameters of the World. WUM explains the experimental data accumulated in the field of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics over the last decades: the age of the World and critical energy density; the gravitational parameter and Hubble’s parameter; temperatures of the cosmic microwave background radiation and the peak of the far-infrared background radiation; gamma-ray background and cosmic neutrino background; macrostructure of the World and macroobjects structure. Additionally, the Model makes predictions pertaining to masses of dark matter particles, photons, and neutrinos; proposes new types of particle interactions (Super Weak and Extremely Weak); shows inter-connectivity of primary cosmological parameters of the World and the rise of the solar luminosity during the last 4.6 Byr. The Model proposes to introduce a new fundamental parameter Q in the CODATA internationally recommended values.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[21] viXra:2010.0022 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-03 22:28:20
Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 123 Pages.
The most widely accepted model of Solar System formation, known as the Nebular hypothesis, does not solve the Angular Momentum problem – why is the orbital momentum of Jupiter larger than rotational momentum of the Sun? The present manuscript introduces a Rotational Fission model of creation and evolution of Macrostructures of the World (Superclusters, Galaxies, Extrasolar Systems), based on Overspinning Cores of the World’s Macroobjects, and the Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum. The Hypersphere World-Universe model is the only cosmological model in existence that is consistent with this Fundamental Law. This article proposes an explanation for High-Energy Atmospheric phenomena through the frames of Hypersphere World – Universe Model (WUM). In WUM, Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes (TGFs) are, in fact, Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs). The spectra of TGFs at very high energies are explained by Dark Matter particles annihilation in Geocorona. Lightning initiation problem is solved by GRBs that slam into thunderclouds and carve a conductive path through a thunderstorm. We introduce Multiworld consisting of Macro-World, Large-World, Small-World, and Micro-World, characterized by suggested Gravitational, Extremely-Weak, Super-Weak, and Weak interaction respectively. We propose a new model of Ball Lightning formation based on the Dark Matter Core surrounded by electron-positron plasma in the Small-World.
This manuscript provides a comparison of the Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) with the prevailing Big Bang Model (BBM) of the Standard Cosmology. The performed analysis of BBM shows that the Four Pillars of the Standard Cosmology are model-dependent and not strong enough to support the model. The angular momentum problem is one of the most critical problems in BBM. Standard Cosmology cannot explain how Galaxies and Extra Solar systems obtained their substantial orbital and rotational angular momenta, and why the orbital momentum of Jupiter is considerably larger than the rotational momentum of the Sun. WUM is the only cosmological model in existence that is consistent with the Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum. To be consistent with this Fundamental Law, WUM discusses in detail the Beginning of the World. The Model introduces Dark Epoch (spanning from the Beginning of the World for 0.4 billion years) when only Dark Matter Particles (DMPs) existed, and Luminous Epoch (ever since for 13.8 billion years). Big Bang discussed in Standard Cosmology is, in our view, transition from Dark Epoch to Luminous Epoch due to Rotational Fission of Overspinning Dark Matter (DM) Supercluster’s Cores. WUM envisions Matter carried from the Universe into the World from the fourth spatial dimension by DMPs. Ordinary Matter is a byproduct of DM annihilation. WUM solves a number of physical problems in contemporary Cosmology and Astrophysics through DMPs and their interactions: Angular Momentum problem in birth and subsequent evolution of Galaxies and Extrasolar systems—how do they obtain it; Fermi Bubbles—two large structures in gamma-rays and X-rays above and below Galactic center; Diversity of Gravitationally-Rounded Objects in Solar system; some problems in Solar and Geophysics [1]. WUM reveals Inter-Connectivity of Primary Cosmological Parameters and calculates their values, which are in good agreement with the latest results of their measurements.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[20] viXra:2010.0021 [pdf] replaced on 2020-10-04 07:53:08
Authors: Alexa Renner
Comments: 5 Pages.
I wanted to find a postulate that was easier and faster than L’Hospital’s rule for solving limits because it is often extremely challenging to solve these limits with existing
ideas. This is a postulate that succeeds in making it easier to solve these limits. I wanted to prove this postulate so that it could become a recognized part of Mathematics as we understand it. This can not only be useful to anyone who needs to deal with limits (think electricians with AC current) but also useful to those who will prove new concepts in Calculus with this postulate. I am using the restrictions of L’Hospital’s rule. This postulate should be used because it is easier and faster to use than L’Hospital’s rule and Trigonometric identities. It also lends itself to proving other arguments very well. It is also faster than existing methods and mathematically sound, as I will prove. This proof has explanations at each step.
Category: General Mathematics
[19] viXra:2010.0020 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-04 11:41:19
Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 8 Pages. In French.
In this paper, we present the calculus of astronomic latitude and longitude determined by astronomic observations method called "equal height". We give also the standard deviation of each unknowns.
Category: Geophysics
[18] viXra:2010.0019 [pdf] replaced on 2020-10-08 19:46:01
Authors: Jorma Jormakka
Comments: 19 Pages. This is the submitted version of the paper.
The paper proves the Riemann Hypothesis. Zeros and the pole of the Riemann zeta function zeta(s)
correspond to simple poles of f(s), the derivative of the logarithm of zeta(s). In Re{s}>1 the function f(s) has an absolutely convergent sum expression with negatively exponential terms. When the Taylor series of f(s) is evaluated
at a point (l,0), l>>1, the absolute values of the coefficients of the Taylor series decrease in a negatively exponential manner when l increases. The function f(s) has simple poles in the area Re{s}<1. The pole gives the function r/(s-s_k), which can be evaluated into a Taylor series at (l,0). The coefficients of the Taylor series of the pole decrease as 1/l as a function of l. This implies that in the sum of all poles of f(s) poles must cancel other poles so that the negatively exponential behavior of the coefficients of the Taylor series dominates. The function of x=1/l arising from the pole -1/(s-1) at s=1 is -x/(1-x). The poles of f(s) at even negative integers give the function -xC. These two negative functions cannot cancel poles s_k that are on the x-axis and 0
Category: Number Theory
[17] viXra:2010.0018 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-03 19:08:08
Authors: Richard L. Marker
Comments: 3 Pages.
Gravitational time dilation can be expressed as a function of the gravitational acceleration caused by a central mass. The function in this form coincides with the usual view that gravity causes time dilation. This paper develops a companion function that expresses local gravitational acceleration as the gradient of local time dilation. The function in this form coincides with the view that the gradient of time dilation causes gravity. This view reverses the usual cause and effect association. The relationship between gravity and time dilation normally uses a hypothetical far distant reference clock. The removal of this linkage to a distant reference clock may help facilitate consideration of theoretical modifications to Newtonian gravity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[16] viXra:2010.0017 [pdf] replaced on 2021-11-16 15:26:27
Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 14 Pages.
The dependence of modern Physics on the works of Einstein as per his Special and General Relativity is without question, as such works pioneered the explanation of light as a massless particle, the photon, using the Equivalence Principle of inertial and gravitational mass, in the context of describing the then known phenomena of the redshift of light, the Perihelion of Mercury, and the deflection of light around a massive body, together with accounting for four key phenomena, only theorised to exist at the time, namely the gravitational redshift of light, the mass-based frame-dragging of space-time, Black Holes, and Gravitational Waves. This paper measures the success of Einstein’s theoretic devices, and why it seems Relativity Theory has failed to form a suitable bridging understanding between light and mass, between EM and gravity. A solution to the theoretic limitations of Einstein’s Relativity Theory is then proposed in the form of Temporal Calculus.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[15] viXra:2010.0016 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-03 11:53:28
Authors: Vladimir I. Rogozhin
Comments: 9 Pages. FQXi Essay Contest entry 2018
The present crisis of foundations in Fundamental Science is manifested as a comprehensive conceptual crisis, crisis of understanding, crisis of interpretation and representation, crisis of methodology, loss of certainty. Fundamental Science "rested" on the understanding of matter, space, nature of the "laws of nature", fundamental constants, number, time, information, consciousness. The question "What is fundametal?" pushes the mind to other questions → Is Fundamental Science fundamental? → What is the most fundamental in the Universum?.. Physics, do not be afraid of Metaphysics! Levels of fundamentality. The problem №1 of Fundamental Science is the ontological justification (basification) of mathematics. To understand is to "grasp" Structure ("La Structure mère"). Key ontological ideas for emerging from the crisis of understanding: total unification of matter across all levels of the Universum, one ontological superaxiom, one ontological superprinciple. The ontological construction method of the knowledge basis (framework, carcass, foundation). The triune (absolute, ontological) space of eternal generation of new structures and meanings. Super concept of the scientific world picture of the Information era - Ontological (structural, cosmic) memory as "soul of matter", measure of the Universum being as the holistic generating process. The result of the ontological construction of the knowledge basis: primordial (absolute) generating structure is the most fundamental in the Universum.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics
[14] viXra:2010.0015 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-03 11:34:26
Authors: Vladimir I. Rogozhin
Comments: 9 Pages. FQXi Essay Contest entry 2020
Fundamental Science is undergoing an acute conceptual-paradigmatic crisis of philosophical foundations, manifested as a crisis of understanding, crisis of interpretation and representation, “loss of certainty”, “trouble with physics”, and a methodological crisis. Fundamental Science rested in the "first-beginning", "first-structure", in "cogito ergo sum". The modern crisis is not only a crisis of the philosophical foundations of Fundamental Science, but there is a comprehensive crisis of knowledge, transforming by the beginning of the 21st century into a planetary existential crisis, which has exacerbated the question of the existence of Humanity and life on Earth. Due to the unsolved problem of justification of Mathematics, paradigm problems in Computational mathematics have arisen. It's time to return ↔ Into Dialectics. The solution to the problem of the foundations of Mathematics, and therefore knowledge in general, is the solution to the problem of modeling (constructing) the ontological basis of knowledge - the ontological model of the primordial generating process. The idea and model of the primordial generating process, its ontological structure directs thinking to the need for the introduction of superconcept → ontological (cosmic, structural) memory, concept-attractor, supercategory, substantial semantic core of the scientific picture of the world of the nuclear-ecological-information age. Model of basic Ideality→ “Space-MatterMemory-Time” [S-MM-T].
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics
[13] viXra:2010.0014 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-03 11:35:49
Authors: Vladimir I. Rogozhin
Comments: 14 Pages. Essay for The "New Shape Prtize" Contest of the Global Challenges Foundation 2017
The conceptual model of United Nations reform - "UN 3.0" includes the General Program of Action on UN Reform, consisting of two stages. The first stage envisages the transformation of the main organs of the UN - the General Assembly and the Security Council with measures to improve the effectiveness of the management system, address the "veto problem", problem of financing, improve staff work and administrative and financial control, strengthen UN media, improvement of work with the Global Civil Society.
Category: Social Science
[12] viXra:2010.0013 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-03 11:48:28
Authors: Vladimir I. Rogozhin
Comments: 4 Pages. Development of ideas on UN reform presented in the essay "United Humanity: from "UN 2.0" to "UN 3.0" The conceptual model of the United Nations for the XXI century" (2017)
From year to year some of us, people of planet Earth, Earthlings, attacks intensify on the veto right in the UN Security Council. They consciously or unconsciously ignore its metaphisical, ontological and existential statuses established in 1945 by the founders of the United Nations as a result of the multimillion sacrificial struggle of all Humanity against nazism. Perhaps this is due to a misunderstanding of the metaphysics of international relations, the enduring existential significance of the veto for the viability of the entire UN system in the nuclear-ecological information era, or because of the veiled, formal-procedural veto status enshrined in the UN Charter. The authors of the attacks substantiate their conclusions by the "non-democracy", "ineffectiveness" of the UN Security Council, "unfair privileges" of the five permanent members of the Security Council ("P1945"), a significant increase in the number of UN member states after 1945, the fate of the League of Nations, "geopolitical realities". According to the attackers, the veto in the UN Security Council makes the decision-making process "unequal and abortive", which does not contribute to maintaining peace and preventing civil wars, genocide, violation of human rights and aggression in international relations. Some politicians and experts propose not only to limit the veto right of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, but to completely deprive them of this right, which, as we know, are nuclear powers and bear the main responsibility for international security, the preservation of peace and life itself on planet Earth. Taking into account 75-years experience in the use of the veto right in the UN Security Council, with the aim of strengthening the historical, metaphysical, existential and procedural-legal significance of the veto right, its fundamental role in resolving the most complex international problems in the context of the constantly increasing threats and risks of our times during the reform of the UN Security Council with the increased number of members of the Security Council, the UN Charter must establish two essential levels of the veto right: 1. Absolute (unconditional, eternal) veto — "VETO1945": 2. Conditional (limited) veto.
Category: Social Science
[11] viXra:2010.0012 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-03 11:50:43
Authors: Vladimir I. Rogozhin
Comments: 6 Pages. Development of ideas on UN reform presented in the essay "United Humanity: from "UN 2.0" to "UN 3.0" The conceptual model of the United Nations for the XXI century" (2017)
The reform of the United Nations Organization is realized by us, Earthlings, the need to take deeply thought-out steps towards a constructive transition to a system of global governance of the highest level of democracy, efficiency and certainty, as a result of the wide participation of the Open Global Civil Society in the international political process, towards building a global security minimization of existential threats and risks, increasing the responsibility of politicians and peoples for preserving life in our common home - Mother Earth, achieving the good for all of Humanity: the transition from "UN 2.0" to "UN 3.0" - the United Nations of the XXI century, to the architecture of a Sustainable LifeWorld Governance: "UNO-Сentric multipolar multilaterality".
Category: Social Science
[10] viXra:2010.0011 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-03 13:04:00
Authors: Rachid ELAÏDI
Comments: 470 Pages. Written in French
This document contains the author's selected work on the implications of deep Arab states in the
process of regional wars Algeria vs Morocco, Egypt vs Sudan (implications des Etats profonds arabes dans le processus des guerres régionales Algérie vs Maroc,Egypte vs Soudan).
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[9] viXra:2010.0010 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-03 12:47:20
Authors: Stephane H Maes
Comments: 8 Pages. This submission grants viXra.org a non-exclusive license to distribute the article. I certify that the submitter has the right to grant this license. Revocability would be only if preprint removal were a condition for final publication.
In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model.
All these phenomena result from the observation that attractive gravity-like potentials appear in spacetime between entangled systems, because of the mechanisms proposed in a multi-fold universe to address the EPR paradox. An immediate implication, and opportunity to validate or falsify the model, is that gravity-like effects and fluctuation are predicted to appear between, around or near entangled systems; we just need check if this is encountered in the real world.
This paper discuss situations where attraction due to entanglement, and hence gravity like effects or fluctuations, could be encountered. For example, within or near quantum matter like superconductors or (Bose Einstein Condensates) BECs or within Qubits. One could argue that some indications exist that some of these effects could already have already been observed. We are really seeking falsifiability or validation opportunities for the multi-fold mechanisms. Early considerations are encouraging.
Discussing some related experiments led us to also address how shielding is correctly modeled with multi-fold mechanisms: Faraday cages do not weaken gravity!
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[8] viXra:2010.0009 [pdf] replaced on 2021-07-20 22:18:56
Authors: Udo E. Steinemann
Comments: 18 Pages.
If a variable is replace by its square and subsequently enlarged by a constant during a number of iteration-steps in quaternion-space, a network of (3) sets will be built gradually. As long as for the iteration-constant certain conditions are fulfilled, the network will consist of: an unbounded set (escape-set) with trajectories escaping to infinity during course of the iteration, a bounded set (prisoner-set) with trajectories tending to a sink-point and a further bounded one (JULIA-set) with a fixed-point as repeller having a repulsive effect on all points of both the other sets. The iteration will continue until the attracting sink-point of prisoner-set and the repelling fixed-point on JULIA-set have been found. This situation is reached if predecessor- and successor-state of the iteration became equal. The fixed-point-condition provisionally formulated in general terms of quaternions, can be separated into (3) sub-conditions. When heeding the HAMILTONian-rules for interactions of the imaginary sub-spaces of the quaternion-space, each sub-condition will be appropriate for one imaginary sub-spaces and independently debatable. Knowledge of fixed-points from this fundamental network will one enable to study the structure of a connected JULIA-set.
The Iteration will start from (1) on real-axis, this is not a restriction on generality because an appropriate scaling on real-axis can always be archived this way. It will become obvious, that the fixed-points in prisoner- and JULIA-set will depend on the iteration-constant only. Thus (16) different constants chosen appropriately will enable to arrange (16) fixed-points of JULIA-sets in the square-points of a hyper-cube and thereby together with the JULIA-sets to built a related JULIA-network. The symmetry-properties of this related JULIA-network can be studied on base of a hyper-cube's symmetry-group extended by some additional considerations.
Category: Set Theory and Logic
[7] viXra:2010.0008 [pdf] replaced on 2020-10-19 09:51:22
Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: Pages.
In this paper, we consider the abc conjecture. We give some progress in the proof of the conjecture c<rad^2(abc) in the case c=a+1.
Category: Number Theory
[6] viXra:2010.0007 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-01 11:31:57
Authors: Kenneth Ramsey
Comments: 3 Pages.
A system, using only renewable energy, is described. A pipeline filters and heats the seawater, using solar energy. The water travels along the pipeline and condenses to deliver fresh water.
Category: Climate Research
[5] viXra:2010.0005 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-01 16:56:23
Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 14 Pages.
Popular cosmological models of the universe fail to
properly embrace the multiverse. Because conventional
theories and direct visible evidence are very scant for the
multiverse, that does not invalidate an elegant version.
Supermassive black holes, as well as smaller black holes,
and even such phenomena as red dwarfs, support by
their very existence the multiversal paradigm.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4] viXra:2010.0004 [pdf] replaced on 2021-06-08 19:36:31
Authors: Arthur W. Draut
Comments: 22 Pages.
The traditional definition of the twin prime conjecture is that there is an infinite number of
twin primes. The traditional definition of a twin prime is a pair of primes separated by one
even number, e.g., 29 and 31. We expand this definition and prove the infinitude of two types
of twin primes.
Our primary vehicle for proving the twin prime conjecture is a structure that we call Eratos-
thenes’ Patterns, which are created by Eratosthenes’ Sieve. First, we describe Eratosthenes’
Sieve, then we describe Eratosthenes’ Patterns, then we give the proof.
The essence of our proof is to show that the number of prime twins between pn and p2
n approaches
infinity as n approaches infinity.
Category: Number Theory
[3] viXra:2010.0003 [pdf] replaced on 2020-10-08 10:39:35
Authors: Alfredo Dimas Moreira Garcia
Comments: 172 Pages.
ABSTRACT
The Special Theory of Relativity takes us to two results that presently are considered “inexplicable” to many renowned scientists, to know:
-The dilatation of time, and
-The contraction of the Lorentz Length.
The solution to these have driven the author to the development of the Undulating Relativity (UR) theory, where the Temporal variation is due to the differences on the route of the light propagation and the lengths are constants between two landmarks in uniform relative movement.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[2] viXra:2010.0002 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-01 10:42:20
Authors: Arturo Tozzi
Comments: 9 Pages.
Physical and biological phenomena are often portrayed in terms of random walks, white noise, Markov paths, stochastic trajectories with subsequent symmetry breaks. Here we show that this approach from dynamical systems theory is not
profitable when random walks occur in phase spaces of dimensions higher than two. The more the dimensions, the more the (seemingly) stochastic paths are constrained, because their trajectories cannot resume to the starting point. This means that high-dimensional tracks, ubiquitous in real world physical/biological phenomena, cannot be
operationally treated in terms of closed paths, symplectic manifolds, Betti numbers, Jordan theorem, topological vortexes. This also means that memoryless events disconnected from the past such as Markov chains cannot exist in high dimensions. Once expunged the operational role of random walks in the assessment of experimental phenomena, we take aim to somewhat “redeem” stochasticity. We suggest two methodological accounts alternative to random walks that partially rescue the operational role of white noise and Markov chains. The first option is to assess multidimensional systems in lower dimensions, the second option is to establish a different role for random walks. We diffusely describe the two alternatives and provide heterogeneous examples from boosting chemistry, tunneling nanotubes, backward entropy, chaotic attractors.
Category: Statistics
[1] viXra:2010.0001 [pdf] submitted on 2020-10-01 10:54:46
Authors: Berkouk Mohamed
Comments: 11 Pages.
J’avais trouvé dans le Coran des sourates dont le thème explicite dans des Ayats précises a trait à la notion du temps relatif qui dépasse de loin ce qu’on ne peut imaginer , il aura fallu attendre le début du vingtième siècle de notre aire pour que cette notion soit reprise par Poincaré , Lorenz et Einstein , pour que soit enfin , vérifié théoriquement et expérimentalement la relativité de l’espace- temps . c’est alors que j’ai essayé d’appliquer ces données à ces Ayats en vue de déterminer à quelle vitesse s’est déroulée l’évènement propre dans chaque sourate , et d’essayer d’explorer les caractéristiques du référentiel dont Allah (SA), seul , avait décidé qu’il se déroule ainsi .
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
| Third-Party Links: |
|