All Submission Categories

Scalar Theory of Everything (STOE) Unites the Big, the Small, and the Four Forces (GUT) by Extending Newton's Model

Authors: John Hodge
Comments: 13 Pages.

Newton established a major physics advance which was confirmed by predicting the late return of Halley's comet. Newton identified three characteristics of bodies that have been identified as three characteristics of ``mass''. Physics theory restarting from Newton's speculations and then describing the experiments of the 19th and 20th centuries results in a model of the big, the small, and the four forces (GUT) - the Scalar Theory of Everything (STOE).
Category: Classical Physics

Inertial Symmetry Axiom Theory

Authors: Huhnkie Lee
Comments: 40 Pages. Some typographical errors were corrected and a footnote was added.

The incompatibility between Galilean Inertia and Einsteinian Special Relativity is discussed. Arguments are made in favor of Galilean assumptions. Assuming Galilean propositions are true, a disproof of Einsteinian Special Relativity Theory is presented.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

String Types

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 5 Pages.

Strings in various forms are, within physics, elements of cohesion and confusion. String Theory is the 20th century’s best mathematical effort to create a Theory of Everything. It has failed. An elegant model of strings has now emerged. This thesis highlights elements of the correct paradigm.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Clique Problem with Collaborative Variables (P=NP)

Authors: John Archie Gillis
Comments: 15 Pages.

The present paper provides a novel approach to solving the clique problem(s). The present methods will work for any clique problem, including those which are determined to be NP-Complete. Determining other cliques, such as cliques of a fixed size (k=3, k=4, etc.) is trivial by comparison but will also be described. The author provides a means for greatly reducing the time that it will take a computer (or human) to solve for: 1. Maximum clique (a clique with the largest possible number of vertices), 2. Listing all maximal cliques (cliques that cannot be enlarged), and 3. Solving the decision problem of testing whether a graph contains a clique larger than a given size. To solve the clique problem, the author feels that we must completely discard previous graphing methods and start from scratch with his new and novel strategy.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

The Field of Q-Adic Numbers

Authors: Antoine Balan
Comments: 1 Page. Written in french

Here is defined a field like the p-adic numbers. The new field is called the field of q-adic numbers and depends only of $q=p^n$.
Category: Number Theory

Cabibbo Angle from the Nonlinear Dynamics of Quark Currents

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 4 Pages.

Our earlier work has tentatively shown that the hierarchy of fermion masses and mixing angles follows from the universal behavior of nonlinear dynamics. In this brief sequel we survey a similar scenario in which the Cabibbo angle arises from the nonlinear dynamics of charged-current interactions.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Hyperkeystone Species

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 5 Pages.

There are species, keystone species, and umbrella species. There are also hyperkeystone species. In nature things are seldom what they may appear to be. Such things as ants, termites, mosquitos, and a vast number of microbial and fungal species are much more critical to the natural world. We humans have now elevated ourselves to the status of hyperkeystone species, where our global dysfunctions now perilously outweigh our functions.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

On Chowla's Conjecture

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this paper, using the area method, we establish Chowla's conjecture concerning the two point correlation of the Liouville function.
Category: Number Theory

Strings, Curves and Consciousness

Authors: John Peel
Comments: 2 Pages. Furthering past papers.

Here the author discusses the relationship between strings and consciousness, using the average of a function which is the probability applied to the function itself. Shape is self -evident and this relates to shapes (curves) being processors in their very geometry.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Neuro-Amorphic Function

Authors: Egger Mielberg
Comments: 15 Pages.

As a good try, we took liberty for formula derivation that would allow describing many physical phenomena. In Nature, we face many situations when a single magnitude is a reason for drastic changes in the whole physical process. A single flexible instrument for describing processes of any kind would help a lot. We propose a function for generating mathematical models for a process behavior. We introduce special parameters that will help researchers find an acceptable solution for their tasks. The Dynamics coefficient, as well as dynamic function, is crucial for graph change. It can be used for the dynamic corrections of the whole physical process.
Category: Functions and Analysis

About the Derivation of a Sequence of Real Numbers

Authors: Antoine Balan
Comments: 2 Pages. In french

Here is defined the derivation of a sequence of real numbers with help of a basis for the integers.
Category: Number Theory

Аналитическая теория поверхностей Мёбиуса (Analytical Theory of Möbius Surfaces)

Authors: Franz Hermann
Comments: 30 Pages.

Все конечно знают, что такое лист Мёбиуса. Берётся прямоугольная полоска бумаги достаточной длины относительно её ширины, перекручивается на 180 градусов и склеивается противоположными (короткми) сторонами. Не путайте с односторонней поверхностью, о которой говорится в учебниках по дифф. геометрии. Склееный лист Мёбиуса имеет кривизну поверхности равную нулю, как и у эвклидовой плоскости. Именно такой лист мёбиуса и является частью проверхности Мёбиуса. Поверхность Мёбиуса является односторонней поверхностью с самопересечением, поэтому сделать модель этой поверхности руками довольно трудно. Проверхность Мёбиуса состоит из четырёх правильных полуконусов, плавно переходящих друг в друга. О построении и исследовании этой поверхности и рассказывается в этой работе. (Everyone knows of course what a Mobius strip is. Take a rectangular strip of paper of sufficient length relative to its width, twist it 180 degrees and glue it on opposite (short) sides. Not to be confused with the one-sided surface mentioned in the diff. geometry. The glued Möbius strip has a surface curvature equal to zero, as in the Euclidean plane. It is such a mobius leaf that is part of the Mobius surface. The Möbius surface is a one-sided self-intersecting surface, so it is rather difficult to model this surface by hand. The Mobius surface consists of four regular semi-cones, smoothly merging into each other. The construction and study of this surface is described in this work.)
Category: Geometry

Assumption of Dreams

Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 18 Pages.

An assumption is made about the origin of the forward and backward symbolism of dreams. The translation of article from Russian into English is enclosed.
Category: Mind Science

Religion and Math

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 5 Pages.

This essay presents the logical underpinnings of modern science. It shows why much of today’s science is hardly better than what the ancient Greeks could embrace. A 21st century methodology is introduced for greater transparency and intellectual honesty, and it should yield better science.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Vii. la Conjetura De Collat: Orden Y Armonía en Los Números de Las Secuencias

Authors: Miguel Cerdá Bennassar
Comments: Pages.

Los nodos de color azul representan grupos de números pares, clasificados según el valor de su raíz digital y los de color rojo, grupos de números impares, clasificados del mismo modo. Llamamos a estos grupos rd(n), vértices con sus aristas que indican la dirección de las iteraciones. Todos los números impares de una secuencia de Collatz iteran a números pares de rd(1), rd(4) y rd(7). Los tres conjuntos representan las iteraciones de los números en una secuencia de Collatz, cuando de la función aplicada a un número par resulta un número impar y aplicada a un número impar, resulta un número par.
Category: Number Theory

The Super-Generalised Fermat Equation Pa^x + Qb^y=rc^z and Five Related Proofs

Authors: Julian Beauchamp
Comments: 11 Pages.

In this paper, we consider five proofs related to the super-generalised Fermat equation, Pa^x + Qb^y=Rc^z. All proofs depend on a new identity for a^x + b^y which can be expressed as a binomial sum to an indeterminate power, z. We begin with the Generalised Fermat Conjecture, for the case P,Q,R=1, also known as the Tijdeman-Zagier Conjecture and Beal Conjecture. We then show how the method applies to its famous corollary Fermat's Last Theorem, where x,y,z=n. We then return to the title equation, considered by Henri Darmon and Andrew Granville and extend the proof for the case P,Q,R>1 and x,y,z>2. Finally, we use the results to prove Catalan's Conjecture, and from this a weak proof that under certain conditions only one solution exists for equations of the form a^4-c^2=b^y.
Category: Number Theory

RLC Circuits and Division by Zero Calculus

Authors: Saburou Saitoh
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this paper, we will discuss an RLC circuit for missing the capacitor from the viewpoint of the division by zero calculus as a typical example.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Perspective in Bell-test Experiments

Authors: Gerard van der Ham
Comments: 1 Page.

Perspective is essential in the account for Quantum Mechanic correlation in Bell-test experiments.
Category: Quantum Physics

Two–way Relativity Wave Metrics of Galilean Space (Двусторонние релятивистские волновые метрики ГП)

Authors: Valery Timin
Comments: 26 Pages. In Russian

Doing this work, I proceed from the paradigm of the lifetime of a wave object proportional to the "wave interval" of its life path. The concept of "wave interval" corresponds to the fact that each object has its own scalar time (life?), which does not correspond to the coordinate "time", and it is proportional to the change in the accompanying frame of reference invariant phase of the wave field and the invariant, phase–independent, metric scalar "interval". This does not mean that the object itself is a wave object, but it is allowed. And this all means that the moving object "lives" longer, because the speed of the wave time of its "life" slows down. The purpose of this work is to analyze different types of space – time (ST) with the so–called correspondence of their metrics to the "interval" metric of the "continuous" absolute reference system environment. The analysis is based on the selection of a certain "reference" wave device–a resonator, which is used to create standards for the length and time of the SP, and changes in its metric properties when the state of motion changes from these selected standards. The ultimate associated goal is to convert ST for Tangherlini and special relativity A.Einstein based on the properties of the selected wave standard. The main conclusion: no matter what transformations of the ST are used, it is important that in any coordinate system there is a metric tensor "interval" responsible for the metric properties of the ST.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Schwarzschild Metric Total Energy Inconsistency

Authors: Karl De Paepe
Comments: 3 Pages.

We determine the total energy of the Schwarzschild metric. We show use of divergence theorem leads to a total energy inconsistency.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Measuring Cosmological Parameters by Using Uncertainty Principles in the S3xS1 Space-Time

Authors: Moninder Singh Modgil
Comments: 3 Pages.

Finite size of the $S^3$ universe suggests that the maximum spatial uncertainty should be $({\Delta} x)_{Max}=2{\pi} R_{Univ}$, where $R_{Univ}$ is the radius of the universe. It follows from the Position-Momentum uncertainty principle ${\Delta}x{\Delta}p \geq h/2{\pi}$, that there exists a minimum uncertainty in the momentum - i.e., $({\Delta}p)_{Min}=h/(2{\pi})^2 R_{Univ}$. Similarly, the finite duration $T$ of the $S^1$ Time Cycle, suggests that the maximum temporal uncertainty is $({\Delta}t)_{Max}=T$. It follows from the Time-Energy uncertainty principle ${\Delta}E{\Delta}t \geq h/2{\pi}$, that there exists a minimum uncertainty in the energy - i.e., $({\Delta}E)_{Min}=h/2{\pi}T$. These consideration suggest the following conclusions - (1) Quantum states with ${\Delta}E \leq ({\Delta}E)_{Min}$ and ${\Delta}p \leq ({\Delta}p)_{Min}$ will be indistinguishable, (2) It should be possible to determine radius of the finite $S^3$ universe, i.e., $R_{Univ}=h/[(2{\pi})2({\Delta}p)_{Min}]$, by locally measuring $({\Delta}p)_{Min}$ , and (3) Determine duration of the universe's time cycle, $T=h/2{\pi}({\Delta}E)_{Min}$ , by locally measuring $({\Delta}E)_{Min} . . If one considers the 5000 years Time Cycle T, and 5000 light years radius of the S3 universe - as propunded by Brahma Kumaris; one obtains the prediction $(\Delta p)Min= 2.230893507958458×〖10〗^(-53) kg m/s$; and $(\Delta E)Min= 6.688050482871086×〖10〗^(-45)$ Joules.
Category: Quantum Physics

Challenging Fractional Charges of Quarks Through Assigning Integer Charges and Proposing Nucleus Structure

Authors: Francois Zinserling
Comments: 38 Pages.

Fractional charges are not required to represent elementary particles, shown here through analysis of elementary charge equations. This paper offers a speculative proposal for a structural model of the proton and neutron, with intuitive nucleus and atom structure, containing elementary particles of only integer charges. This proposal also seems to provide answers to some of the less understood current observations, such as missing anti-matter, proton stability, electron capture, neutron instability, helium stability, and may merit further investigation to improve our understanding of atomic nuclei.
Category: Quantum Physics

What Killed Attila the Hun?

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 5 Pages.

Attila the Hun’s horde of warriors helped end what was left of ancient Rome. He came from eastern Europe, and then he mysteriously vanished, sparing western Europe from barbarism. Only seven centuries later did the Mongols equal his ferocity. Here’s the story of what killed this charismatic villain.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

What Happened to Venus?

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 12 Pages.

Venus is Earth’s near twin, but an objective comparison reveals dissimilarities greater than similarities. This astrobiology essay compares both planets’ paths, and suggests their futures. Life itself hangs in the balance.
Category: Geophysics

Summary of Whether the Gravitational Constant Is a Variable

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 28 Pages. 3 Figures; 7 Table

During this time, I have been thinking about whether the space-time structure and gravitational constant are variables. Because many mistakes are unavoidable in the thinking process, the conclusions often change. In addition, in the process of thinking, I also discussed with some scholars and kept getting new ideas. Relevant theories and models are gradually determined. So, I wrote this paper to make a summary. I feel that what is relatively certain at present is the new space-time structure. This can be confirmed by correcting the change of the gravitational constant for the precession of Mercury's perihelion and the three-layer structure of the Milky Way. Although not strong, it is logically self-consistent. This article re-analyzes the data with specific time records such as BIPM-01, BIPM-14, JILA-10, UCI-14, HUST-09, HUST-18. The analysis results show that the experimental results have improved to a certain extent after considering the influence of the earth's orbit and Jupiter.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Parker Solar Probe May Shed Some Light on Light Itself

Authors: Peter Horst Rehm
Comments: 5 Pages.

As the Parker Solar Probe passes near the Sun at record-breaking speeds, it may experience a slight shifting of the images taken by its WISPR cameras because of Fizeau-like dragging in the optics. The probe was not designed to maximize this effect, so it might become noticeable only because of a grain of dust on one of the WISPR lenses. If the shifting is detected and found to be proportional to the probe’s speed relative to the Sun’s rotation, it would provide evidence that there is a medium for the propagation of light and that this medium rotates with the Sun.
Category: Astrophysics

Indexed Compression

Authors: Arun Jose
Comments: 3 Pages.

This paper examines a lossless text compression algorithm that works on the principle that in any text file with recognizable words, the vast majority of character sequences would be recorded in a comprehensive dictionary, and can thus be mapped to bits directly, taking advantage of information entropy. The algorithm is tested on a sample book file, and compression factor and time are reported.
Category: Number Theory

On Fine Structured Spacetime as a New Hypothesis for Dark Energy and Dark Matter

Authors: Gregory Grochola
Comments: 43 Pages.

We propose a new hypothesis that could potentially have far-reaching consequences for the amount of Dark Energy and Dark Matter required in ΛCDM model. The new hypothesis proposes the development and existence of fine structural changes in the signature of the spacetime curvature contributions from subatomic particles arriving from far distant parts of the universe, which disrupt and reduce the effects of gravity over those distances. It’s proposed that when this structured spacetime passes through a baryonic body, it’s re-smoothed, scrambling any such signature in the spacetime curvature, releasing radiation and a backscattered gravitational potential. This shielding effect then casts a smoothed spacetime curvature shadow on a second baryonic body, which acts normally on the body. For a test particle near the edge of a galaxy, it’s shown how this could allow a particle to have a constant rotational velocity that is not dependent on the orbital radius. Hence the hypothesis seems to reproduce the linear Tully-Fisher relationship: log⁡(V)∝log⁡(M), and could form the physical underpinnings behind the highly successful Milgrom's empirical law. It also described how forces predicted by the hypothesis could extend to very large distances up to ~10-100Mpc, far beyond the inverse square law, possibly explaining several galactic and cosmic phenomena. We survey unexplained cosmological observations to see if the new hypothesis could help solve any such conflicts between observation and known theory. We report a seemingly remarkable ability for FiSS to fit unexplained phenomena, including, possibly explanations for spiral arms, barred galaxy structures, star formation in trailing gases for "Jellyfish Galaxies," ring galaxies like Hoag's object, the "vacuum catastrophe" problem, the Hubble constant and the "Crisis in Cosmology," the “Cuspy-Core” problem and many more which we detail here. We also describe how the new hypothesis predicts several falsifiable effects.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Temporal Calculus: Resolving Elementary Particle Formation and Confinement

Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 16 Pages.

Here Temporal Calculus explains the formation of the elementary particles as mass-structures, defining their confinement and relationship to their over-arching quantum environment, detailing the concepts of symmetry breaking, asymptotic freedom, particle confinement, and baryon asymmetry, as a follow-on from the proposed solution to the “Yang Mills existence and mass gap” problem of the previous paper, here moreover introducing a new phenomenon, namely “atomic barrier enhancement”, pointing to mechanisms for new atomic fuel generation, here explained in the form of Hydrogen fuel generation.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Ball Lightning

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 6 Pages.

Ball lightning is a rare, poorly understood electromagnetic phenomenon. This is a report on what happened to the author in 1982, with a model for how and why it happened.
Category: Classical Physics

A Revolution in Cosmology Is Coming

Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 2 Pages.

As the cosmic Dark Ages shrink to zero, the mainstream Big Bang will end up in the dustbin of history.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Non-periodic Solution of a Truly Nonlinear Oscillator with Power Nonlinearity

Authors: M. D. Monsia
Comments: 9 pages

In this paper a well-known truly nonlinear oscillator with power nonlinearity mentioned to have only periodic solutions is investigated. It has been shown that such a proposition is not mathematically consistent as the equation may exhibit exact and general non-periodic solutions calculated for the first time using the generalized Sundman transformation.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Can a Video Game and Artificial Intelligence Assist for Selecting National Soccer Squads ?

Authors: Eren Unlu
Comments: 7 Pages.

We have used the FIFA19 video game open dataset of soccer player attributes and the actual list of squads of national teams that participated in World Cup 2018, which almost coincides in time with the game’s release date. With the intended rationale behind that numerous expert game developers should have spent considerable amount of time to assess each individual player’s attributes; we can develop and test data science and machine learning tools to select national soccer teams in an attempt to assist coaches. The work provides detailed explanatory data analysis and state-of-the-art machine learning and interpretability measures.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Additive-Multiplicative Functions and the Reimann Zita Function

Authors: Mohammed Zohal
Comments: 7 Pages. please send your remarks to mohammedzohal2016@gmail.com

This article [studies] the sum ∑_d/n f(d), with f [being] an arithmetical function which not only multiplicative, but, of another form which will be additive_multiplicative, you will see what is it about, in fact, it has generated incredible formulas, which can give insight into the random arithmetic world of numbers.
Category: Number Theory

New Physics and The Solar Corona

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 22 Pages.

Our home star’s solar corona has a major mystery for us: How are remote coronal regions much hotter than the surface of the sun itself? The causal explanation for this stellar mystery is within this essay, supporting new physics.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Further Implications of Willem de Sitter’s Study of Spectroscopic Binaries

Authors: David Bryan Wallace
Comments: 1 Page.

Willem de Sitter’s study of spectroscopic binaries has been recognized as a falsification of ballistic theories of light. It also proves the uniqueness of the reference frame relative to which one-way speed of light is isotropic.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Mechanical Impedance of Vacuum

Authors: Alaya Kouki
Comments: 10 Pages.

Referring to Planck system of unities, space-time can act on corpuscles because extension is equivalent to energy. This action is always a friction force acting on the opposite side of motion. The friction coefficient is declared a new universal constant. It translates that power transmission is always limited: there is always a delay time to transfer an amount of energy.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Теорема Пифагора (Pythagorean Theorem)

Authors: Franz Hermann
Comments: 25 Pages.

Мы используем теорему Пифагора минимум на четверть, а может быть и меньше Это заявление, скорее всего, поставит вас в тупик. Все помнят ещё со школьной скамьи утверждение: «a квадрат плюс b квадрат равно c квадрат». И сразу понимаем – это теорема Пифагора: «Квадрат гипотенузы равен сумме квадратов катетов». Конечно же, теорема эта связана с прямоугольным трегольником, где есть гипотенуза и два катета и речь идёт об их длинах. Однако это не всегда так. Вы убедитесь в этом, прочитав нашу заметку. (We use the Pythagorean theorem for at least a quarter, and maybe less. This statement will most likely confuse you. Everyone remembers from school the statement: “a square plus b square is equal to c square”. And we immediately understand - this is the Pythagorean theorem: "The square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the legs." Of course, this theorem is connected with a rectangular triangular triangle, where there is a hypotenuse and two legs, and we are talking about their lengths. However, this is not always the case. You will be convinced of this by reading our article.)
Category: Geometry

The Circle Embedding Method and Applications

Authors: Theophilus Agama, Berndt Gensel
Comments: 48 Pages. A partial proof of the Goldbach conjecture added.

In this paper we introduce and develop the circle embedding method. This method hinges essentially on a Combinatorial structure which we choose to call circles of partition. We provide applications in the context of problems relating to deciding on the feasibility of partitioning numbers into certain class of integers. In particular, our method allows us to partition any sufficiently large number $n\in\mathbb{N}$ into any set $\mathbb{H}$ with natural density greater than $\frac{1}{2}$. This possibility could herald an unprecedented progress on class of problems of similar flavour. The paper finishes by giving a partial proof of the binary Goldbach conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

Combining Conflicting Evidences Based on Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Weighted Graph

Authors: Jixiang Deng, Yong Deng
Comments: 25 Pages.

Dempster-Shafer evidence theory (evidence theory) has been widely used for its great performance of dealing with uncertainty. Based on evidence theory, researchers have presented different methods to combine evidences. Dempster's rule is the most well-known combination method, which has been applied in many fields. However, Dempster's rule may yield counter-intuitive results when evidences are in high conflict. To improve the performance of combining conflicting evidences, in this paper, we present a new evidence combination method based on Pearson correlation coefficient and weighted graph. The proposed method can correctly identify the target with a high accuracy. Besides, the proposed method has a better performance of convergence compared with other combination methods. In addition, the weighted graph generated by the proposed method can directly represent the relation of different evidences, which can help researchers to determine the reliability of every evidence. Moreover, an experiment is expounded to show the efficiency of the proposed method, and the results are analyzed and discussed.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The List of Fusion Zeros

Authors: Daniel L. Jassby
Comments: 4 Pages. Author Email: dljenterp@aol.com

This article identifies ten widely anticipated milestones of fusion energy that have zero probability of being realized. The first five pertain to existing projects, while the second five concern imaginary power reactors. Four of the milestones are impossible because of physical and technological constraints, while six milestones reflect human foolishness, fantasy and deception that will not be accommodated by reality.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Deuterated Storage-Battery Electrolyte

Authors: Sergey Sevtsov
Comments: 6 Pages.

The technical problem solved in [this work] is to create such an electrolyte so that the diffusion rates of its ions during charging and discharging are as close as possible in magnitude without taking into account the height of the electrolyte volume. The technical result expected from the solution of the technical problem when using the claimed possible invention is an increase in the capacity and average voltage of the bit of lead-acid batteries.
Category: Chemistry

Structure of Matter II

Authors: Viktor S. Dolgikh
Comments: 11 Pages. in english and in russian

I represent continuation of my previously published work: 1701.0488. It presents the structures of atoms: Hydrogen(H); isotopes of Helium(He) including Alpha particles; Beryllium(Be); Oxygen(O); Carbon(C), with deciphering of their specifics covering the basic understanding in the structure of matter: - images of "orbitals" of electrons and their "spin"; - redundancy of the mass of an atom - as redundancy in understanding of "neutrons"; - radioactivity; - state of matter - liquid, solid; - expansion and contraction of matter; - superfluidity; , as well as some of their interactions, including water molecules.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Names of Minor Planets and the Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 38 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names of L. D. Schmadel. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of names, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the names of the minor planets discovered up to 1900 and 1910 can be characterised by BP(4,βH = 0) and the minor planets discovered up to 1920, 1930 and 1940 can be characterised by BP(4,βH = 0.02) i.e. a magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Isingmodel with four nearest neighbours with βH = 0.02. β is 1/(k_B T) where, T is temperature, H is external magnetic field and k_B is the Boltzmann constant.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

A Sieve for Goldbach Conjecture

Authors: Xuan Zhong Ni
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this article, we find a new sieve for pair of primes whose summation equals to a given Even Number.
Category: Number Theory

The Reason for the Emergence of Primary Foci of the Coronavirus Pandemic and the Fight Against Them

Authors: V. Korniienko, V. Belocrinicky, I. Vikulin, M. Turkin
Comments: 12 Pages.

The origin of the primary foci of coronavirus is unknown, which makes it difficult to fight the pandemic. However, we found that the centers of the pandemic in Euro-Asia are mainly concentrated along the orbit plane of Chinese Internet satellites, and on the American continents - Starlink satellites. This is due to the fact that their radio waves contain waves of quantum electromagnetic energy (S-radiations). It has been shown that the nature of the origin of S-radiations is the same as geopathic radiation (GR), the property of which causes diseases is well known. Therefore, the S-radiations of these satellites can cause coronavirus diseases and primary pandemic foci. Therefore, it is advisable, based on standards, to limit the level of their S-radiations.
Category: Physics of Biology

Exceptional Jordan Matrix Models, Octonionic $p$-Branes and Star Product Deformations

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 20 Pages.

A brief review of the essentials behind the construction of a Chern-Simons-like brane action from the Large $N$ limit of Exceptional Jordan Matrix Models paves the way to the construction of actions for membranes and $p$-branes moving in octonionic-spacetime backgrounds endowed with octonionic-valued metrics. The main result is that action of a membrane moving in spacetime backgrounds endowed with an octonionic-valued metric is not invariant under the usual diffeomorphisms of its world volume coordinates $ \sigma^a \rightarrow \sigma'^a (\sigma^b) $, but instead it is invariant under the rigid $ E_{ 6 ( - 26) } $ transformations which preserve the volume (cubic) form. The star-product deformations of octonionic $p$-branes follow. In particular, we focus on the octonionic membrane along with the phase space quantization methods developed by \cite{Szabo} within the context of Nonassociative Quantum Mechanics. We finalize with some concluding remarks on Double and Exceptional Field theories, Nonassociative Gravity and $A_\infty, L_\infty$ algebras.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Classic Algebraic Identity Implies Fermat's Last Theorem (FLT) for Integral Exponent Larger Than Two

Authors: Philip A. Bloom
Comments: 2 Pages.

We solve the open problem of a simple proof of FLT for n > 2 by directly inferring, from Euclid's formula, a generalization that holds for the set of all coprime triples, a set that is equal to the set of all coprime triples {(z, y, x )} for which z ^ n - y ^ n = x ^ n holds. Our generalization allows us to deduce a necessary condition for coprime {(z, y, x)} to satisfy the Fermat equation z ^ n - y ^ n = x ^ n, the condition being that n is not larger than two.
Category: Number Theory

Motzkin Islands: a 3-dimensional Embedding of Motzkin Paths

Authors: Richard J. Mathar
Comments: 14 Pages.

A Motzkin Path is a walk left-to-right starting at the horizontal axis, consisting of up, down or horizontal steps, never descending below the horizontal axis, and finishing at the horizontal axis. Interpret Motzkin Paths as vertical geologic cuts through mountain ranges with limited slopes. The natural embedding of these paths defines Motzkin Islands as sets of graphs labeled on vertices by non-negative integers (altitudes), a graph cycle defining a shoreline at zero altitude, and altitude differences along edges never larger than one. We address some of these islands with simple shapes on triangular and quadratic meshes.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Does LIGO Prove General Relativity?

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 11 Pages.

LIGO-detected "gravitational waves" are very real. This successful experiment in early 2016 did open up a new form of astronomy. Despite the hype, the initial explanation for what was discovered neither confirms nor denies Einstein's full theory of General Relativity, including the concept of gravity membranes (branes). The LIGO discovery can be explained by a model somewhat similar to de Broglie-Bohm quantum pilot waves.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Representations of the Division by Zero Calculus by Means of Mean Values

Authors: Saburou Saitoh
Comments: 14 Pages.

In this paper, we will give simple and pleasant introductions of the division by zero calculus by means of mean values that give an essence of the division by zero. In particular, we will introduce a new mean value for real valued functions in connection with the Sato hyperfunction theory.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Light Speed

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 17 Pages.

It is not sufficient to simply correlate the vacuum speed of light. We must know why vacuum speed is always exactly what it is, and why this speed is the same everywhere. When we learn through the correct causal model we will open another door into the universe.
Category: Astrophysics

A Method to Find the Global Optimum of a Function

Authors: Joseph Valles
Comments: 1 Page.

This is a method to find the global optimum value of a function. It uses a generalization of the min function applied to the values of a function. I provide a method to find the x value of the global optimum.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Quantum Mechanics and Bell

Authors: Gerard van der Ham
Comments: 2 Pages.

This paper shows that the reasoning leading to non-locality of the universe is caused by the idea that electrons of entangled pairs choose their spin randomly when being measured. A model exists that perfectly accounts for the Quantum Mechanic correlation in Bell-test experiments in a local-real way. It is based on the assumption that entangled electrons have definite opposite spin. In that case Bell's inequalities (and his theorem) are not applicable to spin measurement of entangled electrons so there is no need for a non-local universe.
Category: Quantum Physics

Dwarf And Large Galaxies

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 4 Pages.

Recent data show that the distribution of dwarf galaxies around large galaxies such as our own Milky Way may not follow the most popular gravity vortex model. We are seeing how dwarf galaxies are mostly tidal epiphenomena, not primary phenomena, in the course of galactic evolution. Because the vortex model is associated with branes, this new data casts doubt on the validity of GR gravity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cotes’s Spiral Vortex in Extratropical Cyclone bomb South Atlantic Oceans

Authors: Ricardo Gobato, Alireza Heidari, Abhijit Mitra, Marcia Regina Risso Gobato
Comments: 6 Pages.

he characteristic shape of hurricanes, cyclones, typhoons is a spiral. There are several types of turns, and determining the characteristic equation of which spiral the "cyclone bomb" (CB) fits into is the goal of the work. In mathematics, a spiral is a curve which emanates from a point, moving farther away as it revolves around the point. An “explosive extratropical cyclone” is an atmospheric phenomenon that occurs when there is a very rapid drop in central atmospheric pressure. This phenomenon, with its characteristic of rapidly lowering the pressure in its interior, generates very intense winds and for this reason it is called explosive cyclone, bomb cyclone. It was determined the mathematical equation of the shape of the extratropical cyclone, being in the shape of a spiral called “Cotes’s Spiral." In the case of CB, which formed in the south of the Atlantic Ocean, and passed through the south coast of Brazil in July 2020, causing great damages in several cities in the State of Santa Catarina. With gusts recorded of 116 km/h, atmospheric phenomenon – “cyclone bomb" (CB) hit southern Brazil on June 30, the beginning of winter 2020, causing destruction in its influence over. In five hours the CB traveled a distance of 257.48 km (159.99 miles), at an average speed of 51.496 km/h (31.998 miles/h) 27.81 knots, moved towards ENE, with a low pressure center of 986 mbar, 07:20 UTC, approximate location 35◦S45◦W, and 5 hours after 12:20 UTC had already grown and had a low pressure center of 972 mbar , approximate location 34◦S 42◦30’W.
Category: Climate Research

Hawking's Scientific Legacy

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 7 Pages.

Stephen Hawking was a scientific and cultural star. As a man with extreme disabilities who maintained a sense of humor he inspired us all. As a physicist, he was woefully wrong on many occasions. This clear analysis examines his physics within the historical and personal context.
Category: Astrophysics

Gauss Symbol and Unification of Gravity and Electromagnetic Field in Reissner-Nordstrom and Kerr-Newman Solution

Authors: Sangwha Yi
Comments: 9 Pages.

Solutions of unified theory equations of gravity and electromagnetism satisfy Einstein Maxwe ll equation. Hence, solutions of the unified theory is Reissner Nordstrom solution , Kerr Newman solution in vacuum. In this careful point, Einstein gravity field equation’s energy momentum tensor has two sign. Therefore, according to the solution, the sign is treated. We found in revised Einstein gravity tensor equation , the condition is satisf ied by 2 order contravariant metric tensor two times product and Gauss symbol.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Özel Görelilik Teorisinin en Zayıf Noktası

Authors: Özgen Ersan
Comments: 10 Pages.

Özel görelilik teorisinin alışılmadık ve şaşırtıcı çıkarımları vardır. Bu yüzden teknik özünün tutarlılığı daha fazla önem kazanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, özel görelilik teorisinin ilk kurgulaması, güncel gelişmiş yöntem bilimi eşliğinde tekrar ele alınıp, postulaları evrensel ölçekte sorgulanmaktadır. Yerellikten kaynaklanan bir tanım kusuru ve faktör eksikliği saptanmıştır. Büyük resmi öncelemek ve postula revizyonu, ışık kinematiği ve kozmolojik analizde yeni açılımlar potansiyeli sunmaktadır.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Motion of the Sun's Nucleus

Authors: Viktor Strohm
Comments: 12 Pages.

"Oscillations" of orbital radii length were detected. Radius lengths are taken from astronomical tables. The article contains several types of "oscillations". Hypothesis of this phenomenon is proposed.
Category: Astrophysics

Accelerating Global Climate Change

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 13 Pages.

There is climate change, and there is accelerating climate change. Historical climate change has mostly been cyclical, but emerging 21st-century changes are more exponential. This essay discusses false solutions versus ameliorating actions. The goal will be to preserve our anthropocene world before we join the millions of species we are busy destroying.
Category: Climate Research

RGBSticks : A New Deep Learning Based Framework for Stock Market Analysis and Prediction

Authors: Eren Unlu
Comments: 5 Pages.

We present a novel intuitive graphical representation for daily stock prices, which we refer as RGBSticks, a variation of classical candle sticks. This representation allows the usage of complex deep learning based techniques, such as deep convolutional autoencoders and deep convolutional generative adversarial networks to produce insightful visualizations for market’s past and future states
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The "Dipole Repeller" Explained

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 9 Pages.

The “Dipole Repeller” is a cosmological region inside a billion radial light years from us populated by thousands of galaxies, which has been suggested as further proof of General Relativity gravity. Close inspection of the thesis reveals data sufficient to seriously question GR cosmology itself. Data analysis supports another elegant paradigm of universal and multiversal gravity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

An Introduction to The Class of The Universal Goals

Authors: Alexis Zaganidis
Comments: 2 Pages.

An Introduction to The Class of The Universal Goals: an essay to define mathematically a goal with a universal approach based on few general properties.
Category: General Mathematics

A Joint Introduction to Gaussian Processes and Relevance Vector Machines with Connections to Kalman Filtering and Other Kernel Smoothers

Authors: L. Martino, J. Read
Comments: L. Martino, J. Read, "A Joint introduction to Gaussian Processes and Relevance Vector Machines with Connections to Kalman filtering and other Kernel Smoothers", Information Fusion, Volume 74, Pages 17-38, 2021

The expressive power of Bayesian kernel-based methods has led them to become an important tool across many different facets of artificial intelligence, and useful to a plethora of modern application domains, providing both power and interpretability via uncertainty analysis. This article introduces and discusses two methods which straddle the areas of probabilistic Bayesian schemes and kernel methods for regression: Gaussian Processes and Relevance Vector Machines. Our focus is on developing a common framework with which to view these methods, via intermediate methods a probabilistic version of the well-known kernel ridge regression, and drawing connections among them, via dual formulations, and discussion of their application in the context of major tasks: regression, smoothing, interpolation, and filtering. Overall, we provide understanding of the mathematical concepts behind these models, and we summarize and discuss in depth different interpretations and highlight the relationship to other methods, such as linear kernel smoothers, Kalman filtering and Fourier approximations. Throughout, we provide numerous figures to promote understanding, and we make numerous recommendations to practitioners. Benefits and drawbacks of the different techniques are highlighted. To our knowledge, this is the most in-depth study of its kind to date focused on these two methods, and will be relevant to theoretical understanding and practitioners throughout the domains of data-science, signal processing, machine learning, and artificial intelligence in general.
Category: Statistics

Comon's Conjecture over the Reals

Authors: Yaroslav Shitov
Comments: 29 Pages.

We construct a symmetric 208x208x208x208 tensor with real rank 761 and real symmetric rank 762.
Category: Algebra

The Pan-SL-CoV/GD Sequences May Be from Contamination

Authors: Daoyu Zhang
Comments: 28 Pages.

Recently, There were much hype about an alleged SARS-like coronavirus being found in samples of Malayan pangolins (Manis Javanica) possessing nearly identical RBD to the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Prominent journals cite the alleged discovery to claim that pangolins may be one of a possible intermediate host for the zoonotic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to humans. Here, we report that all databases used to support such a claim, upon which metagenomic analysis was possible, contained unexpected reads and was in serious risk of contamination. Here we also report that the presence of unexpected reads are directly related to the presence of coronavirus reads. Finally, we deduced the actual causative agent of the death of the pangolins sampled in GuangDong 2019 where the claim of coronavirus detections was made.
Category: Biochemistry

Proposition for a New Theory of the Mechanism of High-Temperature Superconductivity

Authors: Kazuo Abe
Comments: 10 Pages. Video commentary on this theory https://youtu.be/kNhcKBStRW0

We propose a new high-temperature superconductivity theory that leads to room temperature superconductivity. We presume that the cause of electrical resistance is a vacuum gap formed irregularly outside the free electron orbital region by thermal vibration.
Category: Condensed Matter

Microworld_72 Newton's World_11 . Xi. Structure of the Material World Outside the Schwarzshild Sphere

Authors: Leonov N. N.
Comments: 17 Pages. English and russian texts

The theory of nonlinear oscillations offers its own, based on "classical" Newtonian methods, an understanding of the structure of a "black hole" in our Universe, an understanding of the structure of matter outside the "Schwarzschild sphere" of our Universe and the nature of "Jet" near a "black hole"
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

A New Sieve for Twin Primes

Authors: Xuan Zhong Ni
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this article, we find a new sieve for twin primes to prove the twin prime theory.
Category: Number Theory

Nonstandard Analysis Applied to Special and General Relativity - The Theory of Infinitesimal Light-Clocks. Part 1.

Authors: Robert A. Herrmann
Comments: 54 Pages.

[Part I of this work presents] Ether History, Relativity and Logical Error, Criticisms, Fundamental Postulates, The Derivation, Standard Light-clocks, Infinitesimal Light-clocks, Interpretations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Nonstandard Analysis Applied to Special and General Relativity - The Theory of Infinitesimal Light-Clocks. Part 2.

Authors: Robert A. Herrmann
Comments: 55 Pages.

[Part II of this work presents] Special Theory Effects, General Theory Effects, Relativistic Alterations, Gravitational Alterations, (Nonstandard Photon-Particle Medium) NSPPM Analysis, Applications, Expansion, Pseudo-White Hole Effects.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Riemann Hypothesis and General Relativity

Authors: Friedwardt Winterberg
Comments: 2 Pages.

While the Riemann hypothesis is obtained from the analytical continuation of the Zeta function into the two-dimensional complex number space, it is here proposed that for its proof it must be extended to the three-dimensional space of physical reality of general relativity adopting Mach’s formulation ofgeneral relativity proposed by Friedrich Hund, which permits to make a bridge to the prime numbers and the nontrivial zeros of the Zeta function.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Experimental Observation of Projectile Deflection in the Fields of Rotating Spheres

Authors: J.F. Cuderman
Comments: 16 Pages.

Experiments were performed to measure the deflection of projectiles moving past rotating spheres. A theory of an inertial gravitational Co-Field, proposed by the author, predicted such deflections. Deep space mission spacecraft flybys of the earth revealed anomalous deflections of the spacecraft. The present experiments explore such deflections as a function of experiment geometry,projectile velocity,sphere angular velocity, and solid or hollow spheres. The Co-Field theory correctly predicted projectile deflections. It explained several unanticipated data results and revealed the need for a Co-Field Constant Multiplier to the model.
Category: Classical Physics

Compact $N$-quark Hadron Mass Dependence on $N^4$: A Classical Field Picture

Authors: Rui-Cheng LI
Comments: 15 Pages.

We give a hypothesis on the mass spectrum of compact $N$-quark hadron states in a classical field picture, which indicates that there would be a mass dependence on about $N^4$. We call our model “bag-tube oscillation model”, which can be seemed as a kind of combination of quark-bag model and flux-tube model. The large decay widths due to large masses might be the reason why the compact $N$-quark hadrons still disappear so far.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Elementary Proof that the Goldbach Conjecture Is False

Authors: Stephen M. Marshall
Comments: 5 Pages.

Christian Goldbach (March 18, 1690 – November 20, 1764) was a German mathematician. He is remembered today for Goldbach's conjecture. Goldbach's conjecture is one of the oldest and best-known unsolved problems in number theory and all of mathematics. It states: Every even integer greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two primes. On 7 June 1742, the German mathematician Christian Goldbach wrote a letter to Leonhard Euler (letter XLIII) in which he proposed the following conjecture: Every even integer which is ≥ 4 can be written as the sum of two primes (the strong conjecture) He then proposed a second conjecture in the margin of his letter: Every odd integer greater than 5 can be written as the sum of three primes (the weak conjecture). In number theory, Goldbach's weak conjecture, also known as the ternary Goldbach problem, states that every odd number greater than 5 can be expressed as the sum of three primes. (A prime may be used more than once in the same sum). In 2013, Harald Helfgott finally proved Goldbach's weak conjecture, a huge contribution to mathematics and number theory. The “strong” conjecture has been shown to hold up through 4 × 1018, but remains unproven for almost 300 years despite considerable effort by many mathematicians throughout history. The author would like to give many thanks to Harald Helfgott for his proof of the weak conjecture, because this elementary proof of showing the strong conjecture is false, was completely dependent on Helfgott’s proof. Without Helfgott’s proof, this elementary proof would not be possible.
Category: Number Theory

A Review of Ages in Stellar Metamorphosis

Authors: Roberto Jambon, Hunter Pearce
Comments: 7 Pages. Corrected statement about theory according to theory author's complaints about statement

Stellar Metamorphosis is the name given to a proposed alternative hypothesis for the origin and evolution of stars, planets, and all other celestial bodies. One of the most basic predictions of Stellar Metamorphosis is for the ages of celestial bodies. Since Stellar Metamorphosis rejects parts or even all knowledge of astronomical bodies as erroneous, this review focuses on internal checks of the hypothesis only. A number of internal inconsistencies are found. Contradictions in age results of up to 6,140% are found in Stellar Metamorphosis papers. Contradictions in Stellar Metamorphosis age measurement methods are also found, averaging 26,000% across all methods and surveyed objects.
Category: Astrophysics

A 2nd More Detailed Periodic Table of the Stable Isotopes 1-83

Authors: George R. Briggs
Comments: 8 Pages. changes needed

In MHCE8S theory the stable isotopes are of special interest.Data from Wikipedia. 1st doubling is for sulfur. 3rd doubling is for calcium. Both are essential in forming the human body. In addition , we have a signal in the fact that 50 tin -28 nickel = 22, whereas undoubled isotope data indicate 21. Also 82 lead -52 tin = 32. In this case however the data show undoubled stable isotopes = 32, as expected.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New Robust Theory of Everything with Expected 10-100 Ppb Anomalies in Some Gravitational Experiments Depending on the Ratio Neutron-Proton.

Authors: Alexis Zaganidis
Comments: 11 Pages. 11 years of researches.

A New Robust Theory of Everything with Expected 10-100 ppb Anomalies in some Gravitational Experiments depending on the total ghost hypercharges of the proton-electron pair and on the total ghost hypercharges of the neutron. Here, the meaning of the word robust is the use of the concept of $n$-irreducible sequents and $n$-irreducible numbers to constraint the possible theories of everything into a single one with a maximized $n$-irreducible number. We try to write the definitions of the theory of everything in the most rigorous mathematical way and in a compatible way with every known experiments. A kind of Nobel Prize experiment is proposed for detecting anomaly between orbital parameters of identical metallic balls orbiting around Earth with different neutron-proton ratio. An anomaly between $10^{-8}-10^{-12}$ is expected and the current precision is $10^{-8.7}$.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Harvesting Energy from Gravity - Short Version

Authors: Natan A. Cerqueira
Comments: 8 Pages. Illustrated.

Resorting only to simple and incontrovertible effects, this work intends to demonstrate that a given vertical length can be ascended or descended requiring or yielding different amounts of energy. From that, the first conclusion here is that to harvest energy from gravity is not only possible, but immensely simple.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

An Injection Locked Oszillator as Adaptive Filter

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 3 Pages.

An Injection Locked Synchronous Oscillator is a narrowband digital filter that tracks its frequency to a variable frequency signal. This allows the detection of weak signals of variable frequency despite a strong noise background. The signal is processed in the time domain with negligible phase shift. The calculation effort is much lower than with comparable filter types.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

Ein Injection Locked Oszillator Als Adaptives Filter

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 3 Pages.

Ein Injection Locked Synchronous Oscillator ist ein schmalbandiges digitales Filter, das seine Frequenz einem frequenzvariablen Signal nachführt. Damit lassen sich schwache Signale veränderlicher Frequenz trotz starkem Rauschhintergrund nachweisen. Das Signal wird im Zeit­bereich bei vernachlässigbarer Phasenverschiebung verarbeitet. Der Berechnungsaufwand ist wesentlich geringer als bei vergleichbaren Filtertypen.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

The Illusion of Quantummechanical Probability Waves

Authors: Wim Vegt
Comments: 50 Pages.

In the New Theory, it will be demonstrated that because of a mistake in the Maxwell Equations, Confined Electromagnetic waves could not be considered to be the material waves expressed in Schödinger's wave equation. The New Theory presents a new equation describing electromagnetic field configurations which are also solutions of the Schrodinger's wave equation and the relativistic quantum mechanical Dirac Equation.
Category: Classical Physics

On the Space-time Structure of the Milky Way

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 10 Pages.

This article uses a new space-time model to analyze the space-time distribution of the Milky Way. The new space-time model can better explain the three-layer structure of the Milky Way. These three-layer structures are the kernel, the bulge and the disc. The analysis results show that the gravitational force of the galactic kernel’s substance can act on all the masses in it. The gravitational force generated by the bulge’s substance can only cover most of the masses in it, but the substance at the edge of the bulge cannot be covered. The density of matter on the disc is very low, which causes the galaxies in the low-density regions of the MW disc to basically move freely. The galaxies on the spiral arms will have a strong gravitational interaction. However, the new model has to explain why many galaxies can still maintain a disc-like structure when many galaxies are in free motion, and may need to use the concept of dark matter.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Equivalence of Information and Immanence

Authors: Friedhelm M. Jöge
Comments: 1 Page.

An equation to describe the equivalence of Information and Immanence is developed.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Deriving Time Dilation from Information Theory

Authors: Harald Iglseder
Comments: 4 Pages.

I want to show, that time-dilation within a gravitational field cannot only be derived from Einstein’s general theory of relativity, but also from an information-theory, that describes the information-content of a given mass within a given volume.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

What is Being Measured in Bell-Test Experiments

Authors: Gerard van der Ham
Comments: 2 Pages.

In Bell-test experiments the projection of spinvectors of entangled electrons is detected. To get the correct results the perspective of the electrons has to be taken into account. It must also be assumed that electrons of entangled pairs have fixed opposite spin. Based on these assumptions the Quantum Mechanic correlation in Bell-test experiments is perfectly explicable.
Category: Quantum Physics

Thermal Ionization in Stellar Cores Based on 3-dimensional Fermi Gas Model

Authors: Shiladittya Debnath
Comments: 5 Pages.

This paper examines the thermal ionization in the core of a main-sequence stable star, with an assumption that the main-sequence stellar core behaves like an ideal 3-Dimensional (D) Fermi gas. This assumption has been based on the fact that the stellar core persists as a region of very high temperature, typically in a range between 15 × 106K and density near 150 g cm−3,like that of our Sun where the classical gas description fails and Fermi-Dirac (F-D) distribution becomes important. Finally we compare our ionization equation with the Saha’s thermal ionization equation based on classical Maxwell-Boltzmann (M-B) distribution. The final non-relativistic mathematical calculation provides us with the result that the ionization fraction is exponentially proportional to the Fermi energy and has volume dependency, under the 3-D ideal Fermi gas consideration.
Category: Astrophysics

Black Hole Gravity Explained

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 16 Pages.

Neither GR nor QFT can explain gravity inside black hole event horizons, which means that neither model can be a fully universal theory. Both models cannot be reconciled into one physics theory working inside and outside BH event horizons. Few question two incomplete paradigms while we are being teased by data arriving from just outside event horizons. Therefore, developing a coherent and elegant third physics paradigm that explains gravity both within and without black holes is a worthy task. Unifying physics for all dimensions of our visible universe is the ultimate goal.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Mursi-English-Amharic Dictionary and the Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 21 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study Mursi-English-Amharic Dictionary. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of Mursi entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,βH = 0.02) i.e. a magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Isingmodel with four nearest neighbours with βH = 0.02. β is 1/(k_B T) where, T is temperature, H is external magnetic field and k_B is the Boltzmann constant.
Category: Linguistics

Mathematical Proof That All Opposites Are "Married" To Each Other, 2 As 1

Authors: Jonathan Deutsch
Comments: 5 Pages.

There is only one strength of gravity, not two, so Newton’s gravitational constant, G, MUST equal the gravitational-structure constant, Gmproton2/hc. This totally new equation yields another new equation, 6.6728674 X 10-8 cm3/gm sec2 = .9397908 X 10-39. Solving this latter equation yields two solutions: [mproton = de Broglie λproton = tproton = 1]; and [mproton = 1; λproton = ─1; tproton = √−1]. We notice the preponderance of the number 1; 1 =1/1 = 100% = wholeness. We can set up a generalized equation, G = Gm2/hc, for ALL m, not just for mproton. Shockingly, it too is solved only by: 1)[m= λ=t=1]; and 2) [m=1; λ= ─1; t= √−1], for all m, λ and t in each case. Again, we notice the preponderance of the number 1 in nature - - wholeness. Examining 1), we will derive three new equations: t=c; h=t; and λ=E. Respectively, these mean that time is really the speed of light; the quantum of action is time; and wavelength or distance (space) is energy. We also will derive E=m - - Einstein’s mass-energy equivalence. Examining 2), we will also derive three new equations: t=c, h= ─t; and λ=E. The quantum of action is thus a unit of backwards and/or forwards time. We will derive E= ─m in case 2). Since E=m AND E= ─m, ─m=m, or ─1=1. ─1=1 implies that ─n=n, n being any real number, positive or negative. We recall that all of nature can be represented by pure numbers - - i.e., by numbers without units. Therefore, at the deepest level of reality, ─x=x for all x. In words: all opposites of any kind in the entire universe are ultimately “married” to each other, 2 as 1. Even life and death are really the same one thing. Thus, the conclusions of our previous paper, “Duality or Unity in Quantum Mechanics?”, have now been proven.
Category: Quantum Physics

Strategies for Narrowing Down The Dropout Rate and Fostering Digital Learning

Authors: A. B. M. Jonayed Hossain
Comments: 4 Pages.

COVID-19 outbreak has already destabilized our education sector with serious consequences. Particularly for primary and secondary education, these consequences have significant impacts on: (1) dropout issue (2) learning issue. This article highlights these two major issues and addresses them with proposed solutions.
Category: Social Science

About the Origin of the Universe

Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
Comments: 2 Pages.

This consideration argues that the universe must be infinite in time and volume and that most likely already an infinite number of big-bangs must have taken place.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Uncertainty Principle and Superradiance

Authors: Wen-Xiang Chen, Zhi-Qiao Wang
Comments: 4 Pages.

Hasegawa Yuji of the Vienna University of Technology and Masaaki Ozawa of Nagoya University and other scholars published empirical results against Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle on January 15, 2012.They got a measurement result with a smaller error than the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, which proved the measurement advocated by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.This article follows the method I used to study superradiation and connects the uncertainty principle with the superradiation effect. I found that under the superradiation effect, the measurement limit of the uncertainty principle can be smaller.
Category: Quantum Physics

Complex Dynamics and Foundational Physics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 13 Pages.

This work is a top-level summary of several contributions published in the last three decades. It makes the case that complex dynamics of nonlinear systems lies at the heart of foundational physics.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Voice Controlled Upper Body Exoskeleton: A Development For Industrial Application

Authors: Shivam Tripathy, Rohan Panicker, Shubh Shrey, Rutvik Naik, S. S. Pachpore
Comments: 6 Pages.

An exoskeleton is a wearable electromechanical structure that is intended to resemble and allow movements in a manner similar to the human skeletal system. They can be used by both disabled and able people alike to increase physical strength in carrying out tasks that would be otherwise difficult, or as a rehabilitation device to aid in physiotherapeutic activities of a weakened body part. This paper intends to introduce a voice-controlled upper body exoskeleton for industrial applications which can aid workers wearing it by reducing stresses on their arms and shoulders over longer periods and add up to 20kg more strength in lifting applications. The 3D design, calculations and considerations, and load analysis are presented along with brief results of a basic prototype model of the exoskeleton.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Temporal Calculus: Time Scaling Space

Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 16 Pages.

Presented here is the case for what has been termed Temporal Calculus, a new calculus central to a time-algorithm that is able to calculate a direct reference of time to 3-d space and thereby present the case for a mathematics that exists between time and space. The creative drive for this proposed Temporal Calculus is to present a solution to the symmetry-breaking feature of the most basic/elementary particles compared to the vacuum of space, and therefore to directly address the “Yang-Mills existence and mass gap” problem, in providing a solution. Although the equations of Yang-Mills remain unsolved at energy scales relevant for describing atomic nuclei, Temporal Calculus can show how the elementary particles themselves give rise to the physics of nuclei and nuclear constituents, thus providing a solution to a key problem in theoretical particle physics.
Category: Mathematical Physics

A Method to Smooth Functions

Authors: Joseph Valles
Comments: 2 Pages.

This is a method to analytically smooth functions. It involves taking a multiple integral from $x-\delta$ to $x+\delta$. The smoothing amount is denoted by $\delta$.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Omni, A Mathematics Model of Our Spiritual Reality

Authors: Prateek Goel
Comments: 77 Pages. The author may be contacted at pratgoel@gmail.com.

Title: Omni, A Mathematics Model of Spiritual Reality
Author:  Kushal Prateek Goel

Abstract:
The experimental sciences declare that if it can’t be weighed or measured, then it isn’t scientific.

But where does that leave spirituality?  Spiritualists declare a truth to this existence that is before and beyond any measurable phenomena. 

What to do?  Do we pass off spirituality as nonsense because it proclaims a truth that cannot be observed under a microscope or verified through a telescope?  Or are we forced into a stalemate: all things spiritual can never be scientific and vice versa? 

This book presents a different possibility.  It presents the following positions:

1. There is a truth to this existence that is before and beyond material phenomena.
2. Mathematics is the only science that can possibly model that truth because Mathematics is the only science that does not require observable phenomena for its success. (The fact of 1 + 1 = 2 is based on constancy of definition for those symbols, not on 1 apple plus 1 apple equaling 2 apples.)
3. We can use simple Mathematics to classify aspects of this existence that are “spiritual”, that is, before and beyond material phenomenality.
4. First, we explore the mathematical properties of 0, 1 and Infinity and their application to this reality:

• We use 0 and its math properties to model consciousness or the ultimate ground of Being.
• We use 1 and its math properties to model the body, the identity, the Universe, and anything else that can be grasped by the hand, eye or mind.
• We use Infinity and its math properties to model the synapse and sentience.
• We use Infinity to model why we experience a subjective-objective split in this reality.

1. 0, 1 and Infinity (including arithmetic operations and the square root) are posited as the necessary and sufficient basis for all numerical values and all geometries. We posit these three are the fundamental generators of our reality too.
2. Not only are these 3 values foundational in Mathematics, they are spoken of by spiritualists across spiritual traditions. Take one example from Christianity: the Father (0), the Son (1) and the Holy Spirit (∞).  These concepts exist in virtually all spiritual traditions and are discussed at length.
3. We call this math-based spiritual model of existence “Omni” and give it a symbol for convenience and organizational purposes only. The name and symbol are utterly unimportant to the positions of the book.
4. We can use only the values 0, 1 and Infinity and the universal phenomenon of the cycle to mathematically derive a 4^th value: Phi, or the Golden Ratio.
5. We show how the fractal of the Golden Ratio is a model that yields at least 5 unique properties of our existence, properties that are spoken of in many spiritual traditions.
6. Having explored these, we look at some applications of the findings, for example a re-organization of spiritual practices that have been outlined in various spiritual traditions, or for example, the organization of spiritual community.

An Analysis of The Unexpected Hanging Paradox

Authors: Chris Anto
Comments: 6 Pages.

While the origin of the unexpected hanging paradox is disputed, it is common knowledge that John O’Connor first released its details in text in the Mind Journal in 1948. The prompt is as follows: Sentencing a man on Friday, a judge says: ‘You will be hanged at noon on a day next week, but you will not know which day it is until the morning of the fateful day.’ The prisoner reasons that he cannot be hanged next Saturday, because by Friday afternoon he would know that he was to be hanged the next day, and that he cannot be hanged on Friday because, with Saturday ruled out, by Thursday afternoon he would know that he was to be hanged on Friday, and that all the other days of the week can be excluded by the same argument, so he concludes with relief that he cannot be hanged on any day next week and that therefore the judge's sentence cannot be correctly carried out. The crux of the matter lies in the hanging: However, if he is hanged on Wednesday, the judge's sentence is correctly carried out, because the hanging would indeed be a surprise, given the prisoner's reasoning, because he appears to have ruled out every day including Wednesday. In this paper, the author attempts to logically resolve the hanging paradox (sometimes presented as the surprise test paradox) by considering the elements constituting a ‘surprise’ in the context of the prompt, while incorporating certainty and logical flow to arrive at an answer.1
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Momentum Is Not Conserved (in Chinese）

Authors: GuagSan Yu
Comments: 6 Pages. in Chinese

Because Newton's third law and Newton's second law proved to be wrong, then according to the new second law of motion and the new third law of motion, the new mechanics principle is produced, the most important and remarkable is, that the momentum is not conserved And the principle of energy is not conserved, it be found.
Category: Classical Physics

Infinite Twin Primes: Two Methods

Authors: William Blickos
Comments: 27 Pages. thoughtfarm@live.com

This paper is a revision and consolidation of two different but related methods to prove that there are infinitely many twin primes. The proofs are presented in the opposite order in which they were developed, largely due to the fact that a statement used at the end of the original proof, requiring its own proof, inspired and lead to the second method. The original technique uses surfaces, parabolas, and a number of lines. The 2nd proof, presented 1st, is actually the more direct and formal method. It primarily uses 2 surfaces, and also includes the extra steps needed to prove an analogous statement to one that was treated trivially in the first. Together these proofs compliment each other, and contain my body of work on the subject in a single resource.
Category: Number Theory

Timeline Interchange Due to Motion

Authors: Swayam Jha
Comments: 10 Pages.

According to the special relativity, time dilates for an observed body which travels through space relative to an observer. This paper has extended the concept of time dilation that leads us to an unanticipated conclusion. The current research work concludes that when one extends the time dilation then there is a timeline interchange for the object that is in motion. It simply means that an observed body because of its motion travels into the past of the observer’s timeline because the rate of flow of time for the observed body has been dilated relative to the observer’s rate of flow of time. It should be noted that the observed body has not traveled to its past (as the rate of flow of time is only dilated not reversed). This means that the past interpreted by the observer would not be the past of that observed body but the present of the observed body. It can be seen here that the Einstein’s now concept (which is a theoretical prediction of special relativity) which says that an observed body’s now(present) may not be same for an observer’s now(present), it may be past or future depending upon the direction of motion of the observed body relative to the observer’s frame is a direct consequence of the timeline interchange because of the time dilation (this will also be true when the frame of reference interchanged i.e. the observer is moving relative to the observed body in that case the observer will travel into observed past provided that there Is no common reality of who is moving in the cases of motion with constant velocity). This concludes that the timeline interchange can justify the reason for Einstein’s now concept and help us to progress in understanding the true nature of time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Detektion Schwacher Signale Mit Einem Injection Locked Oszillator

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 4 Pages.

Ein Software-Ringoszillator mit einem Fangbereich von über ± 5% kann injizierte Signale mit SNR = -20 dB regenerieren und noch schwächere Signale mit SNR = -27 dB identifizieren. Injection-locking entspricht einer PLL erster Ordnung und ist immer stabil. Deshalb sind keine Berechnungen oder Abgleichmaßnahmen notwendig. Ein ILO ist sehr einfach zu implementieren: kein Phasendetektor, Varaktor oder Schleifenfilter.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

Detection of Weak Signals with an Injection Locked Oscillator

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 3 Pages.

A software ring oscillator with a capture range of more than ± 5% can regenerate injected signals with SNR = -20 dB and identify even weaker signals with SNR = -27 dB. Injection Locked Synchronous Oscillators correspond to a first-order PLL and are always stable. Therefore no calculations or adjustments are necessary. An ILO is very easy to implement: no phase detector, no varactor, no loop filter.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

Importance of Statistical Tools and Methods in Data Science

Authors: Krish Bajaj
Comments: 10 Pages.

This paper aims to highlight the prominent position of statistics as a foundational pillar for descriptive and inferential statistical analysis to deduce underlying patterns in a population by looking at a sample drawn from the population. It focusses on the intuitive aspects of the statistical tools and its relevance and applicability .The paper concludes by highlighting some common misconceptions and misuse of statistics.
Category: Statistics

Thermoanalytical, Optical, and Magnetic Investigations on Nanocrystalline Li0.5Fe2.5O4 and Resulting Ceramics Prepared by a Starch-Based Soft-Chemistry Synthesis

Authors: R. Köferstein
Comments: 23 Pages. The paper was published in: Journal of Solid State Chemistry 287 (2020) 121380 (DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2020.121380)

Nanocrystalline Li0.5Fe2.5O4 was prepared by a starch-based soft-chemistry synthesis. Calcining of the (LiFe)-gel between 350 and 1000 °C results in Li0.5Fe2.5O4 powders with crystallite sizes from 13 to 141 nm and specific surface areas between 35 and 7.1 m2 g-1. XRD investigations reveal the formation of ordered Li0.5Fe2.5O4. Sintering between 1050 and 1250 °C leads to ceramics with relative densities of 67-95 % consisting of grains between 0.3 and 54 μm. As the sintering temperature increases a rising weight loss of the ceramic samples was observed due to the loss of Li2O. Temperature-dependent magnetic measurements indicate a superparamagnetic behaviour for the nano-sized samples. Field-dependent measurements at 3 K of ceramics sintered between 1050 and 1200 °C show increasing saturation magnetization values (Ms) of 70.0 to 73.0 emu g-1 most likely due to the formation of lithium vacancies and a decrease of the inversion parameter. The magnetization drops down to 67.7 emu g-1 after sintering at 1250 °C caused by the formation of hematite. Diffuse reflectance spectra reveal an indirect allowed band gap decreasing from 1.93 to 1.60 eV depending on thermal treatment. DSC measurements of the order - disorder phase transition on nano-sized powders and bulk ceramics exhibit transition temperatures between 734 and 755 °C and enthalpy changes (H) ranging from 5.0 to 13.5 J g-1. The linear thermal expansion coefficient was found to be 11.4x10-6 K-1.
Category: Chemistry

A New Look at Space

Authors: Abduhakim Khadjibaev
Comments: 5 Pages.

Among all the fundamental categories of physics, space is the dominant place, for everything that exists as a physical reality. Until the end of the 19th century the prevailing consensus was that there was a continuous “environment” called “ether” that fills all space, but completely intangible for humans. After the experiments of Michelson and Morley and describing the principles of Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity, the concept of “ether” was completely discarded from science. It was recognized, that electromagnetic waves propagate in an absolute vacuum. With the advent of the General Theory of Relativity and quantum mechanics, the need to recognize the presence of a certain "medium" filling space reappeared. Such concepts as “physical field”, “physical vacuum”, scalar field (Higgs field) and others were proposed. The author in this article proposes the concept according to which space-time is considered as the physical system that consists of physical substrate and presents itself as an “absolute physical reality”.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Dark Matter and the Cosmic Web

Authors: Gene H. Barbee
Comments: 29 Pages. My email is genebarbee@msn.com.

The cosmic web is a filament like structure that connects galaxies. It is imaged by gravitational lensing and is thought to be composed mainly of dark matter since it is very faint in the electromagnetic spectrum. There are computer simulations of the web showing that galaxies are often nodes for multiple branches. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ivymdduulFU . Conversely there are volumes in the sky that are relatively devoid of matter. However, cosmologists have long recognized that mass is uniform [18][21] at a scale much larger than the web. Scientists are trying to understand dark matter and dark energy [20]. The unexpected web like structure adds to a list of cosmology unknowns. The author studied mass accumulation [16] with an expansion model associated with energy values and relationships found in the proton model [Appendix 1]. WMAP [17][19] and later the PLANCK satellites measured cosmic background radiation anisotropy and concluded that there are scale invariant density variations on the order of d’/d=8e-6. The author used this data to predict mass accumulation in three primary levels of structure. It appears that stars, within galaxies within galaxy clusters all result from differential central mass related to measured density variations. Surrounding density is accelerated toward the central mass and densified by radius reduction that obeys a R*v^2=r*V^2 conservation law. Simulations presented agree with several observations including when stars light up, the orbital velocity of stars and Hubble’s constant [15]. This paper takes the simulations one step further by studying the shape of the structure. This paper provides a reasonable explanation for the cosmic web without assuming dark matter [8][12]. Falling mass develops a preferred orientation that changes the shape of the mass, lengthening it into filaments rather than spheres. This is like our atmosphere that forms tornados when there are density differences. In this case, the density difference is the central mass of the star volume. As mass falls toward the central density, it contracts and spins extending the filament outward from the central mass. Simulations of these structures extend between mass accumulating in adjacent areas and appear to be the feature being imaged as the cosmic web. A realistic looking simulation of a barred spiral galaxy is included.
Category: Astrophysics

Fuzzy Time & NP Hardness (P*=BPP*, P*≠NP*)

Authors: Farzad Didehvar
Comments: 9 Pages.

We have shown the plausibility of considering time as a Fuzzy concept instead of classical time [7], [8]. By considering time as a fuzzy concept, we will have new classes of Complexity. Here, we show that how some famous problems will be solved in this new picture.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

P≠NP, by Accepting to Make a Shift in the Theory (Time as a Fuzzy Concept) the Structure of a Theory (TC*, Theory of Computation Based on Fuzzy Time)

Authors: Farzad Didehvar
Comments: Pages.

In a series of articles we try to show the need of a novel Theory for Theory of Computation based on considering time as a Fuzzy concept. Time is a central concept In Physics. First we were forced to consider some changes and modifications in the Theories of Physics. In the second step and throughout this article we show the positive Impact of this modification on Theory of Computation and Complexity Theory to rebuild it in a more successful and fruitful approach. We call this novel Theory TC*.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Detailing the Universe Time-Scale

Authors: Osvaldo F. Schilling
Comments: 3 Pages. one figure

In recent work we have drawn a quantitative picture of protons condensation from a state at 3.7 GeV, which we freely associated to a “vacuum”. We then found evidence for the actual character of such a state from the flux profile of protons in cosmic rays, which indicates 3.7 GeV as the environment energy in equilibrium with embryo-protons after the big-bang. Based on the literature, we insert such finding into a pictorial representation of the Universe Time-Scale.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

К вопросу о непериодическом замощении плоскости

Authors: Franz Hermann
Comments: 20 Pages.

Как известно, вопрос о существовании фигуры, при помощи которой можно было бы замостить плоскость только непериодическими мозаиками до сих пор остаѐтся открытым. В данной заметке мы хотим предложить вниманию читателя, построенную нами фигуру, при помощи которой, при определѐнных начальных условиях замощения, непериодические мозаики строятся с намного большей вероятностью нежели периодические. Насколько нам известно, данную фигуру пока ещѐ никто не использовал для построения непериодических мозаик на плоскости. Забегая вперѐд можно сказать, что данные замощения носят характер квазикристаллических мозаик. По нашему мнению, именно этот факт, может быть, будет наиболее интересен для многих читателей.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Definition of Work: Unsolved Problem in Classical Mechanics

Authors: Temur Z. Kalanov
Comments: 15 Pages.

The critical analysis of the foundations of classical mechanics is proposed. Methodological basis of the analysis is the unity of formal logic and rational dialectics. The main results of the analysis of concepts “force”, “work” and “work of force” are the following statements: (1) the standard concept “work of force” contradicts to dialectics (practice) and formal logic because the concept “force” is a general abstract concept. The concept “force of interaction of material objects” is a general concrete concept because this concept expresses the property (feature, sign, quality) of the interaction of material objects. But the property does not perform the work because the property is not a material object. Work is performed by a controllable (operated) material object. Consequently, the standard mathematical definition of work is an incorrect relationship; (2) the concept “force of interaction of material objects” can only be defined in a genetic way: one should measure the force of interaction with the help of a dynamometer. The dynamometer reading represents the value of the measured quantity (force). If the measured quantity (force) is a variable quantity, then a change of this quantity (force) is called the movement of this quantity (force). But if the force is a constant quantity, then the movement of the force does not exist. Consequently, the standard mathematical definition of work is an incorrect relationship; (3) the position of the force in the coordinate system cannot be determined because a force is not a material object, and the quantity of the force does not have the dimension (measure) “meter”. This signifies that: (a) a force does not exist in the material coordinate system; (b) a force does not exist on the material path; the path length (distance) for force does not exist. Consequently, force cannot move over a distance that has the dimension “meter”. This signifies that the standard mathematical definition of work is an incorrect relationship; (4) in point of view of dialectics, work and energy are nonidentity concepts. Work is the activity of man, a robot, a controllable machine created by man. Work represents a rational, reasonable, well-directed, purposeful, purposive activity which manifested in the informational and material change of reality. This activity is the impossible if intellectual, informational, energy, and material resources do not exist. Thus, the standard mathematical definition of the work of force is a formal-logical, dialectical (practical), and physical errors.
Category: Classical Physics

The Mind, Strings and Flux

Authors: John Peel
Comments: 5 Pages. The brain may be able to control its own flux, as a decision.

Here we discuss that consciousness is an iterative process, contained within the brain. That is if awareness is a state of flux, it is contained approximately within the brain. Decisions are crucial in awareness and work, charge, energy and force are key variables. Essentially equality implies a form of awareness, and the decision term µ controls the equations, as do the choice functions E and B (see previous papers). If we let the number of occurrences, n be analogous to frequency ω, we can set up exponential solutions that demonstrate the role of curves (strings) in consciousness.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

New Formula for Prime Counting Function

Authors: Majid azimi
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper presents two functions for prime counting function and its inverse function (the function that returns nth prime number as output) with high accuracy and best approximation, which, due to their significant features, are distinguished from other similar functions presented thus far. the presented function for prime counting function is denoted by πm(x) and presented function for nth prime is denoted by Pm(x) in this article.
Category: Number Theory

Orbital Radius Length Oscillations

Authors: Viktor Strohm
Comments: 12 Pages.

Oscillations of orbital radii length were detected. Radius lengths are taken from astronomical tables. The article contains several types of oscillations.
Category: Astrophysics

Correlationin Bell-Test Experiments and Perspective

Authors: Gerard van der Ham
Comments: 2 pages

Applying perspective, projection and assuming fixed opposite spin, Quantum Mechanic correlation is perfectly explicable. Bell's theorem is not applicable to spin detection of entangled electrons because he didn't assume fixed opposite spin of entangled electrons.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Software Ring Oscillator

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 2 Pages.

A digital ring oscillator requires three inverters. A software ring oscillator requires three lines of code and generates a sinusoidal voltage. The generated frequency can be set within wide limits and can be easily influenced.
Category: Classical Physics

Ein Software-Ringoszillator

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 2 Pages.

Ein digitaler Ringoszillator erfordert drei Inverter, ein Software-Ring­oszillator benötigt drei Zeilen und erzeugt eine sinusförmige Spannung. Die erzeugte Frequenz ist in weiten Grenzen einstellbar und lässt sich leicht beeinflussen.
Category: Classical Physics

Transparency and Granularity in the SP Theory of Intelligence and Its Realisation in the SP Computer Model

Authors: J. Gerard Wolff
Comments: 37 Pages. As of 2020-09-02, this document has been accepted for publication as a chapter in the book Interpretable Articial Intelligence: A Perspective of Granular Computing, to be published by Springer-Verlag and edited by Witold Pedrycz and Shyi-Ming Chen.

This chapter describes how the SP System, meaning the SP Theory of Intelligence, and its realisation as the SP Computer Model, may promote transparency and granularity in AI, and some other areas of application. The chapter describes how transparency in the workings and output of the SP Computer Model may be achieved via three routes: 1) the program provides a very full audit trail for such processes as recognition, reasoning, analysis of language, and so on. There is also an explicit audit trail for the unsupervised learning of new knowledge; 2) knowledge from the system is likely to be granular and easy for people to understand; and 3) there are seven principles for the organisation of knowledge which are central in the workings of the SP System and also very familiar to people (eg chunking-with-codes, part-whole hierarchies, and class-inclusion hierarchies), and that kind of familiarity in the way knowledge is structured by the system, is likely to be important in the interpretability, explainability, and transparency of that knowledge. Examples from the SP Computer Model are shown throughout the chapter.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Quantum Entropy Conservation and Photon Quantum Equation

Authors: Domenico Oricchio
Comments: 4 Pages.

I try to prove that the entropy is a invariant in a isolated system. I write a possible photon quantum equation to obtain the associated flow of entropy in the gauge bosons.
Category: Quantum Physics

Microworld_71 Newton's World_10 X. Unique Structures of the Universe

Authors: Leonov N.N.
Comments: 10 Pages. English and russian texts

As a result of the gravitational collapse of the remnants of burned-out stars, new, unique structures of our Universe are formed - "neutron stars" and "black holes", which have atypical structures due to enormous internal pressures and densities.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

The Advance of Planets’ Perihelion in Newtonian Theory Plus Gravitational and Rotational Time Dilation

Authors: Christian Corda
Comments: 18 Pages.

It is shown through three different approaches that, contrary to a longstanding conviction older than 160 years, the orbit of Mercury behaves as required by Newton's equations with a very high precision if one correctly analyzes the situation in the framework of the two-body problem without neglecting the mass of Mercury. General relativity remains more precise than Newtonian physics, but the results in this paper show that Newtonian framework is more powerful than researchers and astronomers were thinking till now, at least for the case of Mercury. The Newtonian formula of theadvance of planets' perihelion breaks down for the other planets. The predicted Newtonian result is indeed too strong for Venus and Earth. Therefore, it is also shown that corrections due to gravitational and rotational time dilation, in an intermediate framework which analyzes gravity between Newton and Einstein, solve the problem. By adding such corrections, a result consistent with the one of general relativity is indeed obtained. Thus, the most important results of this paper are two: i) It is not correct that Newtonian theory cannot predict the anomalous rate of precession of the perihelion of planets' orbit. The real problem is instead that a pure Newtonian prediction is too strong. ii) Perihelion's precession can be achieved with the same precision of general relativity by extending Newtonian gravity through the inclusion of gravitational and rotational time dilation effects. This second result is in agreement with a couple of recent and interesting papers of Hansen, Hartong and Obers. Differently from such papers, in the present work the importance of rotational time dilation is also highlighted.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Exact Periodic Solution of a Truly Nonlinear Oscillator Equation

Authors: M. D. Monsia
Comments: 7 pages

We calculate for the first time the exact and general solution of a well-known equation which is assumed to be a truly nonlinear oscillator and to have only periodic solutions. We find complex-valued functions as solutions. As a result the supposed qualities of this equation are open to criticism.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Garo to English School Dictionary and the Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 21 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study a Garo to English School Dictionary. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,βH = 0.02) i.e. a magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Isingmodel with four nearest neighbours with βH = 0.02. β is 1/(k_B T) where, T is temperature, H is external magnetic field and k_B is the Boltzmann constant.
Category: Social Science

Mnll-Psll-Prll: Three Rules for Democratic Decision Making

Authors: Ricardo Alvira
Comments: 67 Pages.

This is an -slightly updated- excerpt of the book 'Mnll, Psll and Prll. Three rules for democratic decision making', published in 2016 (currently undergoing review). Minor adaptations have been incorporated. It was reviewed by vitoriano Ramirez in septembrer 2019, as member of my PhD Dissertation Committee.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

An Explanation of Single Electron Double-slit Experiment

Authors: Shaolong Wang
Comments: 4 Pages. The solution of double slit interference experiment

The phenomenon of double-slit interference is not an attribute of the electron itself, but is caused by the fluctuation of space. Because of the big bang of the universe, there has always been an explosion afterwave in space. I call it " universe ripple". This kind of ripple is hard to be felt in the macro world. However, for particles with very small mass such as electrons and photons, the effect of such ripples can not be ignored.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Mystery Circle Arising from Laurent Expansion

Authors: Hiroshi Okumura
Comments: 4 Pages.

For a parametric equation of circles touching two externally touching circles, we consider its Laurent expansion around one of the singular points. Then we can find an equation of a notable circle and the equations of the external common tangents of the two circles from the coefficient of the Laurent expansion. However it is a mystery why we can find such things.
Category: Geometry

Mirror Images and Division by Zero Calculus

Authors: Saburou Saitoh
Comments: 13 Pages. Very classical results on the mirror images of the centers of circles and bolls should be the centers as the typical results of the division by zero calculus. For their importance, we would like to discuss them in a self-contained manner.

Very classical results on the mirror images of the centers of circles and bolls should be the centers as the typical results of the division by zero calculus. For their importance, we would like to discuss them in a self-contained manner.
Category: Functions and Analysis

[A] High Power Partial Fraction Decomposition Theorem

Authors: Federico Pagano
Comments: (Note: Corrections on 1st page are made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm)

[T]he problem of fraction decomposition it's easy to solve by using the cover up method, when there are no repeated linear factors in the denominator. Nevertheless it could turn into a hard work if these factors are raised to a high power, where the cover up method doesn't work. This technique shows how to calculate these coefficients without solving large systems of equations.
Category: Mathematical Physics

[A] Short Proof of Generalized Cauchy's Residue Theorem

Authors: Federico Pagano
Comments: (Note: Corrections on 1st page are made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm)

We can derive the Cauchy's residue theorem (its general form) just by direct integration of a Taylorseries “without” making any radius go to zero, even without the limit circumference idea take place.
Category: Functions and Analysis

[A] Corollary [from a Theorem Proposed by the Author]

Authors: Federico Pagano
Comments: (Note: Corrections on 1st page are made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm)

From [a] theorem [proposed by the author], we can derive the generalized Dirichlet integral for anynatural value when the whole integrand is raised to the n-th power.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Second Order Differential Equations With Variable Coefficients and Related Physical Problems

Authors: M. D. Monsia
Comments: 2 pages

A theory of second order linear differential equations with variable coefficients is proposed in this work. The theory is shown to be useful to solve boundary value problems and Schrödinger eigenvalue problems in terms of elementary functions.
Category: Mathematical Physics

How Kenya Has Kept Its CoVID 19 Infection Figures Low

Authors: Nyagudi Musandu Nyagudi
Comments: 3 Pages.

Review of Paper: Revealing the extent of the COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya based on serological and PCR-test data (https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.02.20186817v1.full.pdf ). On September 3, 2020 a paper was posted to Medrxiv, detailing the effort to control the CoVID 19 pandemic in Kenya, some aspects of that position cannot go unchallenged given the gravity of the decisions that would arise from what would effectively be a Government position backed by Researchers from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in UK, The Zeeman’s Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Research – Warwick University UK, School of Life Sciences – Warwick University UK, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health – Nuffield Department of Medicine – Oxford University UK, Kenya Medical Research Institute – Wellcome Trust Kenya. Suffice it to say that some of the methods used to keep the CoVID 19 infection figures “low” in Kenya are Machiavellian
Category: Quantitative Biology

Quantum Permutations and Quantum Reflections

Authors: Teo Banica
Comments: 300 Pages.

The permutation group $S_N$ has a quantum analogue $S_N^+$, which is infinite at $N\geq4$. We review the known facts regarding $S_N^+$, and its versions $S_F^+$, with $F$ being a finite quantum space. We discuss then the structure of the closed subgroups $G\subset S_N^+$ and $G\subset S_F^+$, with particular attention to the quantum reflection groups.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Klein Gordon Equation and Wave Function for Free Particle in Rindler Space-Time

Authors: Sangwha Yi
Comments: 4 Pages. Thank you for reading

Klein-Gordon equation is a relativistic wave equation. It treats spinless particle. The wave function cannot use as a probability amplitude. We ma de Klein Gordon equation.in Rindler space time. In this paper, we make free particle’s wave function as the solution of Klein Gordon equation in Rindler space time
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Novel Explanation of the Active Galactic Nuclei: The Power Source of Quasars as a Result of Vacuum Polarization by the Gravitational Singularities on the Distributional BHs Horizon

Authors: Jaykov Foukzon, Elena R Men’kova, Alexander A Potápov
Comments: 19 Pages.

In this paper, we argue that the current paradigm for AGN and quasars essentially incomplete and rivision is needed. Remind that the current paradigm for AGN and quasars is that their radio emission is explained by synchrotron radiation from relativistic electrons that are Doppler boosted through bulk motion. In this model, the intrinsic brightness temperatures cannot exceed 1011 to 1012 K. Typical Doppler boosting is expected to be able to raise this temperature by a factor of 10.The observed brightness temperature of the most compact structures in BL Lac, constrained by baselines longer than 5.3G, must indeed exceed 2 1013K and can reach as high as ~ 3 1014K.This is difficult to reconcile with current incoherent synchrotron emission models from relativistic electrons, requiring alternative models such as emission from relativistic protons.However the proton, as we know, is 1836 times heavier than an electron and absolutely huge energy is required to accelerated it to sublight speed.These alternative models such as emission from relativistic protons can be suported by semiclassical gravity effect finds its roots in the singular behavior of quantum fields on curved distributional spacetimes presented by rotating gravitational singularities.
Category: Astrophysics

A New Model of Space Which Expands Einstein's General Relativity Theory to Relate Also to Electric Charges

Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 11 Pages.

Albert Einstein's General Relativity Theory provided an explanation for Newton's Universal Gravitation Law that defines how two Masses attract each other, by stating that the distortion of the interwoven Space/Time entity caused by Mass dictates to all other Masses how to move and as such causes the attraction between Masses. However, Coulomb's Law, that defines the attraction/repulsion between two Electric Charges, has an identical structure to the structure of Newton's Universal Gravitation Law. Thus, it is reasonable to wonder, what causes the attraction/repulsion between Electric Charges. This study presents a new model of Space, which suggests an answer to that question. That model expands Einstein's General Relativity Theory by describing Space as being composed of three interwoven Space/Time entities: a Mass Space/Time entity for Masses, a Positive Electric Charge Space/Time entity for Positive Electric Charges and a Negative Electric Charge Space/Time entity for Negative Electric Charges. That model also assumes that Masses affect the Mass Space/Time entity, and is affected by this entity, according to what the General Relativity Theory claims. In addition, that model describes how Electric Charges affect the additional Space/Time entities, the two Electric Charges Space/Time entities, and are affected by these entities, such that the Coulomb's Law is explained, analogous to the explanation of the Universal Gravitation Law by the General Relativity Theory. This article expands the General Relativity Theory to relate also to Electric Charges. As such, it predicts that the acceleration between two Charged Objects is a function of the Electric Charges magnitude and not a function of the Masses of the Charged Objects. This article also provides a proposal how to check that prediction, and if this prediction turns to be successful it will provide validity to the theory presented in this article.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Suns Near and Far

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 4 Pages.

Beyond our Sun are many other suns within telescopic range. This essay deals with our original dual-star solar system and the Oort Cloud. It also shows how to view Stella, a star that drifted out of our dust cloud of origin. It discusses 2D vision vs. 3D vision, and more.
Category: Astrophysics

[Exploration of Plausible] COVID 19 Therapy by Laser Treatment

Authors: Ali Yousif Hassan Edriss
Comments: 8 Pages.

[The author's] equations describe chemical reactions that are influenced by light variables. [These] equations are equations that link chemistry, laser, and thermodynamics, they link the properties of a photon with the properties of the matters. They contain concepts such as enthalpy, free energy, and Gibbs energy that control any chemical reaction. Since the replication mechanism of the Corona virus is gust chemical reactions in laser considerations, then we can jam these reactions and create side reactions that kill the virus. Enzymes are highly organized materials, have specific jobs to do, any jamming will end up to death. Conversely, Gibbs energy (reaction enthalpy) is powerfully influence reaction, even organized reactions of enzymes, so anything change this Gibbs will effect reactions, photon lastly found his pathway to interfere reactions through [these] equations. [In] this paper, I began introduce COVID 19 virus, its behavior, pathogenicity through its RdRP enzymes, how this enzymes built up and how does it work. Next I introduced my equations and its relations with photon, chemical reactions, and then built a coherent idea about using laser to affect enzymes reactions.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Cover Theorem By Eliahu Shaykevich

Authors: Eliahu Shaykevich
Comments: 10 Pages.

There is such a historical number of deals N0 of both parities and such a way of placing them on the market that for any N> ��0 the inequality M + (��) ≥��− (��) + ��− (��) (9) we will call it the "Shaykevich Inequality" or the Covering Theorem (CoverTheorem)
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Cosmology in the Theory of 4-Dimensional Matter Waves

Authors: Randolf Rolff
Comments: 7 Pages. German language Deutsch: Kosmologie in der Theorie der 4-dimensionalen Materiewellen

The measured magnitudes of the supernovae and the simultaneously measured redshifts do not fit to the model calculations of the general theory of relativity. For the adjustment the hypothesis of dark energy with the correcting parameters Ωm and ΩΛ is common. The theory of 4-dimensional matter waves achieves the same accuracy without these additional corrections and pa-rameters. It describes a physical model with which the effects of the theory of relativity and those of quantum theory are ex-plained and quantified in a unified theory that is intuitively to understand. Developed as an equivalent alternative to the special theory of relativity, at this point it shows the first metrological differences with more accurate results.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Erratum to Comment on “The Mössbauer Rotor Experiment and the General Theory of Relativity” [ann. Physics 368 (2016) 258-266]

Authors: J. Foukzon, E. R. Men'kova
Comments: 2 Pages.

Here we want to report an unfortunate misprint in our paper Comment on “The Mössbauer rotor experiment and the general theory of relativity” [Ann. Physics 368 (2016) 258-266], which was published in Annals of Physic 368 (2016) 258-266
Category: Quantum Physics

A Review of the Forgiveness Levels of School Students in Terms of Various Variables

Authors: Kemal ÖZTEMEL, Zeliha TRAŞ, Merve Kadriye ÜNAL
Comments: 35 Pages.

The aim of this study is to examine the forgiveness levels of secondary school students in terms of various variables. The study group consists of 256 female (48.8%) and 269 (51.2%) male students. The research is conducted with a descriptive survey model. Forgiveness Scale for Adolescents is used as data collection tool. t-test and one-way analysis of variance are used to analyze the data. As a result of the research, it is found that there are significant differences in components of forgiveness, revenge, maintaining anger and empathy sub-dimensions of forgiveness scale. Female students received higher scores than male students in the components of forgiveness and empathy sub-dimensions. Male students received higher scores than female students in revenge and maintaining anger. Significant differences were found in the sub-dimension of maintaining anger. The ones, whose maternal education status is secondary school and above, received higher scores than the ones whose mothers? are illiterate. According to parental attitudes, there is a significant difference in the components of forgiveness sub-dimension. According to grade levels, there is a significant difference between the skills of empathy as the grade increases. The results were discussed according to the literature.
Category: Education and Didactics

Valorification of the Kindergarten-School Educational Partnership in Preparing Children for Schooling

Authors: Valentina MÎSLIȚCHI
Comments: 26 Pages.

The article addresses the issue regarding the valorification of the partnership between the pre-school and primary education institution in order to ensure the quality of the children´s preparation for school. The paper analyzes concepts such as: educational partnership, preparation for school, school maturity; there are highlighted the defining notes of the kindergarten-school educational partnership, the specificity of the kindergarten-school continuity; it is presented a kindergarten-school educational partnership project focused on the optimization of the process of preparing children for schooling.
Category: Education and Didactics

The Modern Concept of Value Orientation

Authors: Diana ANTOCI
Comments: 17 Pages.

The present article includes theoretical study of various scientific papers concerning value and value orientation with the reference to definitions, characteristics of structural components of value orientation, correlations with different elements of personality system, factors impact upon the process of value orientation development. The analysis of the scientific approaches and their attempts to define the value orientations highlighted some unclear positions and controversies that led to elaboration of own definition for the notion of value orientation.
Category: Education and Didactics

Social and Professional Factors Involved in the Evaluation of Teachers

Authors: Florica ORȚAN
Comments: 10 Pages.

In the first part of the communication, we synthetically present the situation of the general culture education in the north-western part of the country. In the second part of the paper, the main objective of the research is presented: identifying the factors on which the candidates? success at the finalization in education exam depends. The success at the exam, as a dependent variable, is operationalised and quantified through the obtained grade. The following factors are taken in consideration: the candidates? specialization, graduation year, graduates? education form, the type of institutions (public or private), the county where they work, the rural or urban environment of the institution where they work, the rural or urban environment of their birthplace, civil state, sex and age. A number of 100 subjects have been investigated from Bihor County, Satu-Mare County and S?laj County. Once all indicators have been operationalized and quantified, data was statistically processed. In this way, it was possible to check the hypotheses, according to which, there are certain specializations and counties where most of the candidates come from, who achieve remarkable results at the final exam. In the same manner, the impact of the analyzed factors was studied. Finally, several social and professional factors were outlined according to the role they play in the examining process, deciphering the causes of success. The first part of the paper presents the general theoretical issue of social and cultural inequality. The analysis aims at highlighting the important role that education plays in ensuring equal opportunities for young people and diminishing social inequalities. The study highlights the important role of the teacher in ensuring students' good training and in diminishing, through this way, social and professional inequalities. Relevant information regarding education situation in schools is presented, revealing more inequalities, both between counties, urban and rural environments in each county, but also between different areas of the same county. The premises of the investigation have originated from inequalities such as those presented above. The article tries to capture the intervention of factors, such as the environment from which the teachers come, their specialization, the civil status, the year of graduation, sex, age, etc.
Category: Education and Didactics

The Social Dimension of Educational Assessment

Authors: Ramona-Elena TUTUNARU
Comments: 12 Pages.

Educational assessment has always been present within the educational process, but the way we have related to it has continuously changed as educational assessment is constantly constructing itself ? both from within and in relation to the other elements of the educational process. Socially, schools represent the institution which fulfils a key-role ? its main purpose is to educate, and education has the force to generate knowledge, value, and evolution. Educational assessment meets these characteristics both intrinsically and extrinsically, in relation to everything it interacts with. The impressive capacity of the educational assessment to adapt itself to the present time but also to look towards the future is also evidenced by it claiming its presence in the processes of both teaching and learning as well as in the assessment process itself ? all assessment subjecting itself to its own rigours.
Category: Education and Didactics

The Views of Pupil on Teacher Undesirable Behaviors in Their Apprenticeship Program

Authors: Ömer BEYHAN
Comments: 12 Pages.

At the beginning, it is found in most of the countries that offer teacher education are not concerned with the current need and development needed for the school and the industry (real life), rather they just design the curriculum as per the decision of members of the board or senate. Generally, the board does not want to discuss exactly with the nominees or experienced teachers and the school manager. Results are in a big gap for the education operators especially, nominee teachers, too. Preparing a suitable training program and job ready teachers we need nominee teacher perceptions on their trainers and teacher. In this content, in an undesirable environment for pupils’ perceptions are very essential. Undesirable environment for practice is defined as the environment that has behavior which is not suitable for the situation or the environment, but it is acted consciously in it. In this study, it is aimed to determine the views of the pupil on teacher undesirable behaviors in their apprenticeship program. The population of this research is 370 students who study in NEÜ Education faculty 7th-semester students in the academic year 2017-2018 in Konya. This paper that tries to find the ways on the grounds for synergetic partnerships between the faculty of education and industry for a win-win situation for both the sides revealed that pupil perceptions are ranged in two groups between “strongly disagree” with the interval 1.00-1.80 and “disagree” with the interval 1.81-2.60.
Category: Education and Didactics

Investigation of the Relationship Between Trait Anger and Anger Expression and Submissive Behaviors in Adolescents

Authors: Zeliha TRAŞ, Yusuf ATIŞ
Comments: 22 Pages.

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between anger, anger expression styles and submissive behaviors in adolescents. The study group of the research consisted of 445 high school students selected by random sampling method. The participants consisted of 250 (45.9%) men and 295 (54.1%) women. In the research, State-Trait Anger and Anger Expression Style Scale, Submissive Behaviors Scale and Personal Information Form were used to determine the anger and anger expression styles of adolescents. In the analysis of the data; t-test, one-way variance analysis, Pearson Correlation Coefficient and regression analysis were used. According to the research findings, a significant difference was found in favor of female students in trait anger and anger-out sub-dimensions of trait anger and anger expression styles of adolescents according to gender variable. In the anger control sub-dimension, a significant difference was found in favor of male students. According to the grade variable, the anger-in subscale dimension, which is one of the state-trait anger and anger expression subscales, was found to be significantly higher in the 10th grade students than the 9th grade students. As a result of the correlation analysis conducted in the research, a positive and moderate relationship was found between the adolescents’ scores from submissive behaviors and the anger-in sub-dimensions. As a result of the regression analysis conducted in the research, it was concluded that submissive behaviors were a significant predictor of adolescents’ anger-in. According to the findings of this study, it can be suggested that school psychological counselors conduct anger control group guidance for 9th and 10th grade students.
Category: Education and Didactics

Convictions in the Context of Personality Values Formation in Adolescents and Young People

Authors: Valentina MÎSLIȚCHI
Comments: 21 Pages.

The article covers the issue of continuous professional training of teachers, which is a complex, coherent process, aimed at ensuring the permanent adaptation of teachers to the dynamics of education processes and systems, promoting a proactive attitude, specific to a lifelong learning horizon. The research paper specifies the defining characteristics of the continuous professional training process, describes the principles and objectives of continuous teacher training, determines the content, methodology, forms of continuous teacher training, and elucidates the trends in continuous professional training of teachers.
Category: Education and Didactics

Curricular Perspectives and Strategies for Developing Cognitive Skills in Early Education

Authors: Claudia Irina ALDEA
Comments: 14 Pages.

Starting from the assumption that in early education the curricular strategies are selected and developed according to the curricular context and the specificity of general and particular cognitive development, we decided to engage in an experimental research focused on identifying, validating and developing some curricular strategies that are as relevant in the development of cognitive skills, as well as of other areas of development and experience. Our research fulfils several functions: 1) The systematization of the conceptual analyses regarding the problem of the cognitive skills and of the curricular strategies of their development, accompanied by personal appreciations and interpretations; 2) Of retesting and developing a previous micro-research; 3) Of methodological research, based on the development and validation of relevant investigation tools; 4) The development of a methodological framework and operational landmarks for the development of cognitive skills in early education. The article is conceived in the spirit of scientific consistency and comprehensive analysis of conceptual models, strategies and methodological models that outline the terminological code of the problem, but which also constitute premises for theoretical development and design of some experimental approaches. The article is structured on two dimensions: a) theoretical foundation regarding the conceptual analysis of cognitive competence in early education, from the perspective of the skills-centred educational approach, of the curriculum for early education, with implications for lifelong learning; b) addressing curricular strategies, which facilitate the process of developing cognitive skills in preschoolers, with an emphasis on child-centred training.
Category: Education and Didactics

Error In Einstein's Calculation Of Perihelion For Mercury

Authors: Eric Su
Comments: 2 Pages. Heading "Abstract" added by viXra Admin.

An error in Albert Einstein's paper, "Erklärung Perihelbewegung des Merkur aus", invalidated his confirmation of the precession of perihelion for Mercury. Einstein made an assumption on an equation to calculate the angle of precession. Unknown to Einstein, the assumption caused two roots of this equation to become imaginary numbers.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Asymmetric Gravitational Wave Functions by Retarding Attraction Between Planck’s Particles Allows a Quantum Inflationary Cosmos

Authors: A. Bennun, N. Ledesma
Comments: 10 Pages. 2 figures

Quantum inflation could be described by a sequence of surging Planck particles and their elongation, cooperatively increasing space. The process shows that inflationary velocity could be reached, without at any time locally exceeding c. Predominant conjectures support a universe structure described as a gravitational continuum. A quantum treatment has not been favored, because it is dependent of a mechanism preventing collapse, from the gravitational attraction between primordial particles. Wave trains, as well as energy fields, propagate at velocity c. Lowering frequency, results in that each quantum requires a longer space-time of localization. Initially, the four forces are confined within the Planck length (lP=1.61x10^-35 m). The stability of the Planck particle is constrained by the Planck time (tP=5.4x10^-44 s), allowing its energy to be emitted as a wave, and increasing localization length. The Schrödinger equation applied to the gravitational and electromagnetic interactions, acting as mediating forces between two particles, generates wave functions that show longer time of localization than tP. Henceforth, emerging of both photon as well as gravitational action, as either a wave or as a space-curving events, had fields that propagate at velocity c, but the event would manifest as retarded, with regard to the stability or localization times for the particle itself. Two systems of two particles were studied and in both cases the first oscillation, equivalent to a gravitational interaction, has an increase lasting time allowing covering of a longer distance, than the one separating the mass centers of the particles. In the first study, calculation shows that two particles with Planck masses mP, separated by lP, required to surge as a gravitational event a wave function length of about 10.5l P. The second study was localized within the inflationary period from 10^-35 to 10^-33 s. The gravitational interaction was evaluated for masses equivalents to 10^28 Kelvin separated by 3x10^-25 m. These were shown that the mediating force required to act the surging of a wave extending over 3x10^-22 m. Hence, for all purposes there is period when lack of acting gravitational forces, allows the cosmos to increase large enough to prevent a gravitational induced collapse at the mass acquisition event. However, this process may produce a small remnant of Planck particles which, by joining others, could reach longer dissipation times. Thus, allowing their tendency to attract others, to subsist until the time that could function as seeds for galaxies formation process.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

More Problems in AI Research and How the SP System May Help to Solve Them (Technical Report)

Authors: J. Gerard Wolff
Comments: 31 Pages. This "technical report" is an adjunct to the paper "Problems in AI research ..." and should be treated as an integral part of that paper

This technical report, an adjunct to the paper "Problems in AI research ...", describes some problems in AI research and how the {\em SP System} (meaning the "SP Theory of Intelligence" and its realisation in the "SP Computer Model") may help to solve them. It also contains a fairly detailed outline of the SP System. Most of the problems considered in this report are described by leading researchers in AI in interviews with science writer Martin Ford, and presented in his book "Architects of Intelligence". Problems and their potential solutions that are described in this report are: the need for more emphasis in research on the use of top-down strategies is met by the way SP has been developed entirely within a top-down framework; the risk of accidents with self-driving vehicles may be minimised via the theory of generalisation within the SP System; the need for strong compositionality in the structure of knowledge is met by processes within the SP Computer Model for unsupervised learning and the organisation of knowledge; although commonsense reasoning and commonsense knowledge are challenges for all theories of AI, the SP System has some promising features; the SP programme of research is one of very few working to establishing the key importance of information compression in AI research; Likewise, the SP programme of research is one of relatively few AI-related research programmes attaching much importance to the biological foundations of intelligence; the SP System lends weight to 'localist' (as compared with 'distributed') views of how knowledge is stored in the brain; compared with deep neural networks, the SP System offers much more scope for adaptation and the representation of knowledge; reasons are given for why the important subjects of motivations and emotions have not so far been considered in the SP programme of research. Evidence in this report, and "Problems in AI research ...", suggests that ***the SP System provides a relatively promising foundation for the development of artificial general intelligence***.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Using At-Tariq Condition to Construct Newton Universal Law of Gravity from the Schrödinger Equation and to Calculate the Cosmological Constant

Authors: Rayd Majeed Al-Shammari Al-Qahtani
Comments: 37 Pages.

At-Tariq condition is a non-constant ratio I drive it from Schwarzschild metric it represents the ratio mass of a gravity well to the Planck mass and I use it to construct Newton universal law of gravity from the Schrödinger equation and then use it to calculate the cosmological constant from the quantum field fluctuations with an accuracy of (93.5%)from the average accepted experimental results i.e. theoretical calculations ( Λ≅-1.4028×10^(-9) (J.m^(-3) ) with a proper solution to the vacuum catastrophe, in fact, this work in some aspects is compatible with the twister theory of professor Roger Penrose and it proves the effect of the gravitational blue shift of a moving gravity well, on the electric permittivity of free space (ε∘ )through both mathematical derivation and experimental evidence using a vertical variation of the Michelson-Morley experiment.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Riemann Hypothesis and Value Distribution Theory

Authors: JinHua Fei
Comments: 7 Pages.

Riemann Hypothesis was posed by Riemann in early 50’s of the 19 th century in his thesis titled “The Number of Primes less than a Given Number”. It is one of the unsolved “Supper”problems of mathematics. The Riemann Hypothesis is closely related to the well-known Prime Number Theorem. The Riemann Hypothesis states that all the nontrivial zeros of the zeta-function lie on the ‘critical line’. In this paper, we use Nevanlinna's Second Main Theorem in the value distribution theory, refute the Riemann Hypothesis. In reference [7], we have already given a proof of refute the Riemann Hypothesis, in this paper, we are given out the second proof, please reader reference.
Category: Number Theory

Visayan-English Dictionary and the Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 28 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study the Visayan-English Dictionary(Kapulún̄gan Binisayá-Iningĺs). We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,βH = 0.02) i.e. a magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Isingmodel with four nearest neighbours with βH = 0.02. β is 1/(k_B T) where, T is temperature, H is external magnetic field and k_B is the Boltzmann constant.
Category: Linguistics

New Principles of Differential Equations Ⅱ

Authors: Hong Lai Zhu
Comments: 36 Pages.

This is the second part of the total paper. Three kinds of Z Transformations are used to get many laws for general solutions of mth-order linear partial differential equations with n variables in the present thesis. Some general solutions of first-order linear partial differential equations, which cannot be obtained by using the characteristic equation method, can be solved by the Z Transformations. By comparing, we find that the general solutions of some first-order partial differential equations got by the characteristic equation method are not complete.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Problems in AI Research and How the SP System May Help to Solve Them

Authors: J. Gerard Wolff
Comments: 31 Pages. Accepted for publication in the journal Complexity

This paper describes problems in AI research and how the SP System (described in sources referenced in the paper) may help to solve them. Most of the problems considered in the paper are described by leading researchers in AI in interviews with science writer Martin Ford, and reported by him in his book "Architects of Intelligence". These problems, each with potential solutions via SP, are: the divide between symbolic and non-symbolic kinds of knowledge and processing, and how the SP System may bridge the divide; the tendency of deep neural networks (DNNs) to make large and unexpected errors in recognition, something that does not happen with the SP System; in most AI research, unsupervised learning is regarded as a challenge, but unsupervised learning is central in how SP learns; in other AI research, generalisation, with under- and over-generalisation is seen as a problem, but it is a problem that has a coherent solution in the SP System; learning usable knowledge from a single exposure or experience is widely regarded as a problem, but it is a problem that is already solved in the SP System; transfer learning (incorporating old knowledge in new) is seen as an unsolved problem, but it is bedrock in how the SP System learns; there is clear potential for the SP System to solve problems that are prevalent in most AI systems: learning that is slow and greedy for large volumes of data and large computational resources; the SP System provides solutions to problems of transparency in DNNs, where it is difficult to interpret stored knowledge and how it is processed; although there have been successes with DNNs in the processing of natural language, the SP System has strengths in the representation and processing of natural languages which appear to be more in accord with how people process natural language, and these strengths in the SP System are well-integrated with other strengths of the system in aspects of intelligence; by contrast with DNNs, SP has strengths and potential in human-like probabilistic reasoning, and these are well integrated with strengths in other aspects of intelligence; unlike most DNNs, the SP System eliminates the problem of catastrophic forgetting (where new learning wipes out old learning); the SP System provides much of the generality across several aspects of AI which is missing from much research in AI. The strengths and potential of the SP System in comparison with alternatives suggest that {\em the SP System provides a relatively promising foundation for the development of artificial general intelligence}.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Evidence of a Neutral Potential Surrounding the Earth

Authors: J.E.S. Gustafsson
Comments: 5 Pages.

We examine the associated wave of the electron, and we put in evidence the problem with its relative velocity. The velocity of an electron is always measured relative to the laboratory, which gives the correct behaviour of the electron concerning the law of Louis de Broglie. But, to agree with this law, there must exist some interaction between the electron and the laboratory, which allows the electron to modify its characteristics. The electron must therefore interact with a media connected to the laboratory. Such a media must be associated with the earth, following it in its path through the Universe. {\bf It follows that the relativity theories of A. Einstein are wrong.}
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Solar Thermal Panels for Generating Electricity

Authors: Seham Nasser, Alaa Mohammed, Basmala Mohammed, Rawan Hamdy, Fatma Magdy
Comments: 18 Pages.

All over the world, the focus is on using alternative energy instead of fossil fuels because they will be depleted in the coming years and pollute the environment. After all, they produce greenhouse gas emissions. There are many alternative energy sources, but solar energy is the best because it is the basis of all sources. The purpose of this research is to generate electricity from solar energy with its different application there are two main types which divide into photovoltaic panels which depend on the light of the sun, solar heat panels contain: parabolic trough, solar tower, and non-aqueous heating devices which depend on thermal from the sun and each of them contains its specific structure and material. From the previous research, Photovoltaic panels generate electricity from sunlight with high efficiency and high cost but low cost compared to another ordinary way of generating electricity. Photovoltaic divided into other types, for example, CPV which use mirrors with a special type of silicon and there are also thin-film solar panels, Polycrystalline and Mono Monocrystalline which are low efficiency compared to solar heat panel which generates electricity by absorbing the heat from the sun with mirrors which collect heat at a certain point, then heat the liquid and transfer it to the water for steam, this steam converts the turbines connected to the generator that transfers mechanical energy into electrical energy. The cost depends on the cheap materials were used in it, and among the previous research, the best application was the solar thermal power plant as it can overcome its defects. For measuring the output of different panels different devices, laws, and theories to select the parameters focus on the Iv of each PV.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Proof of Goldbach's Conjecture

Authors: Jaejin Lim
Comments: 2 Pages.

I prove Goldbach’s conjecture, ‘Every even integer greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two primes.’. And I used “Generalization of mathematical induction”.
Category: Number Theory

Mass Hierarchy and Mixing Matrices from Universal Bifurcations

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 10 Pages.

The goal of this report is to tentatively show that the hierarchy of fermion masses and mixing angles follows from the universal behavior of nonlinear dynamics. Our work breaks away from attempts of explaining the Standard Model (SM) based upon heavy fields, postulated objects in complex spaces, non-commutative or motivic geometry, Quantum Gravity models, unconventional algebras, or extended symmetry groups.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Liouville-Type Theorems Outside Small Sets

Authors: Bulat N. Khabibullin
Comments: Pages.

We prove that convex functions of finite order on the real line and subharmonic functions of finite order on finite dimensional real space, bounded from above outside of some set of zero relative Lebesgue density, are bounded from above everywhere. It follows that subharmonic functions of finite order on the complex plane, entire and plurisubharmonic functions of finite order, and convex or harmonic functions of finite order bounded from above outside some set of zero relative Lebesgue density are constant.
Category: Functions and Analysis

A Mechanism for How a Particle Detects and Moves in a Field Gradient

Authors: Dirk J. Pons
Comments: 21 Pages. Pre-print version of: Journal of Modern Physics, 2020. 11: p. 1560-1575 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2020.1110097

Problem: The mechanisms whereby force operates are poorly understood at the fundamental level. Purpose: This paper proposes a mechanism for how a particle detects the field gradient, and how it moves therein. Approach: A non-local hidden-variable (NLHV) theory is used, specifically the Cordus NLHV theory. Findings: The operation of force is proposed to occur from the interaction between the energisation sequence of the particle, with the field gradient, resulting in discrete displacement motions of the particle. Specifically the particle sub-structures sweep through a volume of space during their energisation cycle. This locus is warped by the incoming field, hence preferentially displacing the particle along the gradient. Originality: The novel contribution of this work is providing a candidate mechanism for how a particle detects and moves in a field gradient.
Category: Classical Physics

Theory of Vacuum

Authors: Alaya Kouki
Comments: 26 Pages. Acknowledgments: Thanks for Jean-Pierre Petit , Patrick Marquet , Nathalie Debergh and Christian Corda for their directives, remarks, estimations & encouragements

According to quantum mechanics the energy of a corpuscle in its fundamental state is not equal to zero because of the principle of uncertainty: there is always fluctuations due to exchanging energy with vacuum. A corpuscle is considered as an harmonic oscillator exchanging energy with the exterior a quantity as an integer multiple of a certain amount of elementary energy which is the work of the friction force of the space-time from its rest state. The friction coefficient of space-time can be also considered as the mechanical impedance of vacuum. The framework of this article is to lean on all those assumptions to unify natural interactions including gravity in one spherical potential. As a consequence of this unification, black holes and shooting stars can be classified as separately natural interactions. Finally we propose three experiences to determine the mechanical impedance of vacuum and we dress limits of nature referring to two absolute systems of unities: the Planck system and the new one.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Math: An Invention or a Discovery?

Authors: Joseph Palazzo
Comments: 6 Pages.

Math is a process in which both invention and discovery are essential ingredients in its development. But which one comes first?
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Generalization of Mathematical Induction

Authors: Jaejin Lim
Comments: 2 Pages.

This paper is written to prove that although supposes are many, it can be proven in mathematical induction.
Category: Algebra