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[193] viXra:2008.0230 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-31 20:06:49
Authors: Massimo Croce
Comments: 13 Pages.
Main current theories and their limits: Theory of Relativity, Quantum Mechanics, Analysis of the limits of theories, "Indefinite" issues:
Physical Nature of Time, Missing mass and "dark matter”, Mode of energy transmission, "Empty" space.
Premises: Methodological approach, Composition, Quantity and Principle of conservation, Principle of Stability and Minimum Consumption, Definition of "infinite": space, Definition of "infinite": time, Definition of "infinitesimal".
The "Plastic spacetime" and "not-Gravity": Basic assumptions:
Continuous versus discrete, Infinitesimal limit,
Basic element, Plastic spacetime:
Plasticity, Transmission of energy, Space, Time,
not-Gravity, Consequences:
Premise, Universal gravitational field, Gravitational waves, Dark matter, Light speed, Physical constants.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[192] viXra:2008.0229 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-31 19:56:30
Authors: Bolesław Tabor
Comments: 5 Pages.
Prime numbers are numbers that are expressions an of eight arithmetic sequences with the following terms: a1=1; a1=7; a1=11; a1=13; a1=17; a1=19; a1=23; a1=29 and progress r = 30, which are not powers of prime numbers, and numbers 1, 2, 3, 5.
Category: Algebra
[191] viXra:2008.0226 [pdf] replaced on 2021-05-12 07:47:46
Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 59 Pages.
The application of the Calculus of Infinitesimals (differentials/integrals) to physical analysis, given the paradoxical lack of precise particle definition it grants the study of the elementary particles, despite the precision of such mathematics itself, and therefore its application to particle physics, is questioned. To offer more mathematical precision of definition to the elementary particles, a new proposal for the mathematics of time and space, as an application of mathematics to the paradigm of time, is proposed, as the calculus of time-points in space, here as “Temporal Calculus”, a calculus not focusing on space primarily, yet time. As a standard of reference, this time-algorithm is based on the human temporal perception ability in the three paradigms most commonly associated to the human temporal perception ability, namely time-before, time-now, and time-after, assigning mathematical values to those qualities that then give rise to the “golden-ratio” equation, which when applied to 3-d space forms a fractal (golden-ratio) lattice of time-points that is able to derive all the known equations and constants of physical phenomena, from mass to charge, particle energy to particle spin, elementary and standard particles, presenting the case not for an infinitely metrically expanding universe, yet a steady-state time-space system that successfully links the CMBR with the vacuum permittivity and permeability, together with calculating the Yang-Mills mas gap and associated elementary particle phenomena, while finally explaining the existence of antimatter, all via a field of time-points in space.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[190] viXra:2008.0225 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-31 10:30:54
Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 2 Pages.
Ein üblicher Oszillator reagiert kaum auf externe elektromagnetische Felder. Wenn die Amplitude so gering ist, dass sie gerade noch den Rauschpegel überschreitet, reagiert das Sytem empfindlich auf Störungen aus der Umgebung. Dadurch eignen sich „schwache Oszillatoren“ als Antennen für Signale ähnlicher Frequenz.
Category: Classical Physics
[189] viXra:2008.0224 [pdf] replaced on 2020-09-05 09:24:13
Authors: John Yuk Ching Ting
Comments: 54 Pages. Chaos-Fractal, COVID-19, Rigorous proofs for Riemann hypothesis (and explaining the two types of Gram points) and Polignac's and Twin prime conjectures.
We commence this paper by outlining the manifested Chaos and Fractal phenomena derived from our concocted idiom "Complexity arising from Life at the Edge of Chaos-Fractal". COVID-19 originated from Wuhan, China in December 2019. Declared by World Health Organization on March 11, 2020; COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in unprecedented negative global impacts on health and economy. With China and US playing crucial roles, international cooperation is required to combat this "Incompletely Predictable" pandemic. We mathematically model COVID-19 and solve [unconnected] below-mentioned open problems in Number theory using our versatile Fic-Fac Ratio. Computed as Information-based complexity, our innovative Information-complexity conservation constitutes a unique all-purpose analytic tool associated with Mathematics for Incompletely Predictable problems. These problems are literally "complex systems" containing well-defined Incompletely Predictable entities such as nontrivial zeros and two types of Gram points in Riemann zeta function (or its proxy Dirichlet eta function) together with prime and composite numbers from Sieve of Eratosthenes. Correct and complete mathematical arguments for first key step of converting this function into its continuous format version, and second key step of using our unique Dimension (2x-N) system instead of this Sieve result in primary spin-offs from first key step consisting of providing proof for Riemann hypothesis (and explaining closely related two types of Gram points), and second key step consisting of providing proofs for Polignac's and Twin prime conjectures.
Category: General Mathematics
[188] viXra:2008.0221 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-30 10:31:33
Authors: Federico Pagano
Comments: 9 Pages.
The problem of integration technique over integrands of the form f(t)/t^n, can be solved by differentiation(n times) by using Leibniz's rule to get rid of t^n, that leads to integrate back (n times) to end the game which it's harder than the original problem.This work focuses on the derivation of the formula (Pagano's Theorem) which is a perfect tool to avoid that hard task. It allows to change the difficult n iterated integrals into a more outstanding easier problem which consists of n -1 derivatives.The Pagano's Theorem is a generalization of the Dirichlet integral with a strong conection with Cauchy's residue theorem.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[187] viXra:2008.0220 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-30 10:32:58
Authors: Janko Kokosar
Comments: 4 Pages. Slovenian translation is added in the paper
Non-pulmonic consonants are located on the keyboard by some rules, which are quite simple and memorable. These rules can be used for a mnemonic which helps to remember how to put Slovenian options of preposition 'with' in Slovenian grammar. This is also a mnemonic for learning of touch typing and to memorize non-pulmonic consonants.
Category: Education and Didactics
[186] viXra:2008.0219 [pdf] replaced on 2020-09-17 13:50:22
Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 4 Pages.
Here we show that the Hubble tension, i.e. the two different values of the Hubble constant for the early Universe (about 68)and near Universe (about 74), is the result of a step change in the value of the density parameter for the part of baryonic matter that due to the weak force interacts with dark matter.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[185] viXra:2008.0218 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-30 10:33:45
Authors: Oliver Couto
Comments: 5 Pages.
Historically equation ( pa^n+qb^n=rc^n ) has been studied for degree 2 and eqn(pa^n+qb^n=rc^n ) here-in called equation (1) has been studied for n=2, p=1, q=9 (Ref.no. 4) by Ajai Choudhry. Tito Piezas has discussed about equation (1) when p=r=1 (Ref. no. 3). While Ref. no. (3 & 4) deals with equation no. (1) for degree n=2, this paper has provided parametric solutions for degree n=2,3,4,5 & 6. Also there are instances in this paper where parametric solutions have been arrived at using different methods.
Category: Number Theory
[184] viXra:2008.0217 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-30 10:34:56
Authors: D. S. Tipikin
Comments: 8 Pages.
Analysis of mass-luminosity curves for different subsets of binaries (both visual and eclipsing spectroscopic binaries) revealed the deviation in slopes for relatively close binaries (averaged around 3.6*10-4 light years) compare to relatively far spaced binaries (averaged around 5.6*10-3 light years). The slope for close binaries is larger, what means that for the same luminosity of the main sequence stars the determined from Kepler law gravitational mass is smaller (or gravity between stars is stronger). This observation is opposite to the MOND idea (the far the stars the higher shift from 1/r2 law to 1/r law for gravity) – that would be opposite effect. The idea of dark matter seems to be confirmed once more (as if some dark mass is hanging around the star, thus making the mass seemingly larger), but a new concept of some kind of gravity enhancement by the mass itself may also be relevant – the closer the binary the higher local concentration of mass and higher value of G in the gravity law.
Category: Astrophysics
[183] viXra:2008.0216 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-30 09:55:52
Authors: Xiaozhuan Gao, Lipeng Pan, Yong Deng
Comments: 19 Pages.
Dempster-Shafer (D-S) evidence theory is an effective methodology to handle unknown and imprecise information, due it can assign the probability into power of set. Quantum of mass function (QM) is the extension of D-S evidence theory, which can combine quantum theory and D-S evidence theory and also extended D-S evidence theory to the unit circle in complex plane. It can be seen that QM has the more bigger uncertainty in the framework of the complex plane. Recently, negation is getting more and more attention due it can analyze information from the another point. Hence, the paper firstly proposed negation of QM by using the subtraction of vectors in the unit circle, which can degenerate into negation proposed by Yager in startand probability theory and negation proposed by Yin. et al in D-S evidence theory. the paper proposed quantum pythagorean fuzzy evidence theory (QPFET), which is the first work to consider QPFET from the point of negation.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[182] viXra:2008.0215 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-29 19:50:25
Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 3 Pages.
Based on Bekenstein and Hawking, the black hole maximal entropy , the maximum amount of information that a black hole can absorb, beyond its event horizon is proportional to the area of its event horizon surface divided by quantized area units, in the scale of Planck area (the square of Planck length).[1] . This article suggests the following new information paradox, in which a box with the Schrodinger’s cat thought experiment passes the black hole event horizon towards the black hole singularity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[181] viXra:2008.0214 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-29 16:57:47
Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 6 Pages.
Stuttering is common and misunderstood, leading to a lack of effective and permanent therapies. This mind-science essay presents a new and elegant approach to correcting stuttering, as well as multiple references.
Category: Mind Science
[180] viXra:2008.0213 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-29 08:16:32
Authors: JinHua Fei
Comments: 13 Pages.
The Riemann hypothesis is part of Hilbert's eighth problem in David Hilbert's list of 23 unsolved problems. it is also one of the Clay Mathematics Institute's Millennium Prize Problems. Some mathematicians consider it the most important unresolved problem in pure mathematics. Many mathematicians made a lot of effort, they don't have to prove the Riemann hypothesis. In this paper, I use the analytic methods to denied the Riemann Hypothesis, please criticism.
Category: Algebra
[179] viXra:2008.0212 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-29 08:21:44
Authors: GuagSan Yu
Comments: 7 Pages.
Because Newton's third law and Newton's second law proved to be wrong, then according to the new second law of motion and the new third law of motion, the new mechanics principle is produced, the most important and remarkable is, that the momentum is not conserved And the principle of energy is not conserved, it be found.
Category: Classical Physics
[178] viXra:2008.0211 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-28 20:21:14
Authors: Genrih Leonidovich Arutyunov
Comments: 6 Pages.
Einstein's proof is based on unreal virtual time, which is used to translate the clock hands when synchronizing the clock.(language Russian )
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[177] viXra:2008.0210 [pdf] replaced on 2020-09-17 20:26:11
Authors: A. Bennun, N. Ledesma
Comments: 10 Pages. 4 figures
The Big-Bang may have started from a single Planck particle, the maximum density of energy that is equivalent to a mini-black hole. The concept of an initial locus of the universe, allows predicting that in the bases of the fundamental constants, pre-horizon energy would undergo quantification and this would shape as a black body emission spectrum. This conform a sequential quanta-compounding mechanisms that plays the role of the horizon, for the emerged quantum structure energy-space-time, within the self-contained universe. The incorporation and quantification of the energy, during inflation by the joint or coupled: Cooperative interactions of Planck quanta-compounding and parametric down-conversion (PDC) interact to function cooperatively. Since the mechanism proposes, that along the cosmos radius integration of the radius of new photons determine inflationary velocity, the velocity of light is never exceed at any one point. However, it does predicts the exponential increase of the volume of the inflationary universe and the changing of energy density by a mechanism of photon spectrum-elongation and increase in the constitutive photon number, until arriving at the present CMB values. The newly form photons emerge distributed uniformly along the universe as a function of time and would be observable after galactic formation as a recessionary force, not subject of gravitation. The horizon role of recession velocity could be predicted, from the fact that if the Hubble’s constant 72 Km/s/Mpc multiplied by the total number Mpc in the universe radius (4134 Mpc) equals the velocity of light. The detection from all the space directions of the image of last dispersion (LD) may correspond with a holographic image reproduction. This is so, because holography allows obtaining multiple images of same event but at lower resolution, when a single photographic plate is divided. This effect, could be obtained because the same image becomes reproduced 1000 times, when the number of CMB photons increases by this number from the LD period to the present. Uniform amplification and dispersion of LD images becomes associated to the increase of the universe volume by 10^12 during this time, which the resultant loss of resolution. The expansion dominated by radiation can be modeled by its spectrum according to Planck’s law. The relative amount of the CMB photon population, its frequency v, and energy hv in a thermal radiation of temperature T, by unit of volume, were correlated by the Planck integral function.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[176] viXra:2008.0209 [pdf] replaced on 2020-09-17 20:35:05
Authors: A. Bennun, N. Ledesma
Comments: 6 Pages. 1 figure
The predominance of matter over antimatter, leads to develop an alternative conjecture, which does not violate the primordial symmetry of particle-antiparticle pairs, resulting in annihilation. To be able to predict a phenomenon that could generate a greater number of particles over antiparticles, we resorted to a mechanism capable to transfer out of the system, the antimatter characteristics. The mass’s action law indicates that if a reactant or product escapes the reaction mixture, is left without any action over the equilibrium. For example, gas emission, precipitate formation, etc. Hence, if annihilation is not completed during inflation, the reactions in the quark-gluon plasma, would allow that the generated neutrinos and antineutrinos, would be able to elude annihilation and transfer the antimatter characteristics out of the system. It was assumed that neutrinos and antineutrinos becomes “transparent” or escape at a greater decoupling temperature than 1 MeV. The antineutrinos preserve the antimatter characteristics, because of the near null interaction with other particles. Therefore, becomes isolate from the matter system. Hence, there is not initial violation of CP symmetry (charge and reflect-on parity). The problems to detect neutrinos or antineutrinos, explain the non-observation of antimatter and the failure to be exposed to very large quantities of lethal gamma radiation, the product of annihilation. These leptons, along the cosmic chronology, remain without interaction and the reactions irreversibility become determinant of the time arrow. In a primordial open system, trough the separation of pathways, reactions could be thermodynamically structured to avoid conservation of symmetric interactions, and function to maintain the arrow of time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[175] viXra:2008.0208 [pdf] replaced on 2020-09-25 11:36:06
Authors: A. Bennun, N. Ledesma
Comments: 7 Pages.
The universe in expansion and with flat curvature requires to fits the cosmological parameters, like critical energy density. This is generated from the relation of kinetic versus gravity, and has been postulated within the great scale context of a homogenous distribution of matter. The dark energy at 70% contribution to density is one of the solutions proposed to compensate the observable density, and theoretical preserve a flat geometry for the universe. However, the universe geometry of the universe shows a heterogeneous distribution of matter-energy, which would turn the finding of iterative geometrical parameters a complex task to achieve. The present work studies the chronology lapse, from the Era of Last Dispersion to the present, and is centered in the evolution of voids as a function of temperature. The latter, parameter gives a homogenous character to the space-time. Thus, De Broglie’s wavelength relationship to emission temperature, dimensions quantum properties like radiation pressure and zero point energy. Dark energy has not been described physically. Therefore, we treated the emergence of the Zero Point Energy, as the one which could be implicated in the re-acceleration of expansion. Using a superior limit, for the ZPE of 10% of the critic density and a universe density of 40%, the resulting calculation predicts re-acceleration at 4400 million years after the Big Bang. The accumulation of ZPE depends of the volume-voids evolution of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) system. The chronology increase in volume of voids exerts a pressure that would reinforce the local gravity of filaments attraction of cold and hot matter. The formation of cumulus and super-cumulus, when draining voids of particles, favors and reinforces the joint action of ZPE-CMB distending the space. Thus, the adiabatic CMB-system allows formulating parameters of temperature-density and redshift, in relation to ZPE time-dependent accumulation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[174] viXra:2008.0206 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-27 22:16:18
Authors: Zaizhao Meng
Comments: 3 Pages.
In this note, we generalize a lemma of Heath-Brown in the sieve method.
Category: Number Theory
[173] viXra:2008.0205 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-28 08:19:13
Authors: Genrih Leonidovich Arutyunov
Comments: 2 Pages.
Einstein's proof of gravitational time dilation is [false] based on virtual time ([text is in] Russian).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[172] viXra:2008.0204 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-28 09:20:26
Authors: Miguel Cerdá Bennassar
Comments: 4 Pages.
Este escrito es continuación del anterior de Julio de 2020. Las iteraciones de los números de las secuencias de Collatz, sustituyendo los números obtenidos por sus raíces digitales, se representan en el siguiente gráfico.
Category: Number Theory
[171] viXra:2008.0203 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-28 09:25:19
Authors: Miguel Cerdá Bennassar
Comments: 1 Page.
Este gráfico representa los valores de las raíces digitales de los números pares en color azul y la de los números impares en color rojo de cualquier secuencia de Collatz. Las flechas indican el cambio
que experimentan los números en cada iteración.
Category: Number Theory
[170] viXra:2008.0202 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-28 09:28:01
Authors: Miguel Cerdá Bennassar
Comments: 4 Pages.
Todas las secuencias formadas con la función de Collatz llegan siempre al número 16, y es después
de 4 iteraciones más, que llegan al número 1. ¿Porqué todas las secuencias llegan hasta el número
16? Este número puede resultar del número 32 o del número 5. Los dos son números de la forma 9n+5 y ambos tienen la misma raíz digital dr(5). El número 16 es de la forma 9n+7 y su raíz digital
es dr(7).
Category: Number Theory
[169] viXra:2008.0201 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-27 20:53:15
Authors: Bernard Riley
Comments: 22 Pages. including 28 figures
The numbers of steps in arbitrary journeys on foot, the times elapsed (in numbers of Planck times) in arbitrary journeys on foot, the times elapsed between random events, race times and random pure numbers all take, on measurement or observation, values equal to discrete integer and fractional powers of pi and e. By way of the Quantum/Classical connection, an equation relating small (quantum) quantities and large (classical) quantities, the various measured and observed numbers map onto much smaller numbers that are also equal to discrete integer and fractional powers of pi and e.
Category: Quantum Physics
[168] viXra:2008.0199 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-27 21:06:50
Authors: Saburou Saitoh
Comments: 18 Pages. In order to show some power of the division by zero calculus we will give several simple applications to physics. Recall that Oliver Heaviside: {\it Mathematics is an experimental science, and definitions do not come first, but later on.}
In order to show some power of the division by zero calculus we will give several simple applications to physics. Recall that Oliver Heaviside: {\it Mathematics is an experimental science, and definitions do not come first, but later on.}
Category: Mathematical Physics
[167] viXra:2008.0198 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-27 08:14:31
Authors: Peter Cameron, Michaele Suisse
Comments: 5 Pages. Letter of Interest submitted to snowmass2021
We offer a model based upon three `assumptions': The first is geometric, that the vacuum wavefunction is comprised of Euclid's fundamental geometric objects - point, line, plane, and volume elements, the geometric representation of Clifford algebra. The second is electromagnetic, that physical manifestation follows from introducing the dimensionless electromagnetic coupling constant alpha. The third takes the electron Compton wavelength to set the scale of space. The model is arguably maximally natural. Wavefunction interactions are modeled by geometric products of Clifford algebra. What emerges is naturally gauge invariant, finite, confined, asymptotically free, and background independent, and contains the four forces, dark matter, and dark energy. Complementing the Standard Model, it focuses not on Lagrangian flow of energy between kinetic and potential, but rather on what governs amplitude and phase of that flow - quantized impedance networks of geometric wavefunction interactions. Claims presented here are extraordinary}. The model requires validation. While in concordance with the Standard Model, it offers new perspectives. Many connections to SM have been established, however they're but a small fraction of what remains to be done. In particular, it's far from clear how the many broken symmetries in the two models are related.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[166] viXra:2008.0197 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-27 08:45:17
Authors: GuagSan Yu
Comments: 6 Pages. in Chinese
Because Newton's third law and Newton's second law proved to be wrong, then according to the new second law of motion and the new third law of motion, the new mechanics principle is produced, the most important and remarkable is, that the momentum
is not conserved And the principle of energy is not conserved, it be found.
Category: Classical Physics
[165] viXra:2008.0195 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-26 10:32:36
Authors: Pranjal Jain
Comments: 16 Pages.
The aim of the article is to show that there always exists a sequence of swaps of elements, which when applied to a derangement (of n>3 elements) will go through all derangements of n elements, with an additional constraint that all swaps in this sequence produce a derangement (not necessarily one which hasn't appeared before in the sequence).
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory
[164] viXra:2008.0193 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-26 11:01:00
Authors: Kunal Das, Sahil Zaman, Arindam Sadhu, Asmita Banerjee, Faisal Shah Khan
Comments: Pages.
Quantum annealing (QA) is a metaheuristic methodologythat has recently been used to analyze the performance of first generation adiabatic quantum processors, like the oneavailable from D-wave Systems, in solving combinatorial optimization problems. In this paper, we formulate QA representation of problems essential to mitigating the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, namely, the Nurse Scheduling Problem (NSP), the Physician Scheduling Problem (PSP), and the Nurse-Physician Scheduling Problem (NPSP). The proposed objective functions for each problem are scripted to the Ising model and then transformed into thequadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO)format. An optimal solutionis soughtfor a set of constraints, including thenumber ofnurses or physicians per shift andthe maximum number of shifts for each nurse or physician.After reducingtheproposed NSP, PSP, and NPSP QUBOs to a novel Ising type Hamiltonian, we obtain solutions from a classical (simulated) annealer,and then from the D-wave 2000Q forward and reverse annealer. Results from the reverse quantum annealer show a dramatic improvement in solution quality as compared to those from the classical annealer. We observe that the reverse annealing method gives us the most satisfactory output from among three heuristic processes used, for each scheduling problem.
Category: Quantum Physics
[163] viXra:2008.0192 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-26 11:06:23
Authors: Leonov N. N.
Comments: 15 Pages. English and russian texts
Failures in solving a number of physical problems associated with the structure of the microworld began due to two fundamental mistakes made in the old "classical" physics, when interpreting the results of the experiments of Oersted (1821) and Fizeau (1851). Because of them, it was not possible to develop a detailed understanding of the true structure of the atom; this was due to the inability of physicists to eliminate the indicated fundamental errors. Blaming the “classical” Newtonian methods for this failure, physicists proceeded to build a “new” physics - quantum theory and theories of relativity. Without realizing this, they brought into the "new" physics old fundamental errors that entered the paradigms of the "new" physics and made them inadequate. This is illustrated with specific examples.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[162] viXra:2008.0191 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-25 11:08:22
Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 1 Page.
Earth is 4.5 billion years old. Earth’s oceans are 3.8 billion years old. Why did Earth’s oceans take 700 million years to form? The most obvious reason is that Earth was far too hot when it was young. Any water formed would have been immediately broken back up into hydrogen and oxygen plasma. More reasons are listed.
Category: Geophysics
[161] viXra:2008.0190 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-25 11:57:42
Authors: Kenneth Ramsey
Comments: 3 Pages.
The Aether espoused by many authors, incorporated in many theories and called by many different names; is required to fully understand the physical universe. A few notes on the speed of light in a vacuum mechanism, the cosmological spectral shift (redshift) mechanism and the cause of magnetism are presented. Methods of testing the first two are offered. A paragraph describes the Aether as the instrument which generates physical constants, forces and matter.
Category: Classical Physics
[160] viXra:2008.0189 [pdf] replaced on 2020-09-10 07:51:11
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 4 Pages.
The purpose of this brief Addendum is to elaborate on a couple of relationships introduced in Physica A 165: 399-419 (1990).
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[159] viXra:2008.0188 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-25 10:41:05
Authors: Hiroshi Okumura
Comments: 19 Pages.
We generalize problems in Wasan geometry which nvolve no folded figures but are related to Haga's fold in origamics. Using the tangent circles appeared in those problems with division by zero, we give a parametric representation of the generalized Haga's fold given in the first part of these two-part papers.
Category: Geometry
[158] viXra:2008.0187 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-25 10:50:52
Authors: Joseph Palazzo
Comments: 18 Pages.
The discovery of the Cosmological Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR) in 1964 was decisive in determining that the Big Bang Theory (BBT) is the acceptable cosmological model over its rival, the Steady State Model. However, the CMBR can be explained with such notions as the escape velocity, Einstein’s Equivalence Principle and some probability considerations. There is no need of a cosmological model.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[157] viXra:2008.0186 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-24 20:54:29
Authors: Valery Timin
Comments: 68 Pages. timinva@yandex.ru, in Russian
Doing this work, I proceed from the paradigm of the lifetime of a wave object proportional to the "wave interval" of its life path. The concept of "wave interval" corresponds to the fact that each object has its own scalar time (life?), which does not correspond to the coordinate "time", and it is proportional to the change in the accompanying frame of reference invariant phase of the wave field and the invariant, phase–independent, metric scalar "interval". This does not mean that the object itself is a wave object, but it is allowed. And this all means that the moving object "lives" longer, because the speed of the wave time of its "life" slows down.
The purpose of this work is to analyze different types of space – time (ST) with the so–called correspondence of their metrics to the "interval" metric of the "continuous" absolute reference system environment. The analysis is based on the selection of a certain "reference" wave device–a resonator, which is used to create standards for the length and time of the SP, and changes in its metric properties when the state of motion changes from these selected standards.
The ultimate associated goal is to convert ST for Tangherlini and special relativity A.Einstein based on the properties of the selected wave standard.
The main conclusion: no matter what transformations of the ST are used, it is important that in any coordinate system there is a metric tensor "interval" responsible for the metric properties of the ST.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[156] viXra:2008.0185 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-24 20:56:01
Authors: Ruslan Sharipov
Comments: 18 Pages. 3 figures
The height of buildings is limited by the weight and the strength of constructive materials. Inflated structures are considered as a prospective technology for constructing super-tall buildings, including those reaching the boundary of the cosmic space. The goal of the present paper is to derive and compute theoretical estimates for the upper limit of the height of an inflated cylindrical structure subdivided into segments designed in such a way that they practically do not load each other transmitting all of their weight to the basement through the gas inside them.
Category: Classical Physics
[155] viXra:2008.0184 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-24 04:40:31
Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 2 Pages.
In this short note we will show the Haug-1 quantum wave equation in relation to where we incorporate spin following the Pauli route. This lead to a similar equation to the Schrodinger-Pauli equation, but our equation is relativistic while the Schrodinger-Pauli equation is non-relativistic, our equation is also simpler in terms of for example the time and space are on the same order (first derivatives), while in the Schrodinger-Pauli equation time is on first order and spatial-spin dimensions on second order. Comments are welcome.
Category: Quantum Physics
[154] viXra:2008.0183 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-24 05:05:49
Authors: Prateek P. Kulkarni
Comments: Pages.
The author proposes to derive a Formula that generates the sum of first n factorials
Category: Number Theory
[153] viXra:2008.0182 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-24 05:31:47
Authors: Gerhard Frey, Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 14 Pages. In French.
It is a paper of Gerhard Frey published in 2012. It is an introduction about the $abc$ conjecture and its subtleties and consequences for the theory of numbers. It is a scientific version of the original paper.
Category: Number Theory
[152] viXra:2008.0181 [pdf] replaced on 2022-10-06 00:40:20
Authors: V. A. Kizka
Comments: 8 Pages. DOI: 10.9734/bpi/nfpsr/v1/3541A
In the article, the fireball formed in the collision of relativistic nuclei is considered as a quantum object. Based on this, an attempt is made to explain the difference in the measurements of hyperon yields in the two experiments - NA49 and NA57. Using the basic principles of quantum mechanics, it was shown that a fireball can have two quantum states - with and without ignited Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP). With an increase of the collision energy of heavy ions, the probability of QGP ignition increases. At the same time, the probability of the formation of fireball without QGP ignition also remains nonzero even at nuclear collision energies that are much higher than the threshold QGP formation energy, which may be erroneously considered to be fixed and which is intensively sought in modern heavy ion accelerators. Thus, at SPS energy of heavy ion collisions sqrt{s_{NN}} = 17.3 GeV, which is much higher than the assumed threshold energy of QGP formation in the region around or slightly above of sqrt{s_{NN}} = 3 GeV, only half of the central collisions of heavy ions bring to the formation of a fireball consisted of deconfined matter (quarks and gluons), the remaining half of the collisions lead to the formation of a fireball from only hadronic matter (mesons, nucleons, hyperons etc.).
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[151] viXra:2008.0179 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-23 20:13:24
Authors: Nikolay Dementev
Comments: 4 Pages.
Schrödinger’s basic ideas in life’s phenomenon interpretation are used here in a humble attempt to give a very general explanation of high-temperature superconductivity phenomenon. As a logical consequence of the reasons discussed here, a key concept of aperiodic crystal is shown be potentially able to allow one to grope a direction in either searching for ready-made high-temperature superconductors or manufacturing new ones.
Category: Condensed Matter
[150] viXra:2008.0178 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-23 20:14:17
Authors: Gene H. Barbee
Comments: 27 Pages. Please contact me at genebarbee@msn.com
New observations indicate that stars and star clusters form earlier than previously thought.
WMAP reported that re-ionization occurred at expansion ratio Z=20. This is 138 million years
after the beginning. There are observations of stars after 200 million at Z=8. It is also observed that massive black holes form early. This raises questions regarding how structure forms.
The author has been developing a model of the proton and applying it to cosmology. The model
contains energy values that define time and space. It also defines the Newtonian constant G and
initial expansion kinetic energy. These features form the basis of a cosmology expansion model
previously reported.
This paper indicates how the model treats accumulation of mass in stars, galaxies and clusters. It
also calculates the Hubble constant and uses observations to verify an expansion model that
includes the number of stars. Based on this model there is no dark matter, nor dark energy. Star
densification and fusion initiation explain why we observe stars at about Z=8, although mass
accumulation starts earlier.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[149] viXra:2008.0177 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-23 17:34:29
Authors: Saburou Saitoh
Comments: 3 Pages. Here we will propose a simple and very difficult open question like the Fermat's problem on some $ds$ periods on the complex pane. This very elementary problem will create a new field on the complex plane.
Here we will propose a simple and very difficult open question like the Fermat's problem on some $ds$ periods on the complex pane. This very elementary problem will create a new field on the complex plane.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[148] viXra:2008.0176 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-23 10:37:12
Authors: John Peel
Comments: 8 Pages. More material in previous papers on vixra
Epimorphisms are used (to the best of the authors knowledge) to describe the interaction between geometries and awareness. Again the Generalised Lagrangian Operator is used (see previous papers) The connection to quantum gravity is that of geometries being aware of each other. That consciousness can be defined in a few different manners should be investigated. There may not be one all encompassing definition.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[147] viXra:2008.0174 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-23 10:36:19
Authors: Yansha Yu-Sandstrom
Comments: 14 Pages.
一．立“务虚”为贵党研究转型创建理论之本，存在以“虚”盖全的重大偏误。因为有“虚”就有“实”，且“虚”和“实”均为人类从自身立场属性出发复合对应展现展开三位一体/三位约一体的存在方式和存在关系。二．立“务虚”助贵党研究转型成为宗教信仰组织将会是人类一场大劫难 三．为人生死和上述第四类“零/灵魂”/“灵魂”之“虚”的存在方式和存在关系
Category: Social Science
[146] viXra:2008.0173 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-23 10:50:37
Authors: Michael John Sarnowski
Comments: Pages.
This paper proposes an equation for the fine structure constant, and relativistic contribution to the inverse fine structure constant. This relativistic contribution gives a prediction of the fine structure constant within one sigma of the fine structure constant and accuracy to 11 digits. In “The Aether Found, Discrete Calculations of Charge and Gravity with Planck Spinning Spheres and Kaluza Spinning Spheres” (1), it was shown that spinning spheres can unite the gravitational and electromagnetic force with spinning spheres. The equation 4, developed in “The Aether Found, Discrete Calculations of Charge and Gravity with Planck Spinning Spheres and Kaluza Spinning Spheres” can be used to predict a value of the fine structure constant constant. This constant is found to depend only on pi and the ratios of the rest masses of the electron, neutron, and proton.
This paper proposes an equation for the fine structure constant, and relativistic contribution to the fine structure constant. This relativistic contribution gives a prediction of the fine structure constant within one sigma of the fine structure constant and correlation to 10 digits.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[145] viXra:2008.0172 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-23 10:44:26
Authors: Valeriy V. Dvoeglazov
Comments: 25 Pages. Talk at the XIII Taller DGFM SMF, Leon, Gto, Forum Universitario, Nov. 4-8, 2019 Parallel Talk, 05.11.2019, Nov 2019, Leon, Mexico.
It is easy to check that both algebraic equation Det(ˆp − m) = 0 and Det(ˆp + m) = 0 for u− and v− 4-spinors have solutions with p_0 = ±E_p = ± sqrt {p^2 + m^2}. The same is true for higher-spin equations. Meanwhile, every book considers the equality p_0 = E_p for both u− and v− spinors of
the (1/2, 0)+(0, 1/2) representation only, thus applying the Dirac-Feynman-Stueckelberg
procedure for elimination of the negative-energy solutions. The recent Ziino works (and, independently, the articles of several
others) show that the Fock space can be doubled. We re-consider this possibility on the quantum field level for both s = 1/2 and higher spin particles.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[144] viXra:2008.0171 [pdf] replaced on 2020-08-29 21:20:06
Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 4 Pages.
This article discusses the effect of the possible changes in the gravitational constant on the precession of Mercury's perihelion. The analysis results show that based on the current more accurate theoretical calculations of relativity, if the correction of the change of the gravitational constant is added, the theoretical calculation results can be improved to a certain extent to make them consistent with the observation results.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[143] viXra:2008.0170 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-22 19:23:58
Authors: Jaswant Rai Mahajan
Comments: 33 Pages. Constructive feedback is welcome
A careful analysis focusing on the estimated mass-energy of the universe and the enigmatic expansion of space-time, coupled with its regression into the past reveal that the cosmos is confined inside its theoretical Black Hole and – during the expansion phase – was never under the gravitational control of its total mass-energy released at its birth. Thus, indicating that it was born – during the absence of gravity and the predominance of the vacuum Field – as EMR flying radially into the surrounding vacuum and ahead of the ensuing g-effects, enlarging the domain of space-time and the size of the cosmic globe, which qualifies it (the Primary EMR) as the Dark Energy of cosmos. But after the partial materialization of the primary EMR into the basic building blocks of our universe (n, p, e), the local g-forces caught up with Matter, agglomerating it into trillions of galaxies, followed by their ongoing development, differentiation, and evolution, carried out in a cascade of nuclear fusion reactions, which forge the Chemical Elements of the Periodic Table. However, it will not expand forever, because the total amount of EMR released during the cosmic birth, apart from being partially tied up as Matter, is also exhausting itself by expanding the cosmic globe against the g-field… , reverting the cycle on attaining the max for the g-potential = c2 = M G/Rc; Rc = M G/c2. On the other hand, during the contraction phase, the presently scattered trillions of galaxies are destined to coalesce to a single compact system (R ~1017 m), bringing the compressed globe under the g-control of its total mass-energy and enclosing it very much inside its theoretical Black Hole! Thenceforth, the ever increasing unprecedentedly high Potential Energy (P. E.), Binding Energy (B. E.), and the relentless crushing g-forces contract the globe to higher and higher densities, impeding the propagation of EMR and slowing the pace of space-time – finally bringing it to a stop, rendering the ‘cosmic nucleus’ inert, lacking any Kinetic Energy (K. E.), and precipitating a drastic phase change. But sharply contrasting with the ‘Primeval Atom’ or ‘Singularity’ of the Big Bang, the present proposal postulates a limit on the g-compression of mass-energy and space-time, bringing it to a halt, R ~1011 m. Finally, the inert cosmic globe laying at rest in the Vacuum Field has the maximum possible P. E. with respect to the surrounding vacuum – into which it will rise and expand, starting a new cycle, as argued and detailed, along with some inconclusive alternatives, in the pdf of the present investigation.
Category: Classical Physics
[142] viXra:2008.0169 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-22 19:18:51
Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych, Bezverkhniy Vitaliy Volodymyrovich
Comments: 11 Pages.
Using the particle-wave dualism of microparticles, it is strictly shown that the Universe has a limiting speed of movement of elementary particles, which is equal to the speed of light in vacuum. Since all material bodies are composed of microparticles, therefore, no object in the Universe can move faster than the speed of light. Further, using the limit of the speed of light in the Universe, the photometric and gravitational paradoxes are explained (Olbers' and Bentley's paradoxes).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[141] viXra:2008.0167 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-22 10:44:51
Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 5 Pages.
Magical thinking within the brain is critical to understanding many areas of science, ranging from political science to astrophysics.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[140] viXra:2008.0166 [pdf] replaced on 2023-06-12 06:43:21
Authors: Chi Zhang
Comments: 10 Pages.
As we know, Coulomb's law describes the interaction between static charges. In this paper, the modified formula of Coulomb's law in the state of charge motion is given. Based on this formula, Ampere's law and Lorentz's law of force are derived by pure mathematics. According to the similarity between the formula of universal gravitation and Coulomb's law, the correction of the formula of universal gravitation under the state of motion is assumed boldly, and some inferences are made on the motion law of celestial bodies.
Category: Classical Physics
[139] viXra:2008.0165 [pdf] replaced on 2020-10-10 11:03:27
Authors: Alan Francis McCulloch
Comments: 17 Pages.
Probability amplitude waves described by quantum mechanics are globally coherent relativistically space-like space-time structures, having no internal causal links. In this sense these non-classical structures are anticipated by the classical ontology of special relativity, which also delineates (in a completely different way) space-like non-causal intervals in space-time. I discuss and distinguish two broad classes of globally coherent relativistically space-like space-time structure, and suggest a parsimonious extension of the core ontology of physics to include both (rather than only one as at present), as a way of resolving some puzzles in the interpretation of quantum mechanics, and motivating its formalism. This ontological extension yields well known formal features usually postulated ad-hoc, such as separability of the wave function, and explains the puzzling absolute nature of time in quantum mechanics. The curious fact that the ontologies of both special relativity and quantum mechanics delineate (in strikingly different ways) strictly non-causal intervals in space-time suggests the existence of an explanatory “last common ancestor” ontology, at a higher level of abstraction than the ontologies of either. I briefly sketch such an ontology, consisting of world self-mappings, in terms of which there are two distinct concepts of time, intrinsic and extrinsic, which together play an abstract identity role in the world, and which suggests part of the meaning of both special relativity and quantum mechanics, and of the non-causal coherence of non-classical space-time structures, concerns extrinsic abstract structure, in particular extrinsic time.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics
[138] viXra:2008.0164 [pdf] replaced on 2020-09-06 10:06:52
Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 23 Pages.
This is my earliest paper analyzing the influence of spacetime structure changes on the gravitational constant. In the process of establishing the model, some calculation errors were found, so the model was changed and several papers on the influence of Jupiter on the measurement of the gravitational constant were published a few days ago. Now it seems that the new model that was subsequently established actually has serious problems, so now I try to change back to the original model for analysis. Although the two models are very different, they can obtain basically the same results in analyzing the influence of Jupiter on the gravitational constant. This article believes that the accumulation of electrostatic energy in matter is the basic origin of spacetime. Since the distribution of electrostatic energy produced by matter is very wide, for a matter of a large mass like a star, the accumulated electrostatic energy distribution can reach a range of one or two light-years, which is very huge relative to the mass distribution of stars. However, due to the motion of some huge planets, such as Jupiter, the electrostatic energy distribution structure of galaxies like the entire solar system, that is, the spacetime structure, will change. This change in the spacetime structure will result in the changes of the gravitational constant measured on the earth. In addition, due to the elliptical orbit of the earth, the earth appears at different positions in the spacetime structure, which brings greater uncertainty to the measurement of the gravitational constant on the earth. The analysis results of this paper show that the change of the gravitational constant caused by the change of the spacetime structure can explain the large error of the measurement result of the gravitational constant to a certain extent.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[137] viXra:2008.0163 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-22 05:30:26
Authors: Shirui Tang
Comments: 12 Pages.
Preceptron model updating with back propagation has become the routine of deep learning. Continu-ous feed forward procedure is required in order for backward propagate to function properly. Doubt-ing the underlying physical interpretation on transformer based models such as GPT brought aboutby the routine explaination, a new method of training is proposed in order to keep self-consistencyof the physics. By treating the GPT model as a space-time diagram, and then trace the worldlinesof signals, identifing the possible paths of signals in order fot a self-attention event to occure. Witha slight modification, self-attention can be viewed as an ising model interaction, which enables thegoal to be designed as energy of system. Target is treated as an external magnetic field inducing sig-nals modeled as magnetic dipoles. A probability network is designed to pilot input signals travellingat constant speed through different routes. A rule of updating the probabilities is designed in orderto form constructive interference at target locations so that instantaneous energy can be maximised.Experiment is conducted on a 4-class classification problem extracted from MNIST. The results ex-hibit interesting but expected behavours, which do not exist in a bp updated network, but more likelearning in a real human, especially in the few-shot scenario.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[136] viXra:2008.0162 [pdf] replaced on 2020-09-02 20:23:27
Authors: Eric Su
Comments: 4 Pages. Note that the author does not read Disqus comments here, please respond by email. Including a list of publications is also a healthy gesture.
David Hilbert derived a different metric for the same manifold described by Schwarzschild's metric.
The geodesic in Hilbert's manifold is a curve in Newton's manifold with radial acceleration similar to Newton's
gravity. The similarity exists only if time is excluded from Hilbert's metric of Schwarzschild manifold.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[135] viXra:2008.0161 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-21 20:23:26
Authors: Jonathan Deutsch
Comments: 5 Pages.
In the double slit experiment - - central to quantum mechanics and thus to all of reality - - when you LOOK at the particle, it always passes through ONLY ONE slit - - EITHER the right slit OR the left slit, acting like a particle. However, when you AREN’T looking at it, it somehow always passes through BOTH slits - - the right slit AND the left slit - - at the same time, acting like a wave. All of nature is now KNOWN to be both wave and particle simultaneously - - actually, one entity (“wavicle”), not two - - at the most fundamental level of reality.
However, no one seems to have ever asked the question: How can anything, much less everything, be in TW0 places at the same time AND ALSO SIMULTANEOUSLY be in ONLY ONE place at the same time? The known laws of physics make this absolutely impossible. Therefore, at least one of our laws must be wrong. In some fundamental mathematical and physical sense, 2 MUST ALSO BE (- - EQUAL- -) 1: 2 AS 1. The right and left slits, seemingly opposite, must at the deepest level of reality be “married” to each other - - one slit, not two.
Extending this argument to Schrodinger’s cat, life and death, seemingly opposite, must at the deepest level of reality be “married” to each other, 2 AS 1. Just as all apparent opposites, it must be true that ultimately, life and death must be one thing, not two. This, then, is an all-optimistic physics - - probably the first such theory ever. But it is based entirely on firm scientific fact.
Category: Quantum Physics
[134] viXra:2008.0160 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-21 11:36:32
Authors: Paul R. Gerber
Comments: 5 Pages.
The concept of matter-antimatter repulsion (MAR) [1] suggest that the evolution of the cosmos consists of an ongoing process of phase separation of matter and antimatter leading to ever-growing clusters of each type. To illustrate this process we have devised a lattice model in which densities of the two species are located at the points of a cubic lattice. The results are presented in two videos that show the time-evolution of the model. Final states are reasonably comparable with galaxy distributions in the Universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[133] viXra:2008.0159 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-21 11:55:42
Authors: Frank H. Makinson
Comments: 3 Pages.
It is postulated, in the core of every electron, proton, neutron and any other particle that has mass and/or a charge, there exists what can be identified as an ultimate fractal energy transfer structure. This multipurpose energy exchange structure will have the capability to have resonance with a broad range of electromagnetic frequencies that constantly traverse the universe. The fractal energy transfer structure functions somewhat like contemporary radio frequency identification devices, where the electromagnetic energy from an outside source is used to produce electromagnetic radiation for another purpose. A atom that can produce an electromagnetic wavelength that is a billion times longer than its physical size requires a unique energy exchange structure.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[132] viXra:2008.0158 [pdf] replaced on 2020-08-31 13:38:12
Authors: I.N. Sibgatullin
Comments: 4 Pages. The russian version of the comments on the paper https://doi.org/10.1134/S0015462818040201 , submitted to the same journlal as the original paper. The english version of the comments is available at https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.08637
The theorem given
in 'Equations of Hydro-and Thermodynamics of the Atmosphere when Inertial Forces Are Small in Comparison with Gravity' (2018) is wrong,
since the passage to the limit
from the
system of
Navier-Stokes equations
to the system of equations of (quasi) hydrostatic approximation, as the vertical acceleration approaches zero, does not exist.
The main consequence is that
the scales given in the paper are not suitable for
application of hydrostatic approximation.
The correct asymptotics
should be given by
the traditional hydrostatic parameter H/L, where H and L are the vertical and horizontal scales of motion.
Also scale analysis of the L.F. Richardson's equation for vertical velocity in hydrostatic approximation is not correct.
(О гидростатическом приближении Р.И. Нигматулина и уравнении Л.Ф. Ричардсона.
Теорема, сформулированная в статье `Уравнения гидро- и термодинамики атмосферы при малых силах инерции по сравнению с силой тяжести' (2018), не верна, поскольку предельного перехода от уравнений Навье-Стокса к системе уравнений гидростатического приближения при вертикальном ускорении, стремящемся к нулю, не существует.
Основное последствие заключается в том, что предложенные в статье масштабы не приемлемы для применения гидростатического по вертикали приближения (квазистатического приближения).
Корректная асимптотика задается традиционным параметром гидростатичности H/L, где H и L - вертикальный и горизонтальный масштабы течения.
Анализ масштабов в уравнении Л.Ф. Ричардсона для вертикальной скорости в гидростатическом приближении также является некорректным.
Ключевые слова:
гидростатическое приближение,
уравнение Ричардсона,
квазистатическое приближение,
синоптические масштабы,
мезомасштабы,
микрометеорология,
уравнения сохранения,
силы инерции.
Category: Geophysics
[131] viXra:2008.0157 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-21 10:58:23
Authors: Alfred Bennun
Comments: 4 Pages. 1 figure
Analysis, that introduces from relativity theory, originals relationships between radiation energy and its space coordinate. The latter, even for spontaneous process, shows changes of such magnitude, which could be correlated with the duality configuration photon-wavelength. Parametric up-conversion, in which two photons generate one of half wavelength, may allow Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) photons to shrink within their locus space-time configuration (Casimir Effect). CMB Parametric up- and down-conversion could allow CMB wavelength fluctuations in vacuum. These, could be difficult to detect because may occur within the range of its black body spectra (between 5×10^-1 cm. to 2×10^-1 cm.). The relic CMB photons, by number (411 cm 3 ), and by their very low energy (2.71 K), means a large space-time dimension may be, therefore, not only dimensioning the vacuum, but also generating its fluctuations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[130] viXra:2008.0156 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-21 11:12:02
Authors: Alfred Bennun
Comments: 9 Pages. 4 figures
The results of a simulation by parametric down-conversion (PDC) fitted observational evidence. This data was plotted in relationship to the radius of the universe in Mpc multiplied by Hubble’s constant (H_0), characterizing expansion as subject to velocity of light (c), functioning as a relativistic causality horizon. PDC allowed describing expansion as a function of the observable increment of photon number. This one multiplied by the increment of the quantum dimensional locus (Compton-volume) equals the increment of the universe volume. The nature and frequency of primordial energy differ by much that of its residual cosmic microwave background (CMB), but the simulation concerns only to relate their frequency by a mathematical treatment, and hereby both may be refer indistinctly. The following theoretical treatment, of the proposed quantum and relativistic parameters, were amalgamated into a single equation and verify by simulation. The plotting of the dimensions of radius of the Universe and the radius of CMB-photon vs time of the Universe and time of localization shows that all this parameters must increment simultaneously, in order to preserve the constants. A sequential cascade of PDC-cycles which by generating photons of lower
and lowers energy, could maintain “a continuum of decreasing dissipative potential”. Hence, because the product from a preceding PDC-cycle becomes the substrate for a subsequent one, accumulation of product is prevented, as if were open thermodynamic systems. This state of the system, without any considerable reversibility, would endure until near extinction of the energy of CMB. The continuum of lambda-CMB and
its time of localization continuously generate entropy at the level of increment of photons and Compton-volume structuring the arrow of time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[129] viXra:2008.0155 [pdf] replaced on 2020-09-17 20:14:24
Authors: A. Bennun, N. Ledesma
Comments: 7 Pages. 5 figures
Simulations relating the Big-Bang-chronology to primordial quanta incrementing in number and elongating into CMB, suggested a quantum dependent-expansion based in parametric down-conversion (PDC). The PDC-dependent increase in the number of photons, by uniformly emerging and aggregating, when measure along the cosmos radius, yields per Mpc the Hubble’s constant value. Seeking to elucidate the correspondence between quantum-microscopic and macroscopic scalar-levels, their interaction was idealized by assuming that a quantum of space-time could be represented as an adiabatic Schrödinger’s box. Conjugation of the time-independent equation allowed a 3D-visual description of the intra- or inter-relationship between energy and space for a PDC-turnover. A chain of PDC turnover events, by conforming steps of lower and lower dissipative potential, operate a quasi-open thermodynamic system. Hence, allowing that at each of the sequence of PDC turnovers, the product, two photons of twice wavelength, do not accumulate, because in turn these become substrates for subsequent turnovers. The schematic representation of this process in a Schrödinger’s box, allowed predicting a photon-division transition as a two-peak wave. To analyze a theoretical bridge between gravitational independent sequences of PDC process, that by incrementing photon number and by their self-dimensioning expansion shows best-fit with the data obtain by astronomical observation. It is widely accepted that the increment in the universe volume could be related to the energy axis from Planck limit to present CMB. This has been idealized as a dissipative potential, of frequency decreasing in function of expanding Schrödinger’s boxes. This could become integrated as a dissipative potential, conforming a continuum of decreasing frequency density.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[128] viXra:2008.0154 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-20 19:48:47
Authors: Alex-Pauline Poudade
Comments: 12 Pages. doi.org/10.7910/DVN/W8RRMA orcid.org/0000-0003-3037-1091
This paper discusses the mathematical Number Theory field of first order Prime-Generating Polynomials (P-GP) also referenced as Arithmetic progressions (AP). In regards to the Green-Tao theorem, it emphasizes “the primes contain arbitrarily long polynomial progressions” by exploring specifically the primorial p29# co-linear space.
Category: Number Theory
[127] viXra:2008.0153 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-20 19:49:33
Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych, Bezverkhniy Vitaliy Volodymyrovich
Comments: 12 Pages.
The process of the rapid origin of life on Earth is analyzed, taking into account the evolution of our Sun (the beginning of thermonuclear reactions). Given the knowledge about DNA, viruses and the structure of bacteria, it is concluded that the origin of life on Earth was initiated from the outside. Further, using space chemistry, it is shown that spontaneous assembly of DNA/RNA molecules can occur on particles of interstellar and intergalactic dust. Therefore, when favorable conditions are created on the planet, the emergence of life begins rapidly, since the initiators of life are already available from cosmic dust (RNA and DNA molecules).
Category: Biochemistry
[126] viXra:2008.0150 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-20 03:23:53
Authors: Derek Tucker
Comments: 2 Pages.
The current canonical treatment of multisets to our knowledge does not discuss their powersets, but such powersets have a natural connection linking prime and natural numbers. Using the natural definition of continuity, and the natural extension of the formula for counting elements in a powerset to count power multisets, we find prime numbers are countably infinite, with an infinitude of infinities with natural density specified by the Riemann zeta function, between the primes and the continuous natural numbers.
Category: Set Theory and Logic
[125] viXra:2008.0149 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-20 05:21:09
Authors: Yukihiro Sano
Comments: 16 Pages.
In the previous research paper “[2476] viXra:2008.0044 submitted 2020.8.7 Polynomials Generating Prime Numbers No.2”, I found many polynomials generating prime numbers, avoiding the value where the continuous prime number is interrupted in the prime numbers of vertical column of Euler's polynomial generating prime numbers to skip by 2 or 3 etc.. In this time, I also investigate polynomials generating prime numbers, avoiding the value where the continuous prime number is interrupted in the prime numbers of other famous polynomials generating prime numbers to skip by 2 or 3 etc..
As a result, I found many polynomials generating 29 to 10 consecutive prime numbers.
Category: Number Theory
[124] viXra:2008.0146 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-19 20:27:16
Authors: Edmund Zamwawosayi Koce
Comments: 1 Page. Edited by Betasha Felix Chawaza (B.Tech. EMV)
This is an article in relationship with the recent genocide carried out in Southern Kadunna Nigeria. This points out at how humans should behave and instead of going evil for evil then it should be evil for good so that there can be peaceful coexistence among the people faced with the chanllanges.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism
[123] viXra:2008.0145 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-19 20:30:03
Authors: George R. Briggs
Comments: 1 Page.
One Electron Volt x 0.09 = 1.782 x 0.09 = ((4 x 4 x 100) +4)) x 10^- 40Kg - an easily remembered formula
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[122] viXra:2008.0144 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-19 20:29:17
Authors: Minchan Choi
Comments: 2 Pages.
The warm-blooded reptile fled over the tree to escape the snake. On top of the tree, warm-blooded reptiles changed their food from pine cones to fruits as the tree evolved from gymnosperm to Angiosperm. Warm-blooded reptiles that ate fruit evolved into mammals. In the Genesis Adam is a warm-blooded reptile and a woman is a subspecies. Eve, a woman's evolution, is a subspecies evolved mammal.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism
[121] viXra:2008.0142 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-19 11:16:04
Authors: Suaib lateef
Comments: 1 page
I present a new general quartic equation formula
Category: Algebra
[120] viXra:2008.0141 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-19 11:26:42
Authors: Roman Vanovsky
Comments: 36 Pages.
Моделирование проблем, страхов, желаний сновидца - одна из главных, если не важнейшая задача, над которой работают сновидения. При этом не важно, как рассматривать сон, как аллегорию или как прямой текст. К такому выводу приходит автор, записавший более 4 тысяч собственных снов и несколько сотен снов близких ему людей. Рассматривается проблема повторяющихся снов, вводится понятие рейтинга главных элементов; персонажей, мест действия, страхов. Материал изложен в занимательной форме. (Modeling the problems, fears, desires of the dreamer is one of the main, if not the most important task that dreams work on. It does not matter how to view the dream as an allegory or as a direct text. The author comes to this conclusion, having recorded more than 4 thousand of his own dreams and several hundred dreams of people close to him. The problem of recurring dreams is considered, the concept of the rating of the main elements is introduced; characters, scenes, fears. The material is presented in an entertaining manner.)
Category: Mind Science
[119] viXra:2008.0140 [pdf] replaced on 2022-03-16 06:16:43
Authors: Gerd Pommerenke
Comments: 35 Pages.
This work is based on the model published in viXra:1310.0189. Because the CMBR follows the PLANCK's radiation rule more or less exactly, it should, because of the indistinguishability of individual photons, apply to a whatever black emitter. Therefrom arises the guess, that the existence of an upper cut-off frequency of the vacuum could be the cause for the decrease in the upper frequency range. Since the lower-frequent share of the curve correlates with the frequency response of an oscillating circuit with the Q-factor 1/2, it is examined, whether it succeeds to approximate the Planck curve by multiplication of the initial curve with the dynamic, time-dependent frequency response of the above mentioned model. Reason of the time-dependence is the expansion of the universe.
This version considers the correction of a calculating error in viXra:1310.0189, effecting the frequency- and phase-response as well as the phase- and group delay. Furthermore, an updated value of H0 is used, based on the electron mass specified in viXra:2201.0122. Deutsche Version verfügbar in viXra:2008.0139.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[118] viXra:2008.0139 [pdf] replaced on 2022-03-16 06:14:35
Authors: Gerd Pommerenke
Comments: 35 Pages. German version
Diese Arbeit basiert auf dem in viXra:1906.0321 veröffentlichten Modell. Da die kosmologische Hintergrundstrahlung mehr oder weniger exakt der PLANCKschen Strahlungsformel gehorcht, muss dies aufgrund der Ununterscheidbarkeit einzelner Photonen fuer jeden beliebigen schwarzen Strahler gelten. Daraus ergibt sich die Vermutung, dass der Abfall im oberen Frequenzbereich Ursache der Existenz einer oberen Grenzfrequenz des Vakuums sein koennte. Da der niederfrequente Teil der Kurve dem Frequenzgang eines Schwingkreises mit der Guete 1/2 entspricht, wird untersucht, ob es gelingt, durch Multiplikation dieser Ausgangskurve mit dem dynamischen, zeitabhaengigen Frequenzgang o.g. Modells, die Plancksche Kurve zu approximieren. Ursache der Zeitabhaengigkeit ist die Expansion des Universums.
Diese Version berücksichtigt die Korrektur eines Rechenfehlers in viXra:1906.0321, der Auswirkungen auf den Frequenz- und Phasengang sowie die Phasen- und Gruppenlaufzeit hat. Weiterhin kommt ein aktualisierter Wert von H0, basierend auf der Elektronenmasse, berechnet in viXra:2201.0121 zur Anwendung. English version available in viXra:2008.0140.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[117] viXra:2008.0138 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-19 11:01:55
Authors: Alexander Garyfallos
Comments: 26 Pages.
Forecasting forthcoming "health events" is an extremely challenging task for the Remote Patient Monitoring systems (RPM systems) sector, which relies in real time information and communication technologies. Remote patient monitoring is a medical service which includes following and observing patients that are not in the same location with their health care provider. In general, the patient is equipped with a “smart” monitoring device, and the recorded data (vital signs) are securely transmitted via telecommunication networks to the health care provider. Modern remote patient monitoring devices are small, discrete and easy to wear, allowing "bearers" to move freely and with comfort. In this framework, MOKAAL pc has developed the IFS_RPM service (Integrated Facilitation Services for Remote Patient Monitoring) supplying the necessary ICT infrastructure, which is necessary for the provision of the RPM services. Following the completion of IFS_RPM project, MOKAAL pc launched a research project under the code name "PROPHETTM" .
PROPHETTM main objective is to investigate the possibilities of introducing a real time predicting model based on remotely collected vital signs, that would utilize time series of metric data in conjunction with the information stored in the Electronic Health Records (EHR) of the "bearer", attempting to predict in real time, the probability of a "health event" occurring in the near future. To meet this objective, the PROPHETTM project team designed an evolutionary prototype of the "health event" forecasting model, which was developed and tested in a laboratory environment and it will be upgraded to a working prototype to be tested in real conditions, in order to be incorporated into the IFS_RPM system, after reaching its maturity state.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms
[116] viXra:2008.0137 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-19 05:44:05
Authors: Gordon Stewart Watson
Comments: Pages.
Against Bell (1964c), and via classical analysis (including the principle of relativity): we make quantum correlations intelligible by completing the quantum mechanical account in a classical way. We find that Bell neglects a logical correlation that refutes his theorem, while a commutation relation and some easy algebra refute his inequality. So: for Einstein -- and against Bell's naive local realism; with certainty -- relativistic causality prevails. In this way we arrive at wholistic mechanics (WM): ie, classical mechanics extended from light-speed c to Planck's constant h. Importantly, for STEM students and teachers, and against popular opinion-pieces about quantum nonlocality, our results require no knowledge of quantum theory: for the quantum is here, to be found. Let's see.
Category: Quantum Physics
[115] viXra:2008.0136 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-19 10:54:45
Authors: T. Nakashima
Comments: 1 Page.
I show the 3rd possibility of Collatz problem.
Category: Number Theory
[114] viXra:2008.0135 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-18 18:06:57
Authors: Ding Jian
Comments: 5 Pages. I firmly believe that a single spark can start great creative conflagrations.
In allusion to the COVID-19 epidemic situation, the current key point to win the decisive victory is on how to improve the antibody prevalence, so as to achieve herd immunity and eventually eliminate the epidemic situation. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that an authoritative experimental conclusion should be given on whether the recovered patients with COVID-19 are infectivity or not. That is to say, those susceptible people who have not yet had the antibodies should be tested, in order to verify whether they would produce antibodies after close contact with the recovered patients who have had the antibodies. Of course, this is a feasible experiment. The implication that there should be a type of infectious vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, which is always around us and well within reach. In addition, it is pointed out that the state of balance where the viruses and the human immune system are opposed and can coexist is the environment they face for survival and proliferation, while the infectivity is the necessary condition. It is under such environment that the progenies of those original viruses would be just possible to be improved by human immune system, thereby evolve into the main part of the IgG antibodies. Since asymptomatic infected persons are now confirmed to transmit the viruses, so it is inferred that the Infectious Attenuated Live Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 must be there too.
Category: Biochemistry
[113] viXra:2008.0134 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-18 18:09:14
Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 3 Pages. For the complete solution of the problem posed here, see the follow-up paper, https://vixra.org/abs/2101.0094
Following an epistemological consideration we propose that none of SI basic units can correspond to emergent phenomena and must be taken as fundamental. We therefore take temperature as the scalar potential function of a fundamental field called heat, produced by a property of fundamental particles called `calor'.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy
[112] viXra:2008.0133 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-18 18:18:36
Authors: Ding Jian
Comments: Pages.
针 对 COVID 19 疫情，当前决胜的关键，在于如何提高抗体流行率，以达到群体免疫，最终解除疫情这个目的。因此强烈建议，针对 COVID 19 的康复患者是否具有传染性，给出一个权威的实验结论。也就是说，应该检测那些尚未具有抗体的易受感染者，以验证他们在与这些已具有抗体的康复患者密切接触之后，是否会产生抗体？当然 这是一个可行的实验。 这意味着，应该有一种具有传染性的新冠病毒（ SARS CoV 2 ）疫苗一直 存在于我们身边，而且是唾手可得。 此外还指出，病毒与人体免疫系统对立且能共处的平衡状态，是它们生存和增殖所面临的环境，而传染性是必要条件。 正是在这样的环境下，那些原始病毒的后代才有可能得到人体免疫系统的改良，从而进化成 IgG 抗体的主体。 鉴于目前已确认无症状感染者可以传播病毒，于是推断，具有传染性的新冠病毒减毒活疫苗也一定存在。
(In allusion to the COVID-19 epidemic situation, the current key point to win the decisive victory is on how to improve the antibody prevalence, so as to achieve herd immunity and eventually eliminate the epidemic situation. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that an authoritative experimental conclusion should be given on whether the recovered patients with COVID-19 are infectivity or not. That is to say, those susceptible people who have not yet had the antibodies should be tested, in order to verify whether they would produce antibodies after close contact with the recovered patients who have had the antibodies. Of course, this is a feasible experiment. The implication that there should be a type of infectious vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, which is always around us and well within reach. In addition, it is pointed out that the state of balance where the viruses and the human immune system are opposed and can coexist is the environment they face for survival and proliferation, while the infectivity is the necessary condition. It is under such environment that the progenies of those original viruses would be just possible to be improved by human immune system, thereby evolve into the main part of the IgG antibodies. Since asymptomatic infected persons are now confirmed to transmit the viruses, so it is inferred that the Infectious Attenuated Live Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 must be there too. )
Category: Biochemistry
[111] viXra:2008.0132 [pdf] replaced on 2020-08-26 08:11:27
Authors: Andrew Trevor Johnson
Comments: 11 Pages.
This is a serious draft attempt, from an autodidact, of a theory of everything. It begins with a self-evident idea at its core. The two-dimensional models depicted within the big picture of this paper attempt to encompass all perspectives of reality whilst taking into account all of our empirical observations of space-time. The hypothesis detailed within the body of this work predicts how certain specific subjective states of conscious experience will feel in respect to an individual. (Relative Conscious Time Travel)
Category: Mind Science
[110] viXra:2008.0131 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-18 20:30:23
Authors: Glenn Healey, Lequan Wang
Comments: 24 Pages.
An accurate model for the lift force on a baseball is important for several applications. The precision of previous models has been limited by the use of small samples of measurements acquired in controlled experiments. The increased prevalence of ball-tracking radar systems provides an abundant source of data for modeling, but the effective use of these data requires overcoming several challenges. We develop a new model that uses this radar data and is constrained by the physical principles and measurements derived from the controlled experiments. The modeling process accounts for the uncertainty in different data sources while exploiting the size and diversity of the radar measurements to mitigate the effects of systematic biases, outliers, and the lack of geometric information that is typically available in controlled experiments. Fine-grained weather data is associated with each radar measurement to enable compensation for the local air density. We show that the new model is accurate enough to capture changes in lift due to small changes in surface roughness which could not be discerned by previous models.
Category: Statistics
[109] viXra:2008.0130 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-18 00:40:01
Authors: Vivek Verma
Comments: 2 Pages.
This paper describes the background and implementation behind a project that uses Neroevolution of Augmenting Topologies (NEAT) to play Super Mario Bros. It's implementation is different from classic applications of NEAT since the training process was heavily optimized using multithreading and downsampling. As a result, the training process can be run on underpowered CPUs without the help of an external GPU. The neural network successfully completed level 1-1 of the game.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[108] viXra:2008.0129 [pdf] replaced on 2023-03-10 02:05:20
Authors: Chan Rasjid Kah Chew
Comments: 10 Pages.
Isaac Newton was a genius. His greatest achievement was undoubtedly his discovery of the laws of motion and the universal law of gravitation. They are as if "gifts of God" concerning the laws of the natural world, laws that are universal and valid for all times. Any attempt to provide alternatives to such laws could only end in failure.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[107] viXra:2008.0128 [pdf] replaced on 2024-03-16 16:38:55
Authors: Jesús Sánchez
Comments: 31 Pages.
In this paper, it will be shown a generalization of the series of the exponential function using non-integer and negative exponents for the correspondent polynomial such as:e^x=⋯-Γ(7/2)/π x^(-7/2)+Γ(5/2)/π x^(-5/2)-Γ(3/2)/π x^(-3/2)+Γ(1/2)/π x^(-1/2)+1/Γ(3/2) x^(1/2)+1/Γ(5/2) x^(3/2)+1/Γ(7/2) x^(5/2)+⋯Being Γ(z) the gamma function. The series with negative exponents seems to diverge. But it will be demonstrated that they can be calculated using the following integral. This integral converges and therefore, it can be solved, leading for the exact result for the exponential function.e^x=x^(-1/2)/π ∫_0^∞〖(t^(-1/2) e^(-t))/(1+t/x) dt〗+1/Γ(3/2) x^(1/2)+1/Γ(5/2) x^(3/2)+1/Γ(7/2) x^(5/2)+⋯A generalization with complex exponents for the series will be shown in the paper.The Newton binomial theorem is also generalized this way (being w a free complex parameter):(m+1)^s=∑_(k=-∞@k=integer)^∞〖m^(k+w) Γ(s+1)/Γ(k+w+1)Γ(s-k-w+1) ==⋯+m^(-2+w) Γ(s+1)/Γ(-1+w)Γ(s+3-w) +m^(-1+w) Γ(s+1)/Γ(w)Γ(s+2-w) 〗+m^w Γ(s+1)/Γ(w+1)Γ(s+1-w) +m^(1+w) Γ(s+1)/Γ(w+2)Γ(s-w) +m^(2+w) Γ(s+1)/Γ(w+3)Γ(s-1-w) +⋯.It will be also shown that there are infinite solutions for the fractional derivative of a constant. But the only one that at the same time keeps the derivative of the exponential function being itself again, is the following:(d^(1/2) C)/(dx^(1/2) )=C/π ∫_0^∞〖(t^(-1/2) e^(-t) x^(-1/2))/(1+t/x) dt〗Again, a generalization for fractional derivatives of zth grade (being z a general complex number) of a constant will be shown.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[106] viXra:2008.0127 [pdf] replaced on 2020-09-17 20:02:14
Authors: George R. Briggs
Comments: 8 Pages.
In MHCE8S theory the stable isotopes are of special interest. Data from Wikipedia. 1st doubling is for sulfur. 3rd doubling is for calcium. Both are essential in forming the human body.In addition, we have a signal in the fact that 50 tin -28 nickel =22, whereas undoubled stable isotope data indicate 21. Also 82 lead -50 tin = 32. In this case however, the data also show undoubled stable isotopes = 32, as expected.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[105] viXra:2008.0126 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-17 21:05:53
Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych, Bezverkhniy Vitaliy Volodymyrovich
Comments: 15 Pages.
It is shown that in black holes, baryonic matter is converted into quark-gluon plasma. A black hole consists of a small core (“drop” from QGP) and a large gravitational radius. In small black holes, the radius of the core of the quark-gluon plasma will be equal to the gravitational radius. In large black holes, the radius of the QGP core will be much less than the gravitational radius. Therefore, Hawking radiation should be sought near small black holes. The minimum mass of a black hole, and its minimum radius, will vary over a wide range of values depending on the state of the QGP inside the black hole. It is also obvious that such a binary structure of black holes explains the existence of supermassive black holes, since it forbids the decrease in the mass of most black holes.
Category: Quantum Physics
[104] viXra:2008.0124 [pdf] replaced on 2020-08-18 09:02:19
Authors: Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 8 Pages. This paper has been submitted to IJNS journal. Your comments are welcome.
In previous article we coined a new word: intuilytics. In this article we discuss some examples of intuilytics process in art-engineering creations.
Category: Economics and Finance
[103] viXra:2008.0122 [pdf] replaced on 2022-03-22 04:01:19
Authors: James Dow Allen
Comments: 12 Pages.
The theoretical minimum storage needed to represent a set of size N drawn from a universe of size M is about N * (log_2(M/N) + 1.4472) bits (assuming neither N nor M/N is very small). I review the technique of `quotienting' which is used to approach this minimum, and look at the actual memory costs achieved by practical designs. Instead of somehow implementing and exploiting 1.4472 bits of steering information, most practical schemes use two bits (or more). In the conclusion I mention a scheme to reduce the overhead cost from two bits to a single trit.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms
[102] viXra:2008.0121 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-16 20:38:20
Authors: Vladimir Leonov
Comments: 20 Figures, Russian. – 1. Leonov V. S. Quantum Energetics. Volume 1. Theory of Superunification. Cambridge International Science Publishing, 2010, 745 pages. 2. V.S. Leonov. Quantum Energetics: Theory of Superunification. Viva Books, India, 2011
It is shown that the birth mass of an elementary particle is a result of spherical deformation of the quantized space-time based on the concept of gravity of the curved four-dimensional space-time of Einstein. Theorists mistakenly believe that Einstein's theory of gravity does not fit into the Standard Model (SM). It is shown that on the contrary the SM does not fit into the Einstein's theory of gravity. Higgs boson is contradicts the concept of curved space-time as the basis of gravity. Therefore, Higgs boson is cannot carry the mass of an elementary particle. Mechanism for the generation of mass of an elementary particle discussed in detail in the theory of Superunification.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[101] viXra:2008.0120 [pdf] replaced on 2020-08-26 04:48:55
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 7 Pages.
The Standard Model (SM) fails to account for either the triplication of fermion families or chiral symmetry breaking in the electroweak sector. Here we show that both phenomena arise from the approach to chaos of quantum theory near the Fermi scale.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[100] viXra:2008.0119 [pdf] replaced on 2020-10-03 22:08:25
Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 4 Pages.
Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) is the only cosmological model in existence that is consistent with the Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum. To be consistent with this Fundamental Law, WUM discusses in detail the Beginning of the World. The Model introduces Dark Epoch (spanning from the Beginning of the World for 0.4 billion years) and Luminous Epoch (ever since for 13.8 billion years). Big Bang discussed in Standard Cosmology is, in our view, transition from Dark Epoch to Luminous Epoch due to Rotational Fission of Overspinning Dark Matter (DM) Supercluster’s Cores and self-annihilation of Dark Matter Particles (DMPs). WUM envisions Matter carried from the Universe into the World from the fourth spatial dimension by DMPs. Luminous Matter is a byproduct of DM self-annihilation. WUM solves a number of physical problems in contemporary Cosmology and Astrophysics through DMPs and their interactions: Angular Momentum problem in birth and subsequent evolution of Galaxies and Extrasolar systems – how do they obtain it; Fermi Bubbles – two large structures in gamma-rays and X-rays above and below Galactic center; Mysterious Star KIC 8462852 with irregular dimmings; Coronal Heating problem in solar physics – temperature of Sun's corona exceeding that of photosphere by millions of degrees; Cores of Sun and Earth rotating faster than their surfaces; Diversity of Gravitationally-Rounded Objects in Solar system and their Internal Heat; Lightning Initiation problem – electric fields observed inside thunderstorms are not sufficient to initiate sparks; Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes – bursts of high energy X-rays and gamma rays emanating from Earth. Model solves Missing Baryon problem related to the fact that the observed amount of baryonic matter did not match theoretical predictions. WUM reveals Inter-Connectivity of Primary Cosmological Parameters and calculates their values, which are in good agreement with the latest results of their measurements. In 2013, Model predicted the values of the following Cosmological parameters: gravitational, concentration of Intergalactic plasma, relative energy density of protons in the Medium, and the minimum energy of photons, which were experimentally confirmed in 2015 – 2018. The Narrative consists of four Parts: World-Universe Black-Hole Model; 5D World-Universe Model; Hypersphere World-Universe Model; Hypersphere World-Universe Model. New Physics (See Parts I, II, III, and IV on viXra).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[99] viXra:2008.0118 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-15 22:33:18
Authors: Kenichi Takayama
Comments: 2 Pages.
Since the beginning of human history, the way of thinking about time has changed with the times. Various concepts of time existed for a time according to religions and philosophies, but in the late 17th century, Sir Isaac Newton's (1643-1727) concept of "absolute space and time" spread. Later, special relativity proposed by Albert Einstein (1879-1955) at the beginning of the 20th century made it clear that this was not the case. However, if one process is added after the paradox that is emerging in special relativity, we get a result that indicates the existence of absolute time. Therefore, I present the need to rethink the concept of "time" again.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[98] viXra:2008.0117 [pdf] replaced on 2020-11-18 11:18:55
Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 14 Pages.
The probable etymology of the Russian words specified in heading is considered.
The translation of article from Russian into English is enclosed.
Category: Linguistics
[97] viXra:2008.0116 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-16 07:36:13
Authors: Michael A. Ivanov
Comments: 5 Pages. Contribution to the 14th International Conference on Gravitation, Astrophysics and Cosmology (ICGAC14), 17 – 21 August 2020, Jhongli, Taiwan
The desire to quantize general relativity to unify it with quantum mechanics gave not very much
up to now; some predicted effects lie very far in the Planck scale to be observed in the
foreseeable future. The situation is different in the model of low-energy quantum gravity by
the author where some known effects (such as the cosmological redshift) may be interpreted as
results of the interaction of gravitons with photons or bodies. The Newton constant G may
be computed in the model that makes it principally underlying for general relativity.
Important features of the model and some possibilities to verify it at present are discussed
here.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[96] viXra:2008.0115 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-16 10:27:16
Authors: Seiji Tomita, Oliver Couto
Comments: 27 Pages.
Consider the below mentioned equation:
ax^4+ by^4+ cz^4+ dw^4 = 0-----(1)
In section (A) we consider solution’s with the condition on the coefficient’s of equation (1). Namely the product (abcd)=square. In section (B) we consider the coefficients of equation (1), with the product of coefficient’s (abcd) not equal to a square. Historically equation (1) has been studied by Ajai Choudhry, A. Bremner, M.Ulas (ref. 5) in 2014. Also Richmond (ref. 1 & 2) has done some ground work in 1944 & 1948. This paper has gone a step further, by finding many parametric solutions & new small numerical solutions by the use of unique Identities. The identities are unique, because they are of mixed powers(combination of quartic & quadratic variables) which are then converted to only degree four identities. As an added bonus in section (B), we came up with a few quartic (4-1-n ) numerical solutions for ( n < 50) by elliptical mean’s. A table of numerical solutions for the(4-1-n)equation arrived at by brute force computer search is also given (ref 7)
Category: Number Theory
[95] viXra:2008.0114 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-16 10:13:17
Authors: Zeolla Gabriel Martín
Comments: 8 Pages. Idioma Español
Abstract: This document develops the operation of the algorithm of the square radication in a natural way. Since its mechanisms are synchronized with the square of a binomial, which makes it possible to find the result in a more direct and practical way. Leaving aside the standard algorithm which few teachers teach and many students resist learning by transforming their calculation into a regular use of the calculator.
Category: General Mathematics
[94] viXra:2008.0113 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-15 20:49:40
Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 6 Pages.
In this note we study the minimum overlap problem. We obtain the following crude inequality for the problem
\begin{align}
M(n)<\mathcal{D}(k)(1-o(1))\frac{n}{4}\nonumber
\end{align}where $\mathcal{D}(k)>1$.
Category: Number Theory
[93] viXra:2008.0112 [pdf] replaced on 2020-08-17 17:46:53
Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 4 Pages.
In this paper, we look further into one of the relativistic wave equations we have introduced recently. Our relativistic wave equation is a PDE that is rooted in the relativistic energy Compton momentum relation, rather than the standard energy momentum relation. They are two sides of the same coin, but the standard momentum is just a derivative of the Compton momentum, so this simplifies things considerably. Here the main focus is to rewrite our relativistic PDE wave equation in spherical polar coordinates, then by some separation of variables we end up with three ordinary differential equations (ODEs) for which we present possible solutions, and we also provide a table where we compare our ODEs with the ODEs one gets from the Schro ̈dinger equation [1]. This approach is used to describe hydrogen-like atoms. We encourage other researchers to check our calculations and the predictions from our solutions and see how they fit compared to observations from hydrogen-like atoms.
Category: Quantum Physics
[92] viXra:2008.0111 [pdf] replaced on 2020-08-26 04:29:51
Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 35 Pages.
The application of the Calculus of Infinitesimals (differentials/integrals) to physical analysis, given the paradoxical lack of precise spatial and temporal relevance it grants the study of the elementary particles in both quantum and relativistic aspects of determination, despite the precision of such mathematics, is questioned. To offer more precise relevance to time and space and associated phenomena, a new proposal for the mathematics of time and space, as an application of mathematics to the paradigm of time, is proposed, as the calculus of time-points in space (Temporal Calculus), a calculus that does not focus on space primarily, yet time. The temporal calculus presented here explains two basic features regarding the proposed mechanics between time and space, namely indeterminism (here as defined by the uncertainty between time and space), and the idea of time mandating a spherical wave-function for any point in space. As a standard of reference, this time-algorithm is based o n the human temporal perception ability in the three paradigms most commonly associated to the human temporal perception ability, namely time-before, time-now, and time-after, assigning mathematical values to those qualities that then give rise to the “golden-ratio” equation, which when applied to 3-d space forms a fractal (golden-ratio) lattice of time-points that is able to derive all the known equations and constants of physical phenomena, from mass to charge, particle energy to particle spin, presenting the case not for an infinitely metrically expanding universe, yet a steady-state time-space system that successfully links the CMBR with the vacuum permittivity and permeability, governing the redshift of light in space.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[91] viXra:2008.0109 [pdf] replaced on 2024-11-07 02:08:23
Authors: Nainan K. Varghese
Comments: 2 Pages.
A free gyroscope, on or near another large macro body and asymmetrically loaded along its spinning axis (in the horizontal plane), will continue to precess about an axis passing (vertically) through its centre of mass and perpendicular to the spinning axis. The action of resultant gravitational attractions between basic 3D matter particles in both the gyroscope and the large macrobody is through a point on its spin axis away from the centre of mass. A similar effect appearing on a spinning body in a gravity-less environment and moving in a linear direction across its plane of rotation appears as the ‘Dzhanibekov Effect’.
Category: Classical Physics
[90] viXra:2008.0108 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-15 11:11:16
Authors: John E. Miller
Comments: 3 Pages.
Published data clearly demonstrates that an accelerating gravitational attraction between planets or between stars and planets, is not proven to exist. Behaviour between Earth and Moon is a local example. At an altitude of 800km space junk refuses to comply with the Newtonian Hypotheses and where mg = zero. Given this observation, why should gravitational acceleration reappear at 384,000km and affect the Moon. This Moon orbits via a perfect circle around a centre at 21,400km from Earth, where there is no mass. Solar System Planets display the same circular orbits about an eccentric point, measured from the Sun. With interplanetary SPACE gravity not proven to exist, Gravity Waves cannot be proven to exist, even if Black Holes do exist. Applying Electro/Magnetic Theory to “Kepler’s Laws” and to every Solar System planet and moon results in Data and Arithmetic being in full agreement with observed data. Einstein’s ‘Relativity’, without a Nobel prize, is superfluous measured against Electro/Magnetic Physics. To clarify these statements, Earth tidal data will be applied, to demonstrate that Earth tides are independent from Moons hypothetical gravity.
Category: Astrophysics
[89] viXra:2008.0107 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-15 11:37:29
Authors: Idd Sifael Omary, Ngong-homa Jackson, Timothy A. Peter
Comments: 35 Pages. BSc. (Mathematics and Statistics) Research Report Mwenge Catholic University July, 2016.
Completion Rate and Enrollment forecasting is an essential element in budgeting, resource allocation, and the overall planning for the growth of education sector. Our paper purposeful demonstrated the use of Markov chain techniques in studying progression of BSMST Programme Students from the time of entry/enrollment in each academic year to graduation after the expected year of study in MWECAU. The target population included all BSMST programme students in MWECAU from 2013 to 2015. The model used to determine the student’s completion/dropout rate, retention rate and the expected duration of completing by sex. We established the completion rates for male students and that of female students and dropout rates. We saw how long Markov Transition Probability Matrices of BSMST students at MWECAU will be at a steady state. How the established completion and dropout rates will be in Absorbing rates/States. Also we saw female expectation of university education compared to male students in BSMST Programme students. The model was only suitable in make a short period projections.
Category: Statistics
[88] viXra:2008.0106 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-15 09:53:54
Authors: Eric Su
Comments: 2 Pages. Note that the author does not read Disqus comments here, please respond by email. Including a list of publications is also a healthy gesture.
The length of a rod in motion may be different from the length of another identical rod at rest.
The difference in length between two rods is independent of the direction of the motion of the moving rod.
The isotropic symmetry demands that the difference in length is conserved in any direction.
All moving rods are of identical length as long as the speed of motion is identical.
The center of two rods in anti-parallel motion will coincide. The ends will also coincide.
Such end-to-end match exists in all reference frames. The length of a rod is independent of reference frame and motion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[87] viXra:2008.0105 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-15 11:07:58
Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 9 Pages. original article
The totally ionized charged collisionless plasma at nite temperature is considered. Using
the statistical and Schwinger field methods we derive the production of photons from the
plasma by the Cerenkov mechanism. We derive the spectral formula of emitted photons by
the plasma
uctuations. The calculation can be extended to the photon propagator involving
radiative corrections.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[86] viXra:2008.0104 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-14 04:46:25
Authors: Debashis Sarmah
Comments: 44 Pages.
In the cold beverage products, carbonated drinks were common preference most among all individuals and still it is, irrespective of their age groups as it has great brand value and promotional activities but in the present scenario, people preferring the fruit based drinks and fruit juices over carbonated drinks is on a rise. The study starts with determining the major factors affecting the consumption pattern of carbonated drinks and fruit juices, and ends up with the conclusion as per the state of mind of the average rational human being.
The main purpose of the research study is to analyze consumer’s preference between carbonated drinks and fruit juices. In order to understand the factors that have played an important role in customer’s preference to choose between carbonated drinks and fruit-based drinks, the study is done on their perceptions and expectations towards both carbonated drinks and fruit based drinks.
The research is mostly based on primary data, collected with the help of a purposefully designed questionnaire, which is then filled by the respondents in the Northeast India, with their responses based upon their consumption behaviors towards carbonated drinks and fruit-based drinks. As per the data and responses collected from the respondents of various age groups and from different professional fields, with further analysis, a comparative study has been done between the consumption of carbonated drinks and fruit based drinks.
Keywords: Consumer preference, carbonated drinks, fruit-based drinks, Northeast
Category: Economics and Finance
[85] viXra:2008.0103 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-14 20:37:54
Authors: Raikov Alexander Gennadievich
Comments: 10 Pages. Язык русский. Работа Лекция-Презентация "Вывод законов электромагнетизма из формулы субстрата" является фрагментом печатного издания "Том Третий. Операционно-аналитический аппарат философии диалектического материализма" (лекция № 42).
Цель работы ознакомить с практикой универсальной применимости операционно-аналитического аппарата философии диалектического материализма к явлениям и законам электромагнетизма и вывода основных законов электромагнетизма из формулы субстрата. В лекциях № 39, № 40, № 41 изложена методология применения аппарата теории всеобщих начал и механизмов действительности к выводу механизма периодизации химических элементов, законов классической механики Ньютона и механики небесных тел - законам Кеплера. Специфика видовых качеств и свойств электромагнитных явлений, на уровне чувственных восприятий, существенно отличается от специфики качеств и свойств объектов классической механики. Однако явления классической механики и электромагнетизма имеют общую, единую основу.
(The purpose of the work is to familiarize with the practice of the universal applicability of the operational-analytical apparatus of the philosophy of dialectical materialism to the phenomena and laws of electromagnetism and the derivation of the basic laws of electromagnetism from the substrate formula. In lectures No. 39, No. 40, No. 41, the methodology of applying the apparatus of the theory of universal principles and the mechanisms of reality to the derivation of the mechanism of periodization of chemical elements, the laws of classical Newtonian mechanics and the mechanics of celestial bodies - Kepler's laws is presented. The specificity of the specific qualities and properties of electromagnetic phenomena, at the level of sensory perceptions, significantly differs from the specificity of the qualities and properties of objects of classical mechanics. However, the phenomena of classical mechanics and electromagnetism have a common, unified basis.)
Category: Classical Physics
[84] viXra:2008.0102 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-14 09:59:13
Authors: Ryan C. Matters
Comments: 8 Pages.
Following increased respiratory illness in Wuhan, China, a novel coronavirus was isolated, and named ‘SARS-Cov-2’. This was then determined to be the cause of the respiratory illness now termed ‘COVID-19’. This paper argues that there is no evidence in the scientific literature to suggest that the SARS-Cov-2 virus exists, let alone causes illness. The fact remains that SARS-Cov-2 has never been purified, despite this being the agreed upon procedure for proving the existence of a virus. This paper argues that a virus is not the cause of COVID-19 and therefore alternate possible causes must be examined.
Category: Biochemistry
[83] viXra:2008.0101 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-14 20:03:59
Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 16 Pages. 1 Figure; Including a Chinese Version
This article attempts to use mathematical methods to solve the influence of the change of space-time structure on the gravitational constant. After adopting a purely mathematical method, it means that if there is a problem with the conclusion, you only need to find the reason in the axiom system proposed in this article. This can make the discussion of the problem more concise.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[82] viXra:2008.0099 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-14 14:09:47
Authors: Roufiano Bogdanovic
Comments: 2 Pages.
This short paper examines the correlation of current happenings in greece and the lower birth rates observed in the past decades.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism
[81] viXra:2008.0098 [pdf] replaced on 2020-09-05 11:59:25
Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 12 Pages. Key Words: Albedo Solution, Reflectivity Solution, Hotspot Forcing, Hydro-Hotspots Forcing, Re-Radiation Model, Albedo-GHG Interaction
Due to the slow progress being made in climate change mitigation and the threat of tipping points, albedo solutions could be a vital supplement to CO2 reduction efforts. An important aspect to bring to the attention of policymakers is the albedo-greenhouse gas (GHG) interaction strength. We model this interaction which has a major influence in assessing climate change. For example, modeling is used to help exemplify the amount of reverse forcing or albedo surface area modification required to mitigate CO2 GW effects. Additionally, albedo controls are the only way to mitigate impermeable hotspots and hydro-hotspots surfaces that have increased at an alarming rate. We illustrate their growth rate; discuss their historical recognized significance and known correlations to climate change. Our results are directed toward influencing policymakers on the unique practical aspects of albedo solutions and their imminent need.
Category: Climate Research
[80] viXra:2008.0097 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-14 20:02:14
Authors: Pardis Tabaee Damavandi
Comments: 3 Pages.
The Cauchy problem has been applied to a simple case of linear function in the form y=f(x) expressing wavelength values previously acquired through computer simulations and satisfying the observed empirical initial condition that the extrapolated value of the C-N torsion of 14.10 μm from the Spitzer Telescope spectrum should be sustained.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[79] viXra:2008.0096 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-14 20:23:00
Authors: Xianming Meng
Comments: 18 Pages. special relativity, Doppler effect, absolute motion, time dilation, length contraction
The special relativity theory is a very successful and popular theory that can explain many relativistic phenomena. However, the inconsistencies in some of the detail of the theory are largely ignored by physicists. This paper examines the issues in the theory and finds that they are not solvable within the current framework of the theory. In order to overcome these inconsistencies, the paper calls for a new theory to update or replace the current special relativity theory.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[78] viXra:2008.0095 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-14 20:25:28
Authors: Xianming Meng
Comments: 8 Pages.
It is generally held that Lorentz transformation is superior to Galilean
transformation. However, this paper reveals that the Lorentz’s application of both transformations to derive the electromagnetic wave equation
for two inertial reference frames is logically flawed. This logical mistake
makes the superiority of Lorentz transformation questionable. The paper also demonstrates that both Lorentz and Galilean transformations
can generate standard equations for electromagnetic waves, while both
cannot keep the transformed Maxwell’s equations consistent. Since the
relativity theory is based on the belief that the Lorentz transformation
can keep physics law in the same form for different reference frames, the
findings of this paper have important implications: Either the relativity
theory is not one hundred percent correct or our understanding of the
theory needs updating in light of the new knowledge
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[77] viXra:2008.0094 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-14 20:30:29
Authors: Xianming Meng
Comments: 21 Pages. photon density; relative mass; relativistic Doppler effect; mass energy equation
By linking photon density to relative mass, this paper presents an alternative to the special relativity theory. The new theory uses only a few intuitive assumptions and reveals the cause and mechanism for relativistic phenomena – the speed of the object alters the average density of the photons and thus changes the relative mass. With this mechanism, the photon density theory discards Lorentz transformation, length contraction and time dilation, and restores the separate universal space and time. Some predictions from the new theory are the same as those from the special relativity theory, such as the unmatchable speed of light, mass increasing with speed, the mass-energy equation, the high-order Doppler effect, and the equivalence of the inertial reference frames; however, the photon density theory suggests that the Doppler effect of light is also asymmetric and that the mass energy equation works only from mass to energy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[76] viXra:2008.0093 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-14 20:34:19
Authors: Xianming Meng
Comments: 21 Pages. Photon matter interaction; special relativity; Fizeau experiment; Michelson-Morley experiment; Hoek experiment; Sagnac experiment
The postulate of constant speed of light for all reference frames is the foundation of relativity theories. The resultant time dilation and length contraction are generally accepted but still perplexing for most people. By re-examining the historical evidence, this paper confirms Einstein’s postulate and reveals the mechanism for the constant speed of light: the interaction between photons and matter can impart the speed of an inertial frame to the photons and thus result in the same speed of light for different inertial reference frames. This mechanism can consistently explain all major experiments on the constant speed of light.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[75] viXra:2008.0092 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-13 07:49:42
Authors: Rahul Kumar Singh, Sanjeev Saxena
Comments: 4 Pages.
In this note, we present a simpler algorithm for joint seat allocation problem in case there are two or more merit lists. In case of two lists (the current situation for Engineering seats in India), the running time of the algorithm is proportional to sum of running time for two separate (delinked) allocations. The algorithm is straight forward and natural and is not (at least directly) based on deferred acceptance algorithm of Gale and Shapley. Each person can only move higher in his or her preference list. Thus, all steps of the algorithm can be made public. This will improve transparency and trust in the system.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms
[74] viXra:2008.0091 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-13 11:56:50
Authors: Wan-Chung Hu
Comments: 1 Page.
My atom model is a two dimensional deterministic atom model. All electrons should form standing waves in the plane of atom to orbit around atomic nucleus. This atom model can well explain the structure of hypervalent molecule such as PCl5 or SF6.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[73] viXra:2008.0090 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-13 12:21:32
Authors: T C Andersen
Comments: 7 Pages. Essay written for the Gravity Research Foundation 2020 Awards for Essays on Gravitation.
Simplified toy theories abound in theoretical physics. These toy models are ex- tremely useful. An example is N = 4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory. In this toy model alone, tens of thousands of papers have been published, some cited thousands of times. This essay proposes that physicists consider studying "N=4 General Relativity" as a toy model. This 'Only Gravity' toy model uses Einstein's field equations on their own in the hope that ignoring complicated interactions of gravity with other fields (electromagnetism, etc) and physical theories (quantum mechanics, QFT, etc) may paradoxically help us understand more about quantum gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[72] viXra:2008.0089 [pdf] replaced on 2021-03-18 08:47:01
Authors: Jose Javier Garcia Moreta
Comments: 6 Pages. corrected some math errors
In this paper we give an integral equation satisfied by the gramm series based on the use of the Borel transform
Category: General Mathematics
[71] viXra:2008.0086 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-12 09:44:18
Authors: Priyam Das
Comments: It consists of 27 pages, 5 graphs
In this paper I have used the Schwarzschild solution for Einstein’s field equation to find the change of proper time in a gravitational field with respect to time measured by gravitationally unaffected stationary clock. The equations tells us about the nature of temporal flow or temporal velocity for any body considering gravitational effect.I have further treated the solution to find a rate of change of the temporal velocity which signifies a temporal acceleration for any varying mass body. On the second phase I have used Einstein’s time
dilation equation of special relativity to find the temporal flow of a particle moving with certain speed, neglecting the gravitational effect of the particle. Further calculations on the nature of temporal velocity reveals us a temporal acceleration for a particle with different velocities at different instant of time. I have also found equations relating to the nature of time in extreme cases
of the universe like black holes and particles like photons.
Category: Astrophysics
[70] viXra:2008.0085 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-12 12:36:18
Authors: Tannistha Pal, Farhan Hai Khan, Uttaran Chaudhuri, Tiyasa Kundu
Comments: 7 Pages.
By the dusk of the 21st century, both developed & developing countries will witness a tremendous rise in automobile sales. Everybody will want to travel as fast as possible and reduce traffic waiting time. The objective of this research is to provide efficient algorithms and sound scientific principles for accurate traffic density estimations even in the busiest traffic hours. The methodologies discussed in this paper include the use of Infrared, Ultrasonic, Pressure & Piezoelectric sensors, and also Inductive loop detectors. These methodologies are further used to control real-time traffic lighting systems based on threshold-based decision algorithms. Further, Digital Image Processing techniques are analyzed which involve camera installation for congestion assessment and traffic control. Therefore, proper application of these methodologies will lead to early traffic detection with immediate disaster preventive measures that will ensure better passage for vehicles.
Category: Digital Signal Processing
[69] viXra:2008.0084 [pdf] replaced on 2021-01-05 01:59:48
Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 38 Pages.
Centuries of experimental and theoretical investigations on the speed of light have shown that light does not behave consistently in the various experiments. In some experiments light appeared to behave according to classical ether theory, in other experiments it appeared to behave according to emission theory, and yet in other experiments according to neither theory. In some experiments the speed of light appeared to be constant and in other experiments it appeared to be variable. These confusions have also been expressed in other ways. Is it only the two-way speed or the one-way speed of light also that is constant (or not constant)? Does the speed of light depend on observer’s velocity? Does the speed of light depend on mirror velocity? In this paper, we propose and show that the constancy of the vacuum speed of light, regardless of source/observer/ mirror uniform or non-uniform motions, underlies all the apparent contradictions in the behavior of the speed of light. The fact that some experiments showed non-constancy of the speed of light is only apparent and the speed of light is fundamentally constant c in vacuum for all observers. According to the new theory, Apparent Source Theory (AST ), the speed of light is constant and absolute motion exists at the same time. AST reveals a new distinction that the ether doesn’t exist but absolute motion does exist. Albert Einstein correctly proposed the constancy of the speed of light. However, his interpretation of the light postulate, which is the relativity of space and time, is logically inconsistent and has been disproved experimentally. In this paper, we propose a new interpretation that the constancy of the speed of light points to an intelligent being, God, Who always adjusts the point in space and time where and when light is emitted and the velocity of the center of the wave fronts, so that the speed of light in vacuum is always constant c relative to all observers. In this paper, we show that absolute motion and constancy of the speed of light can co-exist.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[68] viXra:2008.0082 [pdf] replaced on 2020-10-08 08:32:04
Authors: John Yuk Ching Ting
Comments: 14 Pages. Case Report of 43 year-old man with severe ARDS from pneumonia together with applications from Fic-Fac Ratio to creatively explain COVID-19’s drug and vaccine developments, and mitigation measures to combat the resulting pandemic.
Objectives: We utilize a Case Report of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) from pneumonia together with applications from Fic-Fac Ratio to creatively explain COVID-19's drug and vaccine developments, and mitigation measures to combat the resulting pandemic (declared by World Health Organization on March 11, 2020).
Methods: Diagnostic test 'Accuracy' refers to ability of that test to distinguish between patients with disease, and those without. Our novel Fic-Fac Ratio, which is an acronym that stands for Fictitious-Factitious Ratio, is roughly considered as 'Inverse Accuracy' with higher Accuracy corresponding to lower Fic-Fac Ratio and vice versa. Regarded as tertiary spin-off from mathematically proving open problems in Number theory of Riemann hypothesis (and explaining two types of Gram points), Polignac's and Twin prime conjectures; we succinctly outline the derivation of this Ratio.
Results: 2003 Case Report of 43 year-old male presenting with severe ARDS due to Bilateral Early Lobar Pneumonia of uncertain viral etiology resulting in death at a small Australian regional hospital. ACE is an acronym that stands for angiotensin-converting enzyme. The functions of ACE and its counterpart ACE2 are outlined. Physiological and pharmacological implications of ACE2 also acting as entry receptor for the coronavirus causing COVID-19 infection are detailed. Epidemiological principles on modelling COVID-19 pandemic with 'less accurate' SIR model versus 'more accurate' SEIR model are also presented.
Conclusions: Controlling COVID-19 pandemic and developing effective COVID-19 drugs and vaccine(s) can be creatively explained using Fic-Fac Ratio. International collaboration is generally required to defeat COVID-19.
Category: Physics of Biology
[67] viXra:2008.0081 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-12 09:10:20
Authors: Oleg Avramenko
Comments: 2 Pages. in Russian
I consider the hypothesis that star-type black holes transform with the release of huge energy in the form of GRB and gravitational waves when a certain superdense state is reached.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[66] viXra:2008.0080 [pdf] replaced on 2020-09-30 04:42:22
Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 27 Pages. In English. Appendices 7 and 8 added.
In addition to the classification of crystals in 32 Crystal Classes divided into 6 (or 7) Crystal Systems, I propose a second further classification. The 32 Crystal Classes are rearranged in a 8x4=32 table having 8 row and 4 columns so they are constituted by eight Groups, each of them having four Classes.
This is no more a hypothesis. This is a fact, unanbiguously based on physical properties.
It took me almost forty years to get here.
Aside from all the various ruminations many of which I’ve posted elsewhere, the final decisive step was the following:
even the second column classes ("center", bit c) share a common physical property.
This property is: "non-polar" or "non-pyro", that is, enough isotropically distributed around the center not to be pyroelectric.
No invention here, but only a rereading of what is possible for all to see, exactly written in crystallography books. Interpreted, of course.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[65] viXra:2008.0078 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-12 05:28:58
Authors: Priyam Das; Nilakshi Senapati; Shayan Garai
Comments: 14 Pages. The paper is written as an individual work by me and my team. It is not an theses.
We have used the concept of De Broglie's matter wave associated with particles to derive a inverse square law of gravitation like the new-ton's law of gravitation at the plank's length with a slight modification. Obtaining the Newtonian form we have further extrapolated it to formulate Einstein's field equation, which generally is embedded with a slight modification.The Schwarzschild solution is calculated from the modified field equation, which gives us the Schwarzschild radius of a miniature black hole. Using the solution, the entropy and the hawking temperature is also modeled theoretically for the miniature black hole at the plank's order.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[64] viXra:2008.0077 [pdf] replaced on 2025-09-22 07:41:46
Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 17 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified
We study the Oxford Dictionary Of Social Work and Social Care. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,βH = 0.01) i.e. a magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Isingmodel with four nearest neighbours with βH = 0.01. β is 1/(k_B T) where, T is temperature, H is external magnetic field and k_B is the tiny Boltzmann constant.
Category: Social Science
[63] viXra:2008.0076 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-12 09:02:14
Authors: Russell P. Patera
Comments: 19 Pages.
A general method to compute solid angle is developed that is based on Ishlinskii’s theorem, which specifies the relationship between the attitude transformation of an axis that completely slews about a conical region and the solid angle of the enclosed region. After an axis slews about a conical region and returns to its initial orientation, it will have rotated by an angle precisely equal to the enclosed solid angle. The rotation is the magnitude of the Euler rotation vector of the attitude transformation produced by the slewing motion. Therefore, the solid angle can be computed by first computing the attitude transformation of an axis that slews about the solid angle region and then computing the solid angle from the attitude transformation. This general method to compute the solid angle involves approximating the solid angle region’s perimeter as seen from the source, with a discrete set of points on the unit sphere, which join a set of great circle arcs that approximate the perimeter of the region. Pivot Parameter methodology uses the defining set of points to compute the attitude transformation of the axis due to its slewing motion about the enclosed solid angle region. The solid angle is the magnitude of the resulting Euler rotation vector representing the transformation. The method was demonstrated by comparing results to published results involving the solid angles of a circular disk radiation detector with respect to point, line and disk shaped radiation sources. The proposed general method can be applied to any detector-source geometric configuration.
Category: Classical Physics
[62] viXra:2008.0075 [pdf] replaced on 2020-10-25 19:32:11
Authors: Manfred U.E. Pohl
Comments: 5 Pages.
Within “Solution to the Problem of Time I, II, III, IV, V and VI, [1,2,3,4] the author showed the idea to step forward to a fresh new mathematics, that advance on Incompleteness by Gödel and General Relativity of Einstein by using a relational mathematics as it was used in ancient Egypt (Rhind-Papyrus).
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[61] viXra:2008.0073 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-11 19:36:48
Authors: Leslie Nneji Ndugbu
Comments: 13 Pages.
This work is concerned with road traffic offence information management in Nigeria. It focused on
trends in road traffic offences information and carried out a critical review of current information and communication and technology compliance state of FRSC with a view to identifying its defects in road traffic offence information management. A system to correct road traffic offence information management failure as identified in the existing system was then proposed. Road traffic offence records and details of current safety measures obtained from FRSC and online in addition to research works
provided the basic data for the study. The result showed the high rate of road traffic offence as a result of poor road traffic offence information management and failure to improve on the existing road traffic information management.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms
[60] viXra:2008.0072 [pdf] replaced on 2020-08-14 07:58:48
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 8 Pages.
The power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) quantifies the distribution of relic radiation left over from the early Universe. As of today, CMB data acquired by Planck and WMAP satellites exhibit certain anomalies that challenge the standard model of cosmology (ΛCDM). The goal of this brief report is to sketch up an intriguing connection between CMB anomalies and self-organized criticality (SOC). Our proposal bypasses the interpretation of CMB anomalies based on Loop Quantum Cosmology (LQC).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[59] viXra:2008.0071 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-11 18:42:51
Authors: Eric Stanley Reiter
Comments: 10 Pages. Submitted for the collective book "Neutrosophic Physics – Theories and Applications"
We present a beam-split coincidence test of the photon model, previously done with visible light, now for the first
time with gamma-rays. A similar new test is presented using alpha-rays. In both tests, coincidence rates greatly exceed
chance, revealing the flaw of quantum mechanics. A newly formulated threshold model predicted these new tests and
was used to derive equations for effects thought to require quantization. Quantization denies sub-quantum states that are
allowed by the threshold model. The threshold model embraces Planck's second theory of 1911, where he used h as a
maximum threshold. We extended Planck's theory by similarly treating e and m so that all three constants of the electron
(h, e, m, for action, charge, mass respectively) are realized as maximum threshold-constants. We recognize ensemble
effects, absent in spreading waves, for how we uncovered those constants. We then use ratios of those constants, like e/m
= Qe/m , for the spreading wave. By quantizing the Q's and thresholding h, e, and m, a matter-wave can spread and load to
a threshold upon absorption. Therefore, wave-function collapse is avoided. We also identify several false assumptions
that made any form of classical model seem impossible. The difficulty of realizing an experimental distinction between
thresholds and quanta is why quantum mechanics maintained such a strong illusion. ER 7, 21, 2020.
Category: Quantum Physics
[58] viXra:2008.0070 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-11 10:10:49
Authors: J.W.Stanford, R. A. Bartels, C. S. Menoni
Comments: 20 Pages.
Human gastrointestinal microbiota, also known as gut
ora or gut mi-
crobiota, are the microorganisms (generally bacteria and archaea), that
live in the digestive tracts of humans. Many non-human animals, in-
cluding insects, are hosts to numerous microorganisms that reside in the
gastrointestinal tract as well. The human gastrointestinal metagenome is
the aggregate of all the genomes of gut microbiota. The gut is one niche
that human microbiota inhabit.
Category: Biochemistry
[57] viXra:2008.0069 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-11 10:15:06
Authors: Victor Christianto, Robert N. Boyd, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 10 Pages. This paper has been submitted to IJNS journal. Your comments are welcome.
In Neutrosophic Logic, a basic assertion is that there are variations of about everything that we can measure; the variations surround three parameters called T,I,F (truth, indeterminacy, falsehood) which can take a range of values.
A previous paper in IJNS, 2020 shortly reviews the links among aether and matter creation from the perspective of Neutrosophic Logic. In any case, matter creation process in Nature stays a major puzzle for physicists, scientists and
other science analysts. To this issue
Neutrosophic Logic offers an answer: "unmatter." This paper examines an extended model of unmatter, to incorporate issue soul solidarity. So, Neutrosophic Logic may demonstrate helpful in
offering goal to long standing clashes.
Category: Condensed Matter
[56] viXra:2008.0068 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-11 10:27:20
Authors: Franz Hermann
Comments: 37 Pages.
Целью данной работы является попытка построить наглядные геометрические модели, связанные с характеристиками некоторых видов элементарных частиц. Модели, по возможности, непротиворечивые и не выходящие за рамки существующей физической теории. В основу построения таких моделей была положена внешняя схожесть формулы Гелл-Манна и Нишиджимы, связывающая характеристики элементарных частиц: электрический заряд Q, проекцию изоспина I и гиперзаряд Y и формула для вычисления площади многоугольника, расположенного на целочисленной решётке.
(The purpose of this work is an attempt to construct visual geometric models related to the characteristics of some types of elementary particles. The models, as far as possible, are consistent and do not go beyond the existing physical theory. The basis for the construction of such models was the external similarity of the Gell-Mann and Nishijima formulas, connecting the characteristics of elementary particles: electric charge Q, isospin projection I and hypercharge Y, and a formula for calculating the area of a polygon located on an integer lattice.)
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[55] viXra:2008.0067 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-11 10:35:00
Authors: Qing Li
Comments: 6 Pages.
It is difficult for us to discriminate the sizes of space and time as finite and infinite.
In this article an axiom is defined in which one infinitely small and infinitely great must exist if
the sizes of space and time can be compared and it is undividedly 0(zero) point for this infinitely
small.this axiom have some new characters distinct from current calculus ,such as extension
only can be executed in the way of unit superposition in the system, the decimal point is
meaningless in the system, and any given interval is finite quantites and can not be ‘included’ or
‘equal divided’ infinitely and randomly.The space we see are made of countless 0 points of an
non-continuum.
Category: Classical Physics
[54] viXra:2008.0066 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-10 12:13:49
Authors: Tim Moon
Comments: 10 Pages.
Current and widespread political unrest is leading to a critical reappraisal of the records of some of our celebrated historical figures. Even our own personal idols and heroes may prove to have had unexpected human weaknesses. Intellectually speaking, my lifelong idol is Albert Einstein. But recently, I’ve discovered he too displayed a significant flaw in intellectual terms. This essay explains how I found that his celebrated thought experiment about a train hit by lightning — the one which demonstrated we’re all deceived if we think the passage of time we call ‘now’ is simply a universal and objective fact — was itself highly deceptive. I show how his apparently scientific argument was actually specious. Not only that, it then becomes apparent that his famous postulates of Special Relativity really lead to a very different conclusion. I doubt very much that Einstein consciously intended to mislead us. Nevertheless he did, and what you might call a blot in an otherwise brilliant theoretical career should be recognised. Not in order to denigrate his huge contribution to science, but to put straight our record of the proper scientific inference from this particular thought experiment. The proper conclusion is that simultaneity is conserved when changing perspective.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[53] viXra:2008.0065 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-10 16:54:00
Authors: Philippe Hottier, Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 137 Pages. In French. Comments welcome.
It is a digital version of a manuscript of a course about the theory of errors given by the Engineer-in-Chief Philippe Hottier at the '80s, at the French National School of Geographic Sciences. The course gives the foundation of the method of the least squares for the case of linear models.
Category: Statistics
[52] viXra:2008.0064 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-10 19:21:40
Authors: Dean Shetlar
Comments: 181 Pages.
The physical model in this paper attempts to complement quantum mechanics and match experimental evidence. This physical model of the universe consists of extremely high-density ether with embedded higher density spheres of ether. These high-density spheres are oscillating standing waves of ether expanding and contracting at extremely high frequency. All subatomic particles in the universe consist of 2 of these oscillating spheres of ether, one 180 degrees out of phase with the other. The oscillating action of these spheres of ether lead to all observational phenomena in the universe. This includes particles attracting and repelling each other, bonds
between electrons, protons, and neutrons, spin of subatomic particles, entanglement of particles, the electron configuration in atoms, the structure of the nucleus, red shift of objects in the universe, space and time dilation, the end of this universe and the beginning of the next universe. Note: Diagrams and graphics are not to scale.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[51] viXra:2008.0063 [pdf] replaced on 2021-03-25 02:53:52
Authors: Michael John Sarnowski
Comments: 23 Pages.
We found that Cherenkov radiation and Bremsstrahlung equations could give us the mass ratio of the proton to the neutron. The Cherenkov radiation is to the 9th power as if there are levels to the universe.
In the first part of this paper, we revisit the equations for the proton neutron mass ratio, in the second part we show how this can applied to the leptons electron, muon, and tau and how the electron, muon, and tauon may come about by dark photons changing orbitals.
The proton neutron mass ratio has serendipitously been found. When a charged particle travels faster than light, it emits Cherenkov radiation. When a charged particle is accelerated it emits a braking radiation called Bremsstrahlung. Inside a proton are the many configurations of the nucleons. It is proposed here, and likely proposed by others that there may be some equivalent process that there is a constant acceleration of charged particles or superluminal movement of charged particles that causes the mass of the proton or other particles.
It is proposed that the ratios of the masses of particles to the mass of the neutron is related to ratio of the Bremsstrahlung to the Bremsstrahlung where velocity is parallel to acceleration.
In the case of the mass ratio of the proton to the neutron, the possible form of the equation was found first. This paper is an attempt of an explanation and derivation for the equation that very closely, within the known Codata 2014 mass ratio of the proton to the neutron, gives the mass ratio of the proton to the neutron. An equation is developed below that uses the coupling dependence and Cherenkov radiation angles summing the radiation angles from to angles, assuming an ideal case of a non-dispersive medium (where phase and group velocity are the same(14), and integrating through what may appear to be multiple levels of dimensions. This equation then uses a component of Bremsstrahlung radiation and proposes that there may be some relationship to both Bremsstrahlung radiation and Cherenkov type radiation within the nucleons that causes some type of resonance that stabilizes the masses of the fundamental particles, which is further proposed to be a function of an orbital type structure of the nucleons. This resonance is potentially demonstrated for a proton.
The Leptons may use the same Bremsstrahlung Cherenkov radiation for setting up stable resonances for their mass ratios to the neutron. What we see is that the masses of the leptons, may be a mass that only becomes evident when a dark photon jumps from one orbital to another. Each particle would have its own dark photon. These may be the super symmetric particles that are proposed in string theory, but particles may have corresponding dark photons.
This is a continuation of Sarnowski’s Spinning Sphere Theory for the construction of the universe.
We also find that dark bosons can combine to form particles.
There is a mystery in particle physics. What is the reason for the generations? What is the reason for the masses of the particles in the Standard Model. This paper shows that spinning sphere theory may explain the reason for the generations. In spinning sphere theory our universe starts with one particle for zero-dimensional point. Two particles for a one-dimensional string that corresponds to the Muon, Six particles for a two-dimensional ring, corresponding to the electron. 42 particles for the 2nd layer of a cuboctahedron for a three-dimensional particle, corresponding to the tauon.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[50] viXra:2008.0061 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-09 13:27:20
Authors: Christopher Pilot
Comments: 32 Pages.
We propose a model for gravity based on the gravitational polarization of space. With this model, we can relate the density parameters within the Friedmann model, and show that dark matter is bound mass formed from massive dipoles set up within the vacuum surrounding ordinary matter. Aggregate matter induces a gravitational field within the surrounding space, which reinforces the original field. Dark energy, on the other hand, is the energy density associated with gravitational fields both for ordinary matter, and bound, or induced dipole matter. At high CBR temperatures, the cosmic susceptibility, induced by ordinary matter vanishes, as it is a smeared or average value for the cosmos as a whole. Even though gravitational dipoles do exist, no large scale alignment or ordering is possible. Our model assumes that space, i.e., the vacuum, is filled with a vast assembly (sea) of positive and negative mass particles having Planck mass, called planckions, which is based on extensive work by Winterberg. These original particles form a very stiff two component superfluid, where positive and negative mass species neutralize one another already at the submicroscopic level, leading to zero net mass, zero net gravitational pressure, and zero net entropy, for the undisturbed medium. It is theorized that the gravitational dipoles form from such material positive and negative particles, and moreover, this causes an intrinsic polarization of the vacuum for the universe as a whole. We calculate that in the present epoch, the smeared or average susceptibility of the cosmos equals, (χ_0 ) ̅=.842, and the overall resulting polarization equals, (P_0 ) ̅=2.396 kg/m^2. Moreover, due to all the ordinary mass in the universe, made up of quarks and leptons, we calculate a net gravitational field having magnitude, (g^((0)) ) ̅=3.771 E-10 m/s^2. This smeared or average value permeates all of space, and can be deduced by any observer, irrespective of location within the universe. This net gravitational field is forced upon us by Gauss’s law, and although technically a surface gravitational field, it is argued that this surface, smeared value holds point for point in the observable universe. A complete theory of gravitational polarization is presented. In contrast to electrostatics, gravistatics leads to anti-screening of the original source field, increasing the original value, (g^((0)) ) ⃗, to, g ⃗= (g^((0)) ) ⃗+ (g^((1)) ) ⃗>(g^((0)) ) ⃗, where (g^((1)) ) ⃗ is the induced or polarized field. In the present epoch, this leads to a bound mass, M_B=(χ_0 ) ̅/(K_0 ) ̅ M_F=5.33〖 M〗_F , where 〖 M〗_F is the sum of all ordinary source matter in the universe, and (K_0 ) ̅ equals the relative permittivity. A new radius, and new mass, for the observable universe is dictated by the density parameters in Friedmann's equation, and Gauss’s law. These lead to the very precise values, R_0=3.215 E27 meters, and, M_F=5.834 E55 kg, respectively, somewhat larger than current less accurate estimates.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[49] viXra:2008.0060 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-09 13:30:01
Authors: Christopher Pilot
Comments: 29 Pages.
Based on a model of Winterberg, where the vacuum is made up of a two component, positive and negative mass superfluid/ supersolid, we derive scaling laws for the polarization of space, i.e., the vacuum. Upon expansion of the universe, this vast assembly (sea) of positive, and negative mass planckions form a rigid, ether-like, medium, which at sufficiently low temperatures, can be polarized through gravitational alignment/ ordering of planckion mass dipoles. Two models for susceptibility of the vacuum as a function of the cosmic scale parameter, a , are presented. We also consider the possibility that Newton’s constant can scale, i.e., G^(-1)=G^(-1) (a), to form the most general scaling laws for polarization of the vacuum. The positive and negative mass of the planckion, is inextricably related to the value of, G, and as such, both are intrinsic properties of the vacuum. Scaling laws for the non-local, cosmic susceptibility, χ ̅ (a), the cosmic polarization, P ̅(a), the cosmic macroscopic gravitational field, g ̅(a), and the cosmic gravitational field mass density, (ρ_gg ) ̅ (a), are worked out, with specific examples. At the end of recombination, i.e., the era of last scattering, using the polarization to explain dark matter, and the gravitational field mass density to explain dark energy, we find that, (Ω_(rad,1) ,〖 Ω〗_(b,1 ),Ω_(c,1),Ω_(Λ,1))=(.37,.19,0,.44). While this is an unconventional assignment, differing from the ΛCDM model, we believe this is correct, and we give our reasons why. Among them is the fact that localized dark matter (LDM) contributions can be much higher in this epoch than smeared values for susceptibility. The above assignments are cosmic averages, and will not apply locally. We also evaluate the transition from ordinary matter dominance, to dark matter dominance, for the cosmos as a whole. We obtain for the transition points, z=1.66, for susceptibility model I, and, z=2.53, for susceptibility model II.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[48] viXra:2008.0059 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-09 13:33:37
Authors: Christopher Pilot
Comments: 32 Pages.
We are assuming a Winterberg model for space where the vacuum consists of a very stiff two component superfluid made up of positive and negative mass planckions. This vast assembly (sea), of positive and negative mass particles, creates an ether-like medium, the vacuum, which is macroscopically massless, has zero net gravitational pressure, and zero net entropy, in the undisturbed state. Q theory is the hypothesis, presented here for the first time, that Planck charge, q_Pl , was created at the same time as Planck mass. Moreover, the repulsive force that like-mass planckions experience is, in reality, due to the electrostatic force of repulsion between like charges. These forces also give rise to what appears to be a gravitational force of attraction between two like planckions, but this is an illusion. In reality, gravity is electrostatic in origin if our model is correct. We determine the spring constant associated with planckion masses, and find that, κ=4 ζ(3)ħc n_+ (0) , where ζ(3) equals Apery's constant, 1.202…, and, n_+ (0)=n_- (0) , is the relaxed, i.e., g ⃗=0 , number density of the positive and negative mass planckions. In the present epoch, we estimate that, n_+ (0) equals, 7.848 E54 m^(-3), and the relaxed distance of separation between nearest neighbor positive, or negative, planckion pairs is, l_+ (0)=l_- (0)=5.032 E-19 meters. These values were determined using box quantization for the positive and negative mass planckions, and considering transitions between energy states, much like as in the hydrogen atom. For the cosmos as a whole, given a net smeared macroscopic gravitational field of, (g_0 ) ̅=2.387 E-9, due to all the ordinary, and bound, matter contained within the observable universe (the Hubble radius), an average displacement from equilibrium for the planckion masses is a mere 7.566 E-48 meters, within the vacuum made up of these particles. On the surface of the earth, where, g=9.81 m/s^2, the displacement amounts to, 7.824 E-38 meters. All of these displacements are due to increased gravitational pressure within the vacuum, which in turn are caused by applied gravitational fields. The gravitational potential is also derived and directly related to gravitational pressure.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[47] viXra:2008.0057 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-09 10:37:22
Authors: John Peel
Comments: 5 Pages. See previous papers
Here the author again uses the fundamental equation of duality and its meaning, related to decisions. There may be hidden variables affecting the universe(s). See previous papers for more information. Essentially we can manipulate the fundamental equation of duality to show how forces, energies (etc) and lengths are related. Continuity is used frequently in these papers and this is related to the Generalised Lagrangian Operator which connects Energy, logic and the necessary structures.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[46] viXra:2008.0056 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-09 04:54:03
Authors: Miloje M. Rakočević
Comments: 28 Pages. A billingual paper
The text represents a narration of narration. First, an article was written on the analogies of the genetic and chemical code (MMR, 2018b), and then its Supplement 1 (MMR, 2020b); both articles written in standard scientific language, without associations and contexts that would lead to other topics and other scientific disciplines. However, it proved necessary to do both in this third step, which required an essayistic way of telling. Only such a way made it possible (with the hope that I succeeded in that) to say directly where "iacet lepus": the existing paradigms in current chemical and biological science are the reason for "preventing" insight into analogies and a kind of unity of natural codes.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[45] viXra:2008.0055 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-08 12:16:02
Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 1 Page.
A short explanation of the differences between a cluster’s age, a star systems age and a star’s age are provided. The three are not always the same. It is claimed by the dogmatists that K2-25b is ~600 million years old with reference to the Hyades Cluster, as well as K2-25 which is the host red dwarf, all because they are in the same cluster. They have clusters, young stars and intermediate aged stars as being the same age, but clearly they are not. Explanation is provided.
Category: Astrophysics
[44] viXra:2008.0054 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-08 10:22:53
Authors: Aaron Chau
Comments: 4 Pages.
Looking for prime numbers has no relationship with zeta function all. For example, in ancient Greece in the West, Euclid proved that prime numbers are infinite and he used (multiplication and division) to express disproval; now in Eastern Hong Kong, this article also proves that the number of twin primes is infinite and the Riemann hypothesis is incorrect. The author uses (addition and subtraction to express more and less) to be eternal.
Category: Number Theory
[43] viXra:2008.0053 [pdf] replaced on 2020-11-07 20:14:26
Authors: Dirk J. Pons
Comments: 28 Pages. PUBLISHED AS: Pons, D.J., Towards unification of fundamental interactions using non-local hidden-variable theory. Journal of Modern Physics, 2020. 11(10): p. 1598-1619. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2020.1110100
Problem: In principle there might be a single deeper mechanism underlying the fundamental interactions at both the extremely small scale of particles, and the large scale of gravitation. However it is unclear what form such a theory might take, as the obvious candidates have not yet been successful. Purpose: This work constructs a conceptual framework for the interactions from a non-local hidden-variable (NLHV) perspective, specifically the Cordus NLHV theory. Findings: All the interactions can be attributed to the discrete force emissions from the particle, more specifically from the different attributes thereof. Thus the electrostatic appears to arise from the direct linear effect of the discrete forces; magnetic from bending of the flux tube; gravitation from handed energisation sequence; strong from the synchronisation of emissions; and weak from rearrangement of discrete force emissions hence remanufacturing of particle identity. Originality: An explanation is provided for all the interactions based on non-local hidden-variable theory. Apart from the concept of the discrete force, and its multiple attributes, no new particles or bosons are required.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[42] viXra:2008.0052 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-08 04:29:42
Authors: Dirk J. Pons
Comments: 18 Pages.
PROBLEM: Photon path dilemmas in interferometers manifest as an apparent ability of the photon to simultaneously take all paths through the device, but eventually only appear at one output. OBJECTIVE: This paper applies a non-local hidden-variable (NLHV) solution, in the form of the Cordus theory, to explain photon path dilemmas in the Mach-Zehnder (MZ) interferometer. FINDINGS: The partial mirrors function as tunnelling devices, that allow the photon structures to be directed to different loci hence legs of the apparatus, depending on the energisation state of the photon. Explanations are provided for a single photon in the interferometer in the default, open-path, and sample modes. The apparent intelligence in the system is not because the photon knows which path to take, but rather because the MZ interferometer is an unexpectedly finely-tuned photon-sorting device that auto-corrects for randomness in the frequency phase to direct the photon to a specific detector. The principles also explain other tunnelling phenomena involving barriers. ORIGINALITY: The originality is explaining path dilemmas in the MZ interferometer in terms of physical realism, and from a NLHV perspective. IMPLICATIONS: The physics of optics at the next lower fundamental level are theorised to be based on the photon having internal structures. This has the potential to provide new understanding of photon behaviour in theoretically challenging situations.
Category: Quantum Physics
[41] viXra:2008.0051 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-07 13:31:30
Authors: Berkouk Mohamed
Comments: 5 Pages.
Réconciliation des sciences dites exactes, comme la relativité .., avec le Coran , exemple la vitesse de la lumière et l'age de l'univers.
(Reconciliation of so-called exact sciences, such as relativity .., with the Koran, for example the speed of light and the age of the universe.)
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[40] viXra:2008.0050 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-07 11:22:13
Authors: Alfred Bennun
Comments: 10 Pages. 3 tables
It was assumed that primordial energy could be described as a wave function. A simulation using parametric down-conversion which increments the number of photons, but at a longer wavelength, allows to show a natural unfolding of the space-time. The process, from the Planck energy limit to the present Cosmic Microwave Background radiation (CMB), could be described as a gradient or continuum. In this, the length of the primordial wave, the number of photons and the associated time double 107 times. Thus, allowing the natural surging of parameters for time and wavelength of localization which could be added to the usual time-energy or temperature axis. Cosmic volume grows naturally as a function of multiplying the continuous increments in volume of localization by that of photon number. The end of Inflation corresponds to the time of localization needed for the change of phase involved in scission of forces.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[39] viXra:2008.0049 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-07 11:29:57
Authors: Alfred Bennun
Comments: 3 Pages. 2 figures
Parametric down-conversion (PDC) and parametric up-conversion (PUC) had been experimentally observed as spontaneous energy conservation processes. The first one could increase cosmic entropy by decreasing energy density. In a Casimir effect experiment could be calculated that the space between plates contracts, because PUC allows that from every two, low energy Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) photons could be created one of higher energy. This decrease in photon number and increase in photon energy density allow shrinking of the volume of CMB photon localization. This effect reduces initial volume to 6.25% per each pair of integrated photons. This process would be observable as a decrease of the space separating the parallel plates. The higher energy photons are generated from CMB-containing (constituted?) vacuum, and therefore, could be inconsistently attributed as coming out of nothingness an assumption reserved to virtual energy in accordance to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. CMB is subject to gravity, but its elongation by PDC is not. Accordingly, PDC present splitting CMB rate was evaluated as equivalent to that of the Hubble’s constant (H 0 ). PDC continuously generates new photons, the summa of their radius could be assumed to reach a length of about to 70 km per Mpc per second. This value, because the photons emerge uniformly into space, would add as the summa of the number of parsecs that separates two galaxies. Accordingly, multiplying the PDC equivalent to H 0 70 km/sec by a distance of about 4300 Mpc, the inter-galactic velocity of recession would approach that of the propagation of light in vacuum. However, the photon themselves are only expanding to expand CMB intergalactic vacuum.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[38] viXra:2008.0048 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-07 11:43:46
Authors: Alfred Bennun
Comments: Pages.
The premise of an earlier universe, dominated by radiation, lead to a simulation based in that a decrease in energy of primordial-quanta, eventually yielding matter and a residual Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) of 0.012% from total energy. Characterization of the latter, in terms of a continuum of energy-space-time quantum dimensioning dynamics, shows that a decrease in energy density of photons, with an increase in their relationship radius vs. time of localization equal to c. This relationship corresponds, with the increment of the cosmic space radius vs. universe time similarly conforming to c, the velocity of light. Parametric down-conversion (PDC), fits as energy conservation mechanism, which allows a continuous renewal of a dissipative potential, by splitting a photon into two of twice the original wavelength. The newly created photons emerge uniformly stretching-out space. Calculation shows that the number of emerging CMB-photons per second per Mpc when linearly aligned corresponds to the value of the Hubble constant (H_0). Recession velocity v=H_0xr as a function of the radius and time of the universe when r=r_U in Mpc units equals velocity of light over H_0 : r_U=c/H_0. Accordingly, the model could by denominated: Energy Space-TIme Relativistic Expansion (E.S.TI.R.E., Spanish) or S.T.R.E.T.CH.: Space-Time Relativistic Expansion Cosmological Hypothesis. PDC photon-splitting by magnification of the space-time locus of photons dominates over the scarce response of CMB to gravitational attraction. Moreover, since their mass in terms of the cosmos total mass is rather insignificant, the curvature of the cosmos could be regarded as CMB-independent near-independent mechanism. The plotting of the PDC continuum of CMB quanta elongation, when scaled vs. the expansionary universe volume, shows a straight line curve. This one represents a continuous thermodynamic-expansionary relationship, in which one photon entering into a PDC cycle, distributes its original energy over a space-time locus incremented 16 times. By analogy, this may be considered a thermodynamic prediction equivalent to “flat”, because any other numerical relationship, curves out of the observed relationship between increments in number of photons and volume of the universe. The particle and radiation roles, may be complementary because CMB would dimension vacuum and galactic recession, whereas the non-continuum quantum structure of matter, would be the dominant effect over the geometric configuration of the universe curvature. Hence, matter by its gravitational attraction, could overcome galactic recession by a uniform CMB-vacuum expansion, and would be driving galaxies into forming cumulus….(Truncated by viXra Admin to < 400 words).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[37] viXra:2008.0047 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-07 11:52:31
Authors: Alfred Bennun
Comments: 2 Pages. 1 figure
The results of an empiric simulation by parametric down-conversion (PDC) fitted observational evidence. This data was plotted in relationship to the radius of the universe (r_U ) in Mpc multiplied by Hubble’s constant (H_0): H_0xr=v and when v=c, H_0=c/r_U=71 km/s/Mpc, the observed reported value. Hence, expansion was characterized as subject to c, functioning as a relativistic causality horizon, determining at all times the value of H 0 . In contraposition, it has been proposed that the universe may have expanded, to reach a radius of 4.5×10^9 light-years, within the widely accepted chronological age of 13.7×10^9 light-years. In the coordinates of the universe time versus cosmic radius, a plotting shows that the universe radius in light years corresponding to 1.3×10^28 cm = 4213.01 Mpc, yields the observable H_0: 71 km/s/Mpc.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[36] viXra:2008.0046 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-07 11:54:20
Authors: Wan-Chung Hu
Comments: 1 Page.
Hawking entropy formula describes the entropy of a black hole. Here, I demonstrate that Hawking entropy’s relation with Boltzmann’s entropy. Both reflect the total numbers of the microstates. I also explain the entropy arrow, temperature arrow, and time arrow and their relationship.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[35] viXra:2008.0045 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-07 13:36:59
Authors: Minchan Choi
Comments: 32 Pages.
The Genesis is interpreted through evolution.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism
[34] viXra:2008.0044 [pdf] replaced on 2020-09-10 01:30:58
Authors: Yukihiro Sano
Comments: 26 Pages.
In the Ulam spiral, there are places where prime numbers appear continuously on line. Integers are arranged in a square spiral in the Ulam spiral. I thought that if integers are arranged differently, other continuous prime numbers would appear. Therefore, I arrange integers in the angles of 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270, 315, 153, 160 degrees, hexagonal arrangement etc.. Then, prime numbers appeared continuously on line.
Looking at the prime numbers vertical column of Euler’s polynomial generating prime numbers, that I created in the hexagonal 90 degrees arrangement, I think how far the continuous numbers will continue if Euler prime numbers is selected to skip by 2 or skip by 3 etc., avoiding the value where the continuous prime number is interrupted, and I investigate. As a result, I found many polynomials generating 40 to 10 consecutive prime numbers.
Category: Number Theory
[33] viXra:2008.0043 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-07 04:31:49
Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 1 Page.
A Fibonacci-Number-Sequences-Table was developed, which contains infinite Fibonacci-Sequences ( see explanatory Study ). The first number sequence F1 is the Fibonacci Main Sequence (1,1,2,3,5,8,13,..).The second number sequence in the table is the Lucas Sequence (1,3,4,7,11,18,..).
The developed ( natural ) Fibonacci-Sequence-Table shows interesting spatial dependencies between numbers of different Fibonacci-Sequences, which are connected to each other, by the golden ratio ( constant Phi ).
This table of Fibonacci Number Sequences can be extended towards infinity.
Note : Every natural numbers only appears once under the diagonal line in the table !
( in the lower left half of the table )
Category: Number Theory
[32] viXra:2008.0042 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-07 09:57:41
Authors: Leonov N.N.
Comments: 20 Pages. English and russian texts
On a number of physical problems, a comparison is made of the effectiveness of the methods of cognition of quantum theory and the "classical" methods of Newton. The well-known statements of physicists about their "excellent knowledge" of "classical" methods turned out to be untrue. The theory of nonlinear oscillations, operating with Newton's "classical" methods, has shown how to solve physical problems that do not lend themselves to the methods of "new physics" - quantum theory and the theory of relativity.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[31] viXra:2008.0041 [pdf] replaced on 2025-09-23 05:51:48
Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 40 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified
We study the Little Oxford English Dictionary. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries and headwords normalised, respectively, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised as well as unnormalised. We observe that the plots of the entries and the headwords are almost the same. We find that the entries and the headwords underlie a magnetisation curve of a Spin-Glass in presence of little external magnetic field.
Category: Linguistics
[30] viXra:2008.0040 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-07 08:23:40
Authors: Xianbo Wu
Comments: 29 Pages.
The purpose of this article is to discuss about the potential impact of the Internet, as an indispensable part embedded in today’s human society, upon the international politics. There are two key points to emphasize on: How the Internet might influence the macroscopic power distribution, and how the Internet might exert its impact upon the domestic politics of a state, then influence its foreign-orientation. The article takes China as a case for study. On the one side, China’s military-based cyber-power has been developing at a fast speed estimated by some scholars, and the information technology is well utilized to support conventional military power, both of which lead to the suspect and countermeasures by other countries, and there might be a security dilemma based on the information technology, similar as any other technologies in the history influencing power distribution. On the other side, the Internet also motivates China’s development of economy. However, it makes less impact upon China’s domestic politics, as the public tends to be accustomed to the narratives and images projected by the government, whose mechanism will be focused on and illustrated in detail in the article. The situation of the Chinese Internet determines that an “information-driven democratization” is not likely to happen in China. The authoritarian operation of the Internet guarantees China’s political order to a degree, but it might reinforce the divergence of the identity and interests between China and democratic countries represented by the United States. In China’s special case, the Internet plays a pessimistic role in its foreign relations on the whole, referring to three major theoretical frameworks of international relations research.
Category: Social Science
[29] viXra:2008.0038 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-07 00:05:59
Authors: Yefim Bakman
Comments: 70 Pages. 24 figures
The inability to solve the dark energy/matter problem within the current paradigm has prompted many physicists to seek an answer in the nature of a vacuum. It has long been recognized that a vacuum is not empty; rather, according to the quantum hypothesis, a vacuum contains vacuum fluctuations. However, this approach has not resolved the dark energy/matter problem. The new paradigm presented herein begins with the basics. First, a definition of space is formulated, which leads to the definition of mass. From these definitions, it follows that unorganized mass is present everywhere as the background of all phenomena. By considering this unorganized mass, the physical mechanism of gravity is clarified, and various phenomena are unified. In particular, dark energy/matter is shown to be a simple special case of the extended concept of gravity. This new paradigm also provides a unified viewpoint of various phenomena associated with the deflection of light rays: “total internal reflection” (in which reflection does not occur), diffraction at the edge of an opaque obstacle, and the deviation of light rays near the Sun.
On the same basis, we predicted and experimentally confirmed deviation of a laser beam in the empty gap between the Casimir plates. This new paradigm provides physical explanations for more than 10 phenomena and paradoxes, with potential for further explanations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[28] viXra:2008.0037 [pdf] replaced on 2020-08-07 15:13:20
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 3 Pages.
In this brief addendum we clarify the interpretation of the Gaussian Random Walk model of spacetime introduced in viXra:2004.0634.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[27] viXra:2008.0036 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-05 19:57:18
Authors: Robert Yusupov
Comments: 145 Pages. “Theory of Nature” is a Revolution in Physics
In this article, the author presents his “Theory of Nature” (TN). TN is a revolution in physics. TN is dialectical-materialistic physics and cosmology. Matter is placed at the forefront of physics. Matter is introduced into the bosom of physics as the basic physical quantity (BPQ). Physics has been transferred from foundation of the fundamentally false bourgeois-idealist philosophy (BIP) to the foundation of the only true and scientific philosophy of dialectical materialism. From the point of view of nature, modern physics stands on its “head”. TN turns modern physics from “head to feet”. TN puts modern physics on a material basis. Within the framework of TN, a specific representation of matter in nature is determined. Matter of nature is, first of all, the content, the composition of elementary particles (EPs). Within the framework of TN, the structure of the material Universe and the circulation of matter in nature are determined. Within the framework of the TN, an algorithm for the functioning and evolution of the Universe has been determined. Matter is introduced into the bosom of physics as the basic physical quantity (BPQ) in its qualitative and quantitative definiteness.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics
[26] viXra:2008.0035 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-06 11:09:09
Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 19 Pages. 2 Figures; 1 table. Including a Chinese Version.
Based on the analysis of the previous article, this article analyzes in detail the influence of Jupiter on the measurement of the gravitational constant. Including a specific estimate of the change in the gravitational constant caused by the change of the earth's orbital position every half month. The influence of Jupiter's perihelion and aphelion on the gravitational constant is also estimated. On this basis, this article analyzes the data with specific time records such as BIPM-01, BIPM-14, JILA-10, UCI-14, HUST-09. The analysis results show that after considering the influence of Jupiter, the experimental results have been significantly improved.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[25] viXra:2008.0034 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-06 06:04:00
Authors: Dan Visser
Comments: 13 Pages.
The Big Bang universe is not just only a ‘hologram’, but eventually a ‘Hologram Carrousel’. That says (the 72-year old) Dan Visser, scientist, independent cosmologist and art-painter in the Netherlands. He introduces a ‘hologram tensor’, through which the dimension-structure of the universe-hologram can be determined. The layout shows how the hologram tensor is related to dark matter and dark energy. According to DAN dark matter is also no solid particle, but a force-particle, which takes part in the hologram tensor. This replaces the Planckborder (boundary) and the refined information-domain below as well. This is whereon the new universe-model is pillard, under the name Rotating Torus Hologram Universe (RTHU). This replaces the classical Big Bang universe. Moreover DAN describes how an ‘ufo’ can be understood, based on his new cosmological ideology.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[24] viXra:2008.0033 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-06 06:47:28
Authors: Radhakrishnamurty Padyala
Comments: 10 Pages. Figures 5
Given three points one can find a fourth point such that the sum of its distances from the three points is minimal, using any of the many methods available in the literature. The solution point is called Fermat’s Point (FP). The solution points to, two special cases. One is when the triangle formed from the three given points contains an angle equal to 120°. The other is when the triangle contains an angle greater than 120°. In both these cases the sum of the two distances i.e. the sum of the lengths of the sides containing that angle is minimum. This is well known. It is also well known that light travels between two given points by the minimum distance path viz. along the straight line connecting two points. If it suffers reflection at a point enroute, it travels by a two-segment broken line path. The path followed is such that the sum of the two segments is a minimum. The reflection phenomenon is governed by Snell’s law of reflection. Reflection offers us an example of a natural phenomenon with three points and two distances connecting them. Therefore, we can compare the two minimal sums of distances given by FP and Snell’s law. In this paper, we compare them and show that the two results are contradictory. Therefore, it follows that FP violates Snell’s law. Snell’s law of reflection and refraction are so connected that if one is violated the other is also violated.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[23] viXra:2008.0032 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-06 07:48:03
Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 4 Pages.
In this note, we present a table with a summary of recent developments in quantum mechanics. If you not have studied our papers carefully already [1–4], then this paper will not make much sense and the equations could easily be misunderstood, so we strongly encourage the reader to become familiar with this material first. We will possibly write a long paper on this topic later, but it may be helpful to present the essence of both old and new QM, as we understand it today. This is useful for both tracing the history of ideas related to QM in mathematical form and for creating an opportunity to compare equations and analyze their similarities and differences.
Category: Quantum Physics
[22] viXra:2008.0030 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-06 09:16:30
Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 2 Pages.
In this short note, we introduce the concept of kinetic mass. We have kinetic energy, but in standard theory there is only relativistic mass, and no kinetic mass. However, we think that kinetic mass is a useful addition to our physics toolbox. In our view, the kinetic mass is no less real than momentum, for example. In fact, it is arguably even more “real” than the concept of momentum, as we will discuss. Further, kinetic mass can be used to make wave equations with an operator on kinetic mass rather than on the momentum, as recently shown by Haug.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[21] viXra:2008.0027 [pdf] replaced on 2020-08-11 19:31:51
Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 16 pages, 6 figures, 8 tables
A Fibonacci-Number-Sequences-Table was developed, which contains infinite Fibonacci-Sequences. This was achieved with the help of research results from an extensive botanical study. This study examined the phyllotactic patterns ( Fibonacci-Sequences ) which appear in the tree-species “Pinus mugo“ at different altitudes ( from 550m up to 2500m ) With the increase of altitude above around 2000m the phyllotactic patterns change considerably, the number of patterns ( different Fibonacci Sequences ) grows from 3 to 12, and the relative frequency of the main Fibonacci Sequence decreases from 88 % to 38 %. The appearance of more Fibonacci-Sequences in the plant clearly is linked to environmental ( physical ) factors changing with altitude. Especially changes in temperature- / radiation- conditions seem to be the main cause which defines which Fibonnacci-Patterns appear in which frequency.
The developed ( natural ) Fibonacci-Sequence-Table shows interesting spatial dependencies between numbers of different Fibonacci-Sequences, which are connected to each other, by the golden ratio ( constant Phi ) --> see Table
An interesting property of the numbers in the main Fibonacci-Sequence F1 seems to be, that these numbers contain all prime numbers as prime factors ! in all other Fibonacci-Sequences ≥ F2, which are not a multiple of Sequence F1, certain prime factors seem to be missing in the factorized Fibbonacci-Numbers ( e.g. in Sequences F2, F6 & F8 ).
With the help of another study ( Title: Phase spaces in Special Relativity : Towards eliminating gravitational singularities ) a way was found to express (calculate) all natural numbers and their square roots only by using constant Phi (ϕ) and 1. An algebraic term found by Mr Peter Danenhower, in his study, made this possible. With the formulas which I found, it seems to be possible to eliminate number systems and base mathematics only on Phi (ϕ) and 1 ( see my 12 conjectures )
Category: Number Theory
[20] viXra:2008.0025 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-05 04:53:20
Authors: Michael John Sarnowski
Comments: 4 Pages.
There is a mystery in particle physics. What is the reason for the generations? What is the reason for the masses of the particles in the Standard Model. This paper shows that spinning sphere theory may explain the reason for the generations. In spinning sphere theory our universe starts with one particle for zero-dimensional point. Two particles for a one-dimensional string that corresponds to the Muon, Six particles for a two-dimensional ring, corresponding to the electron. 42 particles for the 2nd layer of a cuboctahedron for a three-dimensional particle, corresponding to the tauon. This paper specifically focuses on the muon. More papers will come for the electron and the tauon.
This paper finds that the masses of the 2nd and 3rd generation particles, for the leptons, are related to the ratio of energies jumping from one orbital to another orbital. These are not the orbitals of the proton electron orbitals, but rather within their own fields. They could be orbitals within the leptons themselves.
This theory also proposes that, like De Broglie waves, where matter has wave like properties, there are dark orbitals, where jumping between orbital becomes the matter that we observe when the wave function collapses. This theory of dark orbitals comes directly from the prediction for the masses of particles.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[19] viXra:2008.0024 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-05 05:00:17
Authors: Rajeev Singh
Comments: 13 Pages.
In this introductory project, we have studied the about the neutron capture processes which are responsible
for the abundances of heavy elements than iron in different phases of stellar evolution.
Our main aim is to understand the distribution of isotropic abundances in our universe.
First we start with the discussion on nucleosynthesis and its types, then we discussed about the different types of neutron capture processes.
After that we provide results of the simulation which we have done using Monte Carlo method. Finally we conclude with the importance of these processes and current research status.
Category: Astrophysics
[18] viXra:2008.0023 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-05 05:04:49
Authors: Rajeev Singh
Comments: 4 Pages.
Aristotle, one of renowned Greek philosophers made a huge contribution for the good foundation of symbolic logic and scientific thinking to Western Philosophy in addition to making an advancement in the field of ``Metaphysics''. He was probably the first who was serious in ``Virtue Ethics'' theory. These contributions made him possibly the most important philosopher till 18th century. This article gives a brief overview of his ideas on Physics and Philosophy.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[17] viXra:2008.0022 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-05 13:11:17
Authors: Radhakrishnan Nair
Comments: 8 Pages.
Sir Isaac Newton calculated the center of gravity of our solar system using his Universal Law of Gravitation and his three Laws of Motion. Since only six planets up to Saturn had been discovered during his life-time, Newton was working with insufficient data. It is necessary to make a fresh calculation of the center of gravity of our solar system using the latest available data. My calculations show that the center of gravity of our solar system is clearly outside the body of the Sun, and more likely at the center of our Earth. This hypothesis resolves many of the unsolved mysteries and paradoxes that the sun-centered universe of the Copernican heliocentric model has spawned since it was first adopted by Galileo and Kepler in the early seventeenth century.
Category: Astrophysics
[16] viXra:2008.0021 [pdf] replaced on 2020-09-08 19:54:42
Authors: Andrew Alexander Logan
Comments: 9 Pages. 4 figures, typos corrected
This paper investigates the onset of turbulence in incompressible viscous fluid flow over a flat plate by looking at the pressure gradients implied by the Blasius solution for laminar fluid flow and adjusting the predicted flow, leading to a mathematically predictable flow separation in the boundary layer and the onset of turbulence (including both transition and fully turbulent regions - both with and without the presence of a flat plate). It then considers the implications for potential analytic solutions to the Navier-Stokes Equations of the fact that it is possible to predict turbulence and a singularity for many flows (at any velocity).
Category: Mathematical Physics
[15] viXra:2008.0020 [pdf] replaced on 2020-11-25 10:14:44
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 50 Pages. 4 figures.
This paper is a subsequent paper to the paper “Chen’s Formulas of the Fine-structure Constant” (viXra:2002.0203) for giving some supplements. In the previous paper, many formulas of the fine-structure constant α based on the most important key number 112 had been given. In this paper, some new formulas of α based on a subsequent key number 173 were deduced, some formulas of α were expressed as fractional numbers, some new formulas of Euler number e and their relationships with nuclides were given, the relationships of some formulas of 2π with nuclides were revealed, the relationships between some constants (e, γ, γc, γg and γcg) and nuclides were disclosed, a picture showing the unification of mathematics and physics through α was depicted, the most important formula of the speed of light in atomic unites cau was revised to be more reasonable, a Fibonacci sequence containing 173 and its relationships with nuclides were proposed, the meanings of the numerical values of α and cau were discovered, some formulas of α based on 137, 83, 832, 112×173, 163×173, 36/112, 100×112, 29 and so on were presented, continued fractions of α and cau were gained, an overall picture of the set of formulas of α was designed, and comparison of the calculated and measured values of α was exhibited.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[14] viXra:2008.0019 [pdf] replaced on 2020-08-05 11:52:08
Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 5 Pages.
We will here show that there is one more relativistic wave equation rooted in the relativistic energy Compton moment relation, which should not be confused with the standard relativistic energy momentum relation. The standard momentum is, from a quantum perspective, rooted in the de Broglie wave. The de Broglie wave is not mathematically defined for rest-mass particles and has strange properties such as converging to infinity when the particle is almost at rest. As mentioned in the previous paper, the de Broglie wave is likely just a mathematical derivative of the true matter wave, which we have good reasons to think is the Compton wave. A wave equation that satisfies the relativistic energy Compton momentum relation will, in addition automatically satisfy the standard relativistic energy momentum relation, so there is no conflict between these two relations. The new one related to Compton is just the deeper reality and help explain why it gives simpler and more elegant relativistic wave equations, which are likely easier to interpret in terms of the physical reality.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[13] viXra:2008.0018 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-03 19:52:47
Authors: Jeff Yee, Heinz-Dieter Hauger
Comments: 5 pages
A particle's standing wave is modeled as a combination of two waves: incoming spherical waves that are reflected to produce outgoing spherical waves. The combination creates standing waves to the particle's radius, where such standing waves cease to form and then transition to traveling waves. This paper models wavelength distances that decrease from the core of the particle, to its transition point.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[12] viXra:2008.0017 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-02 22:11:48
Authors: John Peel
Comments: 5 Pages. see earlier papers under the author.
For consciousness the author believes reality is a series of “slices” extending in all directions, forming a sum. Using a formula for frequency in terms of velocity and displacement it is possible to tie this with wave functions/ Eulers identity, such that decisions are made in the Logical Space (I) , decisions (D), Reality (P) , awareness ( C ) and Anti – information (A).
If we trust the heuristic that, for indistinguishable processes we add amplitudes, and for distinguishable processes – add probabilities, further results may follow.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[11] viXra:2008.0015 [pdf] replaced on 2022-01-02 03:21:50
Authors: Claudio Marchesan
Comments: 21 Pages. Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License
This speculation is the logical continuation of the previous one [viXra:2006.0202]. It describes a cosmological model with a 4d hypersphere, in expansion, on the surface of which our Universe extends, but as will see, with an internal part that has its own role. The involvement of the fourth spatial dimension is unavoidable but it does not imply reintroducing the concept of an absolute space and not even that of absolute time. On the contrary, the model excludes both.
The geometry described finds an application in the calculations of Galactic Recession: those calculations are confirmed here after adding gravity.
In this subsequent formulation an explanation is sought as to why, in this "empty" space, a ray of light is bound to move on the 4d hypersphere surface. Then, we proceed by building a physical model, in which that empty space is filled with matter and radiation, and we try to check for any flaws. We will also show that this geometry, with its expansion mechanism, infers General Relativity.
Given the constant expansion speed hypothesized for the Universe, no redshift is due to expansion itself. Here the Cosmological redshift is Gravitational or Doppler.
In this conjecture the surface of the 4-sphere (like a kind of bubble expanding over time) goes through a continuum of states of equilibrium in which an internal pressure exerted by a radiation, in a reversible adiabatic expansion resulting from the Big Bang, balances the cohesion of the Universe whose surface tension is due solely to the pressure of the Cosmic Background Radiation.
Resulting model is an approximation for the Galaxy Epoch and it is based on the Einstein’s solution for weak fields to the field equation of General Relativity. You can use this only in the context of observable Universe, during the lasts 10 billion years.
These following points can have interesting consequences:
1.this geometry infers General Relativity which, in this way, is not considered a consequence of postulates
2.there is an energy exchange between the surface and its interior so that the two sides could communicate
The implication is that what is on the surface is constrained by the speed of light c but, admitting the existence of the tachyon, what can enter the 4d hypersphere is not, being bound to a different space-time interval.
This last idea could be developed by linking to phenomena that violate the relativistic laws as Quantum Non-Locality.
About the pros and cons on the model:
1.Advantages: Galactic Recession and Relativity separation, Inferred and non-postulated Relativity. Possibility of admitting the tachyon if the underlying idea is developed.
2.Disadvantages: Need the internal part but not dark matter and dark energy. Weakness regarding the Covariance Principle but the effect is limited to large interstellar distances.
Finally, it is important to point out that this speculation leads to a falsifiable theory.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[10] viXra:2008.0014 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-03 05:17:17
Authors: Zbigniew Osiak
Comments: 14 Pages.
The external Schwarzschild metric was extended to the case of a spinning planet, limited to distances from the center correspondingly larger than the planet's radius. Three-dimensional equations of free particle motion are presented. The acceleration of a free falling particle onto a spinning planet in the case of a weakly curved spacetime for low speeds in vector form was recorded, enabling the physical interpretation of individual terms. The resultant torque acting on the test particle causing the precession of its orbital angular momentum was determined. As an example, the expression for the first cosmic velocity in the case of a circular orbit in the equatorial plane was given.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[9] viXra:2008.0013 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-03 05:23:18
Authors: Zbigniew Osiak
Comments: 14 Pages. In Polish.
Rozszerzono zewnętrzną metrykę Schwarzschilda na przypadek wirującej planety, ograniczając się do odległości od centrum odpowiednio większych niż promień planety. Przedstawiono trójwymiarowe równania ruchu swobodnej cząstki. Zapisano przyspieszenie swobodnie spadającej cząstki na wirującą planetę w przypadku słabo zakrzywionej czasoprzestrzeni dla małych prędkości w postaci wektorowej umożliwiającej fizyczną interpretację poszczególnych członów. Wyznaczono wypadkowy moment obrotowy działający na cząstkę testową powodujący precesję jej momentu orbitalnego. Jako przykład podano między innymi wyrażenie dla pierwszej prędkości kosmicznej w przypadku orbity kołowej w płaszczyźnie równikowej.
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The external Schwarzschild metric was extended to the case of a spinning planet, limited to distances from the center correspondingly larger than the planet's radius. Three-dimensional equations of free particle motion are presented. The acceleration of a free falling particle onto a spinning planet in the case of a weakly curved spacetime for low speeds in vector form was recorded, enabling the physical interpretation of individual terms. The resultant torque acting on the test particle causing the precession of its orbital angular momentum was determined. As an example, the expression for the first cosmic velocity in the case of a circular orbit in the equatorial plane was given.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[8] viXra:2008.0011 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-03 11:01:28
Authors: M. W. Roberts
Comments: 14 Pages.
A gedanken experiment is described in which an element of reality (in the EPR sense) is created by nonlocal means.
Category: Quantum Physics
[7] viXra:2008.0010 [pdf] replaced on 2020-11-18 17:44:35
Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 18 Pages.
In this paper, we discuss in brief the most common wave equations in quantum mechanics and some recent development in wave mechanics. We also present two new quantum wave mechanics equations based on the Compton momentum. We also question the idea that energy and mass are scalars, and we claim they are vectors instead. We have good reasons to think that the standard momentum is a mathematical derivative of the more fundamental Compton momentum. This will hopefully simplify interpretations of quantum mechanics significantly; our new relativistic wave equations look promising, but need further investigation into what they predict. This way of looking at quantum mechanics in new light is not in conflict with existing equations, but they are supplemental to the collection of existing wave equations. We prove mathematically that if one satisfies our new relativistic energy Compton momentum relation, one also satisfies the standard relativistic energy momentum relation automatically. They are two sides of the same coin, where the relations to the Compton wavelength likely represent the deeper reality, so we have reasons to think our new wave mechanics addresses a deeper level of understanding than the existing conception. We also look at our new wave equation in relation to hydrogen-like atoms; we follow the “standard approach” used for the Schro ̈dinger equation of putting it in polar coordinate form and, by change of variables, finding three ODEs and their solutions. We give a table summary of our new ODEs and their solutions compared to the well-known solutions of the Schro ̈dinger equation.
Category: Quantum Physics
[6] viXra:2008.0007 [pdf] replaced on 2020-08-07 13:23:55
Authors: Ratikanta Das
Comments: 64 pages
The sole aim of this book is to convince our readers about the validity of a new four-dimensional (4D) model of physics justifying the existence of fourth space dimension. Due to the presence of an extra space dimension, this 4D space model is totally different from the standard model of particle physics. Standard model accepts the hypothesis of expanding universe with big bang origin disregarding the problem of singularity at the origin. However our new model accepts an alternate singularity-free cosmology and everyone will be surprised to know that theories and equations obtained from this new cosmology are able to give simple explanations of many puzzles of physics such as: internal structure of fundamental particle, origin of mass, origin of charge, origin of spin, origin of strong force, wave- particle duality of matter and radiation and many others.
Five Important Features of the New Model:
1. Our 3D universe is the intersection of two 4D universes, filled with two kinds of 4D particles. Every phenomenon, that we observe, is the projection of a 4D phenomenon on a 3D base (our 3D universe).
2. Photon-energy is utilized to create fundamental particles from these 4D particles in a 4D reversible process, roughly similar to the 3D spiral process of pot making on a rotating pad.
3. Repulsive Coulomb force becomes attractive strong force as point of contact of interacting particles passes over the point of inflexion, where concavity or convexity changes sign.
4. Schrödinger equation and de Broglie hypothesis can be derived from 4D wave pulse of fundamental particle
5. Nearly twenty fundamentals of modern physics, which can be (or cannot be) explained by quantum concepts of standard model, are explained by 4D classical picture of our new model.
(Physics community is requested to verify the truth behind this feat of the new model before accepting it.)
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics
[5] viXra:2008.0006 [pdf] replaced on 2020-08-06 10:56:02
Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 10 Pages.
If spacetime are considered as an elastic medium, this elastic medium will be able to be compressed. The analysis in this paper shows that if spacetime is compressed, it will cause a change in the gravitational constant. From the theory of general relativity, it is mass that can compress this elastic medium. In the solar system, 99% of the mass is concentrated in the sun. However, about one thousandth of the mass of the sun is concentrated in Jupiter. The position on the same side of the Sun and Jupiter, that is, near the center of mass of the two bodies of the Sun and Jupiter, is the position where the mass of the solar system is most concentrated in spacetime. Therefore, this part of spacetime will be compressed the most. If a planet like the earth moves to this position, it means that the gravitational constant measured by the experimental device on the earth's surface will change. The estimates in this article show that the gravitational constant of the earth moving between Jupiter and the sun is greater than that of the earth on the other side of the position of the sun and Jupiter. The specific estimated increased value is about 77ppm of the gravitational constant, which is higher than the uncertainty of many current measurements. This paper analyzes the HUST-09 results with the results of theoretical estimates, and believes that this method can explain the difference between the two experimental results.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4] viXra:2008.0005 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-02 06:59:30
Authors: Miroslav Josipović
Comments: 7 Pages.
This article is intended as an addition to the book [10], since, in the first edition, I was double minded whether to introduce the Dirac theory for young students. Now I am quite sure that it should be introduced, and for several reasons. First, the Cl3 formulation of the Dirac theory is simple and the derivation of the Dirac’s formula is straightforward. Second, it is relatively easy to show that gamma matrices are not the only possibility in linearizing the Klein-Gordon equation (we even do not need it in Cl3). Finally, the fact that it is possible to use the same mathematical (3D) formalism for classical mechanics, the special (and general) theory of relativity (without Minkowski space), electromagnetism, and both non-relativistic and relativistic quantum mechanics (without the imaginary unit) is remarkable. Not to mention the geometric clarity and possibilities of unifications, as well as generalizations. Moreover, all this without coordinates, matrices, tensors… In addition, we should appreciate the new concept of oriented numbers and simple fact that Cl3 contains complex, hypercomplex, and dual numbers, quaternions, spinors, etc. Geometric algebra of 3D Euclidean vector space (Cl3) is truly rich in structure and the question remains as to how physics would have developed had the ideas of Grassmann and Clifford been accepted in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[3] viXra:2008.0004 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-01 18:22:34
Authors: Derek Tucker
Comments: 3 Pages.
The Collatz conjecture is true, the 3n +1 problem generates a fractal spiral from odd multiples of three to elements 5 mod 8, if they are not already, and from there onto smaller elements already known to go to one. If T is the reduced Syracuse function, then if T(u) = x, so too does T(4u+1) = x. Also 3 mod 4 elements inevitabley map to 1 mod 4. All must descend.
Category: Number Theory
[2] viXra:2008.0003 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-01 06:44:30
Authors: Yukihiro Sano
Comments: 25 Pages.
In the Ulam spiral,there are places where prime numbers appear continuously on line. Integers are arranged in a square spiral in the Ulam spiral. I thought that if integers are arranged differently, other continuous prime numbers would appear. Therefore, I arrange integers in the angles of 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270, 315, 153, 160 degrees,etc.. Then, prime numbers appeared continuously on line. I found many polynomials generating 19 to 6 consecutive prime numbers.
Category: Number Theory
[1] viXra:2008.0002 [pdf] submitted on 2020-08-01 09:54:33
Authors: Henry Wong
Comments: 4 Pages.
In this paper we use the methods in complex analysis to evaluate an improper real integral involving the natural logarithmic function. Our presentation is somewhat unique because we use traditional notation in performing the calculations.
Category: Functions and Analysis
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