All Submission Categories

On a Possible Logarithmic Connection Between Einstein's Constant and the Fine-Structure Constant, in Relation to a Zero-Energy Hypothesis (Physical Science International Journal [psij], Issn: 2348-0130, Vol.: 24, Issue.: 5, Pages 22-40)

Authors: Andrei Lucian Dragoi
Comments: 19 Pages. Editor(s): (1) Dr. Lei Zhang, Winston-Salem State University, USA. (2) Dr. Roberto Oscar Aquilano, National University of Rosario, Argentina; Reviewers: (1) Narendrasinh B. Desai, (2) Andrew Walcott Beckwith, (3) U.V.S. Seshavatharam, (4) Ila Joshi

This paper brings into attention a possible logarithmic connection between Einstein's constant and the fine-structure constant, based on a hypothetical electro-gravitational resistivity of vacuum: we also propose a zero-energy hypothesis (ZEH) which is essentially a conservation principle applied on zero-energy that mainly states a general quadratic equation having a pair of conjugate mass solutions for each set of coefficients, thus predicting a new type of mass "symmetry" called here "mass conjugation" between elementary particles (EPs) which predicts the zero/non-zero rest masses of all known/unknown EPs to be conjugated in boson-fermion pairs; ZEH proposes a general formula for all the rest masses of all EPs from Standard model, also indicating a possible bijective connection between the three types of neutrinos and the massless bosons (photon, gluon and the hypothetical graviton), between the electron/positron and the W boson and predicting two distinct types of neutral massless fermions (modelled as conjugates of the Higgs boson and Z boson respectively) which are plausible candidates for dark energy and dark matter. ZEH also offers a new interpretation of Planck length as the approximate length threshold above which the rest masses of all known elementary particles have real number values (with mass units) instead of complex/imaginary number values (as predicted by the unique quadratic equation proposed by ZEH). Main sources: http://www.journalpsij.com/index.php/PSIJ/article/view/30191 http://www.journalpsij.com/index.php/PSIJ/article/view/30191/56646 http://sdiarticle4.com/review-history/57825 (open peer-review history)
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

New Transformations of Space-time

Authors: Abdelaziz Chahboun
Comments: 27 Pages. the document is written in French

The replacement of Lorentz transformations by new spatio -temporal transformations gives results already known and others ”undecidable” in the theory of special relativity.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Gravitation

Authors: Oleg Menaker
Comments: 3 Pages.

This paper inform about the method of creating gravitational current and gravity waves.
Category: Classical Physics

Faraday Disc and Ether

Authors: Bogdan Szenkaryk
Comments: 5 Pages.

Faraday's disk can be used to present the truth about the mechanism of electrical and magnetic phenomena. This article presents this truth. The article presents how similar are electromagnetic and aeromechanical phenomena.
Category: Classical Physics

The Explosion at the Center of Our Galaxy

Authors: Kenneth Dalton
Comments: 3 Pages. Journal-Ref: JHEPGC 6, 440. https://doi.org/10.4236/jhepgc.2020.63033

At the center of the Milky Way, our black hole may have suddenly changed from supermassive to intermediate-mass status. In doing so, it would have emitted an enormous burst of electromagnetic radiation. Here, the total energy of that burst is calculated and compared with the Fermi bubble data.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Theme to Think About

Authors: František Tomášek
Comments: 1 Page.

Consideration about "Adam`s rib".
Category: General Science and Philosophy

A Theorem of Congruent Primes

Authors: Jorma Jormakka
Comments: 14 Pages.

The paper proves a theorem when a prime is not a congruent number. The interest of the paper is in the proof method that maybe can be generalized to non-primes. Form primes the theorem does not add to the present knowledge.
Category: Number Theory

Specific Function of Prime Numbers

Authors: Abde-laziz Ben Ideiss
Comments: 3 Pages.

This paper discusses a function of infinite formulas in determining prime numbers directly and in order.
Category: Number Theory

A Relation Between Square Root and Natural Number

Authors: Satyam Roy
Comments: 2 Pages. An article that demonstrates a relation between natural number and square root

Discussion about a special relationship between square root and a rational number. the result is only valid in the real domain R, for any natural number N.
Category: Number Theory

Relation Between Gravitational and Cosmological Constants

Authors: František Tomášek
Comments: 27 Pages.

Some relations between the quantities and constants in simple physical or “abstract” models are derived with the use of the telegraph operator. It is proposed to introduce the gravitational and cosmological constant into quantum theory by means of the relation ħ = A (G/Λ) = B (Λ/G).
Category: Mathematical Physics

Self-similarity and the Foundation of Effective Field Theory

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 12 Pages.

We argue that the fundamental symmetries of effective field theory can be traced to the onset of self-similarity. In particular, the scale-free structure of fractal geometry lies at the heart of invariance principles in classical and quantum field theory.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Ordered Motions in the Universe

Authors: Wolfgang Kundt
Comments: 7 Pages.

There is hardly any mention in the broad literature of our observed knowledge about the ordered global motions taking place in our Galaxy and beyond, which require powerful re-ejections of the matter that steadily falls in from outside, at their innermost centers. These re-ejections can only be achieved by nuclear-burning of the strongly compressed hydrogen inside their central accretion disks. SMBHs cannot do it.
Category: Astrophysics

On a Special Family of Right Triangles

Authors: Juan Moreno Borrallo
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this brief paper they are studied the right triangles (a,b,c) such that c-b=b-a, showing the maths behind their most remarkable special property.
Category: Geometry

Accelerated Time Contraction of the Universe

Authors: Alberto Miró Morán
Comments: 6 Pages.

The metric expansion of space is the increase of the distance between two points in the universe with time. It is an intrinsic expansion of space itself changes. We propose this new model in which space is constant and time contracts.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Vibration of Yukawa Potential Dependent Time and Extended Klein-Gordon Equation in Rindler Space-Time

Authors: Sangwha Yi
Comments: 5 Pages. Thank you for reading

Atom’s nucleus force understand by Yukawa potential independent time. We study Yukawa potential dependent about time. We make Klein-Gordon equation is satisfied by Yukawa potential dependent about time. Yukawa potential satisfy Proca equation or Klein-Gordon equation. If we represent Yukawa potential dependent time in Rindler space-time, this Yukawa potential satisfy the extended Klein-Gordon equation in Rindler space-time. We understand Yukawa force in Rindler space-time.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

The Cosmological Constant Problem and the Vacuum Energy Density

Authors: Alberto Miró Morán
Comments: 6 Pages.

The cosmological constant problem or vacuum catastrophe is localized in the convergence between general relativity and quantum field theory, it is considered as a fundamental problem in modern physics. In this paper we find the factor which produces this difference.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Mining Twitter Data for Improving Lexicon-Based Election Predictions and Candidate Analysis on Political Issues: Hybrid Topic-Based Sentiment Analysis with Issue Filtering

Authors: Samuel Kopelowitz, Uday Reddy
Comments: 25 Pages.

Twitter data mining techniques have been used in the run-up to elections to predict their outcomes and perform analysis to explain results. Due to the popularity of the social media platform it is possible to collect large amounts of data with which often lexicon-based sentiment analysis has been used to accomplish these tasks, mostly because of its efficiency and simplicity. More recently, hybrid techniques, which in addition to calculating tweet sentiment also incorporate topic modelling methods to extract the main “topics” from a corpus of text, have been applied independently for both election prediction and analysis. It is possible to use hybrid methods to analyse different political issues (e.g. economic, social, etc) and the public opinion for candidates in respect to them; and other hybrid methods have been shown to outperform baseline sentiment analysis approaches for election prediction. A mining solution which can accomplish both of these tasks non-exhaustively is desirable for better predictions and a greater understanding of election outcomes. This report will present a novel approach to mining Twitter data, Hybrid Topic-Based Sentiment Analysis with Issue Filtering (HTBSA*), which will not only pose as a potential improvement upon state-of-the-art techniques for election prediction; but can be abstracted to perform candidate analysis on any individual political issue, proposing a baseline methodology for doing this. This research approach has effectively outperformed all of the well-established methods in the realm of lexicon-based election prediction, giving a mean average error as low as 2.20% from true vote share. This technique was performed on data collected on the run up to the UK General Election 2019 and in an addition to this, it has successfully been black box tested on an unseen dataset. Based on the empirical evidence given by our results, HTBSA* can be relied upon to predict elections occurring in the future, but analysis results in respect to individual political issues may be inconsistent, suggesting further work is required. Lines of research that come as a result of this study have the potential to tackle election mining problems in new ways, which are more sophisticated than what has been done previously.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Cosmological Constant Problem Factor

Authors: Alberto Miró Morán
Comments: 6 Pages.

The cosmological constant problem or vacuum catastrophe is localized in the convergence between general relativity and quantum field theory, it is considered as a fundamental problem in modern physics. In this paper we find the factor which produces this difference.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Approximation of Harmonic Series

Authors: Aryan Phadke
Comments: 9 Pages.

Background : Harmonic Series is the sum of Harmonic Progression. There have been multiple formulas to approximate the harmonic series, from Euler's formula to even a few in the 21st Century. Mathematicians have concluded that the sum cannot be calculated, however any approximation better than the previous others is always needed. In this paper we will discuss the flaws in Euler's formula for approximation of harmonic series and provide a better formula. We will also use the infinite harmonic series to determine the approximations of finite harmonic series using the Euler-Mascheroni constant. We will also look at the Leibniz series for Pi and determine the correction factor that Leibniz discussed in his paper which he found using Euler numbers. Each subsequent approximation we find in this paper is better than all previous ones. Different approximations for different types of harmonic series are calculated, best fit for the given type of harmonic series. The correction factor for Leibniz series might not provide any applied results but it is a great way to ponder some other infinite harmonic series.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Employee Monitoring Software

Authors: Harsimran Dhaliwal
Comments: 3 Pages.

Work from home software monitoring application comprising icons displayed in a pallette view wherein each icon is sized based on the time spent on the icon’s respective task. Eye tracking software may also be used to determine a user looking at and or performing certain tasks via assessing eye movements and or eye gaze direction.
Category: Education and Didactics

Explaining Dark Energy, Small Cosmological Constant and Inflation Without New Physics?

Authors: Stephane H Maes
Comments: 6 Pages. This submission grants viXra.org a non-exclusive license to distribute the article. I certify that the submitter has the right to grant this license. Revocability would be only if preprint removal were a condition for final publication.

In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from entanglement and spacetime is discrete, with a fractal structure based on random walk and a non-commutative geometry. When random walk is combined with maximal particle generations, exponential expansion can automatically takes place. Away from maximal generation or in an already concretized spacetime, random walk accounts for a constant or slowing down expansion. Meanwhile, the multi-fold mechanisms also implies a constant expansion potential, adding a force to the expansion of the universe, thanks to uncertainties. It explain the constant acceleration of the universe expansion with a cosmological constant that is not the vacuum energy density but can be way smaller. It may contribute to addressing problems like the absence of any explanation of dark energy, the embarrassing orders of magnitude of discrepancies between vacuum energy and the cosmological constant predicted by conventional Physics; issues that are among Today’s biggest mysteries of the universe. These explanations do not require New Physics beyond the Standard Model and the Standard Cosmology Model.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Direct Proof of the Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: J N Cook with G Volk, D Allen
Comments: 10 Pages. Fixed minor typos, removed logic statements from body, added detail to the appendix

A function υ(s) is derived that shares all the non-trivial zeros of Riemann’s zeta function ζ(s), and a novel representation of ζ(s) is presented that relates the two. From this the zeros of ζ(s) may be grouped according to two types: υ(s)=0 and υ(s)≠0. A direct algebraic proof of the Riemann hypothesis is obtained by setting both functions to zero and solving for two general solutions for all the non-trivial zeros.
Category: Number Theory

Mizar and Alcor in Stellar Metamorphosis: When was the First Extrasolar System Found and Where?

Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 4 Pages.

The first planets found orbiting other stars was the first binary star system discovered. Mizar and Alcor are the first extrasolar system discovered, ~83 light years from us. Explanation is provided with a short revision of the claims made by astronomers back in 1998. The revision only really amounts to realizing we have mislabeled objects, our language and assumptions got in the way of understanding nature!
Category: Astrophysics

Leptons Now Number 4 not 3: This Requires a 4th Neutrino Also

Authors: George R. Briggs
Comments: 1 Page. I am submitting this note on the 28th to remind people of the great contributions of Eugene Wigner to physicsi.

A new 4th (bottom) lepton particle is assured to exist by the recently observed increase in Higgs mass of 90 MeV
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Decays of the Hagen-Hurley Bosons: Possible Compositeness of the W Boson

Authors: Andrzej Okniński
Comments: 10 Pages. Discussion extended and updated, four references added

We continue our study of the Hagen-Hurley equations describing spin 1 bosons. Recently, we have demonstrated that it is possible to describe the decay of a Hagen-Hurley boson into a lepton and a neutrino. However, it was necessary to assume that the spin of the boson is in the $0\oplus 1$ space. We have suggested that this Hagen-Hurley boson can be identified with the W boson mediating weak interactions. The mixed beta decays have been explained by a mechanism of spin 1 and spin 0 mixing of the virtual W boson. In this work, we study the top quark decay involving the real W boson. We substantiate the view that the real W boson is a mixture of spin 1 and spin 0 states.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Ulam Numbers Have Zero Density

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 6 Pages. Revised according to the referee report

In this paper we show that the natural density $mathcal{D}[(U_m)]$ of Ulam numbers $(U_m)$ satisfies $mathcal{D}[(U_m)]=0$. That is, we show that for $(U_m)subset [1,k]$ then begin{align}lim limits_{klongrightarrow infty}frac{left |(U_m)cap [1,k]ight |}{k}=0.onumberend{align}
Category: Number Theory

Dark Matter Force Without Planckborder In Rotating Torus Hologram Universe.

Authors: Dan Visser
Comments: 13 Pages.

In the articles of Dan Visser a new cosmological model is described. The main issue is the Big Bang universe is less fundamental than institutionally is pretended, because the new cosmological model is a Rotating Torus Hologram Universe (RTHU). This RTHU contains a serie of holograms, which are mutual shifted. Each hologram can be considered as a materialized Big Bang universe. The serie of holograms rotate like a roating torus (or donut) giving shape to the RTHU. In totally this dynamics deliver a digitized cosmos being changed by time-particles (called duo-bits), which exist in the domain below the Planckborder. These ‘duo-bits change the quantumbits of the digitized hologram-information-universe. Details show the geometrical function (imagination) of the ‘duo-bits’. Specifically the minimal and maximal shifts in holograms are described just as how a new hologram tensor (Tdan) plays a role in the RTHU. Furthermore a dark matter force is highlighted by demanding its place as a 5th-fundamental force in the RTHU. References and explanations show the evidence that the RTHU really has to exist. In extension to that the ratio between the hologram tensor and the dark matter force is determined in a never before shown formula. Moreover the dark matter force-particle X17 from below the Planckborder is calculated as 1/10 billion-th part of the Planck-energy. Even is shown a Sigma particle of 10^11 GeV emerges from the hologram tensor to cover the gap of the Higgs-particle not being capable of covering the strong force (just only the electro- and weak-force).
Category: Mathematical Physics

Prime and Twin Prime Theory

Authors: Xuan Zhong Ni
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this article, we use method of a modified sieve of Eratosthenes to prove the prime and the twin prime theory.
Category: Number Theory

From Spacetime via Prime Numbers to the Bible

Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 9 Pages.

In the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST), the following numbers are characteristic for the ground state of the two-component spacetime: 30 = 24 + 6 (for spacetime as a whole), 24 and 6. On the other hand, prime numbers in the distributions of natural numbers with periodicities 30, 24 and 6, accumulate on the contours of a MAN, CROSS, and a head of a LAMB respectively - it's a straight path to Jesus Christ and the years of His birth in 6 BCE and death in AD 30. The excited state of spacetime leads to a MONSTRANCE. The Holy Spirit is a dark-matter structure associated with periodicity 38.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

The Coherent Scattering of Solar Neutrinos with Crystalline Matter in the Earth and Their Thermal Effects

Authors: Guowen Zhang
Comments: 12 Pages.

Neutrinos are microscopic particles. When they propagate in crystals, coherent scattering will occur, which will greatly improve the probability of scattering.Some calculations show that the cross section of the interaction between neutrino and crystal is directly proportional to the 4 / 3 power of the number of particles in the scatterer (crystal). That is to say, the larger the crystal is, the more particles it contains, the larger the interaction cross section between neutrino and crystal.As we all know, there are a lot of crystal materials in the interior of the earth, in which the inner core is said to be the largest crystal with a diameter of 1200km. Can the solar neutrino interact with the giant crystal in the interior of the earth to form a significant thermal effect?Here, we calculate the thermal effect of the coherent scattering of the solar neutrino and the crystal matter in the earth according to the crystal distribution in the earth. The results show that when the crystal share of the earth reaches a certain proportion and the crystal size reaches kilogram level, the energy released by the interaction between the solar neutrino and the crystal material of the earth can reach 12.39-42.02tw, which may be the source of unknown energy in the earth.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Inflation and Rapid Expansion in a Variable G Model

Authors: Christopher Pilot
Comments: 16 Pages. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.18974.36161

Cosmic inflation is considered assuming a cosmologically varying Newtonian gravitational constant, G. Utilizing two specific models for, G^(-1)(a), where, a, is the cosmic scale parameter, we find that the Hubble parameter, H, at inception of G-1, may be as high as 7.56 E53 km/(s Mpc) for model A, or, 8.55 E53 km/(s Mpc) for model B, making these good candidates for inflation. The Hubble parameter is inextricably linked to G by Friedmann’s equation, and if G did not exist prior to an inception temperature, then neither did expansion. The CBR temperatures at inception of G^(-1) are estimated to equal 6.20 E21 Kelvin for model, A, and 7.01 E21 for model, B, somewhat lower than CBR temperatures usually associated with inflation. These temperatures would fix the size of Lemaitre universe in the vicinity of 3% of the Earth’s radius at the beginning of expansion, thus avoiding a singularity, as is the case in the ΛCDM model. In the later universe, a variable G model cannot be dismissed based on SNIa events. In fact, there is now some compelling astronomical evidence, using rise times and luminosity, which we discuss, where it could be argued that SNIa events can only be used as good standard candles if a variation in G is taken into account. Dark energy may have more to do with a weakening G with increasing cosmological time, versus an unanticipated acceleration of the universe, in the late stage of cosmic evolution.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Act of Measurement I: Astronomical Distances

Authors: Bernard Riley
Comments: 25 Pages. Figures 6, 7, 11 and 12 corrected; some consequent minor text revisions.

The act of measurement causes astronomical distances to adopt discrete values. When measured, the distance to the object corresponds through an inverse 5/2 power law – the Quantum/Classical connection – to a sub-Planckian mass scale on a level or sub-level of one or both of two geometric sequences, of common ratio 1/pi and 1/e, that descend from the Planck mass and may derive from the geometry of a higher-dimensional spacetime. The distances themselves lie on the levels and sub-levels of two sequences, of common ratio π and e, that ascend from the Planck length. Analyses have been performed of stellar distances, the semi-major axes of the planets and planetary satellites of the Solar System and the distances measured to quasars, galaxies and gamma-ray bursts.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Act of Measurement II: Closer to Home

Authors: Bernard Riley
Comments: 13 pages, including 20 figures

The results are described of some simple home-based experiments to gauge the effect of the act of measurement on the values obtained. This paper is the companion of another, which showed that the act of measurement causes astronomical distances to adopt discrete values
Category: Quantum Physics

Digital Contact Tracing : Software Architecture

Authors: Dibyendu Baksi
Comments: 7 Pages.

The covid-19 crisis is providing a lot of impetus to the search for innovative technological solutions to solve major problems of tracking and containment of the pandemic. The major cornerstones of testing, isolation, contact tracing and quarantine are well understood and agreed upon at a general level. In this paper, the software architecture for implementing successful automated digital contact tracing applications is elaborated. The goal of contact tracing is to proactively identify the infection chain of the population including asymptomatic people yet to be tested positive, i.e., to avoid asymptomatic people from spreading the disease without any intention. The entire ecosystem of contact tracing is explained so that the real challenges of integrating the key healthcare components are appreciated.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Ion Air Rocket Propulsion

Authors: Alexander Bolonkin
Comments: 10 Pages.

Modern cosmonautics and Earthly aviation, based on liquid and turbo-air engines, have nearly exhausted the range of their technical capabilities. There is little significant present-day and future progress in monetary cost reduction of trips and flights into outer space. Passenger planes can hardly exceed the speed of sound, and the cost of launching into space is still more than 15-25 thousand US dollars per kilogram. Progress on pricing can only be based on fundamentally new technologies that can improve these indicators tenfold. For example, the inter-continental flight-time will be reduced to 30 – 40 minutes, and the cost of a flight to outer space will be reduced to the current cost of a long-distance airline ticket. The author offers a fundamentally new electric air-jet engine that can operate at cosmic speeds up to Mach 25 and higher and be ten times more economical than liquid-jet engines.
Category: Classical Physics

Pythagoras Theorem is an Alternate Form of Ptolemy’s Theorem

Authors: Radhakrishnamurty Padyala
Comments: 5 pages 4 Figures

Generally, the proofs given to demonstrate Ptolemy’s theorem prove Pythagoras theorem as a special case of Ptolemy’s theorem when certain special conditions are imposed. We prove in this article, that Pythagoras theorem follows from Ptolemy’s theorem in all cases. Therefore, we may say that Pythagoras rediscovered Ptolemy’s theorem.
Category: Geometry

Microworld_63. Newton's World_2 II. The Substantial Nature Corpuscular-wave Dualism

Authors: Leonov N.N.
Comments: 10 Pages. English and russian texts

It has been experimentally established that moving microobjects possess wave-particle duality - the ability to exhibit the properties of a strictly limited, and at the same time, unlimited object. Physics explains this using quantum formalism. The theory of nonlinear oscillations, operating on Newton’s methods, has discovered, thanks to an analogy with the well-known aerodynamic phenomena, that a real etheric wave component appears in a microobject when its velocity exceeds a critical value. During diffraction of this moving micro-object, its wave component is split. Since the ether wave propagates at a speed of 8•108m•s−1, ahead of the corpuscular component, the detached part of the wave component and its main part, weighed down by the corpuscular component, interfere according to special rules.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Thermodynamic Quandaries: Saving the First Law from the Gibbs Energy and Revisiting Nuclear Fusion

Authors: Sosale Chandrasekhar
Comments: Pages.

It is argued that the conventional view of the Gibbs free energy apparently contravenes the first law of thermodynamics because of the temperature dependence of the entropy term therein. Thus, the yield of the Gibbs free energy in a system undergoing change is not constant, hence implying that energy is being created or destroyed in the process. The ambiguity can be traced to the entropy concept of the original Carnot theorem, which is manifestly dubious and illusory, as argued previously. Unrelatedly, the nuclear fusion controversy is explored in terms of chemical potential changes, arguing that fusion would be viable—if at all—in a closed equilibrium reactor: in the absence of this constraint, fusion runs afoul of mass-energy equivalence. (This also has devastating implications for the stability of the material universe.) It is also most intriguing that nuclear fusion was initially proposed as the origin of solar energy, and appears to have predated the theory of nuclear structure.
Category: Chemistry

From the Outside Looking in at Quantum Theory, Its Dichotomies and Tautologies

Authors: Sosale Chandrasekhar
Comments: 6 Pages.

It is argued that the key concepts of quantum theory—Planck’s quantum proposal, de Broglie’s wave–particle dualism and Schrödinger’s wave function idea—are neither incontestable nor integrated seamlessly into the fabric of quantum theory. In fact, it is doubtful whether classical wave treatments can serve as the basis for analysing (purported) matter waves at all. Also, an element of circular reasoning apparently surrounds the wave function concept, as the Hamiltonian-based Schrödinger equation is constrained to lead to the discrete solutions that represent quantization. These ambiguities appear particularly damning against the backdrop of the dubious Rayleigh–Jeans–Planck analysis of black body radiation, and the discredited evidence for the wave theory of radiation (based on purported diffraction phenomena). These considerations raise intriguing questions about the role of mathematical modelling in the study of natural phenomena (not to mention certain pedagogical quandaries). Thus, quantum theory—cloaked though it is in forbidding mathematical rigor—must submit to a dispassionate analysis of its extent and compass, particularly in view of its ostensible subversion of common-sense notions of reality.
Category: Chemistry

Universal Science of Mind: Can Complexity-Based Artificial Intelligence Save the World in Crisis?

Authors: Andrei P. Kirilyuk
Comments: 67 pages, 43 eqs, 86 refs

While practical efforts in the field of artificial intelligence grow exponentially, the truly scientific and mathematically exact understanding of the underlying phenomena of intelligence and consciousness is still missing in the conventional science framework. The inevitably dominating empirical, trial-and-error approach has vanishing efficiency for those extremely complicated phenomena, ending up in fundamentally limited imitations of intelligent behaviour. We provide the first-principle analysis of unreduced many-body interaction process in the brain revealing its qualitatively new features, which give rise to rigorously defined chaotic, noncomputable, intelligent and conscious behaviour. Based on the obtained universal concepts of unreduced dynamic complexity, intelligence and consciousness, we derive the universal laws of intelligence applicable to any kind of intelligent system interacting with the environment. We finally show why and how these fundamentally substantiated and therefore practically efficient laws of intelligent system dynamics are indispensable for correct AI design and training, which is urgently needed in this time of critical global change towards the truly sustainable development.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

8 Boolean Atoms Spanning the 256-Dimensional Entanglement-Probability Three-Set Algebra of the Two-Qutrit Hiesmayr-Loffler Magic Simplex of Bell States

Authors: Paul B. Slater
Comments: 25 Pages.

We obtain formulas (bot. p. 12)--including $\frac{2}{121}$ and $\frac{4 \left(242 \sqrt{3} \pi -1311\right)}{9801}$--for the eight atoms (Fig.~\ref{fig:Venn}), summing to 1, which span a 256-dimensional three-set (P, S, PPT) entanglement-probability boolean algebra for the two-qutrit Hiesmayr-L{\"o}ffler states. PPT denotes positive partial transpose, while P and S provide the Li-Qiao necessary {\it and} sufficient conditions for entanglement. The constraints ensuring entanglement are $s> \frac{16}{9} \approx 1.7777$ and $p> \frac{2^{27}}{3^{18} \cdot 7^{15} \cdot13} \approx 5.61324 \cdot 10^{-15}$. Here, $s$ is the square of the sum (Ky Fan norm) of the eight singular values of the $8 \times 8$ correlation matrix in the Bloch representation, and $p$, the square of the product of the singular values. In the two-{\it ququart} Hiesmayr-L{\"o}ffler case, one constraint is $s>\frac{9}{4} \approx 2.25$, while $\frac{3^{24}}{2^{134}} \approx 1.2968528306 \cdot 10^{-29}$ is an upper bound on the appropriate $p$ value, with an entanglement probability $\approx 0.607698$. The $S$ constraints, in both cases, prove equivalent to the well-known CCNR/realignment criteria. Further, we detect and verify--using software of A. Mandilara--pseudo-one-copy undistillable (POCU) negative partial transposed two-qutrit states distributed over the surface of the separable states. Additionally, we study the {\it best separable approximation} problem within this two-qutrit setting, and obtain explicit decompositions of separable states into the sum of eleven product states. Numerous quantities of interest--including the eight atoms--were, first, estimated using a quasirandom procedure.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Vector Interpretation of Quaternion Mass Function

Authors: Yige Xue, Yong Deng
Comments: 15 Pages.

Mass function vector is used to handle uncertainty. Quaternion number is the extent of real number. The mass function vector can extend the mass function by combining the vector. In this paper, the mass function vector is extended by quaternion number, named as Quaternion Mass Function Vector(QMFV). The proposed QMFV has the advantage to deal with uncertain information. When the quaternion number degenerates into the real number, then the QMFV degenerates into the quaternion mass function. In addition, if the probability of multiple subsets of frame of discernment is not assigned to the single subsets, then the mass function vector will degenerate into mass function in classical evidence theory. When the quaternion number degenerates into the real number, then the combination rule of quaternion mass function vectors degenerates into the combination rule of mass function vectors. In the case when the probability of multiple subsets of frame of discernment is not assigned to the single subsets, the combination rule of mass function vectors degenerates into generalized dempster's rule of combination. Numerical examples are applied to prove the efficiency of the proposed model. The experimental results show that the proposed model can apply the quaternion theory to mass function vector effectively and successfully.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Cosmic Neutrino Background

Authors: Michael John Sarnowski
Comments: 3 Pages.

Robert R. Caldwell, Marc Kamionkowski, and Nevin N. Weinberg, wrote a paper Phantom Energy and Cosmic Doomsday (1). They wrote an equation for the expiration date of the universe and used an example where the expiration date of the universe is 22 billion years. In spinning sphere theory, matter is created by imperfections forming in the universe. The imperfections are absence defects similar to Shottky defects in material science.(2) It is proposed that repulsive gravity pushes on these defects out to the edge of the universe. During that time of travel to the edge of the universe, stars, galaxies, and galaxy clusters are formed and age. Over 22 billion years, the edge of the universe is reached and all matter goes into non-existence. New matter is continually formed on the interior of the universe. Old matter is destroyed at the edge of the universe. The following paper shows the equation for calculating the amount of time it takes for matter to be pushed out of the universe by repulsive gravity. In spinning sphere theory, the universe is about 3.018 billion light years in radius As matter reaches the edge of the universe, black holes will also reach the edge of the universe. In fact, many stars will actually turn into black holes as they accumulate more matter from the energetic collisions that other matter has when it is traveling closer to the speed of light. There should be a sudden darkening of the universe as many of these stars turn into black holes. As these black holes are destroyed at the edge of the universe, we may see their destruction as streaks in the cosmic neutrino background. It should be interesting to see the cosmic neutrino background.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Can Penguins Drink Warm Water?

Authors: D. Chakalov
Comments: 11 Pages.

A reminder of the origin of gravity and GW150914, with illustrations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Relationship Between Prime Numbers and Double Factorials

Authors: Juan Moreno Borrallo
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper is studied briefly the relationship between prime numbers and double factorials.
Category: Number Theory

A Solution to the Black Hole Information Paradox

Authors: Tom Fuchs
Comments: 8 Pages.

This paper shows that the Schwarzschild metric's prediction of black holes violates the equivalence principle. Rindler horizons, which are used to support the idea of black holes, are shown to work differently according to special relativity than is generally accepted today. New equations are derived for escape velocity and gravitational time dilation. A problem is shown in the derivation of the Schwarzschild metric, and solved to derive a new metric for Schwarzschild geometry. The new metric doesn't predict black holes, yet is experimentally confirmed, including by the famous picture that's reportedly of a black hole.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Alignments and Gaps Between Multi-fold Universes And Loop Quantum Gravity

Authors: Stephane H Maes
Comments: 8 Pages. This submission grants viXra.org a non-exclusive license to distribute the article. I certify that the submitter has the right to grant this license. Revocability would be only if preprint removal were a condition for final publication.

Multi-fold universes and LQG have a lot in common as well as complementarities. A priori, both models are compatible with each other. The present paper analyses these touch points and suggests ways forward both in terms of multi-fold universes and of LQG. Also, considering the relationships between multi-fold universes results and superstring theories, there are many ways that the three approaches could use lessons learned or mechanisms from each other, in order to fill gaps or improve some of their own models. Maybe they could even converge towards new and more encompassing combined frameworks. We conclude with a call for such a collaboration.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Riemann Zeta Function Formula

Authors: Isaac Mor
Comments: 8 Pages. this is not a reflection formula!

I am using the eta function spirals to find a formula for all the center points of any spiral on the complex plane This is based on my previous ideas about the center points of the zeta function (I am currently working on some really nice ideas that relate to this I will update this pdf when needed)
Category: Number Theory

The Coherence Length of the Proton

Authors: Osvaldo F. Schilling
Comments: 8 Pages. 2 figures

In recent work we have shown that the origin of baryons can be traced to electrodynamic instabilities of the vacuum, adopting the proton state as a substract ( as proposed by Barut, decades ago). As reported earlier, one might regard the proton state as separated from the vacuum by a 2.7 GeV energy difference ( loosely referred to as a “gap”). In this picture there is clear analogy between the origin of baryons and the electron-pairs condensation in normal-superconductor transitions, in which a true gap opens up from the Fermi Energy, and one defines a coherence length of the electrons. In the present paper we demonstrate that the analogy does not stop there, since a “coherence length” for the inner constituents of the proton can also be defined, and its existence is related to the observed form of cosmic rays flux profiles. Such coherence length is on the order of 0.24 fm.
Category: Quantum Physics

Goldbach Conjecture Proved Remarkably

Authors: A. A. Frempong
Comments: 19 Pages. Copyright © by A. A. Frempong

The Goldbach Conjecture states that every even integer greater than 4 can be expressed as the sum of two odd primes. In this paper, the proof of Goldbach conjecture is guided by the approach for finding Goldbach partitions. This approach leads directly to evidence that every even integer greater than 4 is the sum of two odd primes. The main principle for finding Goldbach partitions from a known partition is the application of the addition axiom to a Goldbach partition equation. It is shown that given an equation for a Goldbach partition, one can produce a Goldbach partition for any even integer greater than 4. Beginning with the partition equation, 6 = 3 + 3, and applying the addition of a 2 to both sides of this equation, and subsequent equations, one obtained Goldbach partitions for over 180 consecutive even integers. The repetitive process involved in the partition production was compared to the repetitive process in compound interest calculations. A consequent generalized procedure also produced Goldbach partitions for the non-consecutive even integers, 100; 1000; 372,131,740; and 400,000,001,1000. An equation derived for the Goldbach partition shows that every even integer greater than 4 can be written as the sum of two odd prime integers.
Category: Number Theory

Factors Affecting COVID-19 Incidence and Mortality in Pakistan

Authors: Shazia Tahira
Comments: 12 Pages.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The earliest case of this infection is dated back to 17 November 2019 in Wuhan, China. The virus later spread to other countries all over the world through human-to-human transmission. On 11th March 2020 the WHO declared it a pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus that is contagious in humans. It is the successor to SARS-CoV-1, the strain that caused the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak. The case fatality ratio for COVID-19 has been much lower than SARS of 2003, but the transmission has been significantly greater, with a significant total death toll. The virus is primarily spread between people during close contact, most often via small droplets produced by coughing, sneezing, and talking. On 26th February, Pakistan confirmed its first two cases of the coronavirus. Lockdown was announced by different provincial governments on 21st march and it remained till 9th of may all over the country. In early June, case numbers began rising far faster. As of June 22nd 2020, Pakistan has 185,034 confirmed cases, Sindh has the highest number of confirmed cases at 71,092 closely followed by Punjab at 68,308. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has 22,633 cases, Islamabad capital territory has 11,219 cases, Balochistan has 9,587 cases, Gilgit Baltistan has 1326 cases, and Azad Kashmir has 869 cases Major cities in Pakistan have the highest number of COVID-19 cases. Males have comparatively high COVID-19 incidence and mortality in Pakistan at 74.06% and 73.92% respectively. The comparatively higher COVID-19 incidence in males seems related to lack of social distancing measures. COVID-19 incidence is highest in 20-40 age group in both genders and 45% of confirmed cases belong to this age group. Also this age range usually lags behind following social distancing measures. Mortality is comparatively less in this age group but this age range can still transmit infection to more vulnerable age groups. Although the age group of 50-69 makes up only 21.61% of COVID-19 confirmed cases, this age range has the highest mortality and constitutes 55.14% of COVID-19 associated deaths as older people and people with pre-existing medical conditions are more vulnerable to becoming severely ill with the virus. Since early June, after the relaxation of lockdown measures there is a sharp increase in COVID-19 cases in Pakistan, which also relates to lack of precautionary measures by citizens. The best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus by maintaining good social distance and proper sanitization.
Category: Biochemistry

One Way Speed of Light

Authors: Özgen Ersan
Comments: 7 Pages. The person -who performs this experiment- can be a candidate for Nobel prize.

The velocity of light is measured by a light-specific method (mirrored double paths, uninterrupted photons, etc.). In this study an experiment is presented with a single photon and one way path. Thus, the increasing speed of the distance between the photon and its source can be measured and the essence of special relativity theory can be questioned. If this experiment can be realized, Earth’s momentary universal speed can be detected. The measurement direction which gives maximum and minimum values will be interpreted about current expanding speed of universe and expanding direction.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Tek Yönlü Işık Hızı Ölçümü

Authors: Özgen Ersan
Comments: 7 Pages. Deneyi gerçekleştiren kişi NOBEL adayı olabilir

Işık hızı, ışığa özgü bir yöntem (aynalı çift yol, kesintisiz foton, vb.) ile ölçülür. Bu çalışmada, ışık kinematiği için yeni bir yöntem eşliğinde, tek bir foton ve tek yönlü yol ile bazı ölçüm deneyleri önerilmiştir. Böylece, foton ve kaynağı arasındaki mesafenin artış hızı ölçülebilir ve özel görelilik teorisinin özü sorgulanabilir. Bu deneyler tam olarak gerçekleştirilebilirse, Dünya'nın anlık evrensel hızı tespit edilebilir. Maksimum ve minimum değerleri veren ölçümler, evrenin mevcut genişleme hızı ve genişleme yönü için yorumlanabilecektir.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Appearance of Asteroid Arrokoth

Authors: Alex Soumbatov-Gur
Comments: 8 Pages.

Bi-lobed Kuiper belt asteroid Arrokoth is shown to consist of two hexagonal pyramids connected with a stretched neck. Their formation is accounted for by fission of a larger body in a landslide manner. The simple rationale permits to restore a view of the precursor as well as provides consistent rationalization of Arrokoth’s features. Its density is amended to be twice less than previously proposed.
Category: Astrophysics

The Schuster-Wilson-Blackett Hypothesis

Authors: Jacob Biemond
Comments: 8 Pages, including 2 tables and 1 figure

Many authors have considered a gravitational origin of the magnetic field of celestial bodies. In this approach the Wilson-Blackett or Schuster hypothesis has been playing an important role for more than a century. This hypothesis connects the magnetic moment M of the body to its angular momentum S. In this paper the gravitomagnetic ratios M/S deduced from observational data for a series of very different rotating massive bodies are compared with predicted values.

The considered magnetic moments M and corresponding angular moments S of the rotating bodies range from metallic cylinders in the laboratory, moons, planets, pulsars, white dwarfs and Ap stars to the Milky Way. Furthermore, the lightest neutrino of mass m₁ has also been added to the list.

For huge intervals of more than 100 decades for the values of M and S the so-called Wilson-Blackett relation seems to be approximately valid. On smaller scales deviations become more manifest. Effects from electromagnetic origin may be responsible for these deviations.

Feynman's Time Machine

Authors: Jean Louis Van Belle
Comments: 18 Pages.

This paper discusses Feynman’s derivation of the Hamiltonian matrix in the famous Caltech Lectures on Quantum Mechanics, which is illustrative of the mainstream interpretation of what probability amplitudes may or may not represent. We refer to this argument as Feynman’s Time Machine because the “apparatus” that is considered in the derivation is, effectively, the mere passage of time. We show Feynman’s argument is ingenious but, at the same time, deceptive. Indeed, the substitution – for what Feynman refers to as “historical and other reasons” – of real-valued coefficients (K) by pure imaginary numbers (-iH/ħ) effectively introduces the periodic functions (complex-valued exponentials) that are needed to obtain sensible probability functions. The division by Planck’s quantum of action also amounts to an insertion of the Planck-Einstein relation through the backdoor. The argument is, therefore, typical of similar arguments: one only gets out what was already implicit or explicit in the assumptions. The implication is that two-state systems can be described perfectly well using classical mechanics, i.e. without using the concepts of state vectors and probability amplitudes. This paper, therefore, complements earlier deconstructions of some of Feynman’s arguments, most notably his argument on 720-degree symmetries – which we referred to as “the double life of -1” – as well as the reasoning behind the establishment of the boson-fermion dichotomy. This paper may, therefore, conclude our classical or realist interpretation of quantum mechanics.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Quantum Essence of Distance-Time Theory

Authors: Keith Maxwell Hardy
Comments: 28 Pages.

Distance-time theory is intrinsically a quantum time and space structure because it has both local and nonlocal regions. Hence the quanta is a probabilistic interface between these regions. I use a probabilistic wave distribution and create a rule: events within the waviness obey a nonlocality rule, and measured events external to the waviness obey locality rules. Using this rule, I discuss quantum nonlocal behavior within a distance-time structure. This discussion includes quantum tunneling, entanglement, and time travel.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Nonlinear Continuum Mechanics with Defects Resembles Electrodynamics - A Comeback of the Aether?

Authors: Alexander Unzicker
Comments: 14 Pages.

This article discusses the dynamics of an incompressible, isotropic elastic continuum. Starting from the Lorentz-invariant motion of defects in elastic continua (Frank 1949), MacCullagh's aether theory (1839) of an incompressible elastic solid is reconsidered. Since MacCullagh's theory, based on linear elasticity, cannot describe charges, particular attention is given to a topological defect that causes large deformations and therefore requires a nonlinear description. While such a twist disclination can take the role of a charge,the deformation field of a large number of these defects produces a microstructure of deformation related to a Cosserat continuum (1909). On this microgeometric level, a complete set of quantities can be defined that satisfies equations equivalent to Maxwell's.
Category: Classical Physics

Wave Nature of Elementary Particles and Absolute Motion - Superluminal Neutrinos

Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 5 Pages.

The question of absolute motion has always been seen with respect to light (photons). The problem is often stated in terms of whether or not there is a light carrying medium (ether). However, if elementary particles such as electrons and neutrinos have wave properties, then the question of absolute motion should also apply to them. The superluminal neutrinos observed in 2011 ( OPERA experiment ) can be explained based on the wave property of neutrinos. It is proposed that the speed of neutrinos for a given set of experimental conditions is defined and constant with respect to absolute space. The observed ‘superluminal’ velocity of neutrinos is an apparent effect caused by absolute motion of the neutrino detector. Experiments based on an electron source, analogous to a light speed experiments, are proposed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Deductions from the Quaternion Form of Maxwell's Electromagnetic Equations

Authors: Jeremy Dunning-Davies, Richard Lawrence Norman
Comments: This version corrects the earlier one where T = 0 had been written on page 6 instead of gradT = 0.

The final formulations of Maxwell’s electromagnetic equations were originally written in quaternions. Once returned to that form and treated with left and right hand operators as in the mathematics of P. M. Jack, a new seventh scalar electromagnetic field component emerges with possible relations to clean energy extraction and gravitation. Historical and present uses within military and humanitarian contexts are discussed. Scalar wave speeds are derived.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Holes and the Spin Separation of Orbital Electrons

Authors: David Lindsay Johnson
Comments: Added figures and dialogue alterations. Total 16 pages long

In order to explain diffusion and drift across the depletion zone of a p-n junction, semiconductor theory relies on holes which act as a positive charge equivalent of electrons. As positive charge carriers, holes need to physically move and be involved in random collisions to produce the Brownian motion required to explain diffusion. Any lack of hole-movement, or even the required type of hole-movement, represents a major problem for semiconductor theory. The Pauli Exclusion Principle indicates that, if an atomic orbital is occupied by an electron of one-half spin state, the orbital may only be shared by an electron of opposite spin (i.e. negative one-half spin). An atomic orbital is full when it is occupied by a pair of electrons of opposite spin, with no more electrons able to enter it until one of the pair vacates the orbital. This paper looks at the possibility and implications of extending the electron spin concept to ‘free’ electrons within semiconductors, with positive and negative charge carriers simply being electrons with opposite spin. The existence of two physically different charge carriers in the form of opposite-spin electrons, which requires only minor terminology adjustments to semiconductor theory, provides a better explanation of the formation and nature of electric fields; capacitor charge/discharge; and micro/radio wave generation. Also, the concept of electric currents being the one-way movement of generic electron charge carriers, which totally ignores electron spin, is challenged.
Category: Classical Physics

Lingacom Muography

Authors: Amnon Harel, David Yaish
Comments: 9 Pages. This is the preprint of what was published as DOI 10.1098/rsta.2018.0133.

Lingacom Ltd. develops detectors for muography -- imaging using cosmic-ray muons, together with imaging algorithms and tools. We present selected simulation results from muon imaging of cargo containers, from a joint muon and X-ray imaging algorithm, and for ground surveys using borehole detectors. This follows a presentation in the ``Cosmic-ray muography'' meeting of the Royal Society.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Earth and Her Groundfrequency

Authors: Dan Visser
Comments: 3 Pages.

This article is written for a special occasion in collaboration with Nydia de Keyzer.
Category: Mathematical Physics

New Types of Pythagorean Equations and the Resulting Consequences (Elementary Aspect)

Authors: Reuven Tint
Comments: 5 Pages.

In the present paper, new types of Pythagorean equations are derived (which are countless) based on the irrational ones that generate them, complex and integer numbers, those proven the fact of the rehabilitation of the system of solutions of the Pythagorean Euclidean equations based on the identities I received. It is believed, starting with Euclid (the third century BC) to the present, that these (2) and (2a) - and only these formulas given in [1], [2], [3] cover all integer solutions of the Pythagorean equation (1). It will be proved below that this is not so: the system of solutions given in [1], [2], [3] is not complete, which is a breakthrough in number theory.
Category: Number Theory

Ultimate Unification: Gravity-led Democracy vs. Uber-Symmetries

Authors: Stephane H Maes
Comments: 5 Pages. This submission grants viXra.org a non-exclusive license to distribute the article. I certify that the submitter has the right to grant this license. Revocability would be only if preprint removal were a condition for final publication.

In this paper, we start from conventional GUTs and ToEs and discuss their challenges due not only to the lack of observations of proton decays and magnetic monopoles, but also to the fact that when gravity is considered, especially with mechanisms à la multi-folds, where gravity emerges from entanglement, both these phenomena are expected to not exist. With only a few exception, ToEs are badly hurt, including many superstrings, and most GUTs are knocked out. Because of the massive gravity at small scale contributed by entanglement in a multi-fold universe, we encounter new lifecycles for charged black holes and discover that, at small scales, gravity is no more the weakest interaction. In fact, sources and carriers of all interactions democratically carry gravity along with their interaction the same way and all interactions have similar strength. It becomes a new symmetric state with an Ultimate Unification of all the forces, but without the hierarchies of symmetry groups typically involved in GUTs, and without intermediate GUTs not involving gravity from the get-go. These results are obtained in a multi-fold universe, but with discussions of what can be said about our real universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Quaternion Mass Function

Authors: Yong Deng
Comments: 17 Pages.

Mass function is used to handle uncertainty. Quaternion number is the extent of imaginary number. In this paper, the classical mass function is extended by quaternion number, named as Quaternion Mass Function (QMF). The proposed QMF has the advantage to deal with uncertain information. When the quaternion number degenerates into the complex number, then the QMF degenerates into the complex mass function. In addition, if the complex mass function is degenerated as real number, the QMF is the same as mass function in classical evidence theory. In the case when the quaternion number degenerates into the real number and the QMF focus on the frame of discernment with single subsets, the QMF is the same as the probability distribution in probability theory. The combination rule is also presented to combine two QMFs, which is the generalization of Dempster rule. In the case when the quaternion mass function degenerates into the real number and assigns only to single subsets, the proposed combination rule is degenerated as Beyesian updation in probability theory. Numerical examples are applied to prove the efficiency of the proposed model. The experimental results show that the proposed model can apply the quaternion theory to mass function effectively and successfully.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A New Solution of the Friedman Equations

Authors: John Hunter
Comments: 15 pages 7 diagrams

A new cosmological model is suggested. It is a Big Bang type of model with a different redshift scale-factor relation. There is discussion of why observational evidence often supports the possibly faulty Concordance Cosmology. In the new model there is an apparent matter density of about 0.3 and no coincidence problem as the cosmological constant is zero. There is a solution to the Hubble tension.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Statistical Distance Latent Regulation Loss for Latent Code Recovery

Authors: Jeongik Cho
Comments: 17 Pages.

Finding a latent code that can generate specific data by inverting a generative model is called latent code recovery (or latent vector recovery). When performing gradient descent based latent recovery, the probability that the recovered latent code was sampled from a latent random variable can be very low. To prevent this, latent regulation losses or element resampling methods have been used in some papers. In this paper, when the latent random variable is an IID (Independent and Identically Distributed) random variable and performing gradient descent-based latent code recovery, we propose statistical distance latent regulation loss to maximize the probability that the latent code was sampled from the latent random variable. The statistical distance latent regulation loss is the distance between the discrete uniform distribution, assuming each latent code element has the same probability and one-dimensional distribution that each element of the latent random variable follows in common. Since the statistical distance latent regulation loss considers all elements simultaneously, it maximizes the probability that the latent code was sampled from a latent random variable. Also, we propose the latent distribution goodness of fit test, an additional test that verifies whether the latent code is sampled from the latent random variable. This additional test verifies whether all recovered latent codes’ elements’ distribution follows one-dimensional distribution that each element of the latent random variable follows in common when the latent random variable is an IID random variable. Passing the latent distribution goodness of fit test does not mean that the latent codes are recovered correctly, but when the latent codes are recovered correctly, the latent distribution goodness of fit test should be passed. Compared with other latent regulation losses or element resampling methods, only latent code recovery using the statistical distance latent regulation loss could recover the correct latent code with high performance in the gradient descent-based latent code recovery.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Eigen Theory of the Physical World

Authors: Deepal Benaragama
Comments: 27 Pages. This is nearly the complete version

This paper introduces the Eigen Theory of the physical world in which the fundamental form of a particle of matter is a distribution of points that forms a manifold of its own. Each of these points results from the intersection of a corresponding pair of eigenvelocity vectors. These vectors are functions of a pair of symmetric and antisymmetric tensors characteristic of gravitation and electromagnetism respectively. The theory develops in three stages. In the first stage, an arbitrary infinitesimal perturbation of the point of intersection of a pair of eigenvelocity vectors produces the wave aspect of the particle of matter and the second stage produces the particle itself. The third stage formulates the base manifold, characterised by an eigenfield of a second pair of symmetric and antisymmetric tensors, in which the particle moves as a whole but with only the particle centre remaining in contact with it. The first two stages expose the reality behind matter-antimatter, the quantum mechanical wave-particle duality and the results of the double-slit experiment. The third stage reveals the nature of dark energy and the structure of dark matter. In Eigen Theory Quantum Mechanics becomes restructured; in particular the uncertainty principle ceases to exist. Finally, the Eigen Theory is in agreement with Einstein’s physical reality since it establishes that, in contrast to the extrinsic physical reality that exists due to the above-mentioned arbitrary perturbation, an intrinsic physical reality may also exist, which in itself is inaccessible to observation and experimentation.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Majorization in the Framework of 2-Convex Systems

Authors: George Precupescu
Comments: 30 Pages. This is an English version (the original v1 was in Romanian)

We define a 2-convex system by the restrictions $x_{1} + x_{2} + \ldots + x_{n} = ns$, $e(x_{1}) + e(x_{2}) + \ldots + e(x_{n}) = nk$, $x_{1} \geq x_{2} \geq \ldots \geq x_{n}$ where $e:I \to \RR$ is a strictly convex function. We study the variation intervals for $x_k$ and give a more general version of the Boyd-Hawkins inequalities. Next we define a majorization relation on $A_S$ by $x\preccurlyeq_p y$ $\Leftrightarrow$ $T_k(x) \leq T_k(y) \ \ \forall 1 \leq k \leq p-1$ and $B_k(x) \leq B_k(y) \ \ \forall p+2 \leq k \leq n$ (for fixed $1 \leq p \leq n-1$) where $T_k(x) = x_1 + \ldots + x_k$, $B_k(x) = x_k + \ldots + x_n$. The following Karamata type theorem is given: if $x, y \in A_S$ and $x\preccurlyeq_p y$ then $f(x_1) + f(x_2) + \ldots + f(x_n) \leq f(y_1) + f(y_2) + \ldots + f(y_n)$ $\forall$$f:I \to \RR$ 3-convex with respect to $e$. As a consequence, we get an extended version of the equal variable method of V. Cîrtoaje
Category: Functions and Analysis

Solution to the Advance of the Perihelion of Mercury in Newtonian Theory

Authors: Christian Corda
Comments: 12 Pages. A long-standing conviction more than 160 years long is solved

It is shown through three different approaches that, contrary to a long-standing conviction more than 160 years long, the orbit of Mercury behaves as required by Newton’s equations with a very high precision if one correctly analyses the situation in the framework of the two-body problem without neglecting the mass of Mercury. General relativity remains more precise than Newtonian physics, but the results in this paper show that Newtonian framework is more powerful than researchers and astronomers were thinking till now.
Category: Astrophysics

Cycles in Generalized Collatz Sequences

Authors: Pierre Lamothe
Comments: 26 Pages. En français. 4 figures.

The generalized Collatz sequences are set by D(x) = x/r if x mod r = 0 and T(x) = floor (px/r) otherwise. It has previously been shown (2002.0594) with px + q sequences that numerical cycles are derived from algebraic cycles. The same is shown here in a richer framework where the number of elementary functions increases from 2 to r. Again, the beginning and the end of each sequence are connected by a diophantine equation, p^m x - r^d y - q = 0, where m and d are the respective numbers of multiplications and divisions. There are still always rotation cycles (q₁ q₂ ... q_m) while derived cycles (x₁ x₂ ... x_m) are present only when q_i / (r^d - p^m) are integers. The function R outlined by R^m(q) = q proves to be a powerful computational tool. In addition, the subsequences are numbered and one can easily find a subsequence from its rank ρ in the base r.
Category: General Mathematics

In Search of the Fourth Dimension of Space

Authors: Claudio Marchesan
Comments: 9 Pages. Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License

This is a scientific speculation that presents an unusual, but at the same time intuitive, idea of a cosmological model. The model is simple and requires no parameters; born for proposing an alternative view of the Galactic Recession involves other interesting developments. The mathematical construction foresees a Universe of finite dimensions, in expansion, homogeneous and isotropic. Here all the points are equivalent and from each one there are no preferential directions. Gravity is needed to clarify some aspects of the model but is treated only at a qualitative level. An intuitive explanation is given to Galactic recession and the Lorentz transformations. Definitions, data and formulas used can be easily found on the internet. To complete the whole, there is also a simple verification based on astronomical observations. The next step would be to add gravity, building a physical model with matter and energy. In the following publication [viXra:2008.0015] you can find the resulting model as an approximation for the Galaxy Epoch. It is based on the Einstein’s solution for weak fields to the field equation of General Relativity. You can use this only in the context of observable Universe, during the lasts 10 billion years. Here no superluminal motion can be derived from the field equation of the Universe, so that, in this solution, Galactic Recession and General Relativity arise and develop separately. Being understood that the main purpose is the alternative view of the Galactic Recession, we anticipate from [viXra:2008.0015] an interesting consideration: Referring to the relationship between space and time, in this model Relativity on our Universe excludes Absolute Space and this in turn excludes Galileo's Absolute Time. This is true however a hypothetical reference frame is chosen. Despite these considerations it is still possible to formulate a conjecture to admit the existence of the tachyon. Finally, it is important to point out that this speculation leads to a falsifiable theory.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Extensions of Some Trigonometric Double Angle and Product Formulae

Authors: Suaib Lateef
Comments: 6 pages

I present some new trigonometric identities which generalize trigonometric product formulae, power reduction formulae and double angle formulae. Also, some conjectures on further generalizations of the proven new identities are stated for further research.
Category: General Mathematics

The Relativistic Theory of Gravitation Beyond General Relativity

Authors: Alfonso Leon Guillen Gomez
Comments: 71 Pages.

It presents the basics of the “Relativistic theory of gravitation”, with the inclusion of original texts, from various papers, published between 1987 and 2009, by theirs authors: S. S Gershtein, A. A. Logunov, Yu. M. Loskutov and M. A. Mestvirishvili, additionally, together with the introductions, summaries and conclusions of the author of this paper. The “Relativistic theory of gravitation” is a gauge theory, compatible with the theories of quantum physics of the electromagnetic, weak and strong forces, which defines gravity as the fourth force existing in nature, as a static field equipped with the transmitter particles of the virtual gravitons of spins 2 and 0, within the spirit of Galilei's principle of relativity, in his generalization of Poincaré's Special Relativity that allowed the authors to universalize that the physical laws of nature are complied with regardless of the frames of reference where they apply, integrated into the Grossmann-Einstein Entwurf theory, in its further development, by those authors, therefore, this theory preserves the conservation laws of energy-impulse and angular impulse of the gravitational field jointly to the other material fields existing in nature, in the Riemann's effective spacetime, through its identity with Minkowski's pseudo Euclidean spacetime.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Logunov and Mestvirishvil Disprove "General Relativity"

Authors: Alfonso Leon Guillen Gomez
Comments: 32 Pages.

Based on the various documents, 1989-2002, through the original texts, in addition to the author's contributions, this paper presents the refutation of the mathematicians and physicists A. Logunov and M. Mestvirishvil of A. Einstein's "general relativity", from the relativistic theory of gravitation of these authors, who applying the fundamental principle of the science of physics of the conservation of the energy-momentum and using absolute differential calculus they rigorously perform their mathematical tests. It is conclusively shown that, from the Einstein-Grossman-Hilbert equations, gravity is absurdly a metric field devoid of physical reality unlike all other fields in nature that are material fields, interrupting the chain of transformations between the different existing fields. Also, in Einstein's theory the proved "inertial mass" equal to gravitational mass has no physical meaning. Therefore, "general relativity" does not obey the correspondence principle with Newton's gravity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Geoengineering and Implementing an Albedo Solution with Urban Heat Islands Global Warming and Cooling Estimates

Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 15 Pages. Key Words: Albedo Solution, Global Warming Solution, Global Warming Re-radiation Model, Albedo Modeling, Hotspot Mitigation, UHI Global Warming Estimates

Surface albedo geoengineering is vital in Global Warming (GW) as results can reverse trends and reduce the probability of a tipping point. Although an albedo solution is reasonably practical, work in this area appears stagnant and even implementing Urban Heat Island (UHI) cool roofs on a global level has not yet been widely adopted. This paper provides basic modeling and motivation by illustrating the potential impact of reverse forcing. We provide insights into “Earthly areas” that might be utilized to increase the opportunity for reducing warming. Modeling shows that by solar geoengineering select hotspots with aspects like large heat capacities, such as UHIs, and possibly mountain regions, the effective area could be roughly 11 times smaller than nominal non-hotspot regions in influencing global warming. We find that between 0.2% and 1% of the Earth would require an albedo modification to resolve most of global warming. Results are highly dependent on modeling aspects like heat capacity, irradiance, and albedo changes of the area selected. The versatile model was also used to provide UHIs global warming and cooling estimates illustrating their importance.
Category: Climate Research

Triple Cosines Lemma and π-Sums of Arccosines

Authors: Yuly Shipilevsky
Comments: 6 Pages.

We obtain a relationship between cosines of two independent angles and cosine of the angle that depends on them in 3D space and then we use that relationship to obtain π-sums of Arccosines
Category: Geometry

Large Scale Traffic Surveillance: Vehicle Detection and Classification Using Cascade Classifier and Convolutional Neural Network

Authors: Shaif Chowdhury, Soummyopriyo Chattopdhyay, Tapan Kumar Hazra
Comments: 10 Pages.

In this Paper, we are presenting a traffic surveillance system for detection and classification of vehicles in large scale videos. Vehicle detection is crucial part of Road safety. There are lots of different intelligent systems proposed for traffic surveillance. The system presented here is based on two steps, a descriptor of the image type haar-like, and a classifier type convolutional neural networks. A cascade classifier is used to extract objects rapidly and a neural network is used for final classification of cars. In case of Haar Cascades, the learning of the system is performed on a set of positive images (vehicles) and negative images (non-vehicle), and the test is done on another set of scenes. For the second, we have used faster R-CNN architecture. The cascade classifier gives faster processing time and Neural Network is used to increase the detection rate.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Dimensional Thermodynamics

Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 33 Pages.

The idea of energy carried through space, space as a vacuum, energy presumably in its most basic form through space as a quantum package, is one of the greatest issues in modern physics, namely how can energy as a quantum package be relayed through the vacuum of space without "being" somehow associated to space, without seeming to lose energy in its travel through space, and likewise how can gravity as a field force be related to mass (and therefore energy) through that same vacuum of space and be relayed through space as that field force, a field force that seems to "offer" energy to the mass in that field, and thus have gravity represent, in regard to "0" space, a type of "negative" energy field? Indeed, the idea of the thermodynamics as a type of transposition of energy in space should not be taken lightly. This paper explains the nature of thermodynamics as the result of the relationship between the dimensions of time and space, a specific relationship between a just as specific definition for time and space, explaining all the key concepts of thermodynamics, essentially replacing the idea of the Big Bang and associated metric expansion of space, together with the ideas of dark matter and dark energy. As it shall be demonstrated, although there is a general precedent of indeterminacy in play, there is nonetheless a dimensional enthalpic mechanical order between time and space that acts in alliance with the general indeterminacy carried by time's flow as entropy.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Structures and Properties of Integer Sequences Generated from Prime Numbers Seeds

Authors: Claude H. R. Dequatre
Comments: 17 Pages. Comments are welcome

A previous paper submitted to viXra by the author on 2020-06-07 (1) and more specifically its paragraph 3-5 was related to the generation of primefree integer sequences using, as a seed, a prime numbers subset, a recursive algorithm and a specific formula described again in the next background section of this paper extending the initial work. Indeed, whereas two prime numbers seeds containing respectively the first 10^3 and 2*10^4 prime numbers were used in the initial study, the seed size range has been enlarged from 10^2 to 10^7 prime number terms. This allowed to confirm previous results and reinforced the so called primefree conjecture referenced CD-3 established from them. (1)This paper entitled "Structures and Properties of Integer Sequences generated from prime and nonprime number seeds"can be downloaded at: http://viXra.org/abs/2005.0056 under the viXra subject category: number theory and citation number: 2006.0056.
Category: Number Theory

The Vertices of a Graph and its Dimension

Authors: Volker Thürey
Comments: 7 Pages.

We show that the dimension of a graph is less or equal to the cardinality of the set of its vertices
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

From Word to Word: The Problems of Etymology

Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 12 Pages. -

The main problem of etymology, opening up bushes of interconnected words, was considered.
Category: Linguistics

Gravity or Magnetic Monopoles? You Cannot Have Both! II

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 6 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/

In this paper, we argue that gravity breaks the symmetry between electric and magnetic equations (without sources) within the Standard Model. As a result, the motivation for introducing magnetic monopoles disappears (without affecting charge quantization): magnetic monopole probably do not exist in the presence or gravity. It is consistent with the absence of observation of magnetic monopoles and resolves the magnetic monopole cosmology problem. This result could have serious implications for supersymmetry, supergravity, GUTs and ToEs, including in particular superstrings. Some of these implications, and possible ways forward, are discussed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Metric Theory

Authors: Ury Kofman
Comments: 23 Pages.

Simple, very natural, spatial (three-dimensional) function of ether density is - according to suggesting theory - the only one primary essence of Nature; this function creates something like unified wave system. Globally - capturing the creation at whole - this system produces infinite pyramid of nested black holes. Every such black hole is a certain volume "on some level", consisting of both its own black holes and its own ether. Our universe is a photon (black hole) of elder universe, and our ether is part of this black hole. Photon in our universe is a black hole and self-universe like ours. Periodically arising "problems" of heat death and gravitational collapse are resolved by Big Bangs (on every hemicycle of photon motion). Locally - considering our universe - unified wave system produces observing by us secondary essences: matter, motion, gravitation, electromagnetism, strong interactions, phenomena of uncertainty and relativity. The theory considers ways and mechanisms of production and functionality of main physical essences of universe. Little more attention is paid to nature of gravity and wave-particle nature of matter - for elimination of existing logical contradictions and misunderstandings; theory supports "gateways of junction" between formal logic and quantum mechanics. Considering of essences has neither mathematical nor philosophical, but conceptual-physical form. Modern physics suffocates from essences, and this theory is consistent implementation of Occam's razor.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Classical Quantum Mechanics – Particle is the Pulse of Matter Waves

Authors: Dimosthenis Michopoulos
Comments: 7 Pages.

Since the very first development of Quantum Mechanics there are many scientists who, despite the fact that everything seems to work perfectly and the experimental results verify the theoretical predictions, do not understand what is really going on. That is why there are many different interpretations of this subject nowadays. This paper provides a new interpretation, aiming to illustrate the fact that Quantum Mechanics is actually an extension of Classical Physics, and in contrast to other interpretations we illustrate a possible experimental verification of theoretical wording.
Category: Quantum Physics

The System of Equations Describing 4 Generations with the Symmetry Group SU (3)C × SU (2)L × U (1)

Authors: Michael A. Ivanov
Comments: 8 Pages. The Fourth Zeldovich virtual meeting, September 7-11, 2020

The system of 16-component equations including two equations of the Bethe-Salpeter kind (without an interaction) and two additional condi- tions are considered. It is shown that the group of the initial symmetry is SU (3)C × SU (2)L × U (1). The symmetry group is established as the consequence of the field equations; SU (2) should be chiral, the color space has the signature (+ + −). The structure of permissible multiplets of the group coincides with the one postulated in the SU (3)C × SU (2)L -model of strong and electroweak interactions excluding the possible existence of the additional SU (2)R -singlet in a generation. This paper (in Russian) was deposited in VINITY 19.12.1988 as ВИНИТИ № 8842-В88; it was an important stage in the development of my model of the composite fundamental fermions (see hep-th/0207210). Now I have translated it in English (small corrections are made) to do more available.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Sums of Powers of Fibonacci and Lucas Numbers and their Related Integer Sequences

Authors: Ryan Zielinski
Comments: 28 Pages. This work is licensed under the CC BY 4.0, a Creative Commons Attribution License.

In this paper we will look at sums of odd powers of Fibonacci and Lucas numbers of even indices. Our motivation will be conjectures, now theorems, which go back to Melham. Using the simple approach of telescoping sums we will be able to give new proofs of those results. Along the way we will establish inverse relationships for such sums and discover new integer sequences.
Category: Number Theory

The Subatomic Zoo: The Standard Model of Physics in Rhyme

Authors: J. W. Johnston
Comments: 12 Pages.

A story is told using illustrations and rhyme to help readers learn and remember the key elements of the Standard Model of Physics. The classic “subatomic/particle zoo” metaphor is used—in this case casting monkeys as fermions, bananas as bosons, and teams of boson-sharing monkeys as composite particles.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Invisible Decays of Neutral Hadrons

Authors: Wanpeng Tan
Comments: 12 Pages. arXiv:1902.01837 for dark matter and n-lifetime; arXiv:1904.03835 for baryon asymmetry; arXiv:1906.10262 for CKM and tests; arXiv:1902.03685 for star evolution; arXiv:1908.11838 for dark energy; http://osf.io/8qawc arXiv:2003.04687 http://osf.io/2jywx

Invisible decays of neutral hadrons are evaluated as ordinary-mirror particle oscillations using the newly developed mirror matter model. Assuming equivalence of the $CP$ violation and mirror symmetry breaking scales for neutral kaon oscillations, rather precise values of the mirror matter model parameters are predicted for such ordinary-mirror particle oscillations. Not only do these parameter values satisfy the cosmological constraints, but they can also be used to precisely determine the oscillation or invisible decay rates of neutral hadrons. In particular, invisible decay branching fractions for relatively long-lived hadrons such as $K^0_L$, $K^0_S$, $\Lambda^0$, and $\Xi^0$ due to such oscillations are calculated to be $9.9\times 10^{-6}$, $1.8\times 10^{-6}$, $4.4\times 10^{-7}$, and $3.6\times 10^{-8}$, respectively. These significant invisible decays are readily detectable at existing accelerator facilities.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Microworld_62. Newton's World_1 I. Experimental Proof Absence in Nature Indivisible Quanta of Energy

Authors: Leonov N.N.
Comments: 20 Pages. English and russian texts

Modern knowledge about the structure of the microworld turned out to be inferior due to two fundamental errors made as far back as the century before last when interpreting the results of the experiments of Oersted (1821) and Fizeau (1851). Refusing, due to these errors, to take into account the ether and magnetic interactions between microobjects, physics was not able to use Newton's “classical” formalism to study the microworld and turned to a quantum worldview. Despite the stream of self-praise and Nobel prizes, quantum theory failed to achieve a full, detailed understanding of the structure of the atomic nucleus, unexcited atom, photon, excited atom, electron, neutron, proton, ... In 1979, experimental evidence was published in the Central Russian Physical Academic Journal of the absence of undivided energy quanta in Nature [1]. The theory of nonlinear oscillations, operating on the "classical" methods of Newton, tells how it corrects the mentioned physical misunderstandings..
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Universal Complexity in Action: Active Condensed Matter, Integral Medicine, Causal Economics and Sustainable Governance

Authors: Andrei P. Kirilyuk
Comments: 25 pages, 45 eqs, 38 refs; submitted for publication

We review the recently proposed universal concept of dynamic complexity and its new mathematics based on the unreduced interaction problem solution. We then consider its progress-bringing applications at various levels of complex world dynamics, including complex-dynamical nanometal physics and living condensed matter, unreduced nanobiosystem dynamics and the integral medicine concept, causally complete management of complex economical and social dynamics, and the ensuing concept of truly sustainable world governance.
Category: Condensed Matter

What's on Earth, Are We Alone?

Authors: Miroslaw Kozlowski, Farin Zokaee
Comments: 3 Pages.

Kepler Laws exist really as exist Mount Everest. We humans do not create Mount Everest, and Kepler Laws also. They exist. But then who created Mount Everest, Kepler Laws, Schrodinger equation- not Schrodinger himself. In one very short moment of illumination he sees the equation. Why? Because the Schrodinger equation was need for evolution of humans picture of the Created Universe. Physicists understand .Poets know it.
Category: Classical Physics

Dualities or Analogies Between Superstrings and Multi-Fold Universes

Authors: Stephane H Maes
Comments: 12 Pages. This submission grants viXra.org a non-exclusive license to distribute the article. I certify that the submitter has the right to grant this license. Revocability would be only if preprint removal were a condition for final publication.

Superstrings seem to somehow appear in multi-folds universes. We compare the results and models of superstrings with the multi-fold mechanisms associated to EPR entanglement and discover that such multi-fold mechanism in a multi-fold universe: i) explain or clarify many superstring results, ii) provide analogies to superstring results that often change conjectures (e.g. AdS/CFT correspondence, ER=EPR, GR=QM) to facts or theorems in a multi-fold universe iii) position superstrings with respect to our spacetime iv) illustrates differences and v) makes suggestions on how to evolve superstrings theories and M-Theory, according to the multi-fold universe proposal and observations in the real universe, so far. We conclude with a call for collaboration.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Proof Of The ABC Conjecture.

Authors: Michael I. C. Nwogugu
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this article, its shown that the ABC Conjecture is correct for integers a+b=c, and any real number r>1. This article proposes that the ABC Conjecture is true iff: c>0.
Category: Algebra

Optimal Lens Arrangement in High Numerical Aperture Objectives

Authors: Lev Ryzhikov
Comments: 8 Pages.

Demand for High NA objective lenses with diffraction limited image quality is growing. This demand translates in design more complex optical system with many optical components. In order to optimize an optical system lens components structure new design methodology based on functional separation lens group in high numerical aperture ( NA) objective was developed. For this purpose all lens component were divided on the three lens group: front group, middle group and output lens group. The front lens group includes front lens (thick meniscus for dry type of objective or thick Plano-convex lens for immersion objective) and several aplanatic shape meniscus lenses. The middle lens group included several cemented lens components (doublets or triplets) and output lens group includes “Double Gauss” lens system or combination of cemented doublet with one or two singlet lenses. The total number of lenses in such types of optical system can reach 15-16 or even more. Design an optimal composition (optical components arrangement) for high numerical aperture objective lens will be discussed. Quantitative related parameter for optimal objective lens components structure will be proposed.
Category: Classical Physics

Empirical Reassessments of Lattice Defect Properties in High-Purity Gold

Authors: Raymond John Sonoff
Comments: 537 Pages.

Analyses of extensive sets of quenched-in resistance data obtained over wide ranges in elevated temperature, quench rate, and isothermal annealing time for multiple specimens have led to establishment of the following determinations: 1. Confirmation of the reliability of a graphical back extrapolation technique(B.E.T.) for ascertaining no-loss equilibrium vacancy concentrations over the temperature range from 400oC through 925oC. 2. In general, for straight downquench treatments involving quench temperatures ranging from 750oC to 925oC and/or moderate to large sink density specimens, diffusion-limited models appear to be required to describe the annealing kinetics, whereas chemical rate equation models appear to be required when low sink density specimens and/or quench temperatures ranging from 400oC to 700oCare involved wherein losses are found to be proportional to an effective time-of-quench parameter. 3. Estimates for the vacancy formation energy and vacancy formation entropy over the temperature range from 400oC to 925oC. 4. An estimate for the heat of solution of helium in pure gold ascertained over the temperature range from 400oC to 550oC. 5. Graphically-represented insights that reveal the nature of isothermal annealing kinetics for many of the elevated temperature Q&A series treatments to be essentially diffusion-limited, exhibiting losses that generally reflect tA2/3 or tA1/2 dependencies during the decay period down to at least 1/e of the fraction remaining of Normalized Quenched-In Resistance. 6. Evidence that metastable residual resistance (MRR) levels result when elevated temperature Q&A series treatments involving TQ ≥ 700oC, TA ≤ 500oC, and isothermal annealing times beyond one hour are performed. 7. Determinations of parameters, such as vacancy defect chemical potential, effective vacancy migration energies, mean relaxation times, instantaneous vacancy activation energies, and absolute macroscopic sink efficiency. 8. Graphically-represented insights regarding the influence of vacancy defect chemical potential upon a) absolute macroscopic sink efficiency, and b) values for instantaneous vacancy activation energies, especially as annealing temperatures approached the associated quench temperature. 9. Insight as to the nature, density, and associated vacancy concentration of secondary defects considered responsible for metastable residual resistance levels was accomplished via Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) observations of two gold ribbon foils previously subjected to Q&A's involving TQ at 800oC and 900oC, respectively, followed by contiguous, prolonged anneals for one hour at 385oC and 340oC, respectively, and subsequent preparation for TEM methods. 10. An estimate for sink structure recovery activation energy at 950oC was obtained from analyses of monitored straight downquench ΔRQN(also referred to NQIR) magnitudes associated with quenches from 800oC performed on specimens that had been initially subjected to direct deformation followed by a series of several extended HTA treatments at 950oC each lasting for a number of hours and followed by an 800oC straight downquench to assess what changes occurred in NQIR values. Extensive sets of data involving five-mil diameter pure 99.9999 weight percent(6N) pure gold wires maintained in situ during subjection to thermal treatments and subsequent lattice defect electrical resistance determinations at liquid helium temperatures have been analyzed. As a consequence of these studies, quantitative estimates for numerous lattice defect parameters were made possible, and insights into the interrelationships among many of these parameters were revealed. From analyses of data associated with various sets of elevated temperature treatments that were performed, quantitative determinations for each of the following parameters were achieved: 1. Melting Point Resistance Ratio for Gold 2. Establishment of a temperature-time profile defined as a Long-Term Anneal(LTA) treatment to asymptotically approach "vacancy-free" residual resistance levels for potentiometric resistance measurements conducted at 4.2oK. 3. "No Loss" Normalized Quenched-In Resistance NQIR(T) Ξ QIR(T)/R(40oC) 4. "No Loss" Vacancy resistivity∆ρV(T) 5. "No Loss" equilibrium vacancy concentration CV(T) 6. Vacancy formation energy (EFV) 7. Vacancy formation entropy (SFV) 8. Heat of solution of helium in pure gold 9. Effective vacancy migration energy EMV(eff) 10. Remaining Vacancy Supersaturation Ratios VSR(TQ, TA, tA) defined as ≡ [Cv(TQ,TA, tA) - Cv(TA, tA)]/Cv(TA, tA → ∞) 11. Vacancy defect chemical potential μv(TQ, TA, tA) 12. Absolute macroscopic sink efficiency € 13. Variations in time exponent (m) during NQIR(TQ, TA, tA) Q&A series treatments 14. Metastable Residual Resistance (MRR) Levels for Q&A series treatments 15. Initial annealing rates (IARs) defined as{[NQIR(TQ, TA, tA= 0) - NQIR(TQ, TA, ΔtA(initial))] / (ΔtA(initial)) }, wherein ΔtA(initial)is the duration time of the shortest isothermal anneal (hence the added descriptor initial)for the overall NQIR(TQ, TA, ΔtA) series treatment. 16. Mean relaxation times tme and defined as NQIR(TQ, TA, tA= 0) / {[NQIR(TQ, TA, tA= 0) - NQIR(TQ, TA, (ΔtA(initial))] / (ΔtA(initial))} 17. Instantaneous Vacancy Activation energy EMV(act) 18. Post-direct deformation sink structure recovery activation energy
Category: Classical Physics

An Examination of Resourcing and Scheduling Within the RCMP

Authors: Bruce Rout
Comments: 74 Pages. MSc Thesis Simon Fraser University Dept. of Mathematics

The problem of resourcing and staffing, or finding how much manpower is needed to meet demand, can be traced back to the times of the Roman Empire. We examine here the various means used by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police in trying to solve this problem efficiently. We also examine their latest attack in building a simulator to determine future demands on resources and we provide a solution to determine efficient staffing levels through an application of a scheduling algorithm using “rods”. This algorithm is characterized as a rod-scheduling method which can be reduced to a linear program. It has been found that the previous methods used by police departments in Canada and the United States are extremely cumbersome. The methods suggested here correct this. Although the methods are very similar to those used before in other industries they haven’t been applied to police work. What was previously done in policing is to optimize very simple constraints first and then try to fit the results to the needs of the user. In this work I have suggested first obtaining all legal inputs and then optimizing to obtain a final answer. The author uses this method to investigate different types of demand data. Furthermore, different integer programming techniques are investigated. This document is meant for different users. It is hoped it can be read by various police departments as well as administrators and academics. In light of this the tone of the thesis is conversational. Much of the mathematical work is in sections three to seven.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Probability Amplitudes

Authors: Jean Louis Van Belle
Comments: 18 Pages.

The special problem we try to get at with these lectures is to maintain the interest of the very enthusiastic and rather smart people trying to understand physics. They have heard a lot about how interesting and exciting physics is—the theory of relativity, quantum mechanics, and other modern ideas—and spend many years studying textbooks or following online courses. Many are discouraged because there are really very few grand, new, modern ideas presented to them. Hence, we were wondering whether or not we can make a course which would save them by maintaining their enthusiasm. This paper is a draft of the second chapter of such course.
Category: Quantum Physics

Nonlinearity in Similar Structures: on (3a−1)(3b−1) = (5c−1)(5d−1), and Gu=fv.

Authors: Michael I. I. Nwogugu
Comments: 4 Pages.

Liptai, Németh, et. al. (2020) conjectured (and supposedly proved) that in the diophantine equation (3a−1)(3b−1)=(5c−1)(5d−1) in positive integers a≤b, and c≤d, the only solution to the title equation is (a,b,c,d)=(1,2,1,1). This article proves that the Liptai, Németh, et. al. (2020) conjecture and results are wrong, and that there is more than one solution for the equation (3a−1)(3b−1)=(5c−1)(5d−1). This article introduces “Existence Conditions” and new theories of “Rational Equivalence”, and a new theorem pertaining to the equation gu=fv.
Category: Number Theory

Nonlinearity, the Jeśmanowicz Conjecture and the Equations A2+b2=c2, and Ax+by=cz.

Authors: Michael I. C. Nwogugu
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this article, several joint-properties of the equations a2+b2=c2, and ax+by=cz, are introduced.
Category: Number Theory

The qu (2018) Conjectures, the Yang & fu (2018) Conjectures, the Jiang (2020) Conjecture, the Tao (2016) Conjectures, the Cipu (2007) Conjecture, the Cipu & Mignotte (2007) Conjecture and the Simultaneous Pell Equations X2−(a2−1)y2=1 and Y2−pz2=1.

Authors: Michael I. C. Nwogugu
Comments: 8 Pages.

This article shows that the Qu (2018) conjectures, the Yang & Fu (2018) conjectures, the Jiang (2020) Conjecture-#1, the Tao (2016) Conjecture-#1, the Cipu & Mignotte (2007) Conjecture and the Cipu (2007) Conjecture [all of which pertain to the system of Simultaneous Pell equations x2−(a2−1)y2=1 and y2−pz2=1] are wrong.
Category: Number Theory

Nonlinearity, The Jeśmanowicz Conjecture And The Miyazaki (2013) Conjecture.

Authors: Michael I. C. Nwogugu
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this article, its shown that the Miyazaki (2013) Conjecture is wrong and doesn’t apply to most Pythagoreans, (and that the Jesmanowicz Conjecture remains un-proven) within the context of Sub-Rings (ie. Integers).
Category: Algebra

The Y-Increment Puzzle and the Law-of-Large-Numbers.

Authors: Michael I. C. Nwogugu
Comments: 9 Pages.

The y-Increment Puzzle is a new phenomenon that is introduced herein, and occurs in exponential equations of the type x = rs-qs; in positive integers where r = (n+y1), q=(n-y2), and y1 and y2 may or may not be equal. This class of functions has wide applications in computer science, applied math, physics and finance/economics. Given the y-Increment Puzzle, the Law-of-Large-Numbers (LLN) isn’t valid for all time series.
Category: Algebra

Nonlinearity, M-Stability and Properties of Xa+yb+zc=m.

Authors: Michael I. C. Nwogugu
Comments: 6 Pages.

The equation xa+yb+zc=m in real numbers is an ill-posed problem and can be used in physical sciences and social sciences. This article introduces some properties of xa+yb+zc=m in real numbers, and also defines “m-Stability”, a new measure of stability of nonlinear equations.
Category: Algebra

Additive-Contingent Nonlinearity: on Some Properties of X2+y2+z2+v2=dxyz, and X2+y2+z2+v2+u2=dxyz, and the Markoff Equation X2+y2+z2=dxyz.

Authors: Michael I. C. Nwogugu
Comments: 11 Pages.

Some properties of the equations X2+Y2+Z2+V2=dXYZ, and X2+Y2+Z 2+V2+U2=dXYZ, and the Markoff Equation X2+Y2+Z2=aXYZ in real numbers are analyzed in this article, and common elements are highlighted, and the results are applicable where all variables are Integers (ie. proofs within the context of Sub-Rings).
Category: Algebra

On Some Properties of X2+y2+z2+v2=dxyzv; and X2+y2+z2+v2+u2=dxyzvu, and Xi+yi+zi + vi =dxyzv.

Authors: Michael I. C. Nwogugu
Comments: 6 Pages.

This article develops “existence” properties for the equations x2+y2+z2+v2=dXYZV; And x2+y2+z2+v2+u2=dXYZVU, and xi+yi+zi + vi =dXYZV (where i is a positive integer); and the results are applicable where all variables are Integers (ie. proofs within the context of Sub-Rings). Collectively and individually, these equations have wide applications in Computer Science, Physics, Applied Math and Finance/Economics.
Category: Number Theory

A Second New Proof Of Fermat’s Last Conjecture.

Authors: Michael I. C. Nwogugu
Comments: 9 Pages.

This article introduces a second new proof of Fermat’s Last Conjecture (Nwogugu [2020] introduced the first new proof of Fermat’s Last Conjecture) which is studied in the context of Sub-Rings of Complex Numbers (Integers; Rationals).
Category: Algebra

Cherenkov Radiation Effect in Vacuum

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 5 Pages.

The Cherenkov effect usually occurs in a certain medium. In this medium, such as water, the speed of particles exceeds the speed of light in the medium, which will produce observable Cherenkov radiation. If the dielectric constant in the vacuum may change for some reason, such as the increase in the dielectric constant due to vacuum polarization, it may cause the actual speed of photons in the vacuum to be lower than the theoretical speed of light. In this case, even in a vacuum, the Cherenkov scattering effect may occur. In this paper, the data of supernova 1987A is used to estimate the light speed reduction caused by vacuum polarization, and then the energy of the particles needed to produce the Cherenkov effect in vacuum is given. The estimated results are compared with the excess positron data observed by Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS), and it is found that the two are basically the same. Therefore, the excess positron phenomenon observed by AMS2 can also be explained by vacuum Cherenkov radiation.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Malus’s Law and Bell’s Theorem with Local Hidden Variables

Authors: Austin J. Fearnley
Comments: 16 Pages.

A local hidden variables solution of Malus’s Law and a circumvention of Bell’s Theorem. The solution for Bell assumes that antiparticles actually do travel backwards in time and therefore a Bell experiment begins not at the usual source of particle pairs but at the measurement of positrons and ends at the measurement of their paired partner electrons. The solution for Malus’s Law assumes that the distribution of hidden variables in a polarised beam can be deduced by reverse-engineering Malus’s Law intensity calculations. Malus’s Law and Bell’s Experiment can therefore each be explained using local hidden variables. A computer program is given to provide results of a Stern Gerlach detector using local hidden variables in a particle-at-a-time simulation.
Category: Quantum Physics

Chatbot: a Conversational Agent Employed with Named Entity Recognition Model Using Artificial Neural Network

Authors: Nazakat Ali
Comments: 10 Pages.

Chatbot is a technology that is used to mimic human behavior using natural language. There are different types of Chatbot that can be used as conversational agent in various business domains in order to increase the customer service and satisfaction. For any business domain, it requires a knowledge base to be built for that domain and design an information retrieval based system that can respond the user with a piece of documentation or generated sentences. The core component of a Chatbot is Natural Language Understanding (NLU) which has been impressively improved by deep learning methods. But we often lack such properly built NLU modules and requires more time to build it from scratch for high quality conversations. This may encourage fresh learners to build a Chatbot from scratch with simple architecture and using small dataset, although it may have reduced functionality, rather than building high quality data driven methods. This research focuses on Named Entity Recognition (NER) and Intent Classification models which can be integrated into NLU service of a Chatbot. Named entities will be inserted manually in the knowledge base and automatically detected in a given sentence. The NER model in the proposed architecture is based on artificial neural network which is trained on manually created entities and evaluated using CoNLL-2003 dataset.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Miraculous Universe

Authors: Farin Zokaee, Miroslaw Kozlowski
Comments: 5 Pages.

There have been eras in which an educated man could only live up to his standard if he were at the same time a poet and a philosopher and an experimental or mathematical researcher. I argue that it is a time to come back and look for the physics, mathematics and botany - why not, from the different perspective-Fibonacci series
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Exploring the Possible Applicability of Yagya in Present Time: A Review

Authors: V Shrivastava, S Mishra, A Mishra
Comments: 29 Pages. Citation: Ayurveda evam Samagra Swasthya Shodhamala. 2020;2(2):1. https://sites.google.com/dsvv.ac.in/shodhamala-dahh/asssm22/asssm221 - License: Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

Yagya has been one of the core elements of the ancient Indian Culture ever since the Vedic era, and is also an effective therapeutic procedure. The present review article explores the applicability of Yagya during the present time, wherein the principles, procedure and the possible mode of action of Yagya have been described; the efficacy of Ayurvedic medicines and medicinal herbs in the management of various diseases caused by viruses, as well as the diseases that have symptoms similar to those prevalent during present time, have been discussed; the ethnobotanical use of herbal fumigation in the management of various diseases, has been presented; as well as, the efficacy of Yagya Therapy / Integrative approach (including Yagya Therapy) in the management of symptoms of various disease conditions has been illustrated. The review also briefly illustrates the ancient Ayurvedic perspective about epidemics and the possible role of Yagya as a management approach for the same. Based on the information presented herein, the applicability of Yagya in the present time seems to be a promising possibility, that is worth exploring further through proper experimentation and analysis.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Approximation of Euler's Constant

Authors: Richard Zhang
Comments: 1 Page.

It is commonly thought that Euler's number, denoted as `e' is approximately equal to 2.71828. In fact this error is found everywhere and even my CASIO fx-100AU PLUS calculator claims that e = 2.718281828... The following paper will explore this misconception and analytically find another approximation for e.
Category: Number Theory

Progress on Proving the Mass Gap for Yang Mills and Gravity (Maybe It’s Already Proven…)

Authors: Stephane H Maes
Comments: 3 Pages. This submission grants viXra.org a non-exclusive license to distribute the article. I certify that the submitter has the right to grant this license. Revocability would be only if preprint removal were a condition for final publication.

Proving and constructing viable Yang Mills Gauge is a key concern for the Standard Model and an open problem. It has only be solved on lattices. Yet, gravity is not modeled in the Standard Model. We discuss that in a multi-fold universe where gravity emerges from entanglement effects, the spacetime is discrete (fractal with fractional dimensions, noncommutative and still Lorentz invariant). For any Lorentz invariant discrete spacetime, the lattice proofs and their lattice cell size independence completes the proof of the mass gap for Yang Mills Gauge theories. Continuous spacetime may or may not have a mass gap; but it does not matter if the real universe is discrete and Lorentz invariant.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Concept of Strain Delocalisation: Macrocyclic and Biological System, Enzyme Catalysis

Authors: Sosale Chandrasekhar
Comments: 3 Pages.

The titled concept has not been broached so far, and arises from the fact that bond angle strain increases as the square of the concerned angle (torsional strain also behaving similarly). Macrocyclic systems can thus accumulate less overall strain than smaller systems, whether in the ground state or transition state. Although strain delocalisation is generally overridden by forbidding entropic barriers in macrocyclization reactions, strain delocalisation may well be important in enzyme catalysis. This is because entropic effects are largely minimised within the organized interior of an enzyme molecule, so that preferred reaction trajectories are more easily achieved. (Strain delocalisation would also play a role in duplex formation in nucleic acids.)
Category: Chemistry

Massless Neutrino Oscillation Poster with Video Link

Authors: Peter Cameron
Comments: 1 Page. prepared for the neutrino2020 electronic conference, hosted by fermilab https://conferences.fnal.gov/nu2020/

Two essential conceptual structures - geometric representation of Clifford algebra wavefunctions [1,2] and quantized impedances of wavefunction interactions [3] - are absent from particle theorists’ toolkits. Their synthesis offers a complementary Standard Model perspective, focusing not on Lagrangian flow of energy and information, but rather on what governs amplitude and phase of that flow - impedance matching of wavefunction interactions. Photon excitation of two-component Dirac spinor vacuum wavefunctions permits calculation of two fundamental constants - electric permittivity and magnetic permeability - and from these the scale-invariant 377 ohm far-field vacuum impedance excited and seen by the photon [4,5,6]. This suggests extending the method to near-field of the full eight-component geometric vacuum wavefunction of Clifford algebra [7]. Such a model offers maximally natural three-component massless neutrino oscillation via the additional vacuum impedance phase shifts [8], with absence of right-hand neutrinos required by failure of three-component associativity in the eight-component octonion algebra [9].
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Compound Word Made by Merge of Initial Simple Words.

Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 2 Pages. -

Examples of the structural analysis of the compound words made by the initial simple words used in a conjoint or separate look.
Category: Linguistics

Einstein’s Field Equations and Non-Locality

Authors: Ilija Barukčić
Comments: 34 Pages. (C) Ilija Barukčić, 2020, Jever, Germany. All rights reserved. Published: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3902634 or http://www.ijmttjournal.org/archive/ijmtt-v66i6p515

Objective. Reconciling locality and non-locality in accordance with Einstein’s general theory of relativity appears to be more than only a hopeless endeavor. Theoretically this seems almost impossible. Methods. The usual tensor calculus rules were used. Results. Einstein’s field equations were simply reformulated in terms of Weyl’s curvature tensor without any contradiction, without changing Einstein’s field equations at all and without adding anything new to Einstein’s field equations. Conclusions. Weyl’s curvature tensor is not completely identical with a tensor of non-locality. Keywords: principium identitatis, principium contradictionis, theory of relativity, Unified field theory, causality
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Solution to Einstein's Field Equations in Which the Lambda Discrepancy Is Resolved

Authors: Greg P. Proper
Comments: 5 Pages.

The acceptance of the multiverse by prominent cosmologists opens the door to exploring alternative solutions to Einstein's field equations. This brief paper explores the mathematics of an alternative solution in which it is postulated that dτ physically behaves differently than it does in the FLRW cosmology (i.e., dτ=a(t)dt as opposed to the FLRW's dτ=dt).  The equations that are analogous to the Friedmann equations contain an additional a² term, and the equation that is analogous to the Friedmann acceleration equation has a change in sign. The age-based a(t)=t/t₀ solution to these equations results in an Einstein variable gravity model in which the cosmological constant (Λ) discrepancy is resolved. The analogs to the Friedmann equations, when evaluated between the Planck era and t₀ effectively reduce to the same expression as the calculation of the vacuum Zero-point energy, i.e. Ω_ΛZ=10¹²⁰
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Adiabatic Invariance and Newton's Constant

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 4 Pages.

We point out that Newton’s constant may be interpreted as adiabatic invariant of metric oscillations in the far-field approximation of General Relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Comments On: a New Additive Decomposition of Velocity Gradient, by B. Sun [phys. Fluids 31, 061702 (2019)]

Authors: Abhijit Mitra
Comments: 4 pages

Comments on “A new additive decomposition of velocity gradient [Phys. Fluids 31, 061702 (2019)]" is presented.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Structure Model of Uranium Nucleus U-235

Authors: Michael Tzoumpas
Comments: 7 Pages.

The structure of the nuclei begins with the so-called lower-order nuclei, as the deuterium H-2, tritium H-3 and helium He-3, which evolve into helium nucleus He-4 and then first upper-order oxygen nucleus O-16 that has four helium nuclei He-4 in a column of strong negative electric field. Furthermore, the second upper-order calcium nucleus Ca is based on the fundamental natural phenomenon of mirror symmetry, by repeating the first upper-order oxygen nucleus and its half, i.e. at the 2,5 factor. The same stands with the third upper-order tin nucleus Sn, which emerged from the second upper-order calcium nucleus Ca, according to the mirror symmetry and the same 2,5 factor. It is noted that the tin nucleus Sn will further form the basis for the structure of all heavy nuclei up to the radioactive uranium nucleus U-235. That is the simple and elegant structure model, according to which the nuclei consist of fixed helium nuclei He-4 (plus deuterium, tritium and helium He-3, all evolving into helium He-4) and neutrons rotating around of them.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

SARS-COV-2: Defferent Age, Different Virion

Authors: Arturo Tozzi
Comments: 5 Pages.

We suggest that the SARS-Cov-2 particles emerging from the cells of elder or pediatric hosts are phenotypically different, because they are equipped with a slightly different envelope. This might contribute to the well-documented variations of COVID-19 symptoms severity in populations of different ages.
Category: Quantitative Biology

How a New Mathematics May with Advantage be Applied in Science

Authors: J Gerard Wolff
Comments: 69 Pages.

This paper is about a proposed "New Mathematics" (NM) and its potential in science. The NM is proposed as an amalgamation of mathematics with the "SP System" -- meaning the "SP Theory of Intelligence" and its realisation in the "SP Computer Model" -- both now and as they may be developed in the future. A key part of the structure and workings of the SP System and the proposed NM is the compression of information via the matching and unification of patterns. A preamble includes: brief notes about solipsism in science; an introduction to the SP System with pointers to where fuller information may be found; an outline of how the NM may be developed; and a discussion of several aspects of information compression; In sections that follow: 1) A summary of some of the potential benefits of the NM in science, including: adding an AI dimension to mathematics; facilitating the integration of mathematics, logic, and computing; development of the NM as a "universal framework for the representation and processing of diverse kinds of knowledge" (UFK); a new perspective on statistics; and new concepts of proof, theorem, and so on. 2) A discussion of mathematical and non-mathematical means of representing and processing scientific knowledge. 3) A discussion of how the NM may help overcome the known problems with infinity in physics. 4) how the NM may help in modelling of the quantum mechanics concepts of 'superposition' and 'qubits' via analogies with concepts in stochastic computational linguistics and ordinary mathematics. 5) Likewise, how the NM may prove useful in modelling the quantum mechanics concept of 'nonlocality' and 'entanglement' via an analogy with the phenomenon of discontinuous dependencies in natural languages. 6) How the NM, with the SP System, provides alternative, and arguably more plausible, interpretations of such concepts as the 'Mathematical Universe Hypothesis' and the 'Many Worlds' interpretation of quantum mechanics, as described in Max Tegmark's book "Our Mathematical Universe". Two appendices including: A) a tentative 'tsunami' interpretation of the concept of 'wave-particle duality' in quantum mechanics; and B) A discussion of the possibility of interference fringes with real tsunamis.
Category: Quantum Physics

Density of the Rotating Universe

Authors: Michael John Sarnowski
Comments: 4 Pages.

The Big Bang theory basically states that the universe is expanding and that there is point that there could be a critical density at which the universe could go on expanding forever or crunch. The theory of a rotating universe can also have a critical density is different for rotating universe. To contrast with the big bang theory, a rotating universe would have an equilibrium density. In fact, the particular rotating universe that this theory deals with is that our universe may be in equilibrium with neither contraction or expansion but with kinetic and potential energy. In Sphere Theory of the Universe, the universe is rotating. This rotating universe has mass where parts of it are moving at familiar velocities and some are moving at relativistic velocities. Size itself is confused, in that nothing really travels in a straight line, and therefore we are trying to weed out these problems in calculating the size of the universe. It appears that light itself travels in a spiral, which is controlled by gravitational forces. The observed quantities of particles are further complicated in that the relativistic velocities make the quantities of particles look higher. The concentrations of particles are highest at the center of the sphere, but the rotation imparts energy that makes things look like the concentration is mostly uniform. This paper tries to sort out these problems and present a Mass, Size, and Equilibrium Density of the Universe. The mass of the universe, which would include matter, dark matter, and dark energy. There is still some work to figure exactly what is going on the potential and kinetic energy. The equilibrium appears to be about 8.01*10^-25 kilograms per meter cubed. The spinning universe iuch denser than an expanding universe. The radius of the spinning universe is much smaller than an expanding universe at 3.1 billion light years, but light gets bent as it travels out to the edge of the universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Origin of the Words Embrace  

Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 1 Page. -

The Russian words of identical value in two options of pronunciation and writing are considered
Category: Linguistics

Frost and Snow in Mid July, 2020?

Authors: Edgars Alksnis
Comments: 2 Pages.

Several astrogeophysical cooling factors are overlapping in mid-July.
Category: Climate Research

Tangent Velocity Of Schwarzschild Geodesics

Authors: Eric Su
Comments: 3 Pages. Note that the author does not read Disqus comments here, please respond by email. Including a list of publications is also a healthy gesture.

Schwarzschild metric describes the geodesic of massless point in a manifold created by a point mass at the origin. The metric forbids any mass on the geodesic. The speed of light along the geodesic is a function of its distance to the origin. The time is also a function of the distance. Consequently, light accelerates through the geodesic unless the geodesic follows a circular orbit around the origin which Schwarzschild characterized with Kepler's law.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Huygens Formula is Exact for a Very Large Angle: The Moon-Earth System as a Gigantic Pendulum Clock

Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this paper, we look at the Earth and Moon as a gigantic pendulum clock. To find its periodicity, we used Huygens pendulum periodic calculations. The Huygens formula should supposedly only hold for a very small angle, but remarkably, we find it to be accurate for a very large angle clock, namely 360 degrees. The Huygens formula predicts the orbital period of the Moon to be approximately 27.42 days, which is only about 0.3\% off from the official number of the Moon's orbital period. Actually, the Huygens formula is exact for a very large angle, which is equal to 360 degrees.
Category: Astrophysics

Forest and Steppe, Pole and Plus: Origin of words

Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 18 Pages. -

The origin and meaning of the words in the title are considered. The translation of article from Russian into English is enclosed.
Category: Linguistics

Universal Constants from Self-Similarity and Adiabatic Invariance

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 12 Pages.

We explore the idea that three universal constants of theoretical physics reflect the asymptotic approach to self-similarity and adiabatic invariance of weakly coupled oscillators.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Different Levitation Systems Observed in Big Basin UFOs, EMEC and Anti Maxwell Effect and Free Energy.

Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 23 Pages.

In Quantum FFF Theory, there are different levitation systems possible observed in Big Basin UFOs. Two systems (1,2) are assumed to use a new physics magnetic field effect called “Anti Maxwell Dip” effect dependent of the conductor diameter around each current in a wire without an equal reaction force. According to Quantum FFF Theory. The third system (EMEC) is a new physics centrifugal effect based on Electron Muon conversion in a torus shape, also without reaction force. (3) 1e, The Dual different diameter electric conductor based solenoidal or Dual Diameter Solenoidal Effect (DDSE) B=0 effect and Lorentz levitation effect. 2e, The Triple Different Diameter Electric wire Lorentz levitation effect. (TDDE) 3e, The EMEC : Electron- Muon-Electron Conversion centrifugal effect.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Gravity Induced Anomalies Smearing in Standard Model so that Protons May Never Decay, Except in Black Holes

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 4 Pages. This submission grants viXra.org a non-exclusive license to distribute the article. I certify that the submitter has the right to grant this license. Revocability would be only if preprint removal were a condition for final publication.

Gravity is not modeled in the Standard Model. The Proton decay, predicted by many GUTs, TOEs, supersymmetry, supergravity theories and superstrings, is forbidden in the Standard Model because the proton is the lightest baryon and the conservation of the lepton and baryon numbers would be violated. In New Physics beyond the Standard Model, such violations could be tolerated because the baryon and lepton number symmetries have chirality anomalies. We discuss that in a multi-fold universe, where gravity emerges from entanglement effects, or in a universe where gravity is strong enough to cause chirality flips of fermions, these anomalies are smeared so that the baryon and lepton symmetries could be no more anomalous, and conservation of the baryon and lepton numbers could be seen as stricter. As a result, proton decay could remain forbidden, except when gravity is extreme. It has significant consequences for theories predicting proton decay but matches the total lack of any proton decay observation so far.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Hidden Relations in the FRW Cosmological Model

Authors: Miron Newelski
Comments: 6 Pages.

This article presents the relations occurring in the FRW cosmological model: the radius of the visible universe is π times the age of the universe, Hubble's law is expressed by the relation ln(1 + Z), The deceleration parameter q = 1 - π/2 .
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

AIXI Responses to Newcomblike Problems

Authors: Davide Zagami
Comments: 5 Pages.

We provide a rigorous analysis of AIXI's behaviour under repeated Newcomblike settings. In this context, a Newcomblike problem is a setting where an agent is tied against an environment that contains a perfect predictor, whose predictions are used to determine the environmet's outputs. Since AIXI lacks good convergence properties, we chose to focus the analysis on determining whether an environment appears computable to AIXI, that is, if it maps actions to observations in a way that a computable program can achieve. It is in this sense that, it turns out, AIXI can learn to one-box in *repeated* Opaque Newcomb, and to smoke in *repeated* Smoking Lesion, but may fail all other Newcomblike problems, because we found no way to reduce them in a computable form. However, we still suspect that AIXI can succeed in the repeated settings.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Conditions for Stable Equilibrium of the Upright Human Body in the Absence and Presence of External Influence

Authors: Karlo Moistsrapishvili
Comments: 10 Pages. -

Introduction: This paper combines two previous scientific works [1, 2]. It investigates conditions of the equilibrium stability of a cylinder (shaped homogeneous body) in order to study the equilibrium stability of a human body of different proportions. A new method to determine a human body’s common center of gravity is proposed. An optimal bending forward angle at which the degree of the equilibrium stability of an upright standing person reaches its maximum value is defined and relevant conclusions are drawn. In addition, external forces are also introduced, which may disturb the stable equilibrium and cause the body to tumble. The paper also introduces the concept of the coefficient of the stable equilibrium and proposes a formula for its calculation. Finally, a formula is set up to obtain the maximum value of external forces under which the body still maintains the state of equilibrium. Key words: equilibrium stability; common center of gravity; optimal bending; critical angles, stability coefficient, force of gravity, external force, overturning.
Category: Physics of Biology

Disruptive Gravity: Gravitation as Quantizable Spacetime Bending Force

Authors: Ramsès Bounkeu Safo
Comments: 19 Pages.

Gravity is the most problematic interaction of modern science. Our current understanding of gravitation as a spacetime curvature needs the introduction of both Dark Matter and Dark Energy accounting for 95\% of the energy of the universe. Questioning the very foundations of gravity might be the key to understanding it better since its description changed over time. Newton described it as a force, Einstein described it as a spacetime curvature and this paper shows how gravity can be described as a force able to bend spacetime instead. Based on a physical interpretation of the Schwarzschild metric, this approach yields the same predictions as General Relativity such as Mercury’s Perihelion Precession, Light Bending, Time Dilation and Gravitational Waves as well as predicted testable deviations from General Relativity. Applying this description of gravity to cosmology accounts for the accelerating expanding universe with no need for Dark Energy. Described as a spacetime bending force, gravity becomes quantizable as a force in a curved spacetime which is compatible with the Standard Model of particle physics. Therefore, one could adapt the Lagrangian of the Standard Model to this theory to achieve Quantum Gravity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Code Generation Models and the Enigmatic Code

Authors: George Plousos
Comments: 6 Pages. corrected

Models are presented that describe the process of creating the Gray code and other similar codes without any calculation. These models are based on simple and rigid rules. Of the codes obtained in this way, only one does not correspond to a sequence ofOEIS, and it remains unknown whether it can be used somewhere.
Category: Number Theory

Using Advanced Keyword Strings to Predict a Pandemic

Authors: H. Dhaliwal
Comments: 4 Pages.

When a new virus emerges, news articles will be written about it on the internet on first word of it. Furthermore, users on social media sites (e.g. reddit) will give advice on how to prepare for a pandemic with items to buy. Therefore searching the internet using certain keywords to see if such articles or posts exist may help determine if a new virus exists and this process may be automated and make use of artificial intelligence or a human may scan through the results. This may prevent a possible future pandemic. For example the following keyword string can be used for each week (keywords were extracted from web page links below).
Category: Education and Didactics

A Simple Nano-Bio Signal Processing Informatics R&D Framework With Machine Learning.

Authors: Nirmal Tej Kumar
Comments: 11 Pages. Short Communication

[ A General Multi-disciplinary Thermal Mapping + Signal Processing System to Probe (Graphene Quantum Dots + Virus ) based Nano-Bio Sensor for COVID-19 BIO-CHEMICAL INFORMATION PROCESSING w.r.t Theory + Algorithms + Experimentation + Machine Learning as an interesting Suggestion ]
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Some Samples of Building a System of Objects of a Given Kind

Authors: Viktor Strohm
Comments: 10 Pages. the science category that best suits your submission + mathematics, philosophy

According to Urmantsev’s System theory [1] a system of objects is built. In the first and second samples a set of prime numbers is considered as a system of objects. A difference between two prime numbers is taken as a relation between objects. A periodicity is found in the pair of two intervals, to the previous prime number and to the next one. In the next samples the system of objects representing the distance between the center of planets and the sun is considered. Mainly Mercury is considered and some oscillations were found as for annual periods, so as for some particular points of the orbit, aphelion and perihelion.
Category: Astrophysics

Study on the Coastal Bathymetry Based on Sentinel-2 Satellite Image and Gebco Data

Authors: GyongBong Ju, CholMin Won, UnChol RI, CholJu Kim
Comments: 10 Pages.

This article proposes a new bathymetry in coastal areas based on multi-spectral satellite images (Sentinel-2 satellite images) and GEBCO (General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans) data. To measure the water depth of the coastal area, an empirical model has selected, and a new model has obtained by interpreting the relationship between each element of the model and the spectral band of the Sentinel-2 satellite image. Also, a sunlight reflection correction model has established to overcome the effect of sunlight reflection, one of the main factors that limit the accuracy of remotely sensed data. Linear regression analysis is performed between the results derived from the new model and the GEBCO data to determine the coefficients and then used the raster calculator to get the desired results. Field bathymetry data is expensive and difficult to obtain, but Sentinel-2 satellite images and GEBCO data can bedownloaded for free from the website at any time. Therefore, it is easy to measure a wide range of coastal water depths in a short time using this method. The proposed bathymetry can quickly realize using QGIS spatial analysis tools.
Category: Geophysics

Study on the Design of the Two-axial Solar Tracking System

Authors: UnChol Ri, YongBae Kim, GumChol Ri, HyonChol Jo
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this paper, research on the design of a dual-axis solar tracker was conducted. The designed dual-axis solar tracker has a simple structure, reliable operation characteristics, and superior power generation characteristics compared to a fixed type solar panel. Also, since the control circuit is composed of individual elements, it is much easier to manufacture and repair than other dual-axis solar trackers in case of malfunction during operation. Due to these characteristics, the dual-axis solar tracker proposed in this paper is likely to be widely used in solar power generation systems using sunlight tracking in a wider range.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

A Study on the Treatment of Epididymis Obstructive Azoospermia Using Microsurgical Vessels

Authors: NamHyok KIM，GyuSol Han，UnChol Ri
Comments: 3 Pages.

From March 2010 to October 2015, microsurgical vas deferens epididymis anastomosis used to treat 25 cases of epididymis obstructive azoospermia. And postoperative recanalization and sperm motility were analyzed. The patients were routinely examined for semen at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after the operation, and the sperm density (82.6 ± 22.8) × 106 / ml when the sperm first discovered and the activity rate was (35.1 ± 8 .5) %, sperm motility a grade ratio is 16.0%, b grade ratio is 32.0%, c grade ratio is 40.0%, d grade ratio is 12.0%, surgical recanalization rate is 92. 0%. There were 16 cases of spouse pregnancy 1 year after surgery. Microsurgical vas deferens epididymal duct anastomosis is effective in treating epididymal obstructive azoospermia.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Our Fractal Universe

Authors: Michael John Sarnowski
Comments: 11 Pages.

Granular Spacetime Sphere Theory predicts that our universe is a sphere made of spheres. These spheres made of spheres are fractals from level to level. This theory is taken down to its roots and shows that the universe starts with what could be labeled a quasi-point particle and builds it up to a multiverse. The theory can now be used to predict a gravitational constant of $G=6.674379282299*10^{-11}\frac{m^3}{kg*s^2}$This is in line with the low sigma measurements of $6.674184 *10^{-11}$ [6]$6.674484*10^{-11}\frac{m^3}{kg*s^2}$[6] $6.67433*10^{-11}\frac{m^3}{kg*s^2}$[7] and the UZur-06 measurement of $6.67425*10^{-11}\frac{m^3}{kg*s^2}$ This value obtained in this paper affirms the values shown in the Nature Article “Measurements of the gravitational constant using two independent methods” and it affirms that there really was no big bang and the universe is actually rotating and the size is limited by the outer edge not being able to move faster than the speed of light.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr and His Beloved Nation

Authors: Guillermo Rios
Comments: 4 Pages.

This is an essay about the significance of Dr. King's "I have a dream" speech, but using Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address as a template and source of style and inspiration. This work was shared in the political forum of Glendale Community College, Glendale, California, USA.
Category: Social Science

The Information Volume of Uncertain Information: (7) Information Quality

Authors: Dingbing Li, Yong Deng
Comments: 10 Pages.

Information quality is a concept that can be used to measure the information of probability distribution. Dempster-Shafer evidence theory can describe uncertain information more reasonably than probability theory. Therefore, it is a research hot spot to propose information quality applicable to evidence theory. Recently, Deng proposed the concept of information volume based on Deng entropy. It is worth noting that, compared with the Deng entropy, the information volume of the Deng entropy contains more information. Obviously, it may be more reasonable to use information volume of Deng entropy to represent uncertain information. Therefore, this article proposes a new information quality, which is based on the information volume of Deng entropy. In addition, when the basic probability (BPA) degenerates into a probability distribution, the proposed information quality is consistent with the information quality proposed by Ygare and Petry. Finally, several numerical examples illustrate the effectiveness of this new method.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

On the Existence of Triangles

Authors: Volker Thürey
Comments: 2 Pages.

We formulate criterions about the existence of triangles depending on its sidelengths.
Category: Geometry

Host Range Analysis of Rousettus Bat Coronavirus Hku-9

Authors: John F. Signus
Comments: 13 pages. Detailed Keyword search

The representative member of the genus Nobecovirus, Bat Coronavirus HKU-9, was one of the least known memebers of the genus Betacoronaviruses. Here we performed a detailed analysis of the known and potential host ranges of HKU-9.
Category: Biochemistry

Nature of Beginning

Authors: John Hodge
Comments: 2 Pages.

The Big Bang's model of the beginning of our universe is inconsistent with all other forms of beginning in the universe. The Scalar Theory of Everything (STOE) posits the general principles of all the components of the universe also apply to the universe as a whole. Therefore, the universe began as a single source, grew, and multiplied.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

First Steps of Vector Differential Calculus

Authors: Eckhard Hitzer
Comments: 31 Pages. Proofs for all common formulas of vector differential calculus in an elementary step by step fashion.

This paper treats the fundamentals of the *vector differential calculus* part of *universal geometric calculus.* Geometric calculus simplifies and unifies the structure and notation of mathematics for all of science and engineering, and for technological applications. In order to make the treatment self-contained, I first compile all important *geometric algebra* relationships, which are necessary for vector differential calculus. Then *differentiation by vectors* is introduced and a host of major vector differential and vector derivative relationships is proven explicitly in a very elementary step by step approach. The paper is thus intended to serve as reference material, giving details, which are usually skipped in more advanced discussions of the subject matter.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Coexistence Positive and Negative-Energy States in the Dirac Equation with One Electron

Authors: Satoshi Hanamura
Comments: 8 Pages.

Having solved the Dirac equation, we obtained the concept of a spinor. There are two solutions to the Dirac equation, one with positive-energy states and one with negative-energy states. Conventionally, these two positive and negative states have been interpreted and corresponded to electrons and positrons. This paper aims to represent that we interpret the positive and negative states of the Dirac equation as two spinor particles contained in one electron, and examine their validity. As a result, adapting the previous study (i.e., The 0-sphere Electron Model) to the Dirac equation's positive and negative solutions gave a new interpretation of the negative-energy status. The positive and negative states of mass correspond to a thermal potential energy's radiation and absorption, respectively. The positive and negative momentum states could be described based on the simple harmonics oscillation of the virtual photon's kinetic energy.
Category: Quantum Physics

Highlights of Ethiopian History and Culture

Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 11 Pages.

Ethiopia’s history and culture was hidden for centuries from the outside world due to different factors and has not been known as it deserves. One of the factors is the fact that Ethiopia was largely isolated following the decline of the Axum (Aksum) civilization around 700 A.D. Unlike most ancient civilizations, the history of Axum is not widely known in the mainstream and some historians are surprised when they somehow learn about it, wondering why it was not part of their university studies. Ethiopia has a rich history of at least three thousand years. Its prehistory, the Axum civilization and the last one thousand and three hundred years of its history are fascinating. Today, thanks to the internet, Ethiopian history and culture is increasingly being known, overcoming past prejudices and biases. This is good not only for Ethiopia, but also for many who are interested in history, culture and religion. It is especially good for Ethiopian history because, as seen in Youtube videos and online articles, it helps in the systematic exploration and documentation of Ethiopian history by genuine historians and enthusiasts around the world. Many people, however, still remain unaware of Ethiopia’s history. This note aims to help interested readers discover and explore Ethiopian history and culture for themselves. It also examines the prolonged violence that has unfolded in Ethiopia over the past four decades against the Amhara people, which many scholars and observers have long identified as a genocide.
Category: Social Science

The Electromagnetic Origin of the 3 Gev Peak in the Flux Profiles of Cosmic Rays Protons

Authors: Osvaldo F. Schilling
Comments: 6 Pages. 2 figures

In two recent publications we developed a field theoretical model in which the origin of baryons is associated with the stabilization of charge vortices from vacuum. According to this model the vortices should condense from a state 2.7 GeV higher in energy than the proton rest energy. In support of such a picture, all number- flux and energy-flux profiles taken from protons cosmic rays ( CR) display a peak in the range between 2.5 and 4 GeV( the form of this peak may suffer the influence on particles of the Sun magnetic field). In the present work we demonstrate through a simple calculation that the observed peak at ~ 3 GeV would correspond to the “elastic” limit of a vortex-proton structure. Any excess energy should then be released through radiation to avoid “melting” of the vortices, so that particles mostly concentrate at values of energy lower than 3 GeV.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A System-Theoretic Point of View on the Nonlinearity of Some Dynamic Systems

Authors: Emanuel Gluskin
Comments: 10 Pages. A new outlook on the system nonlinearity is presented.

We consider the concept of structural nonlinearity, that is, the nonlinearity expressed as an influence of the processes in the system on its structure. As the given examples show, this concept is very useful.
Category: Classical Physics

Pappus Chain and Division by Zero Calculus

Authors: Hiroshi Okumura
Comments: 6 Pages.

We consider circles touching two of three circles forming arbeloi with division by zero and division by zero calculus.
Category: Geometry

The Modern "Magic Nunbers" Differs Importantly From the Original Numbers of Prof. Wigner's in Only One Number

Authors: George R. Briggs
Comments: 1 Page.

In MHCE8S modern universe theory, the "magic numbers" of Eugene Wigner differ in only two numbers and in only one of these importantly
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gravity Killed the Dinosaurs

Authors: Seamus McCelt
Comments: 6 Pages. optimized size

Whenever the solar system passes through the galactic plane it picks-up an additional amount of dark matter. An increase in dark matter increases the strength of gravity. Increased gravity increases the weight of the dinosaurs and that kills-off the huge dinosaurs in stages. There might have been an asteroid impact. But that is NOT what killed the dinosaurs. There were multiple extinctions - millions of years apart - impact gets ruled out as the sole reason.
Category: Geophysics

Rotating Black Hole Universe and Anti-gravity

Authors: Zbigniew Osiak
Comments: 17 Pages.

On the basis of a black-hole model of the static Universe, a black-hole model of the spinning Universe was proposed. At the same mass, the spinning Universe has (relative to static) a larger radius, lower density, energy density and thickness of the anti-gravity halo.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Wirujący Wszechświat Czarnodziurowy I Antygrawitacja ### Rotating Black Hole Universe and Antigravity

Authors: Zbigniew Osiak
Comments: 17 Pages.

Na bazie czarnodziurowego modelu statycznego Wszechświata zaproponowano czarnodziurowy model wirującego Wszechświata. Przy tej samej masie wirujący Wszechświat ma (w stosunku do statycznego) większy promień, mniejszą gęstość, gęstość energii i grubość powłoki antygrawitacyjnej. ### On the basis of a black-hole model of the static Universe, a black-hole model of the spinning Universe was proposed. At the same mass, the spinning Universe has (relative to static) a larger radius, lower density, energy density and thickness of the anti-gravity halo.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Junction Model of Multiverse: a Possible Way of Time Travel, Inter-Dimensional Travel and Travel to Another Universe

Authors: Shuvadip Ganguli
Comments: 26 Pages. Originally Published in International Journal of Advance Research and Innovative Ideas in Education (IJARIIE), e-ISSN: 2395-4396, Volume/Issue: Volume 6 Issue 3 2020, DUI:16.0415/IJARIIE-12101

There are many theories about the origin of the Universe. But the most widely accepted explanation is the Big Bang theory. According to this theory the universe as we know it started with a small singularity. In this paper, I am trying to show a different concept about the shape of our universe after the Big Bang and an alternate approach to the known Universe and Multiverse theory. I named this model 'Junction Model of Universe and Multiverse‘ (JUM and JMM). Then I‘ll show a different technique of time travel, inter-dimensional travel and travel to different Universes by our wave function (or you can say it consciousness).
Category: Astrophysics

The Lonnie Zamora Spacecraft Symbol

Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 2 Pages. ufology paper

On Friday, April 24th, 1964 at about 5:50 P.M., Lonnie Zamora saw an alien spaceship with beings walking around outside of it. He also saw a red symbol on the side of the alien spaceship. This paper serves to explain what that symbol stood for. It was a “this side up” symbol, a common symbol used on boxes and items that need to be given an orientation in 3D space. Explanation is provided with some other conjecture.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Quantum Gravity Emergence from Entanglement in a Multi-Fold Universe

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 84 Pages. Paper accepted for publication HIJ, Vol 2, No 4, pp 136-219, Dec 2022. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/

We start from a hypothetical multi-fold universe U_MF, where the propagation of everything is slower or equal to the speed of light and where entanglement extends the set of paths available to Path Integrals. This multifold mechanism enables EPR (Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen) "spooky actions at distance" to result from local interactions in the resulting folds. It produces gravity-like attractive effective potentials in the spacetime, between entangled entities, that are caused by the curvature of the folds. When quantized, multi-folds correspond to gravitons and they are enablers of EPR entanglement. Gravity emerges non-perturbative and covariant from EPR entanglement between virtual particles surrounding an entity. In U_MF, we encounter mechanisms that predict gravity fluctuations when entanglement is present, including in macroscopic entanglements. Besides providing a new perspective on quantum gravity, when added to the Standard Model as (SM_G), with non-negligible affects at its scales, and to the Standard Cosmology, U_MF can contribute explanations of several open questions and challenges. It also clarifies some relationships and challenges met by other quantum gravity models and Theories of Everything. It leads to suggestions for these works. We also reconstruct the spacetime of U_MF, starting from the random walks of particles in an early spacetime. U_MF now appears as a noncommutative, discrete, yet Lorentz symmetric, spacetime that behaves roughly 2-Dimensional at Planck scales, when it is a graph of microscopic Planck size black holes on a random walk fractal structure left by particles that can also appear as microscopic black holes. Of course, at larger scales, spacetime appears 4-D, where we are able to explain curvature and recover Einstein’s General Relativity. We also discover an entanglement gravity-like contributions and massive gravity at very small scales. This is remarkable considering that no Hilbert Einstein action, or variations expressing area invariance, were introduced. Our model also explains why semi classical approaches can work till way smaller scale than usually expected and present a new view on an Ultimate Unification of all forces, at very small scales. We also explore opportunities for falsifiability and validation of our model, as well as ideas for futuristic applications, that may be worth considering, if U_MF was a suitable model for our universe U_real.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Transparent Diffraction Grating Interferometers

Authors: Kevin R. River
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper will present three interferometer designs that use transparent diffraction gratings to create light paths that cause coherent light to produce interference patterns.
Category: Classical Physics

Towards Geographic, Demographic, and Climatic Hypotheses Exploration on Covid-19 Spread an Open Source Johns Hopkins University Time Series Normalisation, and Integration Layer

Authors: Karim Baina
Comments: 29 Pages.

Epidemiologist, Scientists, Statisticians, Historians, Data engineers and Data scientists are working on finding descriptive models and theories to explain COVID-19 expansion phenomena or on building analytics predictive models for learning the apex of COVID-19 confirmed cases, recovered cases, and deaths evolution time series curves. In CRISP-DM life cycle, 75% of time is consumed only by data preparation phase causing lot of pressures and stress on scientists and data scientists building machine learning models. This paper aims to help reducing data preparation efforts by presenting detailed data preparation repository with shell and python scripts for formatting, normalising, and integrating Johns Hopkins University COVID-19 daily data via three normalisation user stories applying data preparation at lexical, syntactic & semantics and pragmatic levels, and four integration user stories through geographic, demographic, climatic, and distance based similarity dimensions, among others. This paper and related open source repository will help data engineers and data scientists aiming to deliver results in an agile analytics life cycle adapted to critical COVID-19 context.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Bar and Barrier, Course and Courier, Corset, Waist, Standard, Bust, Their Probable Etymology

Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 26 Pages. -

The probable origin of Russian words considered to be borrowed was examined.
Category: Linguistics

Causality Violation in Quantum, Electromagnetic and Gravitational Phenomena– Wave- Particle Duality as an Overwhelming Direct Evidence of Divine Intervention!

Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 16 Pages.

One of the yet unsolved, simplest yet fundamental problems in physics is the question of the speed of gravitational action. It is usually formulated as follows. Suppose that the Sun disappeared suddenly. This would be sensed on Earth as a loss of gravitational pull of the Sun and as a loss of sunlight. Obviously, sunlight would disappear after 8.3 minutes. The question is: will gravitational pull of the Sun on Earth disappear instantaneously or with a delay of the speed of light?The accepted, mainstream understanding is that loss of Sun’s gravity would also be felt on Earth with a delay of the speed of light. However, based on astronomical observations, some experts have argued that the direction of gravitational pull of the Sun on Earth now is directed towards the position of the Sun now, implying instantaneous transmission. Moreover, they have argued that finite speed of gravity will result in instability of planetary systems. However, another line of reasoning has also shown that this literal view of instantaneous transmission is also wrong. This paradox leads us to a profound conclusion that the speed of gravity has dual nature: light speed and instantaneous.How can this be? The new finding is that causality will be (apparently or actually) violated in gravitational phenomenon as follows. Suppose that the Sun disappeared at time t = 0.The strange thing is that the Sun will anticipate its disappearance and will emitzero gravitational field toward the Earth 8.3 minutes before its actual disappearance! This signal travels at the speed of light and reach the Earth after 8.3 minutes. This means that the signal of zero gravitational field will reach the Earth at time t= 0. The arrival of zero gravitational field at the Earth will coincide exactly in time with the disappearance of the Sun, implying instantaneous transmission. Thus, by apparent violation of causality, nature allows the speed of gravity to be both finite (light speed) and infinite.Actually, the discovery of this idea of causality violation did not emerge from investigation of the gravitational phenomenon discussed above. It emerged from a line of reasoning during investigation of quantum phenomena, such as particle interference patterns in double-slit experiments, quantum entanglement, “which way” and quantum erasure experiments.From a new insight about the internal structure and dynamics of quantum particles such as photons and electrons, a conclusion has been reached that the exact point on the detector screen of a double-slit experiment where a photon will land is completely predetermined by fine tuning the initial conditions of the photon and the electron during emission. This means that where exactly a photon lands on the detecting screen is completely predetermined by its initial conditions, just as where exactly a ball lands on the ground is predetermined by its initial conditions. This means that an interference pattern or any arbitrary pattern could be formed on the detector screen by (almost) infinitely fine-tuning the initial conditions of the photon during emission, regardless of whether one or both slits are open, regardless of the distance between the slits, regardless of the distance of the detecting screen. In principle, a mechanical version of particle interference patterns can be created by repeatedly kicking a ball towards a hole (‘slit’ ) in a wall, with a ‘detector’ wall at some arbitrary distance from the hole(s). This would require almost ‘infinite’ fine tuning of the initial conditions of the ball, that is initial velocity, initial direction and other parameters. The interference pattern occurred just because of infinite fine tuning of the initial conditions of the ball and not because the ball ‘interfered’ with itself. We only made a successful simulation, and created the pattern as if the ball interfered with itself. A supernatural football player can create an ‘interference’ pattern on the net by accurately deflecting the ball from either pole. The interference pattern in the photon and electron double-slit experiment is fundamentally the same. The conclusion is that aiming a photon to a particular atom on the screen requires (almost) infinite fine-tuning during emission. This raises the burning question: WHO fine-tunes the photons during emission so that they form an interference pattern or a Gaussian pattern? The emitting atom?The light source conspiring with the detecting screen? Atoms have infinitely small intelligence as to do the infinitely complex task of fine-tuning a photon. The conclusion is that a super natural being is fine-tuning and, literally, aiming each and every photon emitted not only from the light source of a double slit experiment, but also all photons emitted from all light sources in the universe. The overwhelming evidence of divine intervention is that photons and electrons cannot by themselves behave both as waves and as particles simultaneously. LITERALLY, God has been behind all confusing light speed experiments and observations made over centuries. It has been discovered that the correct model of the speed of light is a novel, seamless fusion of ether theory and emission theory ( Apparent Source Theory ). Photons cannot by themselves exhibit this dual nature. Literally, all dualities observed so far in light, electromagnetism and gravity are possible ONLY by DIRECT divine intervention.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Scientific Proof of God Based on Quantum Phenomena - Wave Particle Duality as an Overwhelming Evidence of Direct Divine Intervention !

Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 17 Pages.

From a new insight about the internal structure and dynamics of quantum particles such as photons and electrons, a conclusion has been reached that the exact point on the detector screen of a double-slit experiment where a photon will land is completely predetermined by fine tuning the initial conditions of the photon and the electron during emission. This means that where exactly a photon lands on the detecting screen is completely predetermined by its initial conditions, just as where exactly a ball lands on the ground is predetermined by its initial conditions. This means that an interference pattern or any arbitrary pattern could be formed on the detector screen by (almost) infinitely fine-tuning the initial conditions of the photon during emission, regardless of whether one or both slits are open, regardless of the distance between the slits, regardless of the distance of the detecting screen. In principle, a mechanical version of particle interference patterns can be created by repeatedly kicking a ball towards a hole (‘slit’ ) in a wall, with a ‘detector’ wall at some arbitrary distance from the hole(s). This would require almost ‘infinite’ fine tuning of the initial conditions of the ball, that is initial velocity, initial direction and other parameters. The interference pattern occurred just because of infinite fine tuning of the initial conditions of the ball and not because the ball ‘interfered’ with itself. We just made a successful simulation, and created the pattern as if the ball interfered with itself. A supernatural football player can create an ‘interference’ pattern on the net by accurately deflecting the ball from either pole. The interference pattern in the photon and electron double-slit experiment is fundamentally the same. The conclusion is that aiming a photon to a particular atom on the screen requires (almost) infinite fine-tuning during emission. This raises the burning question: WHO fine-tunes the photons during emission so that they form an interference pattern or a Gaussian pattern? The emitting atom? The light source conspiring with the detecting screen? Atoms have infinitely small intelligence as to do the infinitely complex task of fine-tuning a photon. The conclusion is that a super natural being is fine-tuning and, literally, aiming each and every photon emitted not only from the light source of a double slit experiment, but also all photons emitted from all light sources in the universe. The overwhelming evidence of divine intervention is that photons and electrons cannot by themselves behave both as waves and as particles simultaneously. LITERALLY, God has been behind all confusing light speed experiments and observations made over centuries. It has been discovered that the correct model of the speed of light is a novel, seamless fusion of ether theory and emission theory ( Apparent Source Theory ). Photons cannot by themselves exhibit this dual nature. Literally, all dualities observed so far in light, electromagnetism and gravity are possible ONLY by DIRECT divine intervention.
Category: Quantum Physics

One Page Refutation of Theory of Relativity of Einstein

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 2 Pages. Rejected by many journals, submitted to Physical Review D

The Twin Paradox is explored and proven to be a real contradiction in Einstein's mathematics. The fix to this problem is given, hereby the Absolute Reference System is needed. But the latter does not need new formulas, but rather the known formulas of Einstein.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Revisiting and Extending Kepler's Laws

Authors: Bharath Raj G. N.
Comments: 20 Pages.

Starting from Kepler's laws we can not only derive Newton's Force(F) balance equation but also the Energy(E) conservation equation. We can derive that, E=K+P, where K=Kinetic Energy and P=Potential Energy=-GMm/|r| and E=Constant. Note that, F=m(d^2r/dt^2)=mass*acceleration and F_g=-(GMm/|r|^3)r=Newton's Law of Gravity. Also we get dP/dt=-F_g.(dr/dt), a vector dot product. Here r is the position vector and |r| indicates its magnitude. Thus, we get dE/dt=[F-F_g].(dr/dt), dot product. This is true even when E is not Constant. If E=Constant then, dE/dt=[F-F_g].(dr/dt)=0. This in general means, F-F_g is perpendicular to dr/dt. Not always m(d^2r/dt^2)-F_g=0 as Newton's Universal law of Gravity is stated. Hence Newton's equation encompass only a small subset of all the phenomena covered by the equation dE/dt=0. The equation F=F_g or m(d^2r/dt^2)=-(GMm/|r|^3)r in that form is not even applicable for all 2-body problems in 2D. In general, F=Some component of F_g. Since F_g=-grad(P) we also get that, in general, F=m(d^2r/dt^2)=Some component of -gradient(P). Thus assuming F=-gradient(P) is not valid. Determining which component of F_g is causing the body to accelerate is non-trivial. The free-body diagrams are of limited use and the principle of least action(Lagrangian calculations) employ energy terms but in a much more complicated manner. We can achieve better results directly using the Energy conservation equation. Further we extend the analysis to include Lagrange type 3-body periodic orbit solutions with equilateral configuration and show that Lagrangian/Newtonian method gives some sporadic, apparently unstable solutions, where as the Energy method provides the entire set of stable elliptical orbit solutions including non-equilateral configurations. With Energy method we can also derive a condition which determines whether the 3-bodies end up in an orbit with 1 center of revolution(like in Lagrange type periodic orbits) or end up with 2 centers of revolution(like in the Sun-Earth-Moon system). We also note that the term Inertia coined by Galileo to explain the height conserving property of balls rolling down inclined planes has to be properly interpreted as energy. That is, Inertia = Energy. And we point at the need to replace Newton's Laws of Motion(and Gravity) by the Energy conservation principle. And principle of angular momentum conservation or angular velocity conservation and such.
Category: Classical Physics

Fully Automated Robotic Vehicle with Real Time Image Detection and Collusion Avoiding Features

Authors: Al-Akhir Nayan, Md. Obaidur Rahman, Ahamad Nokib Mozumder, Mohammod Abul Kashem
Comments: 13 Pages. Published in Multidisciplinary Journal of European University of Bangladesh, 5(1), 2020 [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the guidelines of viXra.org]

Due to the simplicity and capability to alter according to our requirements, the robotics and automation are being used widely in industries. The scheme is aimed to assemble an automatic vehicle by using GPS, which is depended on computer to generate its path coordinate. GPS module is utilized to collect GPS data. The mobile camera encounters the obstacles, machine learning algorithm assists to avoid it and performs real time object detection. The automobile uses the electric motors to spin wheels and has full control of the throttle, steering and breaking. An Arduino device pilots the vehicle following the instructions generated by the computer. Traffic has increased by quite a huge number. Excessive number of vehicles leads to large number of vehicle accidents every day. Driver issue is also a great difficulty. The ultimate goal of this work is to minimize the possibilities of accidents and to ensure the safety of the passengers. Thus, the vehicles will be useful for blind and handicraft people. But serving this device to the military is the main target so that they can get benefit at the time of danger. The motorized vehicle includes sensors to observe the surroundings. Besides, it can be managed by human beings, manually.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Comparison of Transthecal Approach with Traditional Conservative Approach for Primary Closure After Incidental Durotomy in Anterior Lumbar Tear

Authors: Mohammadreza Shahmohammadi, Melika Hajimohammadebrahim-Ketabforoush, Faranak Behnaz, Ehsan keykhosravi, Sara Zandpazandi
Comments: 18 Pages.

Objective: This study aimed to compare the transthecal approach with the conservative approach for primary closure after durotomy in anterior lumbar dural tear. The study also intended to assess the efficacy of the transthecal approach to decrease postsurgical complications and costs. Materials and Methods: A total of 21 patients undergoing L2-S1 laminectomy with anterior incidental durotomy were randomly divided into a transthecal group (n=9) and a conservative group (n=12) based on the surgical dural closure technique. Postoperative pseudomeningocele, wound infection, rootlet herniation, pneumocephalus, CSF leakage, headache, meningitis, in addition to surgery duration and length of hospitalization, were examined and compared in the both groups. Results: The frequency of pseudomeningocele and CSF leakage in patients undergoing the transthecal approach was significantly lower than those undergoing the conservative approach (P=0.045 and P=0.008, respectively). Furthermore, although, the differences in the frequency of meningitis, pneumocephalus, headache, and wound infection were not statistically significant between the two groups, the effect size of the comparison was obtained 49.4, 19.8, 7.1, and 2.6, respectively. This indicated that the differences were clinically significant between the two groups. Conclusions: We found that the both approaches of dural closure, whether dural repair with the transthecal technique or the traditional conservative treatment, were safe. However, the transthecal approach was significantly more successful in managing CSF leakage as well as its complications and clinical outcomes.
Category: Mind Science

Skolem Revisited - Thoralf's Achilles Heel

Authors: Hannes Hutzelmeyer
Comments: 12 Pages.

The author has developed an approach to logics that comprises, but also goes beyond predicate logic. The FUME method contains two tiers of precise languages: object-language Funcish and metalanguage Mencish. It allows for a very wide application in mathematics from geometry, number theory, recursion theory and axiomatic set theory with first-order logic, to higher-order logic theory of real numbers and a precise analysis of foundation of mathematics in general, including theory of types. A famous paper by Thoralf Skolem of 1934 is usually put at the beginning of publications on non-standard arithmetic. A critical investigation shows that it has serious, if not even insurmountable problems. Firstly one notices that it is based on second-order logic, it has unary and binary function-variables, and binary operator-constants (that map two functions to a function). It seems strange that one makes a fundamental statement about first-order logic systems using second order. In proving Satz 1 on the asymptotic behavior of arithmetic functions Skolem has some inaccuracies and formal errors. These minor problems can be solved by diligent work. But even if one has replaced his metalingual use of his relation symbols Bi by an ontologically correct method there remains secondly the problem of transitivity of the minority relation of functions that is neglected by Skolem. Thirdly, in constructing the strictly ascending function g of Satz 1 use is made of recursion by a dot-dot-dot notation. This is not an admissible procedure in object-language, although there may be a correct way to solve the problem in metalanguage. Therefore one does not only need second-order logic in combination with a precise object-language (in order to avoid ontology problems) but also a precise use of metalanguage (in order to avoid dot-dot-dot) for justifying Skolem's Satz 1 after one has eventually solved the transitivity problem; Skolem's Satz 2 would then be valid. However, as long as Satz 1 is not confirmed it does not pay to treat Satz 3 and Satz 4, leaving open the existence of non-standard models of arithmetic on the basis of Skolem's work
Category: Set Theory and Logic

The Puzzle of the Tritium Beta Spectrum and Blackbody Model for Nuclear Fermi-Gas

Authors: Vladimir Aksayskiy
Comments: 3 Pages.

The shape of the energy spectrum of tritium beta decay depends on the experimental conditions. The tritium beta spectrum in the KATRIN experiment can be represented as a superposition of three spectra with peak energies of ~ 0.1 KeV, 2.2 KeV, and 6.6 KeV. It is possible that the spectrum with Epeak~0.1 KeV corresponds to beta decay of tritium with the formation of thermal neutrinos.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Game, End and Law: Etymology of the Connected Bush of Words

Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 2 Pages. -

The probable etymology of the connected bush of the Russian words is considered.
Category: Linguistics

Justifying the Twin Prime Conjecture

Authors: James Edwin Rock
Comments: 4 Pages.

Let Pn be the n_th prime. For twin primes Pn – Pn-1 = 2. Let X be the number of (6j –1, 6j+1) pairs in the closed interval [Pn, Pn^2]. The number of twin primes (TPAn) in [Pn, Pn^2] is ((Pn - an) /Pn)((Pn-1 - an-1) /Pn-1)((Pn-2 - an-2)/Pn-2)…((5 - a3) /5)(X). P3=5, 1.7 < an,..,a3 < 2.3. We exhibit a formula showing as Pn increases, the number of twin primes in the interval [Pn, Pn^2] also increases. Let Pn – Pn-1 = c. For n ≥ 4, (TPAn-1)(1+(2c –2)/2Pn-1+(c2–2c)/2Pn-1^2) < TPAn
Category: Number Theory

Leptogenesis and Baryogenesis for Infinite Universes in Infinite Arena of Spacetime with All Possibilities

Authors: Durgadas Datta
Comments: 14 Pages.

This paper discusses leptogenesis and baryogenesis for infinite universes in infinite arena of spacetime with all possibilities.
Category: Quantum Physics

Essence of Millennium Problems

Authors: Vaibhav Gupta
Comments: 3 Pages.

This article contains seven Millennium problem simple explanation. The most of things are from different sources and I just arranged it in simple manner so that even general person can understand that. The problems contain diverse fields including Pure Mathematics (Topology and Number Theory), Theoretical Computer Science, Physics etc.
Category: General Mathematics

Dual Centrifugal Fermion based Synchrotron Space Thrusters, EMEC.

Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 15 Pages.

This new physics Dual Centrifugal Synchrotron Thruster is based on a new physics compound Rigid String Theory called Quantum Function Follow Form Theory. In physics, it is well known that the three simplest Fermions differ in actual mass. From lightweight to heavy, they are called Electron, Muon and Tau particles. The Q-FFF Theory these propeller shaped particles are assumed to be spinning by collision with the local oscillating vacuum vector field called Axion-Higgs field with a torus shaped form. (figure 2) An electron is assumed to be equipped with 2 additional compound Photon/Gluons to form a Muon particle, which are heavier than the Electron. The measured mass ratio between Electrons and Muons are 1: 200 or about 0.5 MeV: 100MeV. ( figure 1.) Title: Electron- Muon- Electron string Conversion for Space flight (EMEC) The craft is equipped with two concentric storage tube rings with mutual electric radiation lasers based ring change channels producing Centrifugal Force for spaceflight. EMEC means Electron Muon Electron conversion. The mass difference between Electrons and Muon are supposed to be able by mutual laser conversion and ring changing to produce a centrifugal force strong enough to accelerate the Craft everywhere in space. (Figure 3) Together with additional Free vacuum Electricity production inside the craft, this system will be able to independently operate for space transportation. (Fig 12)
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Evidence of a Neutral Potential Surrounding the Earth

Authors: J. E. S. Gustafsson
Comments: 7 Pages.

We examine the associated wave of the electron, and we put in evidence the problem with its relative velocity. The velocity of an electron is always measured relative to the laboratory, which gives the correct behaviour of the electron relative to the law of Louis de Broglie. But, to agree with this law, there must exist some interaction between the electron and the laboratory, which allows the electron to modify its characteristics. The electron must therefore interact with a media connected to the laboratory. Such a media must be associated with the earth, following it in its path through the Universe. It follows that the relativity theories of A. Einstein are wrong.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Dual Centrifugal Fermion based Synchrotron Space Thrusters, EMEC.

Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 15 Pages.

This new physics Dual Centrifugal Synchrotron Thruster is based on a new physics compound Rigid String Theory called Quantum Function Follow Form Theory. In physics, it is well known that the three simplest Fermions differ in actual mass. From lightweight to heavy, they are called Electron, Muon and Tau particles. The Q-FFF Theory these propeller shaped particles are assumed to be spinning by collision with the local oscillating vacuum vector field called Axion-Higgs field with a torus shaped form. (figure 2) An electron is assumed to be equipped with 2 additional compound Photon/Gluons to form a Muon particle, which are heavier than the Electron. The measured mass ratio between Electrons and Muons are 1: 200 or about 0.5 MeV: 100MeV. ( figure 1.) Title: Electron- Muon- Electron string Conversion for Space flight (EMEC) The craft is equipped with two concentric storage tube rings with mutual electric radiation lasers based ring change channels producing Centrifugal Force for spaceflight. EMEC means Electron Muon Electron conversion. The mass difference between Electrons and Muon are supposed to be able by mutual laser conversion and ring changing to produce a centrifugal force strong enough to accelerate the Craft everywhere in space. (Figure 3) Together with additional Electricity production inside the craft, this system will be able to independently operate for space transportation.
Category: Astrophysics

Quantum Behavior

Authors: Jean Louis Van Belle
Comments: 38 Pages.

The special problem we try to get at with this paper is to maintain the interest of the very enthusiastic and rather smart people trying to understand physics. They have heard a lot about how interesting and exciting physics is — the theory of relativity, quantum mechanics, and other modern ideas — and spend many years studying textbooks, following online courses, and blogging about their experiences. Many are discouraged because there are really very few grand, new, modern ideas presented to them. The problem is whether or not we can make a course which would save them by maintaining their enthusiasm. This paper is a draft first chapter of such course.
Category: Quantum Physics

Electric Ion Wind Generator

Authors: Alexander Bolonkin
Comments: 7 Pages.

A fundamentally new wind-induced electric generator without a rotor and a magnetic dynamo. The ion generator suggested is significantly cheaper, has high efficiency (67%) and can cover large areas, i.e., have a greater overall power production effect. It is based on the fact that the ions injected into the atmosphere are carried away by the ambient wind and create a potential difference of electric voltage, which produces an useable electric current.
Category: Classical Physics

The Information Volume of Uncertain Information: (6) Information Multifractal Dimension

Authors: Tao Wen, Yong Deng
Comments: 11 Pages.

How to measure the uncertainty in the open world is a popular topic in recent study. Many entropy measures have been proposed to address this problem, but most have limitations. In this series of paper, a method for measuring the information volume of mass function is presented. The fractal property about the maximum information volume is shown in this paper, which indicates the inherent physical meanings of Deng entropy from the perspective of statistics. The results shows the multifractal property of this maximum information volume. Some experiment results are applied to support this perspective.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Relationship Between Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation and Epigenetic Modification Based on the Boltzmann Distribution

Authors: Fei Xiong
Comments: 9 Pages.

Liquid-liquid phase separation is pervasive in the interior of cells. Elucidating the mechanism of its formation is important both for understanding its physiological function and for predicting prospective drug targets. According to the Boltzmann distribution, we describe a physical relationship between liquid-liquid phase separation and epigenetic modification, suggesting that biochemical metabolism may play an important role in phase separation. It also suggests that liquid-liquid phase separation is universal in the origins of early life because alkaline hydrothermal vents are full of biochemical reactions.
Category: Physics of Biology

The Information Volume of Uncertain Information: (4) Negation

Authors: Xiaozhuang Gao, Yong Deng
Comments: 10 Pages.

Negation is an important operation on uncertainty information. Based on the information volume of mass function, a new negation of basic probability assignment is presented. The result show that the negation of mass function will achieve the information volume increasing. The convergence of negation is the situation when the Deng entropy is maximum, namely high order Deng entropy. If mass function is degenerated into probability distribution, the negation of probability distribution will also achieve the maximum information volume, where Shannon entropy is maximum. Another interesting results illustrate the situation in maximum Deng entropy has the same information volume as the whole uncertainty environment.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Information Volume of Uncertain Information: (5) Divergence Measure

Authors: Lipeng Pan, Yong Deng
Comments: 12 Pages.

Dempster-Shafer Evidence theory is an extension of probability theory, which can describe uncertain information more reasonably. Divergence measure is always an important concept in probability theory. Therefore, how to propose a reasonable divergence measurement has always been a research hot spot in evidence theory. Recently, Deng proposed the concept of information volume based on Deng entropy. It is interesting to note that compared with the uncertainty measure of Deng entropy, information volume of Deng entropy contains more information. Obviously, it might be more reasonable to use information volume of Deng entropy to represent uncertainty information. Based on this, in the paper, we combined the characteristics of non-specific measurement of Deng entropy, and propose a new divergence measure. The new divergence measurement not only satisfies the axiom of distance measurement, but also has some advantages that cannot be ignored. In addition, when the basic probability assignment(BPA) degenerates into probability distribution, the measured result of the new divergence measure is the same as that of the traditional Jensen-Shannon divergence. If the mass function is assigned in probability distribution, the proposed divergence is degenerated as Kullback-Leibler divergence. Finally, some numerical examples are illustrated to show the efficiency of the proposed divergence measure of information volume.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Diagram of Space-Time: Quantum Equation of the Doppler Shift

Authors: Teimuraz Bregadze, S. Chachua
Comments: 11 Pages.

Using the diagram of space-time, which represents intersections of the spheres depicting the front of an electromagnetic wave in the resting and moving frames with a plane going through the centres of the spheres, and the assumption that a quantum (photon) of spherical electromagnetic wave maintains its entity during the propagation of the wave, it is derived a quantum equation of the Doppler effect: sqrt(1-beta^2) tau^2 - 2 cos(gamma) tau(0) tau + sqrt(1-beta^2) tau(0)^2 = 0, where "tau(0)" and "tau" are the periods of an electromagnetic wave in the frames of the source and the receiver, "beta" is the relative speed of the frames divided by the speed of light in free space, and "gamma" is the angle of aberration (the difference of the angles of slope of a ray in the frames of the source and the receiver). It is maintained that despite the differences between the obtained equation and Einstein’s expression for the Doppler shift, the equation of time dilation doesn’t need any alteration. Inapplicability of some fundamental principles of the special relativity to finite distances as well as inherent uncertainties in the measurements of space and time intervals is discussed.
Category: Classical Physics

Nothing is Unstable?

Authors: Daniel Thomas Hayes
Comments: 1 Page.

A note on the instability of nothing.
Category: Functions and Analysis

The String Method

Authors: Daniel Thomas Hayes
Comments: 1 Page.

A method for finding exact solutions of differential equations is proposed.
Category: Functions and Analysis

World-Universe Model. Self-Consistency of Fundamental Physical Constants

Authors: Vladimir Netchitailo
Comments: 11 Pages.

Every four years the Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) provides a self-consistent set of values of the basic constants and conversion factors of physics recommended for international use. In 2013, the World-Universe Model (WUM) proposed a principally different depiction of the World as an alternative to the picture of the Big Bang Model. This article makes a detailed analysis of the self-consistency of Fundamental Physical Constants through the prism of WUM. The performed analysis suggests: discontinuing using the notion “Vacuum” and its characteristics (Speed of Light in Vacuum, Characteristic Impedance of Vacuum, Vacuum Magnetic Permeability, Vacuum Electric Permittivity); correcting the numerical value and relative standard uncertainty of Hartree energy; accepting the exact numerical values of Planck constant and Elementary charge. WUM recommends the predicted value of Newtonian Constant of Gravitation (x8 more accurate than the 2018 value) to be considered in CODATA Recommend Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants 2022.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Structures and Properties of Integer Sequences Generated from Prime and Nonprime Numbers Seeds

Authors: Claude H. R. Dequatre
Comments: 71 Pages. Comments are welcome

A specific recursive algorithm and three fomulas have been used to generate integer sequences from prime and nonprime numbers seeds. After a few generations, some growing structures have been identified in these integer sequences, whereas such structures were absent when a subset of natural numbers was used as an alternative seed. The sum of the reciprocals of primes of these integer sequences, well fitted by models of the form a*ln(ln(n)) + b, were calculated. Their distances to that of the harmonic series summed only over the primes were estimated and compared to the Meissel-Mertens constant. Finally, the algorithm used with one of the three formulas led after a few iterations to the production of long primefree sequences containing large numbers and allowed to establish a so called primefree sequences conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

Chaos Theory and Information Transmission in Evolution

Authors: Nicholas Hoggard
Comments: 37 Pages.

There have been twelve occasions in the history of life on Earth when new ways of transmitting information to future generations have arisen. There are 2 biological mechanisms: Asexual Reproduction, and Sexual Reproduction. These are followed by no less than 7 cultural methods, all of them forms of intentional teaching of skills and/or language. Finally there are (so far) 3 information technology methods: Written language, Movable-type Printing, and Computers. Remarkably, when dates are assigned to these events, they are consistent with the pattern of a period-doubling cascade described by Chaos Theory, the time between each event getting shorter by a factor which converges to 4.66920… a number known as the Universal Feigenbaum constant Delta. Cherry-picking of data is not applicable because the 2 biological events are well known, and the 7 levels of teaching have been arrived at by studying the development of tools by early humans and without regard for dates. The information technology events reinforce the pattern. Period-doubling cascades can be found in many phenomena in nature and apply to nonlinear iterative processes with limited resources. The period-doubling pattern in the evolution of intelligent life on Earth can be explained if the bifurcations are interpreted as population size, and if the bifurcation parameter is Darwinian fitness, and if fitness increases with complexity which in turn increases with time. Nonlinearities in these relationships do not necessarily affect the result. Also, studies showing that rates of genetic change and speciation are largely unaffected by climate support the idea that a regular pattern is possible. Darwinian evolution fits the definition of a nonlinear iterated process, which explains why evolution can behave as a period-doubling system, generating self-similar structures – in this case, new information channels – in a predetermined time sequence. The bifurcations (population instabilities) can be explained by each new information channel increasing the organism’s speed of adaptation, which gives a fitness advantage, but also causes overconsumption of ecosystem resources, destabilizing the population level. There have been 12 new information channels so far, but the pattern implies that more will appear, until the intervals approach zero in the relatively near future. The process governing the evolution of Life on Earth may be the same process that governed the physical evolution of the universe.
Category: Quantitative Biology

The Use of Prime Generators to Implement Fast Twin Primes Sieve of Zakiya (SoZ), Applications to Number Theory, and Implications to the Riemann Hypotheses

Authors: Jabari Zakiya
Comments: 32 Pages. More current/better versions of twin primes code in paper done in D, Nim, Rust and Crystal languages.

This paper describes the mathematical foundation of Prime Generators and their use in creating a fast Twin Primes Segmented Sieve of Zakiya (SSoZ), and also their applications to Number Theory, including Mersenne Primes, creating an exact Prime-counting Function, and implications for the Riemann Hypothesis.
Category: Number Theory

On The Infinity of Twin Primes and other K-tuples

Authors: Jabari Zakiya
Comments: 23 Pages. New material and corrections.

The paper uses the structure and math of Prime Generators to show there are an infinity of twin primes, proving the Twin Prime Conjecture, as well as establishing the infinity of other k-tuples of primes.
Category: Number Theory

The Case for Proportional Allocation of Presidiential Electors

Authors: Jabari Zakiya
Comments: 29 Pages. Updated narrative; data thru April 2024.

The paper presents a simple and fair method to proportionally allocate presidential electors from each state, in a transparent and reproducible manner, based solely on mathematical considerations. States are free to adopt this method for allocating their electors on their own, and citizen led movements can organize to create ballot initiatives for its adoption in their states to force it. Its adoption will create a host of benefits to voters and the country, resulting in more fair and democratic electoral outcomes.
Category: Social Science

Synthesis, Phase Evolution and Properties of Phase-Pure Nanocrystalline Bifeo3 Prepared by a Starch-Based Combustion Method

Authors: R. Köferstein
Comments: Pages. The paper was published in: Journal of Alloys and Compounds 590 (2014) 324–330. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.12.120

The preparation of phase-pure nano-sized BiFeO3 by a combustion-like method using starch as complexing agent is described herein. Phase evolution and development of the crystallite size during the synthesis were monitored depending on the heat treatment and the composition of the (BiFe)-gels. Phase-pure BiFeO3 was obtained at a low heating rate and calcination temperatures between 500 and 600 °C. Above 600 °C the BiFeO3 gradually decomposed to Bi25FeO40 and Bi2Fe4O9. The investigations showed that the appearance of secondary phases depends on the heating rate, calcination temperature, and the fuel to oxidizer ratio in the (BiFe)-gel. The use of HNO3 instead of acetic acid in the preparation of the (BiFe)-gel promotes the formation of secondary phases. To study the phase stability the phase-pure BiFeO3 powder (1c) obtained after calcining at 550 °C (dcryst = 37 nm) was sintered to ceramic bodies up to 800 °C. During sintering the BiFeO3 phase decomposed to Bi25FeO40 and Bi2Fe4O9 gradually. The activation energy for the decomposition process during sintering was calculated to 337±19 kJ/mol using the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolmogorov (JMAK) model. Magnetic measurements on phase-pure BiFeO3 powders show maximal magnetization of about 0.7 emu/g at 90 kOe and coercivities between 5−7 kOe at 300 K. Investigations at 10 K reveal a loop shift (exchange-bias) up to 2.9 kOe in the negative direction. The optical band gaps of the phase-pure BiFeO3 powders were determined as 2.28(4) eV.
Category: Chemistry

L’inverso Della Sezione Aurea e la Sorella Speculare Della Spirale Aurea. the Reverse of the Golden Ratio and the Mirror Sister of the Golden Spiral.

Authors: Dante Servi
Comments: 10 Pages. Copyright by Servi Dante.

Le spirali logaritmiche (r=ae^bθ), partendo da un punto di distanza (a) dalla loro origine si possono sviluppare allontanandosi (se b > 0) oppure avvicinandosi (se b < 0) ad essa, questo provo a dire che vale anche per la spirale aurea. Ho corretto la proposta per semplificare la costruzione della spirale aurea basata sui rettangoli aurei. The logarithmic spirals (r=ae^bθ), starting from a point of distance (a) from their origin, can develop by moving away (if b > 0) or approaching (if b < 0) to it, this I try to say that also applies to the golden spiral. I corrected the proposal to simplify the construction of the golden spiral based on the golden rectangles.
Category: Geometry

Note on the Formation of Supermassive Black Holes

Authors: Kenneth Dalton
Comments: 4 Pages. Journal-ref: JHEPGC 6, 321 (2020) https://doi.org/10.4236/jhepgc.2020.63025

Supermassive black holes formed during the lepton epoch of the Big Bang. What follows is a description of how this may have happened.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Discernible Universe? Absolutely!

Authors: Vito R. D'Angelo
Comments: 9 Pages.

Can anyone imagine a skyscraper or a nuclear power plant built without a blueprint? Is our sun nothing more than a glorified nuclear fusion reactor? Do we really believe in what Einstein called "spooky action" at a distance of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics?
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

New Square Power Algorithm (in Spanish)

Authors: Zeolla Gabriel Martin
Comments: 9 Pages.

Solving a square power without a calculator for middle school students is possible. A new and previously unknown method is presented in this document. Resolver una potencia cuadrada sin calculadora para alumnos de la escuela media es posible. Un método nuevo y desconocido se presenta en este documento.
Category: General Mathematics

An Improved Lower Bound of Heilbronn's Triangle Problem

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 10 Pages. This paper has been technically and substantially improved.

Using the method of compression we improve on the current lower bound of Heilbronn's triangle problem. In particular, by letting $Delta(s)$ denotes the minimal area of the triangle induced by $s$ points in a unit disc. Then we have the lower boundbegin{align}Delta(s)gg frac{log s}{ssqrt{s}}.onumberend{align}
Category: Number Theory

A Strong Zero-Energy Hypothesis (Zeh) Applied on Virtual Particle-Antiparticle Pairs (Vpaps) Predicting a New Type of Boson-Fermion Symmetry/”mass-Conjugation”, Two Distinct Types of Massless Neutral Fermions and a Strong Gravity Field (SGF)

Authors: Andrei Lucian Dragoi
Comments: (Strong ZEH - v1.0 - 5.06.2020 - 13 A4 pages without references)

This article proposes a simple but strong zero-energy hypothesis (ZEH), which is essentially an ambitious speculative extension of the famous zero-energy universe hypothesis (ZEUH) (updating ZEUH to an “extended ZEUH” version) applied on virtual particle-antiparticle pairs (VPAPs) produced by virtual photons or virtual gluons. ZEH ambitiously proposes (and predicts): (1)a new type of boson-fermion symmetry/”mass-conjugation” based on a simple and elegant quadratic equation (with partially unknown coefficients) proposed by ZEH: all known rest masses of all elementary particles (EPs) in the Standard model (SM) of particle physics are redefined as real solutions of this simple quadratic equation; based on the same quadratic equation, ZEH indicates/predicts an unexpected profound bijective connection between the three types of neutrinos and the massless bosons (gluon, photon and the hypothetical graviton); ZEH also offers a new interpretation of Planck length as the approximate length threshold above which the rest masses of all known EPs have real number values (with mass units) instead of complex/imaginary number values (as predicted by the same unique equation proposed by ZEH); among other EPs, ZEH also predicts the existence of two distinct types of massless neutral fermions (correspondents/conjugates of the neutral Higgs boson and Z bosons) which both move at the speed of light and may be viable candidates for dark matter and dark energy; (2)a strong quantum gravitational field (SQGF) (equaling the predicted strength of the electromagnetic field [EMF] at Planck scales, which EMF is also predicted to possess asymptotic freedom, similarly to the strong nuclear field [SNF]) implying a quantized spacetime (ST) composed from ST “voxels” (STVs) resulting in quantized/discrete distances at scales comparable to Planck length scales; (3)ZEH is essentially a fundamental principle of electro-gravitational strength balance/symmetry at Planck scales, a principle which allows (as a sine-qua-non condition added to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle [HUP]) the existence of virtual particle-antiparticle pairs (VPAPs) from the first place; (4)ZEH also conjectures the existence of a unique large (but finite!) maximum density allowed in our universe (OU) shared by the electron neutrino and the pre-Big Bang singularity (pBBS) (which is thus regarded as a “renormalized” gravitational quasi-singularity) with all the other known/unknown EPs (which are regarded as “crocks” of pBBS); (5)ZEH also proposes the concept of “practical radius” of any known/unknown EP and a unique formula for calculating this practical radius for any type of EP (associated with a unique big G value formula for any given practical radius/length scale). ZEH distinguishes by the contrast between its simplicity and the richness/diversity of explanations, correlations and predictions it offers. The author of this paper resonates to Dirac’s vision on the importance of mathematical beauty in physical equations: “The research worker, in his efforts to express the fundamental laws of Nature in mathematical form, should strive mainly for mathematical beauty […]It often happens that the requirements and beauty are the same, but where they clash the latter must take precedence.” [URL]; “A theory with mathematical beauty is more likely to be correct than an ugly one that fits some experimental data” (as he claimed in 1970 when referring to the renormalization of quantum electrodynamics which was Dirac’s paradigm of a mathematically “ugly” theory) [URL]. Zero is not only a number, but the symbol of both Nothingness and Everythingness (because all positive and negative numbers can be regarded as "born" in pairs from the same Zero to which they are symmetrical): furthermore, zero not only plays an essential central role in mathematics, but it also has a central role in physics and is a fundamental link between these two sciences, in the context of a possibly valid zero-energy universe theory (ZEUT). This paper continues (from alternative angles of view) the work of other past articles/preprints of the same author.
Category: Quantum Physics

Masks Don’t Work: a Review of Science Relevant to Covid-19 Social Policy

Authors: Denis G. Rancourt
Comments: 13 Pages.

Masks and respirators do not work. There have been extensive randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies, and meta-analysis reviews of RCT studies, which all show that masks and respirators do not work to prevent respiratory influenza-like illnesses, or respiratory illnesses believed to be transmitted by droplets and aerosol particles. Furthermore, the relevant known physics and biology, which I review, are such that masks and respirators should not work. It would be a paradox if masks and respirators worked, given what we know about viral respiratory diseases: The main transmission path is long-residence-time aerosol particles (< 2.5 μm), which are too fine to be blocked, and the minimum-infective-dose is smaller than one aerosol particle. The present paper about masks illustrates the degree to which governments, the mainstream media, and institutional propagandists can decide to operate in a science vacuum, or select only incomplete science that serves their interests. Such recklessness is also certainly the case with the current global lockdown of over 1 billion people, an unprecedented experiment in medical and political history.
Category: Physics of Biology

New Bounds for the Stochastic Knapsack Problem

Authors: Ekesh Kumar
Comments: 2 Pages.

The knapsack problem is a problem in combinatorial optimization that seeks to maximize an objective function subject to the a weight constraint. We consider the stochastic variant of this problem in which $\mathbf{v}$ remains deterministic, but $\mathbf{x}$ is an $n$-dimensional vector drawn uniformly at random from $[0, 1]^{n}$. We establish a sufficient condition under which the summation-bound condition is almost surely satisfied. Furthermore, we discuss the implications of this result on the deterministic problem.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Black Hole Tidal Distruption Events (Tde) Observatories and the Ligo Observatory Will Prove that Photons Cannot Penetrate the Black Hole Event Horizon

Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 1 Page.

This paper suggests a way to prove based on Black Hole Tidal Disruption Events (TDE) or by Gamma Ray Bursts (GRB), comparing the observatory telescopes with the Laser Interferometry Gravitational wave Observatory (LIGO) measurements that photonic light can never pass the event horizon of a black hole towards the gravitational singularity in its core. This conclusion will indicate that photonic light has no direct gravitational effect on space-time and that at the event horizon it will interact with a gravitational “fire wall” that will split the photon into a matter particle with its gravitational curving effect and an anti-matter particle with its anti -gravitational stretching effect.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Accounting for the Impact of Media Coverage on Polling

Authors: Arun Jose
Comments: 5 Pages.

This paper examines the feedback cycle of news ratings and electoral polling, and offers an algorithmic news algorithm to patch the problem. The cycle hinges on overexposure of a candidate to familiarize their name in otherwise apathetic voters, and therefore, the algorithm weighs down exposure on a logarithmic scale to only pass increasingly important news as coverage of a candidate inflates. This problem is a symptom of a deeper issue, and the solution proposes to patch it for the present, as well as offer insight into the machinations of the issue, and therefore aid its understanding
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

A Possible Aether Explanation for Two Light Phenomena: Varying Speed with Medium and Cosmological Redshiftthe Speed of Light (3.00 X 105 Km/s in a Vacuum) Lies Beyond Human Comprehension, Especially if One is to Postulate that it Can be Achieved Ballistic

Authors: Raymond H. Gallucci
Comments: 4 Pages.

The speed of light (3.00 x 10^5 km/s in a vacuum) lies beyond human comprehension, especially if one is to postulate that it can be achieved ballistically by a particle, even a “massless” one such as a photon. If such speeds are attainable, which experimentation and astronomical observation apparently have “proven,” then it is slightly less of a leap of faith to imagine such speeds to result from wave phenomena, suggesting that a propagating medium for light must exist (an “aether”) despite such allegedly having been disproven pre-Einstein. With this possibility in mind, two light phenomena are examined from the perspective of an aether as light’s medium of transmission.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On The Decay Energy of Fissile Plutonium 239

Authors: Deep Jyoti Dutta
Comments: 1 Page.

In this note we propose an alternate theoretical equation to compute the decay energy of Pu-239 Radionuclei. The derivation of this formula is not mentioned in this account.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

The Information Volume of Uncertain Information: (2) Fuzzy Membership Function

Authors: Jixiang Deng, Yong Deng
Comments: 18 Pages.

In fuzzy set theory, the fuzzy membership function describes the membership degree of certain elements in the universe of discourse. Besides, Deng entropy is a important tool to measure the uncertainty of an uncertain set, and it has been wildly applied in many fields. In this paper, firstly, we propose a method to measure the uncertainty of a fuzzy MF based on Deng entropy. Next, we define the information volume of the fuzzy MF. By continuously separating the BPA of the element whose cardinal is larger than $1$ until convergence, the information volume of the fuzzy sets can be calculated. When the hesitancy degree of a fuzzy MF is $0$, information volume of the fuzzy membership function is identical to the Shannon entropy. In addition, several examples and figures are expound to illustrated the proposed method and definition.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Calculating the Cosmological Constant Using Quantum Field Fluctuations Within (93.5%) Accuracy from the Average Experimental Results by Using a Vertical Variation of the Michelson-Morley Experiment

Authors: Rayd Majeed Al-Shammari Al-Qahtani
Comments: 31 Pages.

This work proves the effect of the gravitational blueshift of a moving gravity well on the electric permittivity of free space through both mathematical derivation and experimental evidence from a vertical variation of the Michelson-Morley experiment and shows the right way to calculate the cosmological constant from the quantum field fluctuations with an accuracy of (93.5%) from the average accepted experimental results i.e. theoretical calculations ( Λ≅-1.4028×10^(-9) J.m^(-3)) and the correct way to solve the vacuum catastrophe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Information Volume of Uncertain Information: (3) Information Fractal Dimension

Authors: Tao Wen, Yong Deng
Comments: 11 Pages.

How to measure the uncertainty in the open world is a popular topic in recent study. Many entropy measures have been proposed to address this problem, but most have limitations. In this series of paper, a method for measuring the information volume of mass function is presented. The fractal property about the maximum information volume is shown in this paper, which indicates the inherent physical meanings of Deng entropy from the perspective of statistics. The results shows the linear relationship between the maximum information volume and the probability scale. Some experiment results are applied to support this perspective.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Einstein Is Wrong [?] But Einstein Is [Also] Right [?]

Authors: Mahesh Khati
Comments: 49 Pages.

This paper proves that: 1)Special theory of relativity is mathematically wrong. 2)Effect of special theory of relativity is true in one direction that is due to the property of subspace. 3)Space & vacuum are different. This concept solves the problem of dark matter, dark energy & big bang. 4)We already know that Standard model of particle physics is not perfect & there are complete zoo of particles present in the world. I have given alternative to this concept of standard model which can explain the dark matter particle.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

SARS-COV-2 Adults and Childen: Two Phenotypically Different Viruses

Authors: Arturo Tozzi
Comments: 2 Pages.

The SARS-Cov-2 virions produced in human children, adults and elder people display slight differences in their makeup.
Category: Biochemistry

Bio-Particles on Transport in New Cosmological Model?

Authors: Dan Visser
Comments: 5 Pages.

This article puts questions related to telecommunication and transport of electro-parasites. It is meant for dutch readers, dutch papers and dutch institutions.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Online Shopping with Fraud Detection

Authors: Dean Iangrai
Comments: 3 Pages.

Online exchanges have picked up ubiquity in the ongoing years with an effect of expanding fraud cases related with it. Fraud increments as new advances and shortcomings are found, bringing about huge misfortunes each year. Credit card fraud occasions occur as often as possible and afterward bring about colossal money related misfortunes. In this manner, banks and monetary establishments offer Visa fraud identification applications much worth and request. False exchanges can happen in different manners and can be placed into various classes. This paper centres on fraud events in certifiable exchanges.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

Observations on the Pair Correlation of Riemann Zeros

Authors: Brian Scannell
Comments: 16 Pages.

We look at the pair correlation of the Riemann zeros at larger ranges. The evolution of this curve computed at different ranges is shown. The ripply shape of this curve is examined using spectral analysis. There seems to be a main spectral peak and possibly some other structures. The percentage RMS in the peak is shown. The results are compared to the spectrum of both noise and Montgomery’s pair correlation conjecture function . The pair correlation of unnormalised zeros shows dips at the zero positions.
Category: Number Theory

The Information Volume of Uncertain Informaion: (1) Mass Function

Authors: Yong Deng
Comments: 14 Pages.

Given a probability distribution, its corresponding information volume is Shannon entropy. However, how to determine the information volume of a given mass function is still an open issue. Based on Deng entropy, the information volume of mass function is presented in this paper. Given a mass function, the corresponding information volume is larger than its uncertainty measured by Deng entropy. The so called Deng distribution is defined as the BPA condition of the maximum Deng entropy. The information volume of Deng distribution is called the maximum information volume, which is lager than the maximum Deng entropy. In addition, both the total uncertainty case and the Deng distribution have the same information volume, namely, the maximum information volume. Some numerical examples are illustrated to show the efficiency of the proposed information volume of mass function.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Point-Diffraction Ptychography for Microscopy and Interferometry

Authors: Kenneth C. Johnson
Comments: 8 Pages.

“Point-diffraction” ptychographic methods use small-area illumination of relatively simple diffracting objects, e.g. in the context of point-diffraction interferometry or spot-scanning microscopy. The resulting interferograms can be adequately sampled with relatively few detector pixels, and the reduced data volume enables the use of faster or more accurate reconstruction algorithms that might not be usable in conventional wide-field ptychography. In one algorithmic approach, “first-principles ptychography”, the diffraction object’s optical transfer function and the illumination field are simultaneously reconstructed without relying on any assumptions about the internal structure or diffraction mechanisms within the object or illumination optics. This capability would be useful for applications such as interferometric testing of optics for EUV lithography and inspection/metrology.
Category: Classical Physics

How to Obtain a Mass of a Graviton, and Does This Methodology Lead to Voids ?

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 24 Pages. equations re organized and reformatted for convenience in typesetting for JHEPGC

Using the Klauder enhanced quantization as a way to specify the cosmological constant as a baseline for the mass of a graviton, we eventually come up and then we will go to the relationship of a Planck Length to a De Broglie length in order to link how we construct a massive graviton mass, with cosmological constant and to interface that with entropy in the early universe. We then close with a reference to the possible quantum origins of e folding and inflation. This objective once achieved is connected with a possible mechanism for the creation of voids, in the later universe, using a construction of shock fronts from J. P Onstriker, 1991 and followed up afterwards with Mukhanov’s physical foundations to Cosmology book section as to indicate how variable input into self reproduction of the Universe structures may lead to void formation in the present era. A connection with Wesson’s 5 dimensional cosmology is brought up in terms of a generalized uncertainty principle which may lead to variations of varying energy input into self reproducing cosmological structures which could enable non uniform structure formation and hence voids. One of the stunning results is that the figure of number of gravitons, about 10^58 , early on, is commensurate with a need for negative pressure, (middle of manuscript) which is a stunning result, partly based on Volovik and weakly interacting Bose gas model for pressure, which is completely unexpected. Note that in quantum physics, the idea statistically is that at large quantum numbers, we have an approach to classical physics results. We will do the same as to our cosmological work. This means that the quantum number n −  , in our last set of equations, which as we indicate has the surprise condition that for Pre – Planckian space-time that a very large value for initial Pre Planckian dimensions dim d which is the dimensional input into the Pre Planckian state, prior to emergence into Planckian cosmology conditions. We conclude by stating the following question. Can extra dimensions come from a Multiverse feed in to PrePlanckian space-time? See Theorem at the end of this publication. Our answer is in the affirmative, and it with Black hole physics.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Understanding Pyramid Representations + Electron Microscopy Images Using Java + Prolog Related Software for R&D.

Authors: Nirmal Tej Kumar
Comments: 2 Pages. Short Communication

Probing cryo-Electron Microscopy Images Using Pyramid Representations in the Context of : [ Image J/ImageJ_Pyramid_Plugin/JikesRVM - Research Virtual Machine(RVM)/JVM - Java Virtual Machine/JI Prolog - Java based Prolog/HPC-High Performance Computing ] for Next Generation Java based[ AI + Image Processing + Informatics ] R&D Test Platforms.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Einstein's Equivalence Principle (In Russian)

Authors: V. A. Kasimov
Comments: 25 Pages. The article is based mainly on the work in English, which is referenced in the text

The modern formulation of Einstein's principle of equivalence in the triune hypostasis is a more powerful and far-reaching concept. Now the equivalence principle is considered as the basis not only of the relativistic theory of gravity, but also as a General idea when constructing theories in curved space-time. Let's hope that today's problems, for example, with energy (the covariance of the" tensor "of energy-momentum), with space-time relations in the megamir (the "Australian dipole") and others will be solved within the framework of GRT and RTG.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Causal Inference for COVID-19 Interventions

Authors: Vikas Ramachandra
Comments: 14 Pages.

The exponential spread of the COVID-19 pandemic has caused countries to impose drastic measures on the public including social distancing, movement restrictions and lockdowns. These government interventions have led to different mobility patterns for the populations. We propose a method of causal inference using community mobility datasets to determine the treatment effects of government interventions on population mobility related outcomes. We first identify the changepoint based on the data of government interventions. We also perform changepoint detection to verify that there is indeed a changepoint at the time of intervention. Then we estimate the mobility trends using a Bayesian structural causal model and project the counterfactual. This is compared to the actual values after interventions to give the treatment effect of interventions. As a specific example, we analyze mobility trends in India before and after interventions. Our analysis shows that there are significant changes in mobility due to government interventions. Our paper aims to provide insights into changes in response to government measures and we hope that it is helpful to those making critical decisions to combat COVID-19.
Category: Statistics

A Straightforward and Lagrangian Proof of the Einsteinian Equivalence Between the Mass and the Inernal Energy (I.e. Rest Energy) V2

Authors: Özgür Berké
Comments: 62 Pages. I show a clearer expression of the modification of the speed addition formula. I apply the analysis to the relativistic gravitational field. I also add a discussion of the origin of the energy scale and its relation with the mass.

I propose a Lagrangian proof of Einstein's well-known law that the mass system is its internal energy. The interest of this proof is to show how the distinction between internal degrees of freedom and the center of mass appears in the Lagrangian formalism. Considering that the Lagrangian depends on a particular set of variables for the internal degree of freedom, I show in a standard Lagrangian way how one can naturally find the desired law. This proof does not use the tensors of energy-momentum and can be easily used by students familiar with Lagrangian mechanics and the basis of special relativity. I apply the method for the particles and for the field, using the scalar field for simplification but it is easy to generalize for other fields (containing only the first derivative in Lagrangian). I give the example for the gravitation field. The method permits us to observe a strong relation between the Einstein’s E=mc² law and his other famous law of the time dilatation. I carefully analyze the meaning of the particular choice of the variable and showing a sort of a modified speed addition formula without contradicting, of course, the one of Einstein (& Poincaré). I also try to untangle (for myself at least) the relation between the mass and the origin of the energy scale. Finally I analyze the reason why in Newtonian mechanic we don’t have a such law. In future complement I will apply this way of thinking in the toy model of the electron (useful for an explicit classical renormalization of the mass) and the effective description of a complex system in term of a particle in order to better understand the passage from this 2 forms of description often used but never really explained.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Astrophysics Despite of Newton

Authors: John E. Miller
Comments: 4 Pages.

“The Electric Universe” treat stars as an Electric Plasma function, here a more mundane, induction motor operation, is employed in lieu of Gravity. “ASTROPHYSICS DESPITE NEWTON” and includes new ocean tidal theory with no moon attraction needed to explain tides. There is no gravitational attraction Moon – Earth, or in this essay, Sun to any planet. Earth tides and Moon orbits are both the result from a common energy (GES) source. Moon orbits are all prograde and retrograde orbits relative planets are not relevant. Any close output association is interpreted by Standard Model Physics, as mutual gravitational attraction, non-existent.
Category: Astrophysics

Diathermal and Adiabatic Walls in Stellar Metamorphosis

Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 1 Page.

Walls that permit the transfer of heat between system and surroundings are diathermal. Walls that do not permit the transfer of heat between system and surrounds are adiabatic (e.g., good insulators). Young stars’ walls are diathermal and shine, as their outer walls (the photosphere) directly transfer heat to outer space which acts as a tremendous, eternal heat sink. As the stars age, the ionized hydrogen combines with itself forming hydrogen gas which has an extremely high thermal heat capacity and makes the star’s outer walls adiabatic. What this means is that stars as they evolve become insulating and trap their heat for longer periods of time as they age and evolve and form the “planet” in their interiors.
Category: Astrophysics

Faraday’s Paradox – Some Modern Mistakes

Authors: Robert Bennett
Comments: 6 Pages.

Einstein’s 1905 paper described at the outset a puzzling failure of Faraday’s law of induction, one of the four Maxwellian EM equations. The application of Faraday’s law of dynamics to relative motion of a magnet and metal conductor in the laboratory setting did NOT produce the same induced effect. Two modern references, Andre Assis and Wikipedia, attempt to resolve this issue, but end up confusing the issue even more by citing the wrong experimental result for the moving magnet! One wonders , then, what other mainstream beliefs are based on test data misrepresentation. Is it as many as their errors of mis-interpretation of test results? The required epistemology here is the scientific method and philo-realism.
Category: Classical Physics

Hidden Variables Modelofthe Harmonic Oscillator

Authors: Fosco Ruzzene
Comments: 44 Pages.

A hidden variables matrix mechanics model of the harmonic oscillator is presented as a counter-example in examining fundamental assumptions of quantum mechanics. Solutions are obtained which can be interpreted as describing continuous motion of a particle at all times located at points in space. While this is contrary to the basic postulate of Heisenberg, the experimental results of the standard matrix mechanics treatment are nevertheless reproduced. The proposed model is motivated by the foundational issues raised by Bell. Inequalities violation is however, attributed to the mathematical representation of outcome quantities as metric variables rather than the consensus assumption of local causality. Examining the consequence of this alternative conclusion on an actual quantum system creates an overlapping between Bell inspired foundational issues and the original postulates of Heisenberg and Born. Heisenberg’s basic postulates – randomness of transitions and treating the system as an ensemble – are critical. Bohr’s assumption that transitions occur instantaneously, together with Heisenberg’s non-path postulate where the particle can be measured at spatially separated locations without continuous movement between locations, are discarded. The proposed hidden variables are non-contextual. These results question the commonly accepted inequalities violation conclusions that any local and/or non-contextual hidden variables theory cannot reproduce quantum predictions. That the wave function gives a complete description of the quantum state is likewise not supported by the model. Heisenberg’s measurable-only quantities are interpreted as arising from a substructure of periodic endogenous motion of the system.
Category: Quantum Physics

Zone Theorem for Arrangements in Three Dimensions

Authors: Sanjeev Saxena
Comments: 5 Pages. corrected error and added new section

In this note, a simple description of the zone theorem in three dimensions is given. Arrangements in three dimensions are useful for constructing higher-order Voronoi diagrams in plane. An elementary and very intuitive treatment of this result is also given.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Generalized Sedeonic Equations of Hydrodynamics

Authors: Victor L. Mironov, Sergey V. Mironov
Comments: 16 Pages.

We discuss a generalization of the equations of hydrodynamics based on space-time algebra of sedeons. It is shown that the fluid dynamics can be described by sedeonic second-order wave equation for scalar and vector potentials. The generalized sedeonic Navier-Stokes equations for a viscous fluid and vortex flows are also discussed. The main peculiarities of the proposed approach are illustrated on the equations describing the propagation of sound waves.
Category: Mathematical Physics

On General Systems of Theories of Everything

Authors: Thomas Proczeck
Comments: 25 Pages.

This article presents some thougths and comments on general construction of philosophical and physical ToE´s.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Conditio Sine Qua Non

Authors: Ilija Barukčić
Comments: 27 pages. (C) Ilija Barukčić, 2020, Jever, Germany. All rights reserved.

Aims: Different processes or events which are objectively given and real are equally one of the foundations of human life (necessary conditions) too. However, a generally accepted, logically consistent (bio)-mathematical description of these natural processes is still not in sight. Methods: Discrete random variables are analysed. Results: The mathematical formula of the necessary condition is developed. The impact of study design on the results of a study is considered. Conclusion: Study data can be analysed for necessary conditions.
Category: Statistics

A 2nd Revised and Improved MHCE8S Model Of Physics

Authors: George R. Briggs
Comments: 2 Pages.

The dark heavy particle is included in this model. All m asses are 4 digits or less, including the down neutron quark
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Great Effect of Sagnac

Authors: Emil Gigov
Comments: 1 Page.

The differential time is incompatible with the theory of relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Analysis of Apobec and Adar Deaminase-Driven Riboswitch Haplotypes in Covid-19 Rna Strain Variants and the Implications for Vaccine Design

Authors: Edward J Steele, Robyn A Lindley
Comments: 35 Pages. Accepted for publication

This paper reports the results of our initial analysis of APOBEC and ADAR deaminase-mediated mutation signa-ture patterns in complete COVID-19 genomes from informative locations and times in China, USA and Spain in the 2019-2020 pandemic. We have identified a unique set of 'new' putative coordinated Riboswitches in COVID-19 genomes not previously identified, and likely generating variants of the known common strain Haplotypes now in circulation. The results reveal that COVID-19 diversifies using switching of RNA Haplotypes with mini-mal alteration to protein structure (the normal targets for B and T cells in conventional vaccine development). The deaminase-driven RNA Haplotypes are most likely aligned with RNA secondary structures. Several stud-ies already highlight how Riboswitches alter the ability of RNA to fold into intricate three-dimensional structures allowing them to execute their diverse cellular functions. The same functional outcomes are expected for viruses, particularly efficacy of RNA replication in new host cell environments. Thus, vaccine designs that assume that the main viral protein antigens will be the only putative protective targets could fail to produce effective and protective immunity. We conclude that understanding COVID-19 adaptation and survival strategy and identifying the host Haplotype, and which vaccine(s) is effective for each Haplotype group will be important for new vaccine design.
Category: Quantitative Biology

High Energy Dimensioning the Quantum Space-Time of the Electron

Authors: Alfred Bennun
Comments: 17 Pages. 6 figures

The photon-electron interaction allows to describe a relativistic dynamics of the quantum absorption-emission of the electron, which could provide a description of the primordial universe and the arrow of time, applied to quantum computers, electron microscope and other technologies. The alternatives descriptions for the wave-particle duality have variable interpretations, when came to describe how with a single constitutive mechanism, the photon shows changes on the relationship between electric and magnetic phases, which in the space-time are structured as differentiable responses when acting on a target, manifesting properties of particles (photoelectric), or a wave (in the double-slit experiment). By analyzing the quantum absorption-emission of the electron, quantum properties emerge at the high and low energy extremes. The image sequence of the topographic projection of the unidirectional wave function, suggest that within the particle the incorporated energy, produce orderly patterns conforming energy convection cells of quasi-fractal periodicity. This patterns, in the direction of absorption shows increasing energy levels, decreasing the contour that could be related by the relationship that decreasing entropy increase curvatures, until the Planck limit. If the sequence is examined in reverse, or emission, also shows a proportional correlation between relativistic mass or potential-energy and the curvature of space. Emission increasing entropy, eventually leads to decreasing curvature of the particle, which is revealed by the tendency of internal contour force-lines to become parallel. Scale extrapolation allows postulating, that increasing entropy by decreasing curvature, allows relating space expansion to the universe flatness.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Conservation Property of Standing Wave

Authors: Eric Su
Comments: 4 Pages. Note that the author does not read Disqus comments here, please respond by email. Including a list of publications is also a healthy gesture.

The standing wave exists in a microwave resonator if the length of the resonator cavity is equal to multiple half-wavelengths of microwave. The stationary interference of standing wave will travel in another inertial reference frame. The vibrating pattern of the standing wave is conserved. The existence of nodes in all reference frames requires the wavelength of the microwave to be conserved in all inertial reference frames. The angular frequency of microwave is different in every reference frame. Hence, the apparent velocity of the microwave depends on the choice of reference frame while the elapsed time remains invariant in all reference frames.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Nested Radicals and Gray Code

Authors: George Plousos
Comments: 5 Pages. corrected

There is a characteristic form of nested radicals that contains many signs (+, -) and is expressed in a closed trigonometric form. When the value of the trigonometric expression is known, we are called to find the values of the signs of the radical representation (the reverse is easier). The solution is provided directly by the Gray code of an integer contained in the known member of this equation of signs. However, the method of converting integers to Gray code differs from the standard method and is easier. The reason is that I found the equivalent method without knowing the Gray code. At the same time, a model emerged that interprets and facilitates the conversion of a group of integers into Gray code.
Category: Algebra

Are Borders Inside or Outside?

Authors: Arturo Tozzi
Comments: 10 Pages.

When a boat disappears over the horizon, does a distant observer detect the last moment in which the boat is visible, or the first moment in which the boat is not visible? This apparently ludicrous way of reasoning, heritage of long-lasting medieval debates on decision limit problems, paves the way to sophisticated contemporary debates concerning the methodological core of mathematics, physics and biology. These ancient, logically-framed conundrums throw us into the realm of bounded objects with fuzzy edges, where our mind fails to provide responses to plain questions such as: given a closed curve with a boundary (say, a cellular membrane) how do you recognize what is internal and what is external? We show how the choice of an alternative instead of another is not arbitrary, rather points towards entirely different ontological, philosophical and physical commitments. This paves the way to novel interpretations and operational approaches to challenging issues such as black hole singularities, continuous time in quantum dynamics, chaotic nonlinear paths, logarithmic plots, demarcation of living beings. In the sceptical reign where judgements seem to be suspended forever, the contemporary scientist stands for a sort of God equipped with infinite power who is utterly free to dictate the rules of the experimental settings.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

(Toroidal) Geometry and Architecture of the Material Singularity

Authors: Rafael Cañete Mesa
Comments: 18 Pages. 2 figures; Including Spanish version

In this article we develop the fundamental wave equation for material singularity discussed in https://vixra.org/abs/2005.0014, that is, the correlation between its terms that accounts for the creation of matter from a previous vibrational state. Derived from the equation itself, the concept of phase is incorporated, which explains and overcomes some of the apparent physical contradictions or limitations with respect to the proposed wave-corpuscle duality, as well as other structural ones of physical space. The formation of matter is identified as a process analogous to the kinetic established in a different phase in which finally the inertial mass is consolidated as mass. In addition, the mass of the material singularity is identified as a volumetric wave density of toroidal geometry.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

New Whole Number Classification

Authors: BOULAY Jean-Yves
Comments: 14 Pages. Continuation of the paper "The ultimate numbers and the 3/2 ratio"

According to new mathematical definitions, the set (ℕ) of whole numbers is subdivided into four subsets (classes of numbers), one of which is the fusion of the sequence of prime numbers and numbers zero and one. This subset, at the first level of complexity, is called the set of ultimate numbers. Three other subsets, of progressive level of complexity, are defined since the initial definition isolating the ultimate numbers and the non-ultimate numbers inside the set ℕ. The interactivity of these four classes of whole numbers generates singular arithmetic arrangements in their initial distribution, including exact 3/2 or 1/1 value ratios.
Category: Number Theory

Some Thoughts on the Unification of Quantum and Classical Mechanics

Authors: Norman Graves
Comments: 4 Pages.

The paper discusses some of the issues related to the unification of quantum theory with classical theory with the aim of providing pointers as to how to go about achieving this.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Unique Relation Between Human Muscle's Force and the Muscle's Weight

Authors: Yahya A. Sharif
Comments: 2 Pages.

The force used by muscles to lift itself is smaller than the muscles weight in which small muscles force can lift its huge mass.An example is someone lifts his massive 60 kg body with weak feet and calfs muscles when trying to pick a fruit from a tree.
Category: Physics of Biology

An Artiticial Intelligence Enabled Multimedia Tool for Rapid Screening of Cervical Cancer

Authors: Kumar Dron Shrivastav, Neha Taneja, Priyadarshini Arambam, Vandana Bhatia, Shelly Batra, Harpreet Singh, Eyad H. Abed, Priya Ranjan, Rajiv Janardhanan
Comments: 22 Pages. Preprint!

Cervical cancer is a major public health challenge. Further mitigation of cervical cancer can greatly benefit from development of innovative and disruptive technologies for its rapid screening and early detection. The primary objective of this study is to contribute to this aim through large scale screening by development of Artificial Intelligence enabled Intelligent Systems as they can support human cancer experts in making more precise and timely diagnosis. Our current study is focused on development of a robust and interactive algorithm for analysis of colposcope-derived images analysis and a diagnostic tool/scale namely the OM- The Onco-Meter. This tool was trained and tested on 300 In-dian subjects/patients yielding 77% accuracy with a sensitivity of 83.56% and a specicity of 59.25%. OM-The Oncometer is capable of classifying cervigrams into cervical dysplasia, carcinoma in situ (CIS) and invasive cancer(IC). Pro- gramming language - R has been used to implement and compute earth mover distances (EMD) to characterize different diseases labels associated with cervical cancer, computationally. Deployment of automated tools will facilitate early diagnosis in a noninvasive manner leading to a timely clinical intervention for cervical cancer patients upon detection at a Primary Health Care (PHC). The tool developed in this study will aid clinicians to design timely intervention strategies aimed at improving the clinical prognosis of patients.
Category: Artificial Intelligence