All Submission Categories

The Ritva Blockchain: Enabling Confidential Transactions at Scale

Authors: Henri Aare, Peter Vitols
Comments: 9 Pages.

The distributed ledger technology has been widely hailed as the break- through technology. It has realised a great number of application scenarios, and improved workflow of many domains. Nonetheless, there remain a few major concerns in adopting and deploying the distributed ledger technology at scale. In this white paper, we tackle two of them, namely the through- put scalability and confidentiality protection for transactions. We learn from the existing body of research, and build a scale-out blockchain plat- form that champions privacy called RVChain. RVChain takes advantage of trusted execution environment to offer confidentiality protection for trans- actions, and scale the throughput of the network in proportion with the number of network participants by supporting parallel shadow chains.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Researching Possible Interpretations and Implementations of Classical Logic Elements and Algorithms in Quantum Circuits

Authors: Cesar B. Pronin, Andrey V. Ostroukh
Comments: 13 Pages.

The paper contains a research about using known classical circuit concepts as a part of quantum algorithms, keeping the benefits of both types of circuits. This was established by interpreting classical logic elements with quantum gates. Results of this research can stimulate the implementation of quantum computing in various fields of economy.
Category: Quantum Physics

Analysis of the Pharmacological Mechanism of Herbal Medicine in the Treatment of COVID-19

Authors: Mingchun Xiao
Comments: Pages.

The COVID-19 coronavirus, which originated in 2019, caused a global pandemic in 2020. In the course of combating COVID-19, herbal drugs have achieved certain effects. My research found that the pharmacological mechanism of botanical drugs in the treatment of COVID-19 is that the alkaloids, volatile oils, and polysaccharides contained in plants have a broad-spectrum antiviral and broad-spectrum antifungal effect. A combination of multiple herbal drugs can kill the invading body COVID-19 and suppress its own immune over-reaction or inhibit the infiltration of leukocyte inflammation, quell the war between the two sides, so as to achieve the purpose of treatment.
Category: Biochemistry

On the Hard Problem of Consciousness, How This Relates to Decisions in String Theory, Using Anti-Information

Authors: John Peel
Comments: 10 Pages. See previous papers

From previous papers - there may be variables affecting the physical universe. Such as decisions (D), awareness (C) etc. Here I would like to relate the hard problem of consciousness to anti-nformation and its analogue entropy. Tying all the ideas in this and previous papers is difficult. Essentially inverses (dualities etc) are important. These are all related to structure.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Atlantis, the Istanbul Connection

Authors: Leon Elshout
Comments: 1 Page.

If Atlantis was mirrored from end times Babylon and Jerusalem, then we can say that Babylon has three daughters: Rome, Istanbul and Pergamum. Atlantis connects east and west but has strong European connections.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

How Did Prof. Wigner Include 126 As One Of His "Magic Numbers" When Discovery Of The Higgs Boson Was At Least 18 Years In The Future For Him?

Authors: George R. Briggs
Comments: 2 Pages.

Abstract: The 7 "magic numbers" attributed to Eugene Wigner ended with the number 126 . How did he come up with this number so close to the mass of the Higgs boson at least 18 years before the Higgs was discovered?
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Dimensional Mechanics of Time and Space

Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 27 Pages.

This paper presents the case for a mechanics between the paradigms of time and space and what those mechanics prescribe as general symmetries and asymmetries for physical reality, most notably the field forces of electromagnetism and gravity. This paper presents the key principle “that the basis of gravity-mass and electromagnetism is by understanding the dimensional relationship between time and space”. As this paper shall highlight in acknowledging the incompleteness theorem of Gödel, it is not mathematics that is the core issue, it is what mathematics is applied to, what concept, primarily time or space, that prescribes a successful outcome of theory. The lens of data analysis the new approach proposed for the mathematics of time and space offers highlights a key fundamental flaw in spacetime theory, largely unnoticed by the professional physics community, namely that in seeking the mass-spacetime link while trying to uphold all the features of SR, the overall context of uncertainty that exists between the dimensions of time and space is not being addressed. In other words, every calculation physics makes that is closer to resolving mass and spacetime (as gravity) will be inherently flawed if the nature of relationship between the dimensions of space and time is itself governed by a principle of uncertainty.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Emergence of Planck's Constant from Iterated Maps

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 6 Pages.

Iterations of continuous maps are the simplest models of generic dynamical systems. In particular, circle maps display several key properties of complex dynamics, such as phase-locking and the quasi-periodicity route to chaos. Our work points out that Planck’s constant may be derived from the scaling behavior of circle maps in the asymptotic limit.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Riemann Hypothesis Proof

Authors: Isaac Mor
Comments: everything is the same as it was i just added another observation from a different point of view on the last two pages

I am using eta function because it extends the zeta function from Re(s) > 1 to the larger domain Re(s) > 0. I am going to use eta function spiral and its behavior of convergent points on the complex plane to get two functions f(x) and g(x). Then I am going to show when those two functions are eqaul to zero the spiral is converging to zero as well. I will then show that non trival zeros appears only when h(x) eqaul to zero. And also when function q(x) is eqauls to zeta(2a) then eta(a+ix) is a non trival zero. Then I am going to do convergence tests on the critical strip to show that there are no zeros on the strip other then the criticl line.
Category: Number Theory

On the Mathematical Relation to the Structure of Particles/ Strings

Authors: John Peel
Comments: 7 Pages. Continuity is relied upon and possible duality.

The following pages are to do with Symmetries and decisions. There may be errors in the working, but that is the entire purpose of placing work to be evaluated. The author is not well versed in Noether’s theorem but would like to present to, and possibly inspire an experienced physicist. The decision term µ (from previous papers) may represent some sort of contradiction. That is to vanish or not. From previous papers; defining: [E – B] {P, I , D , C…. } as the actual metaphysical structure, as an entire abstraction, as the actual structure of mass/ energy, that is the transcendental concept of a particle having logic as it’s structure and conversely energy. N.B The logic ( hopefully accounting for validity and soundness) depends on E=hc/x.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A New Criterion for Riemann Hypothesis or a True Proof?

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 6 Pages. Rejected by many peer-review journals, submitted to Mathematika

There are tens of self-proclaimed proofs for Riemann Hypothesis and only 2 or 4 disproofs of it in arXiv. I am adding to the Status Quo my very short and clear evidence which uses the peer-reviewed achievement of Dr.Sole and Dr.Zhu, which they published just 4 years ago in a serious mathematical journal INTEGERS.
Category: Number Theory

On Implementing an Albedo Solution with Urban Heat Islands Global Warming and Cooling Estimates

Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 10 Pages.

Solar geoengineering is vital in global warming as results can reverse trends and reduce the probability of a tipping point. As well, the pace and depth of implementing the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) solution is tenuous. This paper focuses on the implementation of a surface solar geoengineering solution to global warming. Although an albedo solution is reasonably practical, work in this area appears stagnant and even implementing Urban Heat Island (UHI) cool roofs on a global level has not yet been widely adopted. Often, to the contrary, urbanization and road construction selection of high solar-absorbing materials continues to be the norm. The solar solution is incorrectly overlooked by comparison to GHG mitigation. This paper provides basic modeling and motivation in our UHI assessments by illustrating the potential impact for reverse forcing. We provide insights into “Earthly components” that can be utilized to increase the opportunity for reducing climate change. Modeling shows that by solar geoengineering hotspots such as UHIs, the effective area could be roughly 11 times smaller than nominal non-hotspot regions in influencing global warming. Indications suggest the corrective action area sizes are of the order of UHI coverage. The versatile model presented, also shows significant global warming estimates due to UHIs and their coverage.
Category: Climate Research

Anthropic Principle in Physical Models Without Time and Dynamics (In English)

Authors: Andrey N. Smirnov
Comments: 5 Pages.

The construction of space-time in a physical system without time and dynamics is considered. It is shown that the anthropic principle and causality principle inevitably arise in models without time and dynamics. It is shown that for any physical model based on a system without time and dynamics, the anthropic principle is a scientific principle and, in principle, can be falsified. It is shown that, in principle, there is the possibility of experimental verification of what is true - realism or idealism.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Quantum Field Theory with Fourth-order Differential Equations for Scalar Fields

Authors: Rui-Cheng LI
Comments: 23 Pages.

We introduce a new class of higgs type complex-valued scalar fields $U$ with Feynman propagator $ 1/p^4$ and consider the matching to the traditional fields with propagator $1/p^2$ in the viewpoint of effective potentials at tree level. With some particular postulations on the convergence and the causality, there are a wealth of potential forms generated by the fields $U$, such as the linear, logarithmic, and Coulomb potentials, which might serve as sources of effects such as the confinement, dark energy, dark matter, electromagnetism and gravitation. Moreover, in some limit cases, we get some deductions, such as: a nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation, a linear QED, a mass spectrum with generation structure and a seesaw mechanism on gauge symmetry and flavor symmetry; and, the propagator $1/p^4$ would provide a possible way to construct a renormalizable gravitation theory and to solve the non-perturbative problems.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Interpretation of Action Potential Generation Mechanism in Cardiomyocytes by Potassium Channel “Origami Windmill” Model

Authors: Zuodong Sun
Comments: 10 Pages.

The study of the action potential of cardiomyocytes is as important as the study of nerve fiber cells. The theoretical basis of the action potential of cardiomyocytes is the ionic theory formed by nerve fiber cells. Its core point of view: the decline phase of the action potential of cells is dominated by K+ outflow. Applying the principle of the K+ channel “origami windmill” model, the mechanism of action potential generation of nerve fiber cells has been reasonably explained, and a point contrary to the ion theory has been drawn: the phase of the action potential decline is dominated by K+ influx. Similarly, applying the principle of the K+ channel “origami windmill” model can also give a reasonable explanation for the mechanism of action potential generation of cardiomyocytes. The difference between cardiomyocyte action potential and nerve fiber cell: In addition to K+, Cl-, Na+, the process of generating cardiomyocyte action potential also involves the participation of Ca2+. Ca2+ inflow in the rising phase will shorten the depolarization time; Ca2+ inflow in the falling phase will prolong the repolarization time. K+, Ca2+ space substitution proportion: rotate into 2 K+, squeeze out 3 Ca2+, and 4 extra negative charges in the cell, the proportion is 2: 3: 4; Conversely, squeeze out 2 K+, rotate into 3 Ca2+, 4 extra positive charges the cells, the proportion is 3: 2: 4. Na+, Ca2+ space substitution proportion: rotate into 1 Na+, squeeze out 1 Ca2+, and 1 extra negative charges in the cell, the proportion is 1: 1:1; Conversely, rotate into 1 Ca2+, squeeze out 1 Na+, there is 1 more positive charge in the cell, and the proportion is 1: 1: 1. Application of “origami windmill” model principle, can reasonably explain the cardiomyocytes action potential generation mechanism, further proveding “origami windmill” the model theory, “the theory of dove-like particles”“the theory of braincell activation” of science, also proved that the viewpoint of “action potential descending phase, dominated by K+ internal current” is correct. The scientific and rational interpretation of the action potential of cardiomyocytes has far-reaching impact and great significance to the basic theoretical research and clinical practice of the heart from now on.
Category: Physics of Biology

Enlightening Point of View Based on Potassium Channel “Origami Windmill” Model

Authors: Zuodong Sun
Comments: 28 Pages.

Applying the K+ channel origami windmill model principle, the whole process of action potential generation of nerve fiber cells and cardiomyocytes is explained reasonably. Its core view is: cell action potential decline phase, dominated by influx of potassium ions. This is contrary to the core idea of the traditional theory—ionic theory. According to ionic theory, cell action potential decline phase, dominated by outflow of K+ ions. In the face of such two opposing views, the author traces back to the source, combing and commenting on the basic theoretical research on the production mechanism of cell bioelectricity generation and the results of classical basic experiments. And a series of enlightening viewpoints are produced：1. Ionic theory has its preexistence deficiency; 2. There are principle defects in GHK equation and H-H equation; 3. Ion channels may “same direction sharing”; 4. Sodium-potassium pumps, calcium pumps and so on May not exist. The thesis's Point is falsifiable. If “cell action potential decline stage, dominated by outflow of K+ ions” can be proved, all the points in this paper will not be true. On the contrary, the series of enlightening views in this paper will inevitably lead to a revolution in the field of life science. The viewpoint of this paper is not only closely related to the causes of human major diseases, treatment principles and methods, but also may have a profound impact on the future research direction of life science researchers. So the author suggests that scholars in the field of life science should re sort out the existing bioelectricity knowledge system—eliminate the false, save the true and clear the source, especially focusing on the papers published by Hodgkin and Huxley in 1952; At the same time, it is necessary to reevaluate the scientificity and scientific value of membrane theory, ionic theory, GHK equation and H-H equation, and put forward new theories based on Bernstein membrane theory, and establishing a new mathematical model of cell action potential.
Category: Physics of Biology

Conservation Law of Cell Bioelectricity Membrane Area and Ion Inequality Equation Based on Potassium Channel “Origami Windmill” Model

Authors: Zuodong Sun
Comments: 19 Pages.

At present, there are misunderstandings and even subversive errors in the understanding of cellular bioelectricity phenomena. The theory explaining the mechanism of bioelectricity generation is the ionic theory, and the ionic theory is based on the membrane theory. The membrane theory may be the correct part, and the ionic theory does not give a definite affirmation; the membrane theory may be the wrong part, and ionic theory does not give a clear negative, instead, has been further strengthened in the later period. Whether it is membrane theory or ionic theory, the author has ignored the structure and characteristics of ion channels, and has not found the essence and law of ion exchange inside and outside the cell membrane. Therefore, the GHK equation and the H-H equation based on the ionic theory have congenital deficiencies. Therefore, it is necessary to put forward a new doctrine on this basis and establish a new mathematical model based on the new doctrine to re-explain the mechanism of bioelectricity generation scientifically and rationally. This paper is based on the principle of K+ channel “origami windmill” model, the conservation law of membrane area of cell action potential ion exchange was proposed, and establishes a new mathematical model of cell action potential based on the conservation law of membrane area—ion inequality equation. The expression of conservation law of membrane area: SA (t) + SB (t) = S0, the expression of the ion inequality equation: resting potential N = N0 + Vt; action potential N = N0+ 170t -90t2. The conservation law of membrane area holds that bioelectrical activity is a process in which different cations replace each other on the inner surface of the cell membrane. Cl- is already surrounded by the cell membrane at the beginning of cell membrane formation, which determines the “positive” and “negative” of the cell action potential; The cations such as Na+, K+, etc., the amount of mutual replacement on the inner surface of the cell membrane determines the amplitude of the action potential, and the ratio of mutual replacement complies with the principle that the membrane area is equal and the ions are not equal. The ion inequality equation, cited the kinematics principle, can not only reflect the nature and rule of cation exchange on the inner surface of cell membrane,but also can reasonable avoid cell membrane expansion force and ionic driving force, completed the bioelectricity generation mechanism from the qualitative to the quantitative expression, supports the preexistence of membrane theory, to verify the theory of brain cell activation, the theory of dove-likeparticles and “origami windmill” model, has opened up a scientific and quantitative description cell action potential new ways and means.
Category: Physics of Biology

A Basic Approach to the Perfect Extensions of Spaces

Authors: Giorgio Nordo
Comments: 10 Pages.

In this paper we generalize the notion of perfect compactification of a Tychonoff space to a generic extension of any space by introducing the concept of perfect pair. This allow us to simplify the treatment in a basic way and in a more general setting. Some Skljarenko and Diamond’s results are improved and new characterizations for perfect (Hausdorff) extensions of spaces are obtained.
Category: Topology

A Brief Survey on Fibrewise General Topology

Authors: Giorgio Nordo
Comments: 11 Pages.

We present some recent results in Fibrewise General Topology (FGT) with special regard to the theory of Tychonoff compactifications of mappings. Several open problems are also proposed.
Category: Topology

A Formula for the Number of (n − 2)-Gaps in Digital N-Objects

Authors: Angelo Maimone, Giorgio Nordo
Comments: 11 Pages.

We provide a formula that expresses the number of (n − 2)-gaps of a generic digital n-object. Such a formula has the advantage to involve only a few simple intrinsic parameters of the object and it is obtained by using a combinatorial technique based on incidence structure and on the notion of free cells. This approach seems suitable as a model for an automatic computation, and also allow us to find some expressions for the maximum number of i-cells that bound or are bounded by a fixed j-cell.
Category: Geometry

现代社会问题及其解决方案 [modern Social Issues and Proposed Solutions]

Authors: Yansha Yu-sandstrom
Comments: 8 Pages.

2015年大陆线装书局出版的著作“宇宙学：人类文明智慧交叉整合共通共识理论原理”、2014年大陆“前沿科学”以“宇宙生命复合立体同步划分整合相生演进原理”为名出版的其中前四个章节、2014年美国“前沿数学”杂志发表的“《自然规律原理》健全科学建模”三文合成的最新简洁版本，“包容完满的科学信仰及其《自然规律原理》——三位一体原理”，通过三大相辅相成缺一不可阐明任何人、事、物的自然法则，演绎和解决地球人类不同文明文化理念信仰学科制度各自，在现代化发展进程中存在的根本问题及其解决方案。本文，从引领人类现代化发展的西方社会关键问题入手，进而阐述中国一党独裁专制社会的关键问题，希望有助二位国家领导人，慎而重之因地制宜地领先开启各自国民悟性觉醒文明社会成熟发展的改革之路，为人类终将走向世界大同，奠定理念制度共通共识的雄厚合作基础。 在西方，文明基石《圣经》失传已久的“三位一体”原理中，“圣父”、“圣灵”、“圣体”、“圣子”各自复合对应，代表不同寓意。因此，人们对同一事物具有不同名称、不同事物具有同一名称，不同事物具有不同名称，产生了极大的认识混乱。在法则一、法则二基础上，举法则三.一“人类三大支柱型认知”*注1为例： 详见全文
Category: Social Science

Maximality Methods in Commutative Set Theory

Authors: Long Ngo
Comments: 10 Pages. Great for you!

Let f = w be arbitrary. Every student is aware that Kolmogorov’s criterion applies. We show that S ≤ |ρR,C |. J. Sasaki [34] improved upon the results of R. Thomas by deriving subsets. The goal of the present paper is to compute irreducible, generic random variables
Category: Number Theory

A Fractal Model of Particles

Authors: Patrick Driessen
Comments: 156 Pages.

This essay attempts to establish a particle model based on well known experimental facts. The main hypothesis is that the universe is a fractal object, reproding homothetically on different scales, amongst which the particle scale and the galaxy scale. Models for the electron, the positron and the photon are proposed. Particles are seen as vortex structures in an aethereal fluid. They are endowed with two Killing vector: one timelike vector implies that particles are stationary structures. The second one is spacelike and indicates that the particles have axial symmetry.
Category: Astrophysics

Improved Estimate for the Prime Counting Function

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 7 Pages.

Using some simple combinatorial arguments, we establish some new estimates for the prime counting function and its allied functions. In particular we show that \begin{align}\pi(x)=\Theta(x)+O\bigg(\frac{1}{\log x}\bigg), \nonumber \end{align}where \begin{align}\Theta(x)=\frac{\theta(x)}{\log x}+\frac{x}{2\log x}-\frac{1}{4}-\frac{\log 2}{\log x}\sum \limits_{\substack{n\leq x\\\Omega(n)=k\\k\geq 2\\2\not| n}} \frac{\log (\frac{x}{n})}{\log 2}.\nonumber \end{align}This is an improvement to the estimate \begin{align}\pi(x)=\frac{\theta(x)}{\log x}+O\bigg(\frac{x}{\log^2 x}\bigg)\nonumber \end{align}found in the literature.
Category: Number Theory

Single Valued Neutrosophic Filters

Authors: Giorgio Nordo, Arif Mehmood, Said Broumi
Comments: 14 Pages.

In this paper we give a comprehensive presentation of the notions of filter base, filter and ultrafilter on single valued neutrosophic set and we investigate some of their properties and relationships. More precisely, we discuss properties related to filter completion, the image of neutrosophic filter base by a neutrosophic induced mapping and the infimum and supremum of two neutrosophic filter bases.
Category: Topology

Advanced Modular Illuminators for High Image Quality Optical Systems

Authors: Lev Ryzhikov, Yuli Vladimirsky
Comments: 9 Pages.

Demand for High- and Hyper-NA (numerical aperture) High image quality tools including immersion systems is growing. This demand translates in necessity to design illuminator with large NA to provide all desired illumination modes. To realize sufficient image quality low levels of projection optics residual aberrations are required. Consequently, more attention should be paid to aberration correction in illuminators to ensure optimal performance of High- and Hyper-NA high quality lens system. This leads to dramatic increase of laser illumination system (LIS) optics complexity. In order to aid designs of systems providing optimal illumination conditions without degradation of LIS performance, we are presenting design methodology, based on modular configuration. In presented approach we identify three groups of modules or optical elements essential for advanced illuminator: transform lenses, relay systems, and étendue modifiers. Implementation of Köhler scheme as a transform lens system, Critical illumination as a relay lens system, and multi-aperture refractive and diffractive arrays as étendue modifiers will be discussed.
Category: Classical Physics

Graviton Detection

Authors: Valeriy Kizka
Comments: 4 pages, 1 figure; DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.16735.48804

The article discusses the possibility of detecting of gravitons using recently created devices with cold atoms at picokelvin temperatures.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Theory that Predicts and Explains Data About Elementary Particles, Dark Matter, Early Galaxies, and the Cosmos

Authors: Thomas J. Buckholtz
Comments: 94 pages

We develop and apply new physics theory. The theory suggests specific unfound elementary particles. The theory suggests specific constituents of dark matter. We apply those results. We explain ratios of dark matter amounts to ordinary matter amounts. We suggest details about galaxy formation. We suggest details about inflation. We suggest aspects regarding changes in the rate of expansion of the universe. The theory points to relationships between masses of elementary particles. We show a relationship between the strength of electromagnetism and the strength of gravity. The mathematics basis for matching known and suggesting new elementary particles extends mathematics for harmonic oscillators.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Pictures Instead of Formulae?

Authors: Valery Skorobogatov
Comments: 8 Pages. in Russian

It is suggested to use the pictures together with the mathematical formulae in physics.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

One page Proof of Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 3 Pages.

There are tenths of proofs for Riemann Hypothesis and 3 or 5 disproofs of it in arXiv. I am adding to the Status Quo my proof, which uses the achievement of Dr. Zhu.
Category: Number Theory

Newton's Limit Operator Has no Sense

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 2 Pages.

The Limits and infinitesimal numbers were invented by the fathers of Science like Newton and Leibniz. However, a hypothetical being from another star system could have developed more realistic mathematics [in my opinion the mathematics should be defined via numbers of our fingers and the actions (like adding) with them]. In this note, I am showing the paradox of the current version of ``highest mathematics''.
Category: Functions and Analysis

The Mass-Gap in Quantum Chromodynamics and a Restriction on Gluon Masses

Authors: S.A. Larin
Comments: 9 Pages. Some clarifying remarks are added

We prove that it is necessary to introduce the non-zero gluon masses into the fundamental Lagrangian of Quantum Chromodynamics in order to describe the mass-gap in the reaction of electron-positron annihilation into hadrons. A mew restriction on the gluon masses is obtained. The renormalized theory with non-zero Lagrangian gluon masses is constructed.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

An Interpretation of Anomalous Ultra-high-energy Particle Events in Antarctica

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 12 Pages. 1 Figure; Including Chinese Version

Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA) is a device that uses the Askaryan effect to detect the interaction between high-energy particles and density matter. The Askaryan effect has been supported by sufficient experimental evidence, so the measurement results of the ANITA are very reliable. Currently, ANITA has acquired three important ultra-high-energy particle radiation events. The energy detected in all three events is extremely high, reaching an energy level of nearly 0.6EeV in the first two times, and exceeding 10EeV in the third time. These three events seem to exceed the explanatory power of the standard model. According to the standard model, the collision cross section of such ultra-high-energy particles will be relatively large, so it is easy to collide with rocks and other substances in the earth and cannot run across the earth. Here I try to use the theory of virtual space-time physics to explain. According to the theory of relativity, no particle can move faster than the speed of light. Because when accelerating, as the energy obtained by the particles becomes larger and larger, their motion mass will become larger and larger. However, from the knowledge of physics that we have learned now, the energy of any particle should not have a non-physical state such as infinity. Therefore, we can consider that when a particle gets more and more energy, it will encounter a critical point in a certain mass. This can be regarded as an upper limit of energy that the real physical world should possess. At this upper energy limit, if the particles continue to gain energy, their motion mass will not continue to increase, which will directly cause the particles to move faster than the speed of light. Another possible phenomenon is that the movement of ultra-high-energy particles causes the vacuum polarization to increase, which leads to an increase in vacuum dielectric constant, which in turn causes a decrease in the speed of light. However, if the velocity of the ultra-high-energy particles does not decrease at this time, the phenomenon that the particle running speed exceeds the speed of light may occur. According to the theory of virtual space-time physics, the speed of particles exceeds the speed of light, which means that the movement of particles enters the virtual space-time. This also means that in a certain space and time, particles with high enough energy may suddenly appear somewhere, such as appearing on the surface of the earth and then interacting with rocks or Antarctic ice on the earth to form the Askaryan effect. This should explain the three anomalous particle events detected by ANITA. This article also analyzes some other problems that may occur after the ultra-high-energy particles run faster than the speed of light.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Traditional Religion and Its Impact on the Practices of Apostolic and Zionist Churches in Zimbabwe

Authors: Method Moyo
Comments: 24 Pages.

Abstract Traditional religion is core to Zimbabwean people and, its impact has been felt by many Christian churches in Zimbabwe. Churches that are affected most are Apostolic and Zionist churches. These churches have promoted syncretism because they have mixed practices from African Traditional Religion (ATR) and Christianity in their worship and practices. While there have been attempts, especially by mainline churches, to extinguish traditional religion in the country, the efforts paid less because traditional practices are in the DNA of Zimbabwean people. This paper uncovers the practices found in Apostolic and Zionist churches that are strongly believed to have been borrowed from ATR. Most African Initiated Churches (AICs) have some elements of ATR within them. This work attempts to trace the history of ATR in Zimbabwe and expose those practices in AICs that are believed to have been copied from ATR.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

Radiation Moving Charge (Oscillator)

Authors: Genrih Leonidovich Arutyunov
Comments: 1 Page.

Emitting from a moving charge (oscillator), from the point of view of modern physics - Poincare’s Relativity Principle. (Russian language).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Unification of the Nature Forces

Authors: Farin zokaee, Miroslaw Kozlowski
Comments: 11 Pages. Keyword: unification of forces, electrostatic force, magnetic

One of the most important problem in today's physics is the integrity of the four main forces of nature. This article is intended to introduce a formula as the static core formula of all forces. The theory states that the force is the energy multiplied by the motion function; or in other words, the energy which is stuck in the motion function. We explained the reason of the forces damping.
Category: Classical Physics

Weak Equivalence Principle Violations for Stars Gravitation the Hint from Visual Binaries Data Preliminary Analysis. Implications for Dark Matter Search.

Authors: Dmitriy S. Tipikin
Comments: 7 Pages.

The way the stars in Galaxy are weighted relies heavily on the weak equivalence principle (Third Kepler Law). This law was verified in Solar System for baryonic matter – the planets and satellites rotating around the Sun. No deviations from this law was found (assuming the GR corrections). However, the Sun has a lot of non-baryonic matter inside (the photons are trapped inside for millions of years, slowly progressing toward the surface). The gravitation properties of such non-baryonic matter were never carefully investigated: unfortunately the Sun is not a binary star and gravitational attraction of two stars in the solar system was never checked. Observations of visual binaries may help to check the validity of the third Kepler law for stars motion. Re-analysis of the old data (1972) on binaries gives a hint that the slope of the mass-luminosity relation (the best way to measure the distant star) depends upon the choice of stars. This unusual observation may hint onto the violation of third Kepler Law for stars dynamic. If confirmed on large databases, this observation may resolve the dark matter problems: the stars are heavier than expected and gravitationally much heavier than expected and it may lead to re-evaluation of the mass of galaxies and as a consequence to elimination of the dark matter hypothesis for galaxies rotation.
Category: Astrophysics

Stability of the Electroweak Scale from Hamiltonian Chaos

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 7 Pages.

We have shown over recent years that the dynamics of quantum fields is likely to slide outside equilibrium above the Fermi scale of electroweak interactions. In proximity to this scale, spacetime dimensionality flows with the probing energy and leads to the concept of minimal fractal manifold (MFM). The goal of this brief report is to combine the MFM conjecture with the transition to chaos in nearly-integrable Hamiltonian systems. In doing so, we find that the KAM theorem can conceivably explain the stability of the Fermi scale in the low TeV sector.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Modeling the Albedo Advantage in Global Warming Solutions And an Albedo-Planck Parameter

Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 7 Pages. Key Words: Re-Radiation Model, Global Warming Modeling, Planck Parameter, Planck-Albedo Parameter

In this paper, we find a 2.6 times advantage in an albedo solution compared to greenhouse gases (GHG) resolution. Using these results along with an albedo-Planck parameter, it is concluded that a 1.5% solar geoengineering change in the global albedo could result in correcting most of the problem.
Category: Climate Research

The Strong Cosmic Censorship Conjecture May be Violated

Authors: Wen-Xiang Chen
Comments: 5 Pages.

Penrose's intense cosmic censorship conjecture asserts that the Cauchy horizon inside the dynamically formed black hole is unstable to the remaining material eld that falls into the black hole. The physical importance of this conjecture stems from the fact that it provides the necessary conditions for general relativity to become truly deterministic gravity. In a recent paper by Hod, it provides a proof based on Beckenstein 's second law of generalized thermodynamics that conrms the validity of the interesting Penrose conjecture in the space-time of curved black holes. Recently, an article of mine obtained interesting results about the superradiant stability of Kerr black holes. The result contains some conclusions that violate the "no-hair theorem". We know that the phenomenon of black hole superradiation is a process of entropy reduction, and connecting Hod's paper with my paper, I found that the strong cosmic censorship conjecture may be violated.
Category: Astrophysics

Relativistic Clock

Authors: Farin Zokaee, Miroslaw Kozlowski
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this paper we developed new formula for relativistic clock .The formula is valid for all values the invariant constant velocity c
Category: Classical Physics

Environmental Change and Vector-Borne Disease Transmission: Linking Irrigation to Malaria Within Endemic South America

Authors: Vincent R. Tyler
Comments: 23 Pages.

As a vector-borne disease, environmental determinants are a significant factor in the transmission of malaria to human populations throughout the world. The possibility of increased human-vector contact may occur in situations where alterations to the physical landscape result in a habitat favorable for the proliferation of the mosquito vector. Irrigation represents such environmentally-transformative actions capable of affecting the dynamics of malaria, particularly in regions where the disease is endemic. Here, over four decades of available data (1962-2008) from agricultural, healthcare, and population sources are incorporated into an analysis of the role of irrigation on nationwide malaria within those countries comprising the Amazon Forest region of South America for WHO strategy and prevention initiatives. Correlation and regression analyses reveal the presence of a relationship between changes in irrigated area and subsequent disease morbidity among eight of the nine nations of the region. With the exception of Ecuador, these results suggest that the totality of local scale alterations to the environment associated with irrigation development exert a significant influence upon the burden of malaria on the national level. Appreciating this relationship should be a cornerstone to planning and policy decisions involving water resource projects within these countries. The paper concludes with a discussion of other factors, such as migration and deforestation, whose potential to occur synergistically or concomitantly with irrigation produce a multifaceted challenge to effective disease management.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Sagnac(1913) Completed by Dufour & Prunier(1942)

Authors: Robert Bennett
Comments: 8 Pages.

The 1913 Sagnac test proved to be a critical experiment that refuted Special Relativity (as Sagnac intended) and supported a model of aether that could be entrained like material fluids. But it also generated more questions, such as: What is the Speed of Light(SoL) in the lab frame? What if the optical components of the interferometer were moving relative to each other..some in the lab frame, some in the rotor frame…testing the emission model of light transmission? What if the half beams were directed above the plane of the rotor? All these questions were answered in an extension of the Sagnac test done 29 years after the SagnacX by D&P.
Category: Classical Physics

Carbon Stars

Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 2 Pages.

In astronomy, carbon stars are stars which have more carbon than oxygen in their atmospheres. This is measured in spectroscopic surveys. It is also inadequate for 21st century astrophysics. It is more fitting to remove the designation of “carbon star” as being some specific type of star, and to understand that carbon increases in abundance as the star evolves, as measured against helium.
Category: Astrophysics

No Electromagnetic Charge and no Photon Without Gravity: the Electromagnetic Field (Emf) as an Epiphenomenon Caused by the Gravitational Field (GF)

Authors: Andrei Lucian Dragoi
Comments: (EpiphenEMF - v.1.0 - 23.05.2020 - 7 A4 pages)

This article argues that the electromagnetic field (EMF) might be an epiphenomenon caused by the gravitational field (GF). This paper continues (from alternative angles of view) the work of other past articles/preprints of the same author
Category: Quantum Physics

A Derivation of Flat Galactic Rotation Curve and Baryonic Tully-Fisher Relation

Authors: Swagatam Sen
Comments: 4 pages, English, Creative Commons Copyright

Fundamentally for the extended disc region of a spiral galaxy, an alternative solution to Laplace equation has been presented for a potential that is radially symmetric on the disc plane. This potential, unlike newtonian one, is shown to be logarithmic in distance from the centre, which allows for the rotation velocity to be constant along the disc radius. It is also shown that this potential easily manifests into a relationship between inner mass of the galaxy and terminal rotation velocity, which has been empirically observed and known as Baryonic Tully-Fisher relations.
Category: Astrophysics

Lesser Known or Novel Measures Against Covid-19

Authors: H. Singh Dhaliwal
Comments: 8 Pages.

Examined in this document are solutions that may be lesser known or unknown in terms of its relevance to COVID-19. High level research skills were used with an inventive approach to find scholarly works related to a possible treatment idea. Please click or CTRL-CLICK to view each link.
Category: Biochemistry

Riemann Hypothesis Using Just Integration

Authors: Shekhar Suman
Comments: 8 Pages.

Easy Proof. Must check
Category: Number Theory

Proof of the Beal Conjecture and Fermat Catalan Conjecture (Summary)

Authors: Quang Nguyen Van
Comments: 5 Pages.

This article inclucles the theorems anh the lemmas, using them to prove the Beal conjecture anh the Fermat- Catalan conjecture, through which we learn more about rational and irrational numbers. I think the method of proof will be useful for solving other Math- problems and they need more research.
Category: Number Theory

On the Pointwise Periodicity of Multiplicative and Additive Functions

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 8 Pages.

We study the problem of estimating the number of points of coincidences of an idealized gap on the set of integers under a given multiplicative function $g:\mathbb{N}\longrightarrow \mathbb{C}$ respectively additive function $f:\mathbb{N}\longrightarrow \mathbb{C}$. We obtain various lower bounds depending on the length of the period, by varying the worst growth rates of the ratios of their consecutive values
Category: Number Theory

Precise Theoretical Calculation of the Higgs Boson Mass on the Basis of Quantized Space and Time Theory

Authors: Hamid Reza Karimi
Comments: 16 Pages.

In this paper by applying the Quantized space and time theory, the speed limit of protons has been determined and consequently the Lorentz factor has been calculated with a high degree of accuracy. Eventually the mass equivalent to energy of Higgs boson which is created by collision of two proton beams (This experiment has been performed in LHC) has been calculated precisely to .
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Hydraulic Pressure Drives Urine Concentration Too

Authors: Johan Nygren
Comments: 4 Pages.

The kidney has connected filtration and reabsorption in series down a pressure gradient and both rely on pressure generated by the heart as a pump.
Category: Quantitative Biology

The Diagonalization Paradox

Authors: Ron Ragusa
Comments: 11 Pages.

In 1891 Georg Cantor published his Diagonal Method which, he asserted, proved that the real numbers cannot be put into a one-to-one correspondence with the natural numbers. In this paper we will see how by varying the initial conditions of Cantor’s proof we can use the diagonal method to produce a one-to-one correspondence between the set of natural numbers and the set of infinite binary decimals in the interval (0, 1). In the appendix we demonstrate that using the diagonal method recursively will, at the limit of the process, fully account for all the infinite binary decimals in (0, 1). The proof will cement the one-to-one correspondence between the natural numbers and the infinite binary decimals in (0, 1).
Category: Set Theory and Logic

The Secret Geometry of the Quartic Equation

Authors: George Plousos
Comments: 27 Pages.

Rene Descartes and Francois Viete were the first to deal substantially with the modeling of polynomial equations, but to date no one saw in these works anything more than remarkable constructions. The model presented here briefly is the natural continuation of the model discovered by Viete for the cubic equation.
Category: Algebra

Anomaly in the Precession of the Perihelion of Mercury

Authors: Zane Andrea Quintili
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this brief description we wish to bring to the attention a discussion on classical calculus to define the anomaly in the precession of Mercury found in the literature due to the difference between observations and Newton's gravitational theory. We believe that the formulation and calculations proposed here are consistent with Newton's gravitational theory and that the famous 43" (second century arc) missing, emerge without using Albert Einstein's General Relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Provolution in the Feature-Optical Grating

Authors: Paul Mirsky
Comments: 38 Pages.

Features in the propagating grating may be inclined to either width or depth. We propose general rules that govern feature inclination, and show how these rules apply in a diverse set of example cases. We also give inductive formulas to parameterize light patterns, which approximately match the results calculated from first principles in earlier work.
Category: Classical Physics

A Note on Lattice Theory

Authors: Henry Wong
Comments: 3 Pages.

Lattice is a partially ordered set with two operations defined on it that satisfy certain conditions. Lattice theory itself is a branch of abstract algebra. In this paper we present solutions to three classical problems in lattice theory. The solutions are by no means novel.
Category: Algebra

Air Pollution, Its Consequences and Solving it

Authors: Kareem Hamdy EL-Torky, Kerlos Samuel Gawargy, Taha Ottief Mohammed, Youssef Aymen Saad, Youssef Mohamed Abdelaal
Comments: 18 Pages. topic of research is pollution specifically air pollution

Pollution is a significant problem that Egypt faces and air pollution is its most dangerous type of pollution. Gases like carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides increased concentration affects health which is mostly produced by combustion reactions in car fumes or factories. Also, it causes diseases like asthma, Alzheimer's, even cancer and also affect the economy by affecting crops growth and decreasing it. The negative effect of air pollution on plants can be used as a bioindicator of pollutants concentration by noticing the growth of pollution-sensitive plants as lichens in polluted areas; the more its growth is affected, the more the pollutants are concentrated. One of the most dangerous pollutants is nitrogen oxides; most of the pollutant's concentration comes from traffic emissions. Nitrogen oxides can cause severe health issues as irritation of the respiratory tract, and it can reduce immunity to lung infections. Also, carbon monoxide is a hazardous pollutant that may cause loss of balance, vision problems, memory problems, loss of consciousness and eventually, death. The increased concentration of pollutants and greenhouse gases like chlorofluorocarbon and nitrogen oxides damages the ozone layer critically. It threatens human health as the ozone layer is the earth's shield against harmful rays coming from space as ultraviolet rays, for example, exposure to UV rays causes skin cancer premature ageing and other skin damage eye damage and Immune system weakness. Polluting gases are mostly produced by combustion reactions providing both heat and additional residue in the form of pollution as mentioned earlier, thermodynamics rules these reactions and expresses them. The first and second laws of thermodynamics discuss these reactions and help us get a better view of the problem which can help scientist find better and more efficient solutions in the future by understanding the roots of the problem.
Category: Biochemistry

Difference of Two Sums of Two Squares

Authors: Suaib Lateef
Comments: 1 page

This formula extends the difference of two squares theorem
Category: Number Theory

Provolution in the Feature-Optical Beam

Authors: Paul Mirsky
Comments: 30 Pages.

In Feature Optics, a light pattern undergoes the process of provolution as it propagates; it is analogous to the Fractional Fourier Transform in conventional optics. We study the physical basis of provolution in the simple beam, introducing and incorporating concepts such as imparity, symmetry inclination, and curvature.
Category: Classical Physics

The "Magic Numbers" of Prof. Wigner's Include 28 and 82 and 82 Alerts Us to the Ratio of Planck's Constant to the Quantum of the Universe

Authors: George R. Briggs
Comments: 1 Page. Today is my birthday, I am 96 years old

The "magic numbers" of Eugene Wigner include 28 and 82 and I have observed 0.82 to be an important ratio in MHCE8S theory.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Using a Common Theme to Find Intersections of Spheres with Lines and Planes via Geometric (Clifford) Algebra

Authors: James A. Smith
Comments: Pages.

After reviewing the sorts of calculations for which Geometric Algebra (GA) is especially convenient, we identify a common theme through which those types of calculations can be used to find the intersections of spheres with lines, planes, and other spheres.
Category: Geometry

E.T. or Not E.T.? That is the Question

Authors: Richard M. Blaber
Comments: 14 Pages.

Attempts to detect electromagnetic signals from extraterrestrial intelligences have hitherto proved fruitless, and no plausible solution has been provided for the ‘Fermi Paradox’ that does not entail the non-existence of radio broadcasting and interstellar travelling exoplanetary civilisations. Yet life itself, and even intelligent life, of a non-technological kind, may be abundant.
Category: Biochemistry

Mass Transformation in Reference Frame

Authors: Eric Su
Comments: 2 Pages. Note that the author does not read Disqus comments here, please respond by email. Including a list of publications is also a healthy gesture

The total momentum of an isolated system is invariant if the system is subject to a conservative force. An isolated system of two identical objects subject to the gravitational force presents a rigorous proof that the mass of the object is independent of the direction of its motion. In an inertial reference frame moving in the transverse direction to the direction of gravitational force, the law of conservation of momentum requires the mass of an object to be independent of its speed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Introduction to Neutrosophic Statistics Translated Arabic Version مقدمة في الاحصاء النيوتروسوفكي

Authors: Huda E. Khalid, Ahmed K. Essa
Comments: 167 Pages. ISBN: 978-1-59973-906-9

على الرغم من أن الإحصاء النيوتروسوفكي قد تم تعريفه منذ العام 1996 ، ثم نشر في عام 1998 بالكتاب المعنون " النيوتروسوفيا/ المنطق، المجموعة والاحتمالية النيوتروسوفكية" إلاّ انه لم ينل حظاً من الاهتمام والتطور إلى يومنا هذا. وكذلك كان الحال مع الاحتمالية النيوتروسوفكية، باستثناء بعض المقالات المتفرقة التي حظيت بتطور بسيط لا يكاد يرتقي لشمولية الفكرة التي تقوم عليها ، وقد نشرت عام 2013 ضمن الكتاب المعنون " مقدمة في القياس، التكامل والاحتمالية النيوتروسوفكية". يعد الإحصاء النيوتروسوفكي مفهوماً موسعاً للإحصاء التقليدي (الكلاسيكي)، إذ يتم فيه التعامل مع قيم ذات مجموعات بدلاً عن قيم هشة ، بحيث يكون من السهل في اغلب المعادلات والصيغ الإحصائية التقليدية استبدال عدَّة أعداد بمجاميع . أي أن العمليات ستجري على المجاميع بدلاً من إجراء العمليات على الأعداد ، وسيتم ذلك باستخدام المعلمات غير المعينة (غير الدقيقة، التي فيها لاتأكيد ، وحتى تلك التي تكون مجهولة تماماً) بدلاً من استخدام المعلمات الطبيعية المتعارف عليها في الإحصاء التقليدي.
Category: Statistics

Neutrosophic Logic: the Revolutionary Logic in Science and Philosophy

Authors: Florentin Smarandache, Huda E. Khalid, Ahmed K. Essa
Comments: 125 Pages.

The first part of this book was an introduction to the basic activities of this national symposium, as well as identifications of Neutrosophic Scientific International Association (NSIA)/headquarter/ New Mexico University/ USA. Explain the activities of NSIA /Iraqi branch .An Iraqi branch of NSIA presents a suggestion for the international instructions in attempting to organize NSIA's work after its spreading and adopting the theory of Neutrosophic logic by many scientists around the world. At chapter two, the five pivots of the symposium were presented including the history of neutrosophic theory and its applications, the most important books and papers in the advancement of neutrosophics, the biographical note for Prof. Florentin Smarandache this was in Arabic language, at the end of this chapter an important paper entitled " The Concept of Neutrosophic Less Than or Equal: a New Insights in Unconstrained Geometric Programming" that was published by the authors of this book at 2016 in Creighton University, Center for
Category: General Mathematics

Einstein's Field Equations Geometrized Completely

Authors: Ilija Barukčić
Comments: 28 Pages.

Aim: The possibility of the geometrization of the stress-energy-tensor and the problems associated with such an undertaking is reviewed again. Methods: The usual tensor calculus rules were used. Results: The stress-energy-tensor was geometrized. The stress-energy-tensor of the electromagnetic field was geometrized too. A method how to calculate the value of the anti-cosmological constant Lambda is developed. Conclusion: Finally, Einstein's field equations are geometrized completely.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Em Drive Space Thrusters Without Lorentz Reaction Force, by Triple Tesla Pancake Coils and Dual Monopole Interference Solenoids.

Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 30 Pages.

The electromagnetic field around a direct current in a wire and the so called Lorentz force, has always been questioned by me and others about the microscopic visualization of individual (string) particle vector interference physics. (figure 1, 30) Now I present my view on EM space flight and Fermion Crushing based on kitchen table experiments and my Q-FFF Rigid Transformer String Theory. For Fermion crushing by focused interference B=0-fields at the end of solenoids can use direct- or alternative currents, due to both interference field symmetries. For a Tubular Dual Coaxial Solenoid, (figure 3,4,5) For space levitation we may use a comparable B=0 effect we use: A Triple Coaxial Tesla Pancake Coil. (Trifilar coil) with different conductor diameter for reaction less propulsion (figure 6, 7, and 30, 31) For Spaceflight piloting we use: Two half coaxial integrated solenoids with opposite rotating currents create also mutual; Lorentz forces without reaction (figure 2)
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Gravity Depends on Another Constant Besides c and G

Authors: Karl De Paepe
Comments: 1 Page.

We consider a system of two free particles on a fixed line. We show gravity depends on another constant besides c and G.
Category: Classical Physics

Wiles Has not Proven the Fermat’s Last Theorem

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 5 Pages.

Demonstrated in alternative way, that the Theorems of Gödel are true, and hold not only for some special mathematical problems, but in general (for any kind of statement in any kind of system/situation). As applications: Hilbert’s Second Problem Solved. Agnosticism is solved. Burden of Disproof is given to atheists. Andrew Wiles’es proof of Fermat’s Last Theorem (which is hypothesis) uses unproven hypothesises of set theory (not the axioms of set theory), thus, the proof is debunked.
Category: Algebra

An Unintentional Repetition of the Ramanujan Formula for $\pi$, and Some Independent Mathematical Mnemonic Tools for Calculating with Exponentiation and with Dates

Authors: Janko Kokosar
Comments: 11 Pages.

The paper is consisted of contentually unrelated sections, where each section could be one short paper. Section 1 deals with the process of an unintentional repetition of one of the Ramanujan formulas, and the author did not know it before. The process of the unintentional repetition of the Ramanujan formula is interesting for estimating, for instance, the physical background for guessing of dimensionless physical constants. Section 2 shows an approximation which helps at memorizing the square roots of integers up to 10. Section 3 shows the specialities of the squares of integers at the last digits. Section 4 shows how the last two digits are repeated for 2 to the sequential integer powers, and how to find out this. Section 5 contains some mathematical peculiarities at calculating dates. All sections contain mnemonic methods to help us memorize and calculate. These sections belong to pedagogical and recreational mathematics, maybe even something more is here.
Category: Number Theory

Kidney Filtration Pressure as a “single Effect” for Osmotic Gradient

Authors: Johan Nygren
Comments: 1 Page.

Consider the name of the renal pyramids, and that it points to them being pyramidal. This anatomy suggests the “urine compartment”, the nephrons and collecting ducts, narrows from the base of the renal pyramid (cortex) to the top (papilla), in the same way as a funnel. This anatomical arrangement likely has a role in the reabsorption of 99% of all filtrate produced per day, simply by providing resistance. If this architecture is able to contribute to reabsorption of water, and, by that, concentration of urine, and if this concentrated urine to some extent equilibrates with the surrounding medullary interstitium, then it would provide a “single effect” for an osmotic multiplier.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Rainbows Separate Light and Dark

Authors: Seamus McCelt
Comments: 3 Pages.

If you look closely at a rainbow: you will notice the outer arc (the red side) is darker than the violet side.
Do rainbows separate light and dark?
No, that cannot be correct. So, what is happening?
Category: Classical Physics

Glow and Shine in Feature Optics

Authors: Paul Mirsky
Comments: 31 Pages.

Optical features exist in two types: Glow features remain constant, and describe a pattern of light at a flat plane. Shine features expand in proportion to their distance from the flat plane. Glow and shine have inverse feature chains. Glow and shine are convolved to produce the patterns observed in the critical planes of the grating.
Category: Classical Physics

Instantaneous Freeze

Authors: Seamus McCelt
Comments: 1 Page.

Neutrinos can be used to instantly freeze matter.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Host Change -Tropism Pattern of Human Coronaviruses Suggesting the Engineered Nature of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2

Authors: Murat Seyran
Comments: 388 Pages. I am a doctoral candidate at the University of Vienna but I done this without the support of the affiliated institute.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the seventh and the unique human CoV with pandemic potential. The host tropism and infection pattern of SARS-CoV-2 have 3 fundamental differences compared to the previous six human pathogenic CoVs, i.e. HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, SARS-CoV, HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-NL63, and MERS-CoV. N-terminal domain (NTD) of CoVs Spike (S) Protein contains a specific glycan-binding region as the first contact area with the new host. Specific glycan-binding immune receptors e.g. C-type lectins recognize NTD of S Protein of CoV and exterminate the virus before its adaptation. According to Canyon Hypothesis CoVs sunk this glycan-binding domain beneath the surface of S Protein to evade host immune system e.g. MERS-CoV glycan-binding domain 280 Å2 under its S Protein surface or HCoV-229E deleted its glycan-binding NTD during its host tropism. Strikingly, SARS-CoV-2 does not have a single amino acid (aa.) alteration or deletion on its glycan-binding region NTD of its S Protein compares to its parent virus BatCoV RaTG13. The flat and unsunken surface of SARS-CoV-2 NTD S Protein conflicting with the general adaptation and survival pattern of all CoVs. Secondly, based on the template-switching model, CoVs pause their replication on certain domains and have recombinations on these specific sites. SARS-CoV-2 and BatCoV RaTG13 are both betacoronavirus lineage B and their genomes are almost identical except 4 aa. inserts between the S1/S2 enables the virus to cleavage by host cell furin protease. However, other betacoronavirus lineage B members and the clinical strains of SARS-CoV-2 do not have any alterations on S Protein S1/S2 suggesting SARS-CoV-2 obtained this trait with a one-time unique event. Thirdly, after host adaptation CoVs improve their host cell interaction with certain aa. substitutions on their receptor binding domain (RBD) that considered as positive selection site. SARS-CoV-2 had 22 aa. substitutions on S Protein RBD compare to BatCoV RaTG13. However, despite millions of SARS-CoV-2 infections, RBD has not indicated a single high-frequency aa. substitution suggesting the too-perfect angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 (ACE2) binding that was gained with a one-time alteration. Unlike the RBDs of other CoVs, SARS-CoV-2 RBD is not a positive selection site. In summary, i) flat and unaltered NTD, ii) conserved RBD, and iii) unique S1/S2 insert of S Protein of SARS-CoV-2 suggesting its engineered nature. Engineering of CoVs is not a speculation since 18 research projects to develop genetically modify CoVs as pandemic potential pathogens paused by United States Government Moratorium in 2014.
Category: Biochemistry

The abc Conjecture is False: The End of The Mystery

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 5 Pages. Submitted to the Ramanujan Journal. Comments welcome.

In this note, I give the proof that the abc conjecture is false because, in the case c>rad(abc), for 0<\epsilon<1, presenting a counterexample that implies a contradiction for c very large.
Category: Number Theory

3D Polytope Hulls of E8 4_21, 2_41, and 1_42

Authors: J Gregory Moxness
Comments: 15 pages, 18 figures, 6 equations, and 9 citations

Using rows 2 through 4 of a unimodular 8X8 rotation matrix, the vertices of E8 4_21, 2_41, and 1_42 are projected to 3D and then gathered & tallied into groups by the norm of their projected locations. The resulting Platonic and Archimedean solid 3D structures are then used to study E8's relationship to other research areas, such as sphere packings in Grassmannian spaces, using E8 Eisenstein Theta Series in recent proofs for optimal 8D and 24D sphere packings, nested lattices, and quantum basis critical parity proofs of the Bell-Kochen-Specker (BKS) theorem.
Category: Geometry

A Photonic Integrated Circuit based Compressive Sensing Radio Frequency Receiver

Authors: David B. Borlaug, Steven Estrella, Carl Boone, George Sefler, Thomas Justin Shaw, Angsuman Roy, Leif Johansson, George C. Valley
Comments: 2 Pages.

A photonic integrated circuit comprised of an 11 cm multimode speckle waveguide, a 1x32 splitter, and a linear grating coupler array is fabricated and utilized to receive 2 GHz of RF signal bandwidth from 2.5 to 4.5 GHz using a 35 MHz mode locked laser.
Category: Classical Physics

A Probabilistic Approach to some Problems of Number Theory

Authors: Gregory Sobko
Comments: 109 Pages.

Some classical questions and problems of Number Theory, like the Goldbach conjecture, distributions of twin- and d–primes and primes among arithmetic sequences, are addressed here from an entirely probabilistic point of view. We discuss the concept of ‘independence’ relevant to number-theoretic problems and interpret the basic concepts of divisibility of natural number in terms of probability spaces and appropriate probability distributions on classes of congruence. We analyze and demonstrate the importance of Zeta probability distribution and prove, in particular, theorems stating the equivalence of probabilistic independence of divisibility by co-prime factors, and the fact that random variables with the property of independence of co-prime factors must have Zeta probability distribution. Multiplicative and additive models with recurrent equations for generating sequences of prime numbers allow to interpret such sequences as realizations of random walks on set of natural numbers and on multiplicative semigroups generated by set of prime numbers , representing paths of stochastic dynamical systems. We discuss some limit theorems related to distribution of primes and their residuals. More specifically, we provide a continuous-time description of the distribution of counting function of primes in terms of diffusion approximation of non-Markov random walks.
Category: Number Theory

Electric-Field Induced Strange Metal States and Possible High-Temperature Superconductivity in Hydrogenated Graphitic Fibers

Authors: Nadina Gheorghiu, Charles R. Ebbing, Timothy J. Haugan
Comments: 10 Pages.

In this work, we have studied the effects from increasing the strength of the applied electric field on the charge transport of hydrogenated graphitic fibers. Resistivity measurements were carried out for direct currents in the nA - mA range and for temperatures from 1.9 K to 300 K. The high-temperature non-ohmic voltage-current dependence is well described by the nonlinear random resistor network model applied to systems that are disordered at all scales. The temperature-dependent resistivity shows linear, step-like transitions from insulating to metallic states as well as plateau features. As more current is being sourced, the fiber becomes more conductive and thus the current density goes up. The most interesting features is observed in high electric fields. As the fiber is cooled, the resistivity first decreases linearly with the temperature and then enters a plateau region at a temperature T ~ 260 − 280 K that is field-independent. These observations on a system made out of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen atoms suggest possible electric-field induced superconductivity with a high critical temperature that was predicted from studying the role of chirality on the origin of life.
Category: Condensed Matter

Objective Mathematics (OM), Mathematics Built Оn A Circle And A Sphere

Authors: Souren E. Karapetian
Comments: 17 Pages.

The author of this article asked himself: why is mathematics built on a mythical infinite straight line and plane, and what happens if it is built on a circle and a sphere - the most perfect objects of nature? The author called the resulting theory Objective Mathematics (OM), bearing in mind that this theory operates on natural objects that exist in nature (a circle and a sphere) and does not use the axiomatic approach, in particular the infinite parallel straight lines and planes present in traditional mathematics (TM). The constructs and proofs in this article are first made on a circle (one-dimensional OM), and then the resulting law is generalized to a sphere (two-dimensional OM) and 3-sphere (three-dimensional OM). The results obtained 4 empirical laws and 21 laws. The paper gives definitions of such concepts as: • A harmonic four (quartet) on a circle, • A logical three-dimensional count, • Preliminary mathematics (Premathematics) in OM, • Non-Euclidean geometry in OM, • One-dimensional, two-dimensional, three-dimensional OM, etc. As a result of the analysis, the author concludes that the universe is a three-dimensional sphere, where a ray of light is a large circle of this sphere.
Category: Geometry

Explaining Yang Mills Theory and Mass Gap and Proton Mass Based on Mathematical Heuristics

Authors: Suresh Kumar S
Comments: 6 Pages. Yang mills theory as a homogeneous interaction of QED,relativistic dissipative hydrodynamics conforming to thermodynamics .

Hydrodynamic of vortex flows can explain quark gluon plasma fluid flows as an highly idealized liquid which has transition to a hadronic phase to account for nuclear matter components like protons.The mass of quarks are only in a tiny part derived from the Higgs field mechanisms. Strong forces in the atomic nucleus hold together quarks and gluons in the protons as components of nuclear matter. QCD theories are sought to account for the strong fields and hadron mass. There are possible correspondence and analogies with quantum hydrodynamic and its conformal thermodynamics,which might explain the mass gap based on turbulence of vortex flows and its shock wave like energy dissipation leading to a thermodynamics and its momentum or mass derivations. The yang mills theory emerges as an interphase of quantum electrodynamics,vortex hydrodynamics and conformal thermodynamics,so that the nuclear matter and hadronic phase has entropy and information transfers to experience a Higgs like mechanism and phonon modes for self interactions leading to mass and momentum effects. The mathematical models of Hamilton Jacobi equations for positive and negative mass ensembles approximate to a Stochastic NLSE as a Schrodinger expression derivation of Lindblad master equation for heavy quark QCD or QED models. The negative mass like effects can occur in spin orbit coupled high angular momentum idealized fluids at relativistic limits and quantum limits ,explained by GP equations as NLSE approximations for hydrodynamic plasma vortex flows. The hydrodynamics has analogies with QED,and conform to thermodynamics in the entropic limits,and its dissipative turbulence and fluctuations in energy. The Higgs like phonon modes are the result of angular momentum and mass or energy distribution and equilibrium processes described by LG Boltzman equations corresponding to Schrodinger equations in the non linear limits. The self interaction potential can explain mass gap and gluon condensates,and yang mills theory based topological phases with quark hadron transitions and symmetry breaking,that is a combination of the QED,hydrodynamic and thermodynamic energy and mass- momentum transfers,and confining hadronic pressures due to negative mass effects.This paper presents a heuristic model to examine this.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Em Drive Space Thrusters Without Lorentz Reaction Force, by Triple Tesla Pancake Coils with Different Conductor Diameters.

Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 30 Pages.

The electromagnetic field around a direct current in a wire and the so called Lorentz force, has always been questioned by me and others about the microscopic visualization of individual (string) particle physics. (figure 1) Now I present my view on EM space flight and Fermion Crushing based on kitchen table experiments and my Q-FFF Rigid Transformer String Theory. For Fermion crushing by focused B-fields at the end of solenoids can use direct- or alternative currents, due to both interference field symmetries.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Towards Realism Interpretation of Wave Mechanics Based on Maxwell Equations in Quaternion Space and Some Implications, Including Smarandache’s Hypothesis

Authors: Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache, Yunita Umniyati
Comments: 7 Pages. This paper has been accepted and published by AIP Conference Proceedings 2234, 040008 (2020).

From time to time, some eminent physicists commenced to ask: What is the reality behind quantum mechanical predictions? Is there a realism interpretation of Quantum Physics? This paper is intended to explore such a possibility of a realism interpretation of QM, based on a derivation of Maxwell equations in Quaternion Space. In this regards, we begin with Quaternion space and its respective Quaternion Relativity (it also may be called as Rotational Relativity) as it has been discussed in several papers including [1]. The purpose of the present paper is to review our previous derivation of Maxwell equations in Q-space [17], with discussion on some implications. First, we will review our previous results in deriving Maxwell equations using Dirac decomposition, introduced by Gersten (1999). Then we will shortly make a few remark on helical solutions of Maxwell equations, Smarandache’s Hypothesis and possible cosmological entanglement. Further observations are of course recommended to refute or verify some implications of this proposition.
Category: Quantum Physics

Political Brouhaha in Bosso Local Government Area: The Positive Side

Authors: Kabiru Musa
Comments: 3 Pages. Edited by Betasha Felix Chawaza (B.Tech. EMV)

It a common phenomena in Africa and especially in Nigeria where politics or political Offices are largely determined by Godfathers/Kingmakers. They are few individuals whom suddenly skyrocketed from nobody to a high political position, they are few individuals with known political history who team up to determine who gets this or that and resources sharing formula. In most cases, they can control power and resources for the benefits of few at the detriment of all.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Principles of Quantum Physics

Authors: Jean Louis Van Belle
Comments: 25 Pages.

This paper summarizes the basic principles of the common-sense interpretation of quantum physics that we have been exploring over the past few years. We also touch on some areas we did not explore before. We note, for example, that the ring current model of matter-particles must also come with a dynamic view of the fields surrounding charged particles. Potential barriers -or their corollary: potential wells – should, therefore, not be thought of as static fields: they vary in time. They result from two or more charges moving around and creating some joint or superposed field. Hence, a particle breaking through a ‘potential wall’ or coming out of a potential ‘well’ probably just uses an opening which corresponds to a classical trajectory. This should offer a new perspective on the foundations of quantum mechanics.
Category: Quantum Physics

On a Possible Logarithmic Connection Between Einstein's Constant and the Fine-Structure Constant, in Relation to a Zero-Energy Hypothesis

Authors: Andrei Lucian Dragoi
Comments: Pages.

This paper brings into attention a possible logarithmic connection between Einstein's constant and the fine-structure constant, based on a hypothetical electro-gravitational resistivity of vacuum: we also propose a zero-energy hypothesis which predicts a general formula for all the rest masses of all elementary particles from Standard model, also indicating an unexpected profound bijective connection between the three types of neutrinos and the massless bosons (gluon, photon and the hypothetical graviton).
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Present Behavior of Linear Increasing of Cases of Covid-19

Authors: Valdir Monteiro dos Santos Godoi
Comments: 19 Pages.

We see in graphs the current approximately linear behavior of the advance in the number of confirmed cases, deaths and recovered cases by Covid-19.
Category: Quantitative Biology

First Incompleteness Theorem New Way of Proving

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 2 Pages.

Demonstrated in alternative way, that the First Theorem of Gödel is true, and holds not only for some special mathematical problems, but in general.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

On Geoengineering and Implementing an Albedo Solution with Urban Heat Islands Global Warming and Cooling Estimates

Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 15 Pages. Key Words: Albedo Solution, Global Warming Solution, Global Warming Re-radiation Model, Albedo Modeling, Hotspot Mitigation, UHI Global Warming Estimates

Surface albedo geoengineering is vital in Global Warming (GW) as results can reverse trends and reduce the probability of a tipping point. Although an albedo solution is reasonably practical, work in this area appears stagnant and even implementing Urban Heat Island (UHI) cool roofs on a global level has not yet been widely adopted. This paper provides basic modeling and motivation by illustrating the potential impact of reverse forcing. We provide insights into “Earthly areas” that might be utilized to increase the opportunity for reducing warming. Modeling shows that by solar geoengineering select hotspots with aspects like large heat capacities, such as UHIs, and possibly mountain regions, the effective area could be roughly 11 times smaller than nominal non-hotspot regions in influencing global warming. We find that between 0.2% and 1% of the Earth would require modification to resolve most of global warming. This represents about a 1.5% global albedo change. Results are highly dependent on modeling aspects like heat capacity, irradiance, and albedo changes of the area selected. The versatile model was also used to provide UHIs global warming and cooling estimates illustrating their importance.
Category: Climate Research

The Mountains of Atlantis in Critias 118

Authors: Leon Elshout
Comments: 1 Page.

What about the mountains of Atlantis as describen in Critias 118? - by leon elshout, NL, almelo, 17 may 2020, aurichalcum2018 @ protonmail.com, roodgoudvanparvaim.nl - www.flipsnack.com/roodgoudvanparvaim
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

The Alternate Solution to Global Warming

Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 5 Pages. Key Words: Albedo Modeling, Albedo solution to global warming, solar amplification, hotspots mitigation

In this paper we provide an overview on why the alternate solution to global warming has numerous advantages over greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction. This is initially evident in considering that prior to greenhouse gas reemission, LWR must first occur. In the chain of events, initially we have incoming short wave radiation, absorption, long wave emission, then re-radiation from GHGs. In theory, we can focus on any event in order to mitigate climate change. However, reducing absorption also prevents a second event, greenhouse gas (GHG) reemission. Therefore, in comparison, the greenhouse gas effect is less dynamic. As well the pace and depth of the GHG solution is tenuous. It is of interest in this paper to look at the absorption part in the chain of events. It is obvious that an albedo solution is in theory possible. However, research in this area seems stagnant and implementing even urban heat island cool roofs on a global level has not gone forward. In particular, in this paper we provide some basic modeling and provide insight into “Earthly components” that one could focus on to increase opportunity for reducing climate change.
Category: Climate Research

World-Universe Model – Alternative to Big Bang Model. Essay

Authors: Vladimir Netchitailo
Comments: 10 Pages.

This essay provides comparison of the Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) with the prevailing Big Bang Model (BBM) of Standard Cosmology. The performed analysis of BBM shows that Four Pillars of the Standard Cosmology are model-dependent and not strong enough to support the model. The angular momentum problem is one of the most critical problem in BBM. Standard Cosmology cannot explain how Galaxies and Extra Solar systems obtained their substantial orbital and rotational angular momenta, and why the orbital momentum of Jupiter is considerably larger than the rotational momentum of the Sun. WUM is the only cosmological model in existence that is consistent with the Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum. To be consistent with this Fundamental Law, WUM discusses in detail the Beginning of the World. The Model introduces Dark Epoch (spanning from the Beginning of the World for 0.4 billion years) when only Dark Matter Particles (DMPs) existed, and Luminous Epoch (ever since for 13.8 billion years). Big Bang discussed in Standard Cosmology is, in our view, transition from Dark Epoch to Luminous Epoch due to Rotational Fission of Overspinning Dark Matter (DM) Supercluster’s Cores. WUM envisions Matter carried from the Universe into the World from the fourth spatial dimension by DMPs. Ordinary Matter is a byproduct of DM annihilation. WUM solves a number of physical problems in contemporary Cosmology and Astrophysics through DMPs and their interactions: Angular Momentum problem in birth and subsequent evolution of Galaxies and Extrasolar systems – how do they obtain it; Fermi Bubbles – two large structures in gamma-rays and X-rays above and below Galactic center; Diversity of Gravitationally-Rounded Objects in Solar system; some problems in Solar and Geophysics [1]. WUM reveals Inter-Connectivity of Primary Cosmological Parameters and calculates their values, which are in good agreement with the latest results of their measurements.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Estimated Life Expectancy Impact of Sars-Cov-2 Infection on the Entire German Population

Authors: Tobias Martens, Wieland Lühder
Comments: 3 Pages.

The life expectancy of the currently living German population is calculated per age and as weighted average. The same calculation is repeated after considering everyone infected with and potentially killed by SARS-CoV-2 within one year, given the current age-dependent lethality estimates from a study at London Imperial College [1]. For an average life expectancy of 83.0 years in the current population, the reduction due to SARS-CoV-2 infection amounts to 2.0 (1.1-3.9) months. The individual values show a maximum of 7.7 (4.4-15.2) months for a 70-year-old. People below age 50 loose less than 1 month in average.
Category: Statistics

How to Detect Interstellar NT Glycine While Observing the Night Sky with an ir Telescope or ir Camera?

Authors: Pardis Tabaee Damavandi
Comments: 6 Pages.

The wavelengths (microns) of amino acid NT Glycine are accurately reported to facilitate its recognition in interstellar mediums by IR telescopes in the course of night surveys.
Category: Astrophysics

Mathematical Principles of Time and Energy

Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 23 Pages.

This paper presents the equation for time and energy that executes four key attributes of time's flow regarding energy, namely, why time presents itself as unidirectional, why reality presents itself as a time-now phenomenon in between time-before and time-after in unidirectional time, why the laws of thermodynamics appear as they are in time-now, and why there is an "uncertainty" regarding the spatial location of elementary particles in time. This paper employs the equations of time and energy as presented in the lead-up papers by knitting those equations of time and energy together in addressing the four fundamental attributes of times flow regarding energy, concluding an event-horizon equation for time and energy as a unique mathematics for time separate to that of space, eliminating the reliance on spacetime theory as a singular mathematics, delivering space and time as two separate mathematics that can nonetheless be linked, surpassing the incompleteness problem as presented by Gödel, opening the door to a new cosmological model for space and time, all of such in upholding the data of all known physical phenomena in deriving all the relevant physical equations and constants.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Implementation of a Quality Management System – a Factor for Competitiveness of Commercial Enterprise

Authors: Lyubka Ilieva
Comments: 8 Pages.

Requirements of the European Union in the field of trade and development prospects to the sector are expressed in the quality of the offered products and the means for their sale. The European and world experience show that the implementation of quality management systems makes it possible to take active action to increase the competitiveness and efficiency of commercial enterprises. Among the main problems faced commercial enterprises, is the Organization and maintaining a successful business in the face of changing market and heady business environment. Market survival inevitably associated with the competitiveness of commercial enterprises. Survey of the quality management is dictated by the need to present how retailers deal promptly with the challenges they face in a rapidly changing business environment. Competitiveness is fundamental composite indicator, which is influenced by many factors: strategy of commercial enterprise; the presence of material, labor and financial resources; training and motivation of personnel; innovation potential; market share; efficiency of management. The provision and improvement of quality is one of the essential factors for increasing the market share of commercial enterprise, hence the competitiveness. The present study aims to present the competitive advantages they receive commercial enterprises by introducing quality management system. For this purpose, first of all, should be provided the link between the quality and the competitiveness of the commercial undertaking; next to identify the principles and requirements of the international standards for quality management systems; third, to explore to what extent have invaded the quality management systems among the Bulgarian commercial enterprises; and fourthly to identify benefits that provide integrated systems on the competitiveness of the commercial enterprise.
Category: Economics and Finance

Time Mechanics

Authors: Andrzej Zwolski
Comments: 6 Pages. Key words: time, theory of time, time mechanics

The presented theory of time is certainly controversial and difficult to accept, but it allows a generalized solution to the problems of modern physics by taking a new look at the phenomenon of the passage of time. Considering the sequence of physical states, it was found that time does not flow either continuously or evenly; also, there is no relationship between the passage of time and the free movement of bodies, although their distance in time is a measure of their mutual movement. In the new approach, the phenomenon of universal gravitation has been attributed to the passage of time.
Category: Classical Physics

Quality Certification in the Tourism Sector Through Implementation of Iso 9001

Authors: Lyubka Ilieva
Comments: 12 Pages.

After Bulgaria's accession to the European Union, the global business environment was subject to some changes related to the process of globalization, the dynamic development of markets, and the free movement of people within the community. These changes required that Bulgarian tourism enterprises seek new opportunities for gaining a competitive advantage based on the quality of their products and tourist services. This issue requires an investigation into the economic implications considering the single EU market and the associated challenges to the competitiveness of Bulgarian tourism enterprises. In order to obtain certificates for globally or nationally recognized quality marks and signs, tourism enterprises have to reorganize their activities in such a way as to meet the requirements for obtaining such certificates and the associated registered marks, which requires investment of time and money, as well as certain managerial skills. An alternative to this type of quality assurance of the tourist services is the development, implementation and certification of a Quality Management System (QMS) in accordance with the provisions of the ISO 9001 standard. This standard allows tourist enterprises to build quality management systems that are consistent with the specifics of their business and service technologies and processes. The aim of this article is to define the benefits for a tourism enterprise from the implementation of a QMS and certification under ISO 9001 to ensure the quality of their tourist services. To this end, the article reviews the available studies related to the quality assurance in the tourism sector in Bulgaria and the degree of its compliance with the ISO 9001 standard. The study demonstrates the author's thesis that the use of the most widely used international standard gives the tourist business the opportunity to demonstrate its ability to manage quality, irrespective of the category of the tourist site and the developed tourism activity, using a clearly identifiable and globally recognised quality sign.
Category: Economics and Finance

Horn and Fate

Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 3 Pages. -

The etymology of two Russian words is considered
Category: Linguistics

Les Nombres Ultimes et le Ratio 3/2

Authors: Boulay Jean-Yves
Comments: Pages.

Selon une nouvelle définition mathématique, les nombres entiers naturels se divisent en deux ensembles dont l’un est la fusion de la suite des nombres premiers et des nombres zéro et un. Trois autres définitions, déduites de cette première, subdivisent l’ensemble des nombres entiers naturels en quatre classes de nombres aux propriétés arithmétiques propres et uniques. La distribution géométrique de ces différents types d’entiers naturels, dans de diverses matrices fermées, s’organise en ratios exacts de valeur 3/2 ou 1/1.
Category: Number Theory

The Exact Value of the Cosmological Constant

Authors: Ilija Barukčić
Comments: 18 Pages. (C) Ilija Barukčić, 2020, Jever, Germany. All rights reserved.

Aim: The theoretical value of the cosmological constant Lambda and the problem associated with the same is reviewed again. Methods: The stress-energy-tensor was geometrized Results: Based on the geometrized stress-energy tensor, it was possible to calculate the exact value the cosmological constant. Conclusion: The theoretical value of the cosmological constant Lambda can be calculated very precisely.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Wave Property in Non-inertial Reference Frame

Authors: Eric Su
Comments: 7 Pages. Note that the author does not read Disqus comments here, please respond by email. Including a list of publications is also a healthy gesture.

The velocity of a wave depends on the choice of reference frame. The relative motion between the rest frames of the wave source, the observer, and the wave determines the apparent wavelength and apparent period in each rest frame. The apparent period is different from the original period unless the wave source and the observer occupy the same rest frame. The apparent wavelength is identical to the original wavelength unless the relative motion between the wave source and the wave is non-inertial. The observed wavelength is identical to all observers. A time varying wavelength is an indication that a remote star is in non-inertial motion during star birth. The inertial force corresponding to the non-inertial relative motion between the rest frames can not be identified as any fundamental force. A neutral object in the non-inertial motion is not attracted by electric force. The massless microwave in the non-inertial reference frame is not attracted by gravitational force.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Assumption of Continuity of Spacetime in Quantum Gravity

Authors: René Friedrich
Comments: 7 Pages.

General relativity and quantum mechanics both have been confirmed by experiments. In order to unify them, theories of quantum gravity are becoming more and more ingenious, but without success. The current theories of quantum gravity are based on the assumption of a continuous Lorentzian spacetime manifold. Little attention is paid to this assumption, but no theory is complete without the prior verification of the soundness of its underlying assumptions. Based on the principles of general relativity it will be shown that the assumption may be invalidated for two reasons: - Mathematically, the metric of Lorentzian manifolds is not properly defined, and - Physically, the principles of relativity refer to worldlines, but not to the void between worldlines.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Die Annahme Der Stetigkeit Der Raumzeit in Der Quantengravitation

Authors: René Friedrich
Comments: 8 Pages.

Die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie und die Quantenmechanik wurden beide experimentell bestätigt. Bei dem Versuch, sie miteinander in Einklang zu bringen, werden immer komplexere Theorien der Quantengravitation entwickelt, aber ohne Erfolg. Die aktuellen Theorien der Quantengravitation basieren auf der Annahme einer stetigen Lorentzschen Raumzeitmannigfaltigkeit. Dieser Annahme wird nur wenig Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt, aber keine Theorie ist vollständig, wenn nicht die ihr zugrundeliegenden Annahmen vorab einer Prüfung unterzogen wurden. Auf der Grundlage der Grundsätze der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie wird hier gezeigt, dass die Annahme aus zwei Gründen entkräftet werden kann: - Unter mathematischen Aspekten ist die Metrik von Lorentzschen Mannigfaltigkeiten nicht korrekt definiert, und - Unter physikalischen Aspekten beziehen sich die Grundsätze der Relativität auf Weltlinien, nicht aber auf das Vakuum zwischen den Weltlinien.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

La Présomption de la Continuité de L'espace-Temps Dans la Gravité Quantique

Authors: René Friedrich
Comments: 8 Pages.

La relativité générale et la mécanique quantique ont été confirmées par des expériences. Pour unir les deux, les théories de la gravité quantique deviennent de plus en plus sophistiquées, mais sans succès. Les théories courantes de la gravité quantique sont basées sur la présomption de la continuité de la variété Lorentzienne d'espace-temps. Cette présomption ne reçoit que peu d'attention, mais aucune théorie n'est complète sans la vérification préliminaire du bien-fondé des présomptions sur lesquelles elle a été construite. Basé sur les principes de la relativité générale il sera démontré que la présomption peut être invalidée pour deux raisons : - Sur le plan mathématique, la métrique des variétés Lorentziennes n'est pas définie correctement, et - Sur le plan physique, les principes de la relativité se réfèrent aux lignes d'univers, mais pas au vide entre les lignes d'univers.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Structure Model of Tin Nucleus

Authors: Michael Tzoumpas
Comments: 7 Pages.

After the nuclei of oxygen O-16 and calcium Ca, which are the first and the second upper-order ones, the tin nucleus Sn is the third upper-order nucleus. Its structure is based on the successive conversions of iron Fe and nickel Ni-60 into tin nucleus Sn. From this third upper-order nucleus the fourth one is constructed (orion nucleus Or-307), as a forecast by the unified theory of dynamic space. The atomic numbers Z of the above four upper-order nuclei are the so-called four "magic numbers", i.e. Z1=8, Z2=8x2.5=20, Z3=20x2.5=50 and Z4=50x2.5=125, according to the mirror symmetry (Figs 4 and 5). It is noted that, this forecast of orion nucleus Or-307 with an atomic number Z4=125 is the corresponding "hypothetical unbihexium Ubh", whose the different atomic number is Z=126. However, the number Z4=125 looks symmetrical and not magical at all, due to the 2.5 factor.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Spoken Text of the Base_Model PowerPoint Presentation

Authors: J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 17 Pages. This is part of the Hilbert Book Model Project

This is the text that is read aloud in the Base_Model PowerPoint presentation The extra punctuation is used by the Zamzar.com utility to enter silent spaces into the text. The conversion of the PowerPoint presentation to mp4 format introduces some inconsistencies that are difficult to prevent. The numbers in the text relate to the slide numbers.
Category: Quantum Physics

Inverse Transformation of 4 Dimensional Rindler Spacetime

Authors: Sangwha Yi
Comments: 4 Pages. Thank you for reading

In special relativity theory , we discovered 4 dimensional transformation of general Rindler space time from 4 dimensional Lorentz transformation in inertial frames We try to discover 4 dimensional inverse transformation of general Rindler space time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Riemann Hypothesis Disproof Using Simple Inequalty

Authors: Shekhar Suman
Comments: 4 Pages.

The Riemann Zeta function is defined as \\\\ \large \zeta(s)= $$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} 1/n^{s}$$ ,\ \Re(s)$$>$$1 \\\\ The \ Zeta \ function \ is \ holomorphic \ in \ the \ complex \ plane \ except \ for \ a \ pole \ at \\\\ s=1. \ The \ trivial \ zeros \ of \ \zeta(s)\ are \ -2,-4,-6,... . \ Its \ non \ trivial \ zeros \ lie \ in \\\\ the \ critical \ strip \ 0< Re(s)< 1 .\\\\ The \ Riemann \ Hypothesis \ states \ that \ all \ the \ non \ trivial \ zeros \ lie \ on \ the \ critical \ line \\\\ Re(s)=1/2.\\\\
Category: Number Theory

Mathematical Representation and Formal Proofs of Card Tricks

Authors: Boro Sitnikovski
Comments: 5 Pages.

Card tricks can be entertaining to audiences. Magicians apply them, but an in-depth knowledge of why they work the way they do is necessary, especially when constructing new tricks. Mapping a trick to its corresponding mathematical operations can be helpful in analysis, and the vice-versa process can help create new tricks and make them accessible to magicians.
Category: General Mathematics

An Exact Vacuum Solution of Five-Dimensional Spacetime

Authors: Jae-kwang Lee
Comments: 12 Pages. Some typos and titles were fixed at Version.2

This paper is a review of previous paper\cite{my:paper}, which is badly written and hard to read. There are three reason of writing this paper. First, Some results were presented immediately without an intermediate process. Second, when i recently read that even i cant find what i want to show. Third, some derivation was wrong.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

New Vascular Procedure in Cardiac Surgery-Preliminary Ideas

Authors: Deep Jyoti Dutta
Comments: 3 Pages. This Paper is about Cardio thoracic Surgery

Cardiovascular and Pulmonary disease are the leading cause of death globally, several treatment facilities are readily available to treat many cardiopulmonary conditions however serious defects may happen often which therefore increases mortality rate significantly. In this paper new and radical cardiovascular surgical method is developed and briefly proposed for patients with severe pulmonary disturbances which makes patients impossible to inhale adequate amount of O2 thus reducing level of oxygen in blood. This surgery is however remains experimental and highly complex. Although the choice of candidate qualifying for this surgery must be selected carefully by investigating present and past medical history especially neurological and cardiological condition.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Effect of Ensembling on ANLI Benchmark

Authors: Gokhan Cagrici
Comments: 8 Pages.

Tremendous achievement of reaching fairly high success metric values with several NLI datasets caused eyebrows to raise questioning the real value of these metric numbers. Research papers started to appear with a comprehensive analysis of what these models really learn and the relative difficulty of forcing these models to fail with small syntactic and semantic changes in the input. In particular, ANLI benchmark is an example of a more challenging NLI task with the intent of measuring the comprehension capabilities of models to a deeper context. Relative success of transformer-based models on ANLI benchmarks were already reported by Nie et al., 2019. Given the challenging nature of iterative dataset formation, individual models are having more difficulty of extracting the underlying relationship between the context and hypothesis pair, and the target. Ensembles of these individual models might have a higher potential to achieve better performance numbers when the individual performances are that far from the equivalent ones in SNLI and MNLI tasks. On top of that, making controlled variations of the inputs and tracking the changes in the behavior of those models will give indications about the strength and robustness regarding the learning process.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Affine Noncommutative Geometry

Authors: Teo Banica
Comments: 400 Pages.

This is an introduction to noncommutative geometry, from an affine viewpoint, that is, by using coordinates. The spaces $mathbb R^N,mathbb C^N$ have no free analogues in the operator algebra sense, but the corresponding unit spheres $S^{N-1}_mathbb R,S^{N-1}_mathbb C$ do have free analogues $S^{N-1}_{mathbb R,+},S^{N-1}_{mathbb C,+}$. There are many examples of real algebraic submanifolds $Xsubset S^{N-1}_{mathbb R,+},S^{N-1}_{mathbb C,+}$, some of which are of Riemannian flavor, coming with a Haar integration functional $int:C(X)tomathbb C$, that we will study here. We will mostly focus on free geometry, but we will discuss as well some related geometries, called easy, completing the picture formed by the 4 main geometries, namely real/complex, classical/free.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Riemann Hypothesis - A Disproof

Authors: Shekhar Suman
Comments: 4 Pages.

The Riemann Zeta function is defined as \\\\ \large \zeta(s)= $$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} 1/n^{s}$$ ,\ Re(s)$$>$$1 \\\\ The \ Zeta \ function \ is \ holomorphic \ in \ the \ complex \ plane \ except \ for \ a \ pole \ at \\\\ s=1. \ The \ trivial \ zeros \ of \ \zeta(s)\ are \ -2,-4,-6,... . \ Its \ non \ trivial \ zeros \ lie \ in \\\\ the \ critical \ strip \ 0< Re(s)< 1 .\\\\ The \ Riemann \ Hypothesis \ states \ that \ all \ the \ non \ trivial \ zeros \ lie \ on \ the \ critical \ line \\\\ Re(s)=1/2.\\\\
Category: Number Theory

Ramification Theory

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this paper we introduce and develop the concept of ramification in a given modulus. We study some properties in relation to this concept and it's connection to some important problems in mathematics, particularly Goldbach's conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

On The Measurement of Absolute Time

Authors: Richard M. Blaber
Comments: 14 Pages. Equation number 11 corrected.

If ‘absolute time’ is to be a meaningful concept, it must be measurable. Here, we set out to show how it may be measured, using both cosmic black hole thermodynamics and the Solar System’s absolute motion relative to the CMB.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Why We Should Be Skeptical of Black Holes

Authors: Alan M. Kadin
Comments: 5 Pages. Submitted to 2020 Gravity Research Foundation Essay Contest

Black holes were long predicted by general relativity, they have been observed in collapsed stars and galactic centers, and are universally accepted as real. But the orthodox GR equations were derived and tested for weak gravitational fields, and the extrapolations to large fields may not be valid. While the general evidence for compact gravitational objects is clear, the precision of the observations of these objects is quite low. In particular, there is virtually no evidence for event horizons, the central feature of the orthodox theory. Some recent observations of black holes that have been widely promoted may reflect confirmation bias on noisy signals, rather than independent data analysis.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Transformation of 4 Dimensional Rindler Spacetime

Authors: Sangwha Yi
Comments: 3 Pages. Thank you for reading

In special relativity theory , we discover 4 dimensional transformation of general Rindler space time from 4 dimensional Lorentz transformation in inertial frames.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Out of the Darkness: Identifying Solutions for the Catholic Diocese of Dallas Amidst Child Sexual Abuse by Clergy

Authors: Alee Corrales
Comments: 119 Pages.

Based on a lack of reporting allegations to law enforcement, the concealment of documents pertaining to allegations, the continued service of clergy accused of child sexual abuse, and the poor treatment of survivors, the Catholic Diocese of Dallas has demonstrated an inability to internally handle allegations of child sexual abuse by clergy. The main objective of this research is to identify solutions to the problems that plague the Catholic Diocese of Dallas and their current allegation review protocols. Therefore, the research question is: What are the current protocols used by the Catholic Diocese of Dallas to review allegations of child sexual abuse by clergy, where are these protocols failing, and how can these protocols be improved? Using interviews with subject matter experts, analysis of primary source documents produced by the Dallas Police Department, and examination of relevant Catholic Canon Laws, a comprehensive list of recommendations for individuals, Bishop Edward Burns, the Texas Legislature, The Texas Department of Public Safety, and Vatican level officials influencing Canon Law was developed. Each of these recommendations is intended to improve the allegation review process in the Catholic Diocese of Dallas and raise awareness about its current flaws.
Category: Social Science

Prove Collatz Conjecture via Operations for Integer Expressions plus Few Integers

Authors: Zhang Tianshu
Comments: 15 Pages.

First, let us set forth certain of basic concepts related to proving Collatz conjecture. After that, list the mathematical induction that proves the conjecture, and prepare two theorems plus one lemma, which are used to judge relevant operational results. Next, classify integers successively and prove a class by the theorem 1, after each classification. Until the last two classes are proved bidirectionally, which are to start with several proven kinds to expand successively the scope of proven kinds up to all kinds are proven and star with each unproven kind to a proven kind via operations.
Category: Number Theory

Square Convergence Algorithm to Approach Pi

Authors: George Plousos
Comments: 6 Pages.

One of the objectives of this article is to contribute to the further development and improvement of similar algorithms. I will first outline the steps that gradually lead to this algorithm and give some instructions on how to use it. There are several experimentation possibilities that can lead to improved performance. This also depends on the technical characteristics of the computer on which the program will run.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Links Between String Theory and the Riemann’s Zeta Function

Authors: Rosario Turco, Maria Colonnese, Michele Nardelli
Comments: 23 Pages.

In this paper are descibed several Mathematical connections between some sectors of String Theory and the Riemann zeta function
Category: Number Theory

On the Riemann Hypothesis. Formulas Explained ψ(x) as Equivalent RH. Mathematical Connections with “Aurea” Section and Some Sectors of String Theory

Authors: Rosario Turco, Maria Colonnese, Michele Nardelli
Comments: 25 Pages.

In this work the authors will examine the themes of RH, equivalent RH and GRH already presented in [25]. The authors will explain some formulas and will show other special functions that are usually introduced with the PNT and useful to investigate other ways.
Category: Number Theory

Relations Between the Gauss-Eisenstein Prime Numbers and Their Correlation with Sophie Germain Primes

Authors: Pier Francesco Roggero, Michele Nardelli, Francesco Di Noto
Comments: 35 Pages.

In this paper we examine the relations between the Gauss prime numbers and the Eisenstein prime numbers and their correlation with Sophie Germain primes. Furthermore, we have described also various mathematical connections with some equations concerning the string theory.
Category: Number Theory

Research on the Upper Chamber Volume of Surge Tank of a Diversion-type Hydro-Power Station with Mid-inflow

Authors: YongSu Jo, GyongIl Sin, CholGyong Kim, UnChol Ri
Comments: 4 Pages.

Mid-inflow is the flow into the middle of the head race tunnel that can be effectively used in the electric power generation. The mid-inflow makes differences of velocities and head losses in the head race tunnel between two sides and influences the water level oscillation in surge tank consequently. An analytical formula of the upper chamber volume of the surge tank with an expansion chamber considering the effect of mid-inflow is established and the accuracy of the formula is evaluated through comparisons to numerical analysis. With installation data, the influence of mid-inflow on the upper chamber volume is discussed.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Proof of Fermat Last Theorem Based on Successive Presentations of Pairs of Odd Numbers

Authors: Yuri K. Shestopaloff
Comments: 26 Pages.

A simpler proof of Fermat Last Theorem (FLT), based mostly on new concepts, is suggested. FLT was formulated by Fermat in 1637, and proved by A. Wiles in 1995. The initial equation x^n + y^n = z^n is considered not in natural, but in integer numbers. It is subdivided into four equations based on parity of terms and their powers. Cases 1, 3 and 4 can be converted to case 2, which is studied using presentations of pairs of odd numbers with a successively increasing presentation factor of 2^r. The proposed methods and ideas can be used for studying other problems in number theory.
Category: Number Theory

Matter-Waves, Amplitudes, and Signals

Authors: Jean Louis Van Belle
Comments: No. of pages includes title page with summary and ToC

This paper further explores intuitions we highlighted in previous papers already: 1. The concept of the matter-wave traveling through the vacuum, an atomic lattice or any medium can be equated to the concept of an electric or electromagnetic signal traveling through the same medium. 2. There is no need to model the matter-wave as a wave packet: a single wave – with a precise frequency and a precise wavelength – will do. 3. If we do want to model the matter-wave as a wave packet rather than a single wave with a precisely defined frequency and wavelength, then the uncertainty in such wave packet reflects our own limited knowledge about the momentum and/or the velocity of the particle that we think we are representing. The uncertainty is, therefore, not inherent to Nature, but to our limited knowledge about the initial conditions. 4. The fact that such wave packets usually dissipate very rapidly, reflects that even our limited knowledge about initial conditions tends to become equally rapidly irrelevant. Indeed, as Feynman puts it, “the tiniest irregularities” tend to get magnified very quickly at the micro-scale. In short, as Hendrik Antoon Lorentz noted a few months before his demise, there is no reason whatsoever “to elevate indeterminism to a philosophical principle.”
Category: Quantum Physics

Knife, Burden, Sheath, Scissors

Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 2 Pages. -

The etymology of the Russian bush of words is considered
Category: Linguistics

Animation of Apparent Source Theory

Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper we will briefly introduce Apparent Source Theory (AST ) as it is applied to the Michelson- Morley experiment and provide a link to animation of AST uploaded on Youtube. The animation will help understand not only why the Michelson-Morley should give a null result but also why small fringe shifts were observed in the Miller experiments, why the Miller’s absolute velocity direction differed from the directions determined by the Silvertooth experiment and the CMBR anisotropy experiment.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Mathematical Connections Between Some Formulas Concerning the Shapiro-Virasoro Model in String Theory, Ramanujan Equations, ϕ, ζ(2) and Various Parameters of Particle Physics. III

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 70 Pages.

In this paper we describe and analyze the mathematical connections between some formulas concerning the Shapiro-Virasoro model in String Theory, Ramanujan equations, ϕ, ζ(2) and various parameters of Particle Physics.
Category: Number Theory

Planck Length and Speed of Gravity (Light) from Gravity Observations Only, Without Any Knowledge of G, h, or C

Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 16 Pages.

For more than hundred years, it has been assumed that one needs to know the Newton gravitational constant G, the Planck constant ̄h, and the speed of light c to find the Planck length. Here we demonstrate that the Planck length can be found without any knowledge of G, h, or c, simply by observing the change in the frequency of a laser beam in a gravity field at two altitudes. When this is done, we also show that the speed of light (gravity) easily can be extracted from any observable gravity phenomena. Further, we show that all observable gravity phenomena can be predicted using just these two constants, in addition to one variable that is dependent on the size of the gravity mass and the distance from the center of the gravity object. This lies in contrast to the standard theory, which holds that we need the three constants Max Planck suggested were the important universal constants, namely G, h, and c; in that formulation, we also need a variable for the mass size, and the radius. Based on our new findings, we get both a reduction in the number of constants required and a simplification of understanding gravity that is directly linked to the Planck scale. We discuss how this has a number of important implications that could even constitute a breakthrough in unifying quantum mechanics with gravity. Our analysis strongly indicates that standard physics uses two different mass definitions without being actively aware of it. The standard kg mass is used in all non-gravitational physics. Apparently, we are using the same mass in gravity, but we claim that the more complete mass is hidden in the multiplication of G and M. Based on this view, we will see that only two universal constants are needed, namely c and lp, to do all gravity predictions compared to the G, h, and c in the standard view of physics. In order to unify gravity with quantum mechanics, we need to use this “embedded” mass definition from gravity, which also impacts the rest of physics. Since 1922, a series of physicists have thought that the Planck length would play a major role in making progress in the understanding of gravity, particularly in the hope of unifying quantum mechanics with gravity. Although there have been a series of attempts to incorporate the Planck length in quantum gravity, little theoretical progress has been accomplished. However, with this recent discovery, we have reasons to think that a piece of the puzzle has emerged. We will continue our analysis and welcome other researchers to scrutinize our findings over time before drawing final conclusions.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On the Existence of Prime Numbers in Constant Gaps

Authors: Juan Moreno Borrallo
Comments: 11 Pages.

This paper studies the existence of prime numbers on constant gaps, establishing a lower bound for the number of consecutive constant gaps for which the existence of some prime number contained in them is necessary.
Category: Number Theory

Postulations on the Behaviour Exhibited by the Circumscribing Center of a Triangle Alongside the Perpendicular Heights

Authors: Ebuka Precious Iwuagwu
Comments: 29 Pages.

The whole of the postulations made in this paper simply aim at describing the positioning and occurrence of the circumscribing center of a triangle so much so that given any specifications and orientation for a particular triangle, the position could be sketched to exact precision and accurate dimensions without a single construction. With these postulations we are able to to envision clearly and describe where the circumscribing center of a triangle will be located without a single construction detail, all stemming from the fact that by the postulations we are able to study the circumscribing center's behavior with respect to the angles in the triangle given a particular orientation. Contained also in this paper are the mathematical justifications for each postulation made. A rule analogous to the sine rule is also observed but here pertains to the three 'perpendicular heights' obtainable respectively from the three vertices in the triangle, wherein the other two maybe obtained when only one is given alongside all the angles in the triangle.
Category: Geometry

Explanation to Why Gamma-Ray and Dark Matter Density Align

Authors: Alexander Z. Yan, Max Gaofei Yan
Comments: 4 Pages.

Recent studies showed that gamma-rays and dark matter density correlate. There is a suggestion that this is because a dark matter particle decays and emits gamma-rays. Based on a new theory of gravity and its equations relating gravity force and photon frequency, we offer a novel explanation for this observation. The new equations show that a higher frequency photon will produce a greater gravitational effect. This makes gamma-rays, the highest frequency EM wave, the strongest producer of dark matter’s gravitational effects. The search for specific frequencies, such as gamma-rays and x-rays, emitted from the decay of a hypothetical dark matter particle is flawed and contradicts observations. If dark matter’s gravitational effects are created by photons, not a particle with rest mass, dark matter observations are satisfied.
Category: Astrophysics

When Will Brazil Overtake Other Countries in Numbers of Confirmed Cases and Deaths in This Pandemic?

Authors: Valdir Monteiro dos Santos Godoi
Comments: 7 Pages.

We calculated when Brazil, which today it is in the eighth position in the ranking of confirmed cases, but has the highest growth rate of this disease among the first 11 countries, will overtake the USA, today in first place in the ranking of confirmed cases and deaths by COVID-19. We did the same with the other 6 countries.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Detecting a Valve Spring Failure of a Piston Compressor with the Help of the Vibration Monitoring.

Authors: Andrei Keino
Comments: 7 Pages.

The article presents problems related to vibration diagnostics in reciprocating compressors. This paper presents the evaluation of several techniques of the digital signal processing, such as the spectrum calculation with the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT), Segmented Analysis for detection the spring failure in reciprocating compressor valve with the help of the vibration monitoring. The experimental investigation to collect the data from the compressor with both the faultless valve and the valve with spring failure was conducted. Three 112DV1 vibration acceleration probes manufactured by TIK were mounted on the cylinder of the compressor. The keyphasor probe was mounted on the compressor’s flywheel. The signal of the vibration acceleration probe mounted on the top of the cylinder was used for the Condition Monitoring and Fault Detection of the valve. The TIK-RVM system of monitoring and data acquisition was used for gathering the signal samples from the probes. The sampling frequency was 30193.5 Hz, signal length was 65535 samples. To imitate the spring fault, the exhaust valve spring was replaced by the shortened one with the same stiffness. As it can be seen from the signal processing results in the article, the techniques used are showing quite different results for the cases of the normal valve spring and the short one. It seems what for this type of the compressor and valve, the valve spring failure can be quite reliably detected with the help of the vibration monitoring. To see if this is a case for other compressor types and other valve types, the additional experiments are needed.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

A Novel Space-Time Transformation Revealing the Existence of Mirror Universe

Authors: Dongkui Tan
Comments: 8 Pages.

The special relativity (SR) is proposed based on the Lorentz transformation (LT) which points out the relationship between space and time. However, the LT intuitively assumes that the different dimensions in space are independent, i.e., the motion of a body in x-direction doesn't affect its position change in y-direction. By considering the correlation between spatial dimensions, a novel and elegant space-time transformation is deduced based on the principle of constant speed of light. The new transformation not only indicates traditional relativistic effects, but also reveals a new one, called as transverse dilatation. More importantly, the transformation suggests that the full universe could be a four-dimensional complex space-time with extra mirror universe. Subsequently, several fundamental and challenging physics problems are reasonably explained, such as the nature of electromagnetic waves, the spooky quantum entanglement, the ghostly dark matter(DM) and the center of black hole.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Image of Gravitational Lensing and Unknown Phenomena of Gravitational Lensing Object.

Authors: Somnath Chakraborty
Comments: 3 Pages.

One can find gravitational lensing in all nine images at the same location. The location is marked as red dot on the screenshot. One can find the time evolution of lensed object. The time evolution gives a unknown phenomena of the lensed object. Actually the phenomena is unknown to me.These images are taken by me on the sky of purba burdwan in between 6:40 p.m to 7:10 p.m on 09/05/2020. One can contact with me for any questions(somnathphy@gmail.com). The pictures were taken at north sky near to Ursha major star cluster
Category: Astrophysics

Alternative Michelson and Morley Experiment Between Two Satellites .

Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 20 Pages.

(Grace?) Leo Vuyk, Architect, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Abstract, According to Einstein’s relativity theory, the speed of light is supposed to be the same for every observer in all reference frames. However, there seem to be incidental differences in the lightspeed if we observe the outliers of GPS satellite to CHAMP satellite distance measurements of 180m. At the same time in the literature I found tiny structural but characteristic unexplained irregularities in Planetary radar-pulse reflection measurements, made by I.I. Shapiro in 1964, between the Earth and Venus. Both observations support the idea of the existence of ellipsoidal lightspeed extinction (or vacuum adaptation) volumes around massive objects like the earth. Such a volume I will call LASOF or Local Asymmetric Oscillating Vacuum Frame. Other historic lightspeed experiments support the idea that all objects with mass are equipped with some extinction volume. As a consequence I propose new triangular trajectory lightspeed comparison experiments between the earth and dual satellites or dual balloons and even in the laboratory to support these lightspeed extinction and adaptation ideas.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Anthropic Principle in Physical Models Without Time and Dynamics (In Russian)

Authors: Andrey N. Smirnov
Comments: 5 Pages.

The construction of space-time in a physical system without time and dynamics is considered. It is shown that in models without time and dynamics anthropic principle and causality principle inevitably arise. It is shown that for any physical model based on a system without time and dynamics, the anthropic principle is a scientific principle and, in principle, can be falsified. It is shown that, in principle, there is the possibility of experimental verification of what is true - realism or idealism.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

On Some Equations Concerning the Casimir Effect Between World-Branes in Heterotic Mtheory and the Casimir Effect in Spaces with Nontrivial Topology. Mathematical Connections with Some Sectors of Number Theory.

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Francesco Di Noto
Comments: 59 Pages.

The present paper is a review, a thesis of some very important contributes of P. Horava, M. Fabinger, M. Bordag, U. Mohideen, V.M. Mostepanenko, Trang T. Nguyen et al. regarding various applications concerning the Casimir Effect. In conclusion, we have described some mathematical connections between the equation of the energy negative of the Casimir effect, the Casimir operators and some sectors of the Number Theory, i.e. the triangular numbers, the Fibonacci’s numbers, Phi, Pigreco and the partition of numbers.
Category: Number Theory

Natural Way to Overcome Catastrophic Forgetting in Neural Networks

Authors: Alexey Kutalev
Comments: 9 Pages.

Not so long ago, a method was discovered that successfully overcomes the catastrophic forgetting of neural networks. Although we know about the cases of using this method to preserve skills when adapting pre-trained networks to particular tasks, it has not yet obtained widespread distribution. In this paper, we would like to propose an alternative method of overcoming catastrophic forgetting based on the total absolute signal passing through each connection in the network. This method has a simple implementation and seems to us essentially close to the processes occurring in the brain of animals to preserve previously learned skills during subsequent learning. We hope that the ease of implementation of this method will serve its wide application.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Climate Change Impact on Workers’ Health, Safety and Productivity

Authors: Olu Joshua, Adesina Majekodunmi
Comments: 12 Pages.

Climate change is a global phenomenon which effects continue to generate attention. Workers are exposed to many types of climate change related hazards depending on the type of work, geographic region, season, and duration of work time. This study aim to evaluate the effects of climate change on workers with respect to their health, safety and productivity. In this study, data was collected from a total of 200 respondents who were workers across four occupational sectors: agriculture, fishing, construction and food production using well structured questionnaires. There was significant difference between the perceptions of climate impact among the workers in the four sectors from the model final χ2(15, N= 200) = 38.211, p= 0.001 Nagelkerke R2 = 0.186. There was no significant relationship between low productivity and climate change related hazards in workplace, from Omnibus χ2(5, N= 200) 8.642, p= 0.124. The climate change related hazard affected the health and safety which subsequently result in a low productivity by the workers. Increased ambient temperature has more significant effect on the workers in their workplace environment.
Category: Climate Research

Microscope and Sem-Images Indicate that Water Clusters Are the Cause of Phyllotaxis

Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 40 pages, 135 figures, 10 tables

With this study I want to advance a hypothesis that Phyllotaxis is caused by a lattice of Ice-Crystals or large Water Clusters which are stablized (coated) by certain proteins, e.g. special Ice-binding- or Water-Cluster-binding-proteins. The microscopic Image of the remains of an evaporated water droplet shows a phyllotactic pattern that formed during the evaporation of the water droplet on a silicon wafer. This image is a proof that Water itself must be the main contributor which causes Phyllotaxis ! The pysical process Evaporation, and electric charge and coloumb forces caused by evaporation also seem to play a role in the pattern formation and in the precise orientation and positioning of the water clusters in the pattern. Important for the formation of a phyllotactic Fibonacci pattern seems to be a large central Water Cluster, that may have icosahedral MacKay-geometry, consisting of large icosahedral Sub-Clusters formed by the stable icosahedral water clusters (H2O)100 or (H2O)280. Typical cluster numbers of Mackay-Clusters are 13 and 55 which are Fibonacci Numbers ! Additional proof comes from SEM-Images of the Sunflower Capitulum. These images indicate that new primordia are caused by rhombic crystals, which seem to be either ice-crystals or large water cluster crystals that formed with the help of ice-binding proteins or similar. Proof for a physical cause of Phyllotaxis is also provided by a study about variations in the Fibonacci-spiral patterns of twigs of the three “Pinus Mugo“ which shows that the Fibonacci-pattern variation depends on altitude and temperature- / radiation- conditions. With the results of this study I developed an infinite Fibonacci-Number-Sequences-Table that contains all existing Fibonacci-Sequences and all natural numbers. Finally I present a mathematical discovery regarding constant Phi. All natural numbers and their square roots, as well as constant Pi (π), can be expressed by only using constant Phi (1.618…) and the base unit 1
Category: Physics of Biology

Unsolvable P Versus NP

Authors: Hajime Mashima
Comments: 8 Pages.

This question (P versus NP) asks whether or not there is an algorithm, and it is famous that it was formalized and submitted as a sweepstakes question at the Clay Mathematics Institute in 2000.
Category: General Mathematics

On the Mathematical Connections Between Some Formulas Concerning Modular Forms, Elliptic Curves, Ramanujan Equations, ϕ, ζ(2) and Various Topics and Parameters of String Theory and Particle Physics. II

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 65 Pages.

In this paper we describe and analyze the mathematical connections between some formulas concerning Modular forms, Ramanujan equations, ϕ, ζ(2) and various topics and parameters of String Theory and Particle Physics.
Category: Number Theory

Global Trends in the Development of Renewable Energy and Its Rational Use

Authors: UnChol Ri, GumChol Ri, JinHyok Jeon, WonIl Jang, YongGuk Jo, SongBok Pak
Comments: 9 Pages.

The depletion of fossil resources has raised interest in the use of renewable energy worldwide. In this paper, we analyze the global trend of rational use of regenerative energy. In this paper, through analysis of global trends in the rational use field of renewable energy, problems to be improved in the rational use of renewable energy were considered.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Fundamental Constants of Our Universe

Authors: Salvatore Gerard Micheal
Comments: 2 Pages.

a new fundamental physical constant is elucidated that relates unit-charge to unit-spin, h-sub-c, Hope’s constant
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

The Operative Set Theory with Application to Goldbach Conjecture

Authors: Anze Zhou
Comments: 12 Pages.

We defined the arithmetic operations on the integer sets. These new set operators bring the new properties and theorems to the integer sets. Therefore, we called the integer sets with these new arithmetic operators as the "operative set" and proved its properties and theorems, which are the building blocks of the "operative set theory". Then we used the operative set theory to prove the Goldbach Conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

Gravity and c2-Inertia

Authors: Milan D. Nešić
Comments: 8 Pages.

In 1905, Einstein was not able to explain his postulate c=const differently than only by symmetry. If a person moves an electrical conductor in the presence of a magnet, current will appear in the conductor. If the person moves the magnet now in the presence of the conductor, the current will again appear in the conductor - regardless of the fact that he homocentrically explains that it is once because of the electromotive force, another time because of the magnetomotive force, depending on what he holds in his hand. Yes, the unique electromagnetic force is transmitted at the same speed whether the magnet or conductor coordinate system is stationary. Equal and symmetrical. And precisely because of that equality, that is, mutual relativity, that Einstein’s explanation with the train and lightning on the railway embankment is not valid. Because of tacit homocentrism also the twin paradox is only a pseudo paradox, because of a misunderstanding of the postulate c=const. The real explanation for c=const is c2 inertia, c2 as a measure of inertia, not mass. So can such an explanation open the way to understanding that deep connection ε0μ0m between electromagnetism and gravity, and finally perhaps make the graviton hypothesis redundant precisely because the inertial and gravitational masses are not only equal but identical—that is, if they really are? I specifically summarize my five previous articles on viXra.org here with the intention of showing that the title of this article is appropriate: it suggests that Einstein’s theory of relativity should be understood via c2 inertia and not via assuming masses already realized, whereby the light speed c=const appears to us post factum only as kinematic quality.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Blacksmith-Forging-Iron

Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 4 Pages. -

The etymology of the Russian bush of words is considered
Category: Linguistics

On Some Equations Concerning the Cusp Anomalous Dimension from a Tba Equation and Generalized Quark-Antiquark Potential at Weak and Strong Coupling and the Complete Four-Loop 4-Point Amplitude of N=4 Sym Theory. Mathematical Connections with Number Theory

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Francesco Di Noto, Roberto Servi
Comments: 77 Pages.

In the present paper in the Section 1, we have described some equations concerning the cusp anomalous dimension in the planar limit of N = 4 super Yang-Mills from a Thermodynamic Bethe Antsaz (TBA) system, the Luscher correction at strong coupling and the strong coupling expansion of the function F. In the Section 2, we have described some equations concerning a two-parameter family of Wilson loop operators in N = 4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory which interpolates smoothly between the 1/2 BPS line or circle, principally some equations concerning the one-loop determinants. In the Section 3, we have described some results and equations of the mathematician Ramanujan concerning some definite integrals and an infinite product and some equations concerning the development of derivatives of order n (n positive integer) of various trigonometric functions and divergent series. Thence, we have described some mathematical connections between some equations concerning this Section and the Sections 1 and 2. In the Section 4, we have described some equations concerning the relationship between Yang-Mills theory and gravity and, consequently, the complete four-loop four-point amplitude of N = 4 super-Yang-Mills theory including the nonplanar contributions regarding the gauge theory and the gravity amplitudes. In conclusion, in the Appendix A and B, we have described a new possible method of factorization of a number and various mathematical connections with some sectors of Number Theory (Fibonacci's numbers, Lie's numbers, triangular numbers, Phi, Pigreco, etc...).
Category: Number Theory

Optimizing the Collision Detection

Authors: Abhinav Sagar
Comments: 23 Pages.

Collision detection is the computational problem of detecting the intersection of two or more objects. While collision detection is most often associated with its use in video games and other physical simulations, it also has applications in robotics. In addition to determining whether two objects have collided, collision detection systems may also calculate time of impact, and report a contact manifold. Collision detection is one of the most challenging and complex parts of game programming and is the key area where performance is usually lost. To solve this there are a lot of data structures that eliminate unnecessary checks for collisions like quadtrees, octrees, BSP trees, grids etc.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Self-Developing Structures (Саморазвивающиеся структуры)

Authors: Franz Hermann
Comments: Pages.

In memory of John Conway. New modification of the game "Life". Памяти Джона Конвея.Новая модификация игры "Жизнь".
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

The Big Bang and the Hawking Radiation

Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 7 Pages.

Hawking radiation is the black hole radiation due to quantum effects near the black hole event horizon in empty space (vacuum). It is actually the evaporation process of the black hole since it generates and radiates a real particle out of empty space and losses the same energy back into the empty space. This paper tries to analyze what will happen if the black hole will be located in a space filled with energy, dominated by highly energetic Gamma ray photons. This paper suggests that the Hawking radiation due to quantum effects near the black hole event horizon in a space dominated by highly energetic photonic radiation will cause the extreme expansion of space and can explain the inflation phase of the Big Bang.
Category: Astrophysics

The Modern "Magic Numbers" Differs Negligibly From the Original Numbers of Prof. Wigner's

Authors: George R. Briggs
Comments: 1 Page.

Abstract: In MHCE8S modern universe theory the "magic numbers" of Eugene Wigner are mostly or almost the same.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Mathematical Connections Between Some Formulas Concerning Ramanujan Modular Forms, ϕ, ζ(2) and Various Topics and Parameters of String Theory and Particle Physics.

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 46 Pages.

In this paper we describe and analyze the mathematical connections between some formulas concerning Ramanujan Modular Forms, ϕ, ζ(2) and various topics and parameters of String Theory and Particle Physics.
Category: Number Theory

Superconductivity in Hydrogenated Graphites

Authors: Nadina Gheorghiu, Charles R. Ebbing, Timothy J. Haugan
Comments: 16 Pages.

We report transport and magnetization measurements on graphites that have been hydrogenated by intercalation with an alkane (octane). The temperature-dependent electrical resistivity shows anomalies manifested as reentrant insulator-metal transitions. Below T ∼ 50 K, the magnetoresistance data shows both antiferromagnetic (AFM) and ferromagnetic (FM) behavior as the magnetic field is decrease or increased, respectively. The system is possibly an unconventional magnetic superconductor. The irreversibility observed in the field-cooled vs. the zero-field cooled data for a sufficiently high magnetic field suggests that the system might enter a superconducting state below Tc ∼ 50 K. Energy gap data is obtained from nonlocal electric differential conductance measurements. An excitonic mechanism is likely driving the system to the superconducting state below the same T ∼ 50 K, where the gap is divergent. We find that the hydrogenated carbon fiber is a multiple gap system with critical temperatures estimates above room temperature. The temperature dependence of the superconducting gap follows the flat-band energy relationship, with the flat band gap parameter linearly increasing with the temperature above Tc ∼ 50 K. Thus, we find that either a magnetic or an electric field can drive this hydrogenated graphitic system to superconducting state below Tc ∼ 50 K. In addition, AF spin fluctuations creates pseudogap states above Tc ∼ 50 K.
Category: Condensed Matter

An Agent-Based Control System for Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks

Authors: Parsa Rajabzadeh, Hamed Rahim
Comments: 11 Pages.

This paper aims to propose a novel MIMO control system that is compounded with Distributed Control Systems (DCS) and Centralized Control Systems (CCS). Despite DCS and CCS, which have several drawbacks such as cost and delay, the proposed system is designed to have local and global controllers simultaneously. This MIMO control system has a significant advantage versus the two traditional systems in implementation, computation power reduction, cost decrementing, performance, and the problems that occur in addressing the system connections in DCs for Wireless Sensor Networks and the Internet of Things. The proposed the system is modeled as a Multi-Agent System (MAS) which is implemented in the osBrain MAS framework in Python.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Fuzzy Logic: a Modern Approach to Control System Architecture

Authors: Kalu Kelechi Gabriel
Comments: 7 Pages.

Control systems have been in existence for quite a long time now. The oldest and unarguably the best of these is the human brain. Some popular control methodologies are PID control, Bayesian control, neural networks, etc. The drawbacks of these are however lead by a striking point that all of them are either based on Boolean or multi-valued logic, which is no more than a threshold or point-to-point logic. This work tends to introduce fuzzy logic control as a paradigm shift, this control method would to a large extent provide a physical model of the human brain. The distinction is that it is not only multi-valued logic but also a ‘degree’ based logic. This paper would give a basic overview of a fuzzy control system and its physical implementation considerations.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Standing Wave Gravitational Theory

Authors: Walter Scott McGill IV
Comments: 2 Pages.

Standing Wave Gravitational Theory By: Walter Scott McGill IV The phenomenon which encourages the planets to rotate around the sun is the same as acoustic levitation with standing waves. This give the planets clear swim lanes to stay in as they rotate around the sun. I believe it to be sound waves traveling through plasma and resonating back, creating Nodes which the planets reside, regardless if its sound waves or not, planets are in there positions because of standing waves within the termination shock.
Category: Astrophysics

Surface Tension Gravitational Theory

Authors: Walter Scott McGill IV
Comments: 10 Pages.

Surface Tension Gravitational Theory Version 2 By: Walter Scott McGill IV Gravity is an object that has greater mass than the ambient particles and waves surrounding it where the force of gravity is only realized once the resistance force is created against the surface tension of a substance of greater mass or greater tension of which can’t be penetrated. The resultant force can be calculated using the Gravitational Equation with Gravitational Constant Adjusted to 6.67e-15
Category: Astrophysics

Emergence of Lie Groups and Gauge Symmetries from Complex Dynamics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 9 Pages.

Last decade has seen mounting evidence that complex dynamics can shed new light on many open questions of contemporary theoretical physics. Starting from this vantage point, our goal here is to show that Lie groups and the gauge structure of the Standard Model follow from the universal framework of self-organized criticality (SOC). In particular, we find that Lie groups and their algebra arise from the flow of spacetime dimensions with the energy scale.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Model of Mesons (Revised)

Authors: R. Wayte
Comments: 52 Pages.

Detailed models of mesons have been derived in terms of structured particles which can replace the basic quark/anti-quark singularities of standard QCD theory. Pion design is related to the muonic mass, with a Yukawa-type potential for the hadronic field. A charged pion is produced by adding a heavy-electron or positron in a tight orbit around the neutral core. Other mesons are found to be ordered assemblies of pion-size masses, travelling in bound epicyclical orbits, with real intrinsic spin and angular momentum. These orbit dimensions are related to the mean lifetimes of the mesons through action integrals. Decay products resemble components of their parent mesons as expected for a relaxation process with particle traceability.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Sunqm-4s1: is Born Probability Merely a Special Case of (The More Generalized) Non-Born Probability (NBP)?

Authors: Yi Cao
Comments: 18 Pages.

In SunQM-4, to build a full-QM deduced Solar system’s 3D probability density map with time-dependent orbital movement, we developed a non-Born probability (NBP) method. In the current paper, we showed that NBP is directly proportional to the wave function (rather than Born probability’s conjugated-squared wave function). For a cos(x) wave function, its NBP is simply to lift-up wave function by one to make its min =0, and then divided by two to make its max =1, so its NBP = [1 + cos(x)]/2. The trigonometric formula [1 + cos(x)]/2 = [cos(x/2)}^2 revealed that for a planet doing orbital movement in Solar system, its NBP ground state is n=1, and its Born probability ground state is n = 1/2. We showed that NBP is valid not only for {N,n} QM’s nLL QM state, but also for the 1D infinity deep square potential well QM, for the circular 1D QM, and for the plane wave QM. NBP demonstrates more direct and intuitive physical meaning than that of Born probability. In contrast to that Born probability is only for the standing wave function, NBP is for a uni-directional traveling wave function (which naturally includes the linearly combined two opposite-directional traveling waves, or a standing wave). Therefore, Born probability is possible merely a special case of (the more generalized) NBP. With NBP, we may explain the flute sound wave (an air mass density vibration) mechanics directly as the 1D quantum mechanics! This may significantly change our view on QM and its application on our daily-life-world’s (Newtonian) physics. The planet formation through accretion is also discussed by using NBP.
Category: Quantum Physics

Second Evidence of Aether ― Ives-Stilwell Experiment

Authors: Cameron Wong
Comments: 17 Pages.

The Ives-Stilwell Experiment plays no role validating special relativity, which, being self-refuted, cannot be validated by anything. To the contrary, the experiment with the equation it concludes reveals its high potential serving as an evidence witnessing the existence of Aether, a medium that light must rely on for propagation. The next article from this author would reveal the third evidence of Aether, without which the process of energy and momentum exchange between light and electrons cannot have any proper way to explain. The current popular explanation is plainly in violation of the most fundamental principle in basic mechanics. The first evidence of Aether is portrayed by Newton's gravitational law and the article on that has been published in this General Science Journal some months ago.
Category: Astrophysics

Stars Do Not Transfer Mass, Can Planets Survive Stellar Evolution?

Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 2 Pages.

To make sure astrophysics remains coherent and consistent, I correct the assumption of astrophysicists in their claim that mass can be transferred between stars. As well, I answer the question, “can planets survive stellar evolution”. The answers and reasoning are straight forward, observed and explained using stellar metamorphosis and observations used well into the year 2020.
Category: Astrophysics

The Theoretical Average Encoding Length for Micro-States in Boltzmann System Based on Deng Entropy

Authors: Jixiang Deng, Yong Deng
Comments: 14 Pages.

Because of the good performance of handling uncertainty, Dempster-Shafer evidence theory (evidence theory) has been widely used. Recently, a novel entropy, named as Deng entropy, is proposed in evidence theory, which is a generalization of Shannon entropy. Deng entropy and the maximum Deng entropy have been applied in many fields due to their efficiency and reliability of measuring uncertainty. However, the maximum Deng entropy lacks a proper explanation in physics, which limits its further application. Thus, in this paper, with respect to thermodynamics and Shannon's source coding theorem, the theoretical average encoding length for micro-states in Boltzmann system based on Deng entropy is proposed, which is a possible physical interpretation of the maximum Deng entropy.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

Further Mathematical Connections Between Some Number Theory Formulas, ϕ, ζ(2) and Various Topics and Parameters of D-Branes and Particle Physics. Vii

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 52 Pages.

In this paper we describe and analyze some Number Theory expressions. Furthermore, we have obtained several mathematical connections with ϕ, ζ(2) and various topics and parameters of D-branes and Particle Physics.
Category: Number Theory

De Broglie’s Matter-Wave: Concept and Issues

Authors: Jean Louis Van Belle
Comments: 22 Pages.

This paper explores the assumptions underpinning de Broglie’s concept of a wave-packet and the various conceptual questions and issues. It also explores how the alternative – the ring current model of an electron (or of matter-particles in general) – relates to Louis de Broglie’s λ = h/p relation and rephrases the theory in terms of the wavefunction as well as the wave equation(s) for an electron in free space.
Category: Quantum Physics

A New Forecast of Total Deaths by COVID-19 in the World, US and Countries of South America (May-04-2020)

Authors: Valdir Monteiro dos Santos Godoi
Comments: 5 Pages.

Based on datas of Johns Hopkins University we calculated an estimative of deaths by COVID-19 in the world, US and countries of South America.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Vorticity Quantity Conservation Law in a Viscous Incompressible Fluid

Authors: Preobrazhenskiy Andrey
Comments: 19 Pages.

The paper gives the definition of the "vorticity quantity" concept. It is further shown that the system of generalized Helmholtz equations for a viscous incompressible fluid is a mathematical expression of the vorticity quantity conservation law for each of its components. These results are used to analyze the solutions of the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations. The physical mechanism of a blowup scenario for the 3D Euler equations solutions is described. The impossibility of such a scenario for the 3D Navier-Stokes equations solutions is shown.
Category: Mathematical Physics

New Prognosis of Earthquake and Vocanic Eruptions on Daily Indexes of Solar Activity for May 2020

Authors: A. M. Eigenson, I. B. Bazylevych
Comments: 1 Page.

PROGNOSIS OF EARTHQUAKES AND VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS ON DAILY INDEXES OF SOLAR ACTIVITY FOR MAY 2020
Category: Astrophysics

The Inherent Derivations Derived Theoretically from One-Dimensional Maxwell’s Equations on the Basis of Exact Differential Equation

Authors: Ohki Yasutsugu
Comments: 13 Pages. Amend numbering in equations, unclear sentences in version 4

This second paper of sequels submitted by Ohki in viXra, under a postulate that there an exact differentiable linear continuous self-medium with vacuum permeability and permittivity, subject to a discrete and coherent frequency given from the source, proposes solutions to free most people from well-known spells that must be: massless of light for violation the Lorentz transformations, existence of external field for light to travel in vacuum space, regardless of impossibility for light to travel in free space with no external media denied by Michelson-Morley, derived only transverse wave from the equations of Maxwell. The others are showed maladaptation for the conservation law at any given point in time for electromagnetic wave function like mechanical system with total energy summed kinetic plus potential energy, and substantial distinction between Electromagnetic Corpuscular System (ECS) and Mechanical Particle System (MPS). To free from those spells, this paper leads to its solutions: (1) inherent derivations theoretically from one-dimensional complex equations of Maxwell on theorem of the Noether, (2) the derivations of electromagnetic attitude of radiant octad beam carriers: electric momentum, magnetic momentum, mass, momentum, energy, force, power, and electromagnetic indeterminacy described as the wave form. (3) the self-medium in a continuity entity helps the radiant octad carriers travel on an axis in free vacuum space as longitudinal wave and transverse wave duality, (4) which the self-medium helps the carrier travel in free space as the longitudinal wave moving in the same direction of travel on an axis through the movements backwards and forwards in the continuity, we can observe electromagnetic waves which electromagnetic distortion due to the movement generates for the continuity neutralized electromagnetically. (5) the indeterminacy carrier of the radiant octad carriers has a space interval or a time interval disappeared only in observing, some of the others are observable and calculatable through invariant the speed of light. (6) maladaptation of time reversal symmetry in the ECS. Besides, the self-medium with octad complex coordinates has an electromagnetic complex wave in the ECS to interchange the real manifest regimen into the imaginary potential regimen each other to-and-fro for each carrier, and to be described as complex wave function. Therefore, there are complex conservation laws able to apply respectively to the radiant octad carriers at any one point in time like total energy plus kinetic energy and potential energy in the MPS. In short word, the ECS has potential imaginary regimen like the MPS’s potential energy. The indeterminacy constitutes of indeterminate space interval or time interval that disappears in observing. However, if the time interval equal to time of observation regards as normal probability distribution through the observation, it will lead us to quantum mechanics world. Moreover, relationship between the beam energy and the beam indeterminacy is described as b(w) ∆ t = ∆ equation stands on the ECS side, when the ∆ t defined as the measurement time interval product of space interval ∆ z and the speed of light is assumed as a property of a probability distribution in the self-medium.
Category: Classical Physics

My Understanding of Stagnation in Foundation of Physics

Authors: Felix M. Lev
Comments: 42 Pages.

Sabine Hossenfelder argues in her blog \cite{Hossenfelder} that the present situation in foundation of physics should be called not crisis but stagnation. I argue that the main reason of the stagnation is that quantum theory inherited from classical one several notions which should not be present in quantum theory. In particular, quantum theory should not involve the notion of space-time background and, since nature is discrete and even finite, quantum theory should not be based on classical mathematics involving the notions of infinitely small/large and continuity. I discuss uncertainty relations, paradox with observation of stars, symmetry on quantum level, cosmological acceleration, gravity and particle theory. My main conclusion is that the most general quantum theory should be based on finite mathematics and, as a consequence: {\bf Mathematics describing nature at the most fundamental level involves only a finite number of numbers while the notions of limit and infinitely small/large and the notions constructed from them (e.g. continuity, derivative and integral) are needed only in calculations describing nature approximately}.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Observation of Photon Movement Near Young’s Double-Slit

Authors: Kazufumi Sakai
Comments: 8 Pages. Journal for Foundations and Applications of Physics, vol. 7, No. 1 (2020)

The quantum interference phenomenon was observed in Young’s double-slit experiment using a single photon, and then, the validity of quantum mechanics was demonstrated. However, the reason these fringes appear has not been completely explained yet because photon motion has not been investigated in detail. We found a method to observe the motion of photons using the properties of optical fibers and showed vector diagrams of the photon motion near the double-slit. The photons gradually changed their direction while intersecting and formed interference fringes. In addition, utilizing the mode property of the fiber, we observed fringes at its output end, even when one of the two interfering waves could not transmit through the fiber.
Category: Quantum Physics

Is The Earth Moon Diameter Created Based On Geometrical Calculations? Why?

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 18 Pages.

This (hard) question we still try to answer with the discussion in the previous papers The Moon Creation And Motion (IV) The Moon Creation And Motion ( V) The Moon Creation And Motion (VI) The paper provides a clear question let's consider it for a while -The moon data shows that, the moon diameter is created based on geometrical calculations- We have seen many proves for this fact in that papers -So –Why AND How? Should be the questions -Why the moon diameter is created based on geometrical calculations? Because The Earth moon mass is created relative to Jupiter Mass! This proportionality between Jupiter Mass and the Earth Moon Mass causes the geometrical calculations! Such answer can be acceptable?! -(First) Why does Jupiter Mass define the Earth Moon Mass?! and (Second) Why the proportionality between Jupiter and Earth Moon Masses causes the geometrical calculations?! -Jupiter defines the Earth Moon mass because Jupiter is the inner planets Parent – means – Jupiter defines all inner planets masses and the Earth moon isn't different from the other inner planets! This is my answer! How to prove? -Why does the proportionality between Jupiter mass and the Earth Moon mass produce geometrical calculations? -Spite the idea is hard – it's clear in this abstract perfectly – So we need to move logically with it inside the paper step by step – (1st step) I provide data proves that the moon diameter is created based on geometrical calculation (2nd step) we will review the answer of the question why does Jupiter define the Earth Moon mass (this question we have answered in that papers) – (3rd step) we will try to understand why the proportionality between Jupiter and the moon masses can produce any geometrical calculations or rules (and this is the new part of discussion) Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

A Skeptical Survey of Cosmology

Authors: Robert E. Barry
Comments: 26 Pages.

Nineteen paradigms purporting to explain the origin and evolution of the universe are compared to observation. It is concluded that not one has presented unequivocal evidence relating cosmological distance to redshift or time from the so-called formation of the universe. There are fully formed galaxies at a distance of 10 billion light years indicating an age of at least 20 billion years for the universe and it is probably old enough so that its age is irrelevant. The Big Bang theory, notwithstanding numerous fixes and arbitrarily chosen constants, has failed to predict the primordial abundance of elements and the large scale structure of the universe. It uses physics that have never been tested in any laboratory. The hypotheses of Dark Matter and Dark Energy appear to be artifacts of attempting to fit inappropriate models to the data. The supernovae data indicating acceleration of the expansion can be fit as well by a static model. Thus there is, as yet, no way to make a choice between an expanding universe and a static one. Space is 3-dimensional. It is senseless to appeal to multiverses and branes which can never, in principle, be observed. Quasars exhibit intrinsic redshift and many (perhaps all) of them are local which accounts for their luminosity. It is unlikely that the field of cosmology will advance in the foreseeable future given the sociological forces arrayed against the resources required to develop alternative theories.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Fermat Classes and the Proof of Beal Conjecture

Authors: Mohamed sghiar
Comments: 9 pages, accepted version

If after 374 years the famous theorem of Fermat-Wiles was demonstrated in 150 pages by A. Wiles , The purpose of this article is to give a proofs both for the Fermat last theorem and the Beal conjecture by using the Fermat class concept.
Category: Number Theory

On Some Possible Mathematical Connections Between Various Equations Concerning the Zeta Cosmology, ϕ, ζ(2) and Some Parameters of Cosmology, String Theory and Particle Physics

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 55 Pages.

In this paper we have described some possible mathematical connections between various equations concerning the Zeta Cosmology, ϕ, ζ(2) and some parameters of Cosmology, String Theory and Particle Physics
Category: Mathematical Physics

La (-1)-Reconstruction Des Graphes Symétriques à au Moins 3 éléments

Authors: Mohamed sghiar
Comments: 8 Pages. French and accepted version

In this article, by algebraic and geometrical techniques, I give a proof to the famous Ulam's conjecture on the (-1)-reconstruction of the symmetric graphs with at least 3 elements conjectured in 1942, although was published only in 1960.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Action Adjointe Sur Les Graphes et la Preuve de la Conjecture P=NP

Authors: Mohamed Sghiar
Comments: 10 Pages. Submited, Frensh version

I study the link between the adjoint action and the Hamiltonian cycles in a symmetric graph. Then by a simple algebraic resolution of a system of equations with several variables I find all the Hamiltonian cycles of the graph. Finally I will apply the results found to give an algorithm of order $ \mathcal{ O } (n ^ 3 ) $ allowing to quickly give all the Hamiltonian cycles with their distance. This gives a proof of the conjecture $ P = NP $.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Une Preuve Relativiste de la Conjecture de Goldbach et Des Nombres Premiers Jumeaux

Authors: Mohamed sghiar
Comments: 3 Pages. Version published on May 11, 2020.

Relativistic techniques [3,4] have made it possible to give the conjectures of Goldbach and De Polignac new and hitherto unknown versions. Relativistic techniques have also made it possible to demonstrate them in their new versions. This shows the importance of the theory of mathematical relativity in the theory of numbers and that the mathematical community must finally admit.
Category: Number Theory

Euclidean Electromagnetics

Authors: Frank H. Makinson
Comments: 8 Pages.

The association between Euclidean geometry and the electromagnetic wave phenomena was identified in 2001. A paper identifying the issue was published in a peer reviewed international publication in 2011. The title did not identify the content was directly related to Euclidean geometry, but the content did. The published title described what was accomplished, directly linking mathematical constants to a physical constant.A very serious issue involving the paper has been identified recently and it effects a vast number of other scientific publications and the theories they promote
Category: Astrophysics

The Perfect Sphere Comment Number 9 to Objectivity Theory

Authors: Denivaldo Silva
Comments: 26 Pages. More information and comments on Theory of Objectivity and Author Vidamor Cabannas (Denivaldo Silva) can be found at www.theoryofobjectivity.com

This commentary aims to demonstrate the number of sides that make up the spherical point that occurs before the appearance of the Universe and confirm that it is not possible to build a minimal, perfect, and logical sphere without it being composed in its maximum circumference for less than sixty and four straight sides, as presented in the Objectivity Theory.
Category: Geometry

Some Unknown Methods of Converting Numbers to Gray Code

Authors: George Plousos
Comments: 2 Pages.

I discovered the methods I present here as I was working on a different mathematical object. I checked the relevant sequence in OEIS and found that it is similar to the A003188 sequence. That's when I learned about the existence of the Gray code. Searching the Internet, I found no reference to these methods. I do not have strict proof that guarantees the accuracy of these methods. The burden of control and proof falls on you. Once all of this is proven, I think they will make the lives of the Gray code developers easier.
Category: Number Theory

Love One Another – a Spiritual Corona Virus Vaccine

Authors: Richard L Amoroso
Comments: 4 Pages. Preprint: Submitted to The Ensign (An official magazine of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints), April 2020.

It is suggested that the Great Commandment – love one another, in conjunction with prayer or meditation, can be employed to act as a protection against viral infection by providing a spiritual energetic shield (domain wall) against viral attachment and transmission. Viral transmission is known to occur by processes related to adhesion to a variety of cellular receptors. Through sufficient love or deep meditation, a corona of the spirit (Chi, Ki, Prana) is maintained creating a noetic force that blocks viral adhesion to various receptors.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

On Absolute Space and Time and Neo-Ptolemaic Cosmology.

Authors: Richard M. Blaber
Comments: 14 Pages. The revised version has minor corrections to the original.

This paper presents a brief historical overview of the developments that led Einstein to formulate the Special Theory of Relativity in 1905, and demonstrates how the later General Theory brought about the re-introduction of the concepts of absolute time and space the earlier theory had apparently abolished, examining the consequences for modern cosmology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Los Caracteres Adquiridos de Lukács. el Problema de la Inasunción Biológica en Las Humanidades, IV

Authors: Atafrascas Orbinio de la Estigia
Comments: 13 Pages. Spanish language

I try to show in this brief note a simple case of the use of science with ideological, political or sectarian interests by those who, having prejudices, say they love and know it. \textit{That} case, is the case of Lukács in his work on the criticism of irrationalism that emerges in the 18th and 19th century, in which he shows a deep scientific ignorance as well as a persistent and unpleasant defense of the ideology that he professes. If, someone, while affirming that science is valid knowledge using it in his speech, and his doctrine, advocates its use or considers science itself, burning the ship of demarcation, if, he maintains the recognized scientific methodology apart from his dogmas and arguments for being contrary to his creed and simultaneously \textit{ignoramus et ignorabimus} the essential of contemporary scientific knowledge, then, the result of his convictions and litanies, with the emphasis or insistence that others allow him, contributes absolutely nothing to the science and confuses the clueless.
Category: Social Science

A Review of Lawson Criterion for Nuclear Fusion

Authors: Les G. Miklosy
Comments: 22 Pages.

In the pursuit for abundant clean energy from nuclear fusion, the Lawson Criterion is cited by fusion researchers and experimentalists as the condition to exceed for fusion of atomic nuclei to occur. In his 1955 paper J.D. Lawson analyzed a fusion plasma conforming to thermodynamic principles at steady-state but with stated omissions and simplifications. Modern fusion researchers developed many incantations of the Lawson Criterion urging their brand leads to fusion ignition, necessarily to sell a rational fusion hypothesis and attract research funding. Others have shown how confined fusion in the laboratory cannot satisfy a positive energy balance due to energy losses from the system. A literature search for "fusion energy balance" shows a suspicious absence of this sanity-check to verify the energy condition was met. This paper applies conservation of energy from classical thermodynamics to a fusion plasma and summarizes eleven modern Lawson-like interpretations in a uniform way, doing so shows the requirements for fusion ignition are not met. Indeed despite billions of speculative dollars spent, sustained laboratory fusion has not been demonstrated in any experimental apparatus built and tested to date worldwide. Heed the warning, in 1955 John D. Lawson wrote: “To conclude we emphasize that these conditions, though necessary are far from sufficient. The working cycle that has been assumed is very optimistic.”
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

The Moon Creation And Motion (VI)

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 14 Pages.

We complete our discussion in the previous papers The Moon Creation And Motion (IV) The Moon Creation And Motion (V) Let's remember the last conclusions and left questions for which we write this paper -Mars had migrated from (84 mkm) to (227.9 mkm) and through its Motion – Mars had collided with Venus and Earth – and from these collisions debris the Earth moon was created – Then we have faced (1st) Question – Why the Earth Moon Diameter is seen as a value created based on geometrical calculation and not by any random process – if the moon created from the collisions debris how to create its diameter based on specific geometrical calculations -(1st Answer) was- because Jupiter defined The Earth moon mass based on geometrical calculations and the density is defined by the 3 planets densities (Mars- Venus – Earth) – So the moon diameter is created based on geometrical calculations! (2nd Question) was – Why Jupiter defined The Earth Moon Mass? -(2nd Answer) was – because Jupiter is the inner planets energy source – means – Jupiter defines all inner planets masses and because of that Jupiter defined the Earth Moon mass (3rd Question) – So- Why Jupiter Mass /Earth mass =318 – what's necessary for this rate? -(3rd Answer) was – because 318 expresses the Relationship between Earth and Pluto! And Pluto is the important word here – because the solar system main energy is found in the distance between Jupiter and Pluto – (4th Question) – Have Earth & Pluto any effect on the solar system general energy? (Question No. 4) is the reason why we write this new paper- Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

The Saturn Has a Maximum of 31 Rings

Authors: Fumitaka Inuyama
Comments: 11 Pages.

The beautiful Titius-Bode law about Solar planetary orbits discovered in 1766, is considered that it is a mathematical coincidence rather than an "exact" law, because it has not yet been physically proved. However, if we consider the disturbance restoration and the stability of the asteroid belt orbit and Saturn’s rings, there must be some underlying logical necessity. Planetary orbits are often computed by Newtonian mechanics with the kinetic energy and the universal gravitation energy. Nevertheless, applying the principle of energy-minimum to the Newtonian mechanics leads to the result that the stable orbital radius is only one value, which is totally incompatible with actual phenomena. This discrepancy must result from the shortage of elements which rule over the planetary orbits. Other elements to rule over the planetary orbits are the electric charge energy and the rotation energy, both of which are guided by the Kerr-Newman solution (discovered in 1965) of the general relativity theory (discovered in 1915). Here, I mathematically demonstrated the Titius-Bode law, and also calculated the number of Saturn’s rings, maximum 31 for the first time by applying the principle of energy-minimum to the complicated energy equation which adopts mass, electric charge and rotation elements of the central core star and solving the sole differential equation.
Category: Astrophysics

On Some Possible Mathematical Connections Between Various Equations Concerning the Mock Modularity Closely Related to N = 4 Super Yang-Mills, ϕ, ζ(2) and Some Parameters of Particle Physics.

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 83 Pages.

In this paper we have described some possible mathematical connections between various equations concerning the Mock Modularity closely related to N = 4 super Yang-Mills, ϕ, ζ(2) and some parameters of Particle Physics.
Category: Number Theory

An Experiment Against Relativity Interactive Dependency

Authors: Bandaru Ramu
Comments: 15 Pages.

Abstract: This article reveals how some relative principles not obey its own principles. Practical examples given as experimental evidences which prove that: Time dilation principle cannot calculate any time dilation. Relative velocity cannot cause any time intervals. Galilean relative principle depends upon relative velocity not time dilation. Time dilation cannot keep Galilean relative principle. Two postulates of relativity are not sufficient. What relative principle, what vacuum, the postulates cannot describe. An practical experimental evidence reveals that light runs in inertial frames not in vacuum. The main problem in Michelson Morley’s experiment is that they cannot recognise the difference between vacuum and inertial frame. the experiment were conducted many times but in only single inertial frame. If the experiment conducted between two inertial frames, the result follows relative velocity of the inertial frame not time dilation. E= mc2 cannot keep any equilibrium between energy and mass. Physical interaction or physical laws not taken place only in a single inertial frame but occupies among many inertial frames. When the interaction ( physical law) occupy among many inertial frames, which time of the inertial frames does the interaction or physical law follow? What wrong in jet air craft - time dilation experiment? This follows relative theory? Was the Relative time observed by both observers: in jet air craft and another on the earth surface?
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Special Functions and the Proof of the Riemann’s Hypothesis

Authors: Mohamed sghiar
Comments: 2 Pages. improved version

By studying the $ \circledS $ function whose integer zeros are the prime numbers, and being inspired by the article [2], I give a new proof of the Riemann hypothesis.
Category: Number Theory

Periodic Tables of Prime Numbers

Authors: George Plousos
Comments: 4 Pages.

When we divide any integer n by a prime number p on a base B of the arithmetic system, we get a decimal extension that has a constant period length, which is equal to λ. For many values ​​of n we get the same period of p but from another digit. p has exactly r=(p-1)/λ different periods. So we need to test many values ​​of n to find all the periods of p. However, we can easily locate and manage all periods of p if we know the values ​​of two numbers, b and λ, because then we can construct a table that allows easy access to any digit of any period of p. To do this we use the relationship (x, y) = b^(rx + y) mod p. This relationship gives the position (x, y) of the table an integer value n such that the n/p fraction forms the y-th period of p from the x-th digit.
Category: Number Theory

The Contributions of E. P. Wigner to "Magic Number Physics"; Group Theory (Symmetry) and More Are Gratefully Acknowledged

Authors: George R. Briggs
Comments: 1 Page.

Abstract: I noted Eugene Wigner's magic number 82's strange appearance in my last note. His many contributions to physics are acknowledged (unfortunately too briefly) in this note.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Universal Existence Numbers

Authors: Yahya A.Sharif
Comments: 1 Page.

Everything in the universe exists with a number assigned to its existence
Category: Classical Physics

The Moon Creation And Motion (V)

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 17 Pages.

Abstract We complete our discussion in previous paper The Moon Creation And Motion (IV) Let's summarize that paper conclusion here -Mars original orbital distance was (84 mkm) and Mars had migrated from it to its new orbital distance (227.9mkm). Though Mars Motion from (84 mkm) to (227.9mkm) Mars had collided with Venus at first and Earth at second – and from these collisions debris the Moon is Created (we discuss the Earth moon creation – and I refer to no any other moon in the paper) -So the moon is created from these collisions debris ….but -As we have argued in that paper – The Moon Diameter is created based on some geometrical calculations and not by any random process – how the moon which is created from the collisions debris can have a diameter created based on geometrical calculation?! -That paper solved this question and told that – the moon basic property its mass (as Newton told us) and because the moon mass was created relative to Jupiter mass – based on specific geometrical rules that enable the moon to have a diameter defined geometrically…. -The idea here is clear – because the moon density should be forced because the moon is created from the 3 planets rocks (Mars- Venus – Earth) and that create specific obligatory density and if the moon mass is created relative to Jupiter mass based geometrical rules (as we have discussed deeply in that paper) – so the moon diameter must be an obligatory value (3475 km) and this value is created based on geometrical rules because Jupiter /Moon Masses rate is defined based on geometrical rules…. -Then the next question was …. Why Jupiter should define the Moon mass? If it's the Earth Moon why its mass is defined by Jupiter?! -For this question we had 2 answers – First because of Jupiter effect on the inner planets – And I claimed that the inner planets are created by Jupiter Energy! and the second reason was the basic reason behind the geometrical definition of Jupiter mass relative to the Earth Moon mass – please review this reason in that paper because it has a wide details… But -The argument can't be finished here – because we have at least 2 more basic questions let's write them in following… -First Question Is …. Why the Earth mass is not seen in any of the moon data? If it's the Earth Moon and it's created by the Earth attraction for the collisions debris why the Earth mass can't be seen in any of the moon data?!! -Second Question Is …..now I have claimed that Jupiter created the inner planets orbital circumference… So …. Why Earth mass should be 5.97 x 1024 kg? i.e. Why Jupiter / Earth Masses rate should be =318? If we could explain Why Jupiter /Moon masses rate =25920 based on the geometrical rules?! May be there are also more geometrical reasons to create Earth mass with a rate 318 relative to Jupiter Mass Shortly… The question was why the Earth moon mass is defined relative to Jupiter? And the answer was …. Not just the moon mass but all the inner planets masses are created relative to Jupiter! All inner planets data are created relative to Jupiter – just the Earth Moon is created after the inner planets were created and because of that we can see clearly that its mass is defined based on Jupiter mass! But the moon is just similar to any other inner planet …. That the answer … and so the next question should be … prove this idea…. For example the rate between Jupiter and Earth masses is 318 – So the question had the Earth mass to be with this rate 318? i.e. had Earth any more options to choose any other value for its mass? The answer is NO Why? because Jupiter created all the inner planets data and Earth had to followed Jupiter instructions….! This paper will be a typical as the previous one – in the paper introduction – again we review Mars Migration Theory (sorry for repeat) but all arguments try to prove this theory and I have to provide it before each discussion – I use the planets data to prove that Mars had migrated from its original orbital distance (84 mkm) to its new one (227.9 mkm) and because we analyze different data I have to provide the theory to be as reference…. Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

Hybrid Time Theory: Cosmology and Quantum Gravity (II)

Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 22 Pages.

In following on from “Scientific Principles of Space, Time, and Perception” [18], the idea of a pan-theory of time and space shall be further explored, namely that a “real” pan-theory can only be reached by the human perceptive ability successfully navigating the idea of space through time, understanding how all of space, time, mass, and energy works together, based on real-data. To achieve that in pure theory a set of successful patterns of data derivation that have been proven experimentally through real means need identifying, yet derivations in this case via a fundamental property of definition of perception as a logos of reality, here as a logos of space and time. This paper is also the second part to paper 17, “Hybrid Time Theory: Cosmology and Quantum Gravity (I)”, where further definition and scope will be provided to the ideas of space, time, mass, and energy and their collective association as inertia.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Riemann Hypothesis Simple Proof

Authors: Shekhar Suman
Comments: 8 Pages.

Simple proof
Category: Number Theory

Proof of Goldbach Conjecture

Authors: Anze Zhou
Comments: 6 Pages.

We developed the addition operation on the integer sets and used the theorems of the set addition operations to prove the Goldbach Conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

Logarithmic Polygonal Spiral

Authors: Dante Servi
Comments: 13 Pages. Copyright by Servi Dante.

Questo è il testo in Italiano ed in Inglese allegato ad una mia attività pubblicata su GeoGebra.org riguardante il mio metodo per creare e gestire una spirale poligonale logaritmica. This is the text in Italian and English attached to my activity published on GeoGebra.org regarding my method to create and manage a logarithmic polygonal spiral.
Category: Geometry

Dirichlet Eta Function Negative Integer Formula

Authors: Isaac Mor
Comments: 26 Pages. Dirichlet Eta Function Negative Integer Formula without using the zeta function in the form of a polynomial of a single indeterminate.

f(x)=1n−2n+3n−4n+5n−6n+...+xn=??? Pages 22 & 23 were fixed! but everything else is still good :)
Category: Functions and Analysis

On Some Possible Mathematical Connections Between Various Equations Concerning the Riemann Zeta Function, the Riemann’s Hypothesis, the Einstein’s Type Universes, ϕ, ζ(2) and Some Parameters of Particle Physics.

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 79 Pages.

In this paper we have described some possible mathematical connections between various equations concerning the Riemann zeta function, the Riemann’s Hypothesis, the Einstein’s type Universes, ϕ, ζ(2) and some parameters of Particle Physics.
Category: Number Theory

A Brief History of Quantum-Mechanical Ideas

Authors: Jean Louis Van Belle
Comments: 20 Pages.

In this paper, we pick some less well-known contributions of great minds to the history of ideas from the proceedings of the Solvay Conferences. We hope to show there was nothing inevitable about the new physics winning out. In fact, we suggest modern-day physicists may usefully go back to some of the old ideas – most notably the idea that elementary particles do have some shape and size – and that they should, perhaps, try somewhat harder to explain intrinsic properties of these particles, such as angular momentum and their magnetic moment, in terms of classical physics. The contributions which we discuss are those of Ernest Rutherford, Joseph Larmor, Hendrik Antoon Lorentz and Louis de Broglie.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Moon Creation And Motion (IV)

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 15 Pages.

Paper Question -How The Earth Moon Is Created? -The Giant –Impact Hypothesis provides a good description about How the Earth Moon was Created… -I have suggested Mars Migration Theory which can solve many difficulties faces The Giant- Impact Theory and provides a very good answer for the question how the Moon was created? -Mars Migration Theory is reviewed in this paper introduction Now -Mars Migration Theory tells that – the Earth Moon was created by Mars Collisions With Venus & Earth and from these Collisions debris the Earth Moon was created in addition to Mars moons and the Asteroid belt But -If the Earth Moon is created from the collisions debris – why the moon diameter is created based on geometrical rules?! How to do that? Let's consider this question in more details… for example -The earth Moon diameter x the sun diameter = Jupiter orbital circumference – Why? this data is one of similar hundreds – for example – the moon diameter x the moon orbital motion distance (from perigee to apogee 43000 km) = Earth orbital distance…! I want to say… that -The Earth Moon Diameter was not created by any random process - Some Geometrical Power is found behind and forced the moon to have this (Specific Diameter & Circumference) which will be in harmony with all planets data as we have seen…! -What's this Geometrical Power? Is it the gravity force? can the gravity produce a complex geometrical effect? What Mass the Earth should have to produce its moon with another diameter? Based on what equation? Let's to consider this question as deep as possible in this paper Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

The Zitterbewegung of Planets and Moon from the String Gravity

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 8 Pages. the original article

The string model of gravitational force was proposed by author 40 years ago (Pardy, 1980; 1996). In this model the string forms the mediation of the gravitational interaction between two gravitating bodies. It reproduces the Newtonian results in the first-order approximation and it predicts in the higher-oder approximations the existence of oscillations of the massive bodies interacting by the string. In case of the moon it can be easily verified by the NASA laser measurements.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Beal’s Conjecture is Tenable ( Revised Version)

Authors: Zhang Tianshu
Comments: 17 Pages.

In this article, first classify A, B and C according to their odevity, and thereby get rid of two kinds of AX+BY≠CZ. Then, exemplify AX+BY=CZ under the given requirements. After that, divide AX+BY≠CZ into 4 inequalities under the known requirements, and that apply the mathematical induction, the odd-even relations on the symmetry or the method that takes apart integers to prove each inequality. Finally, reach the conclusion that Beal’s conjecture is tenable via the comparison between AX+BY=CZ and AX+BY≠CZ under the given requirements.
Category: Number Theory

A Note on Primality of Ap^k + 1 Numbers

Authors: Ariko Stephen Philemon
Comments: 10 Pages.

In 1876, Edouard Lucas showed that if an integer b exists such that b^(n-1)≡1 (mod n) and b^((n-1)/q)≢1 (mod n) for all prime divisors q of n-1, then n is prime, a result known as Lucas’s converse of Fermat’s little theorem. This result was considerably improved by Henry Pocklington in 1914 when he showed that it’s not necessary to know all the prime factors of n-1 to determine the primality of n. In this paper we optimize Pocklington’s primality test for integers of the form ap^k+1 where p is prime, a<4(p+1), k≥1. Precisely, this paper shows that if an integer b exists such that b^(n-1)≡1 (mod n) and n∤b^((n-1)/p)-1, then n is prime as opposed to Pocklington’s primality test that imposes the more stringent hypothesis that n and b^((n-1)/p)-1 be relatively prime. We also present a conjecture whose proof will significantly reduce the computations required to determine the primality of these integers.
Category: Number Theory

Wherever there is a Dynamic Touch, there is Electromagnetic Field——a Discovery for Power Generation

Authors: Xia Cao
Comments: 17 Pages.

Can you imagine that when you slide gently on an acrylic board with hand, hundreds of LEDs under the board will be lit up! Here we have found that all matters under forces can generate electromagnetic energy, even under a tiny force like wind blow. When a polytetrafluoroethylene sheet is tapped by a hand, the generated electromagnetic field can drive three light boards directly, producing a high output voltage of 3678 V. Amazingly, there was an electrical signal when the wind blew onto a matter such as flower, water, wood, polymethyl methacrylate, paper, stone, ceramic etc. There is an optimal matching state between the substance and the force to reach the maximum electrical output. Finding the best matter and the best collision state of it has significant impacted on the development of new energy and nuclear energy. According to these discoveries, the simplest and the most efficient power generation devices and self-powered systems were designed for collecting electromagnetic energy. The power generation bucket can be easily used to collect energy in the ocean. The power generation stone, and the power generation road can supply for streetlamps, traffic lights, electronic advertising boards, and distributed sensors, etc. These discoveries reported here are expected to have profound impacts on a broad range of applications.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

The Metagalaxy is Confused with the Universe, and the Universe is Confused with the Metagalaxy.

Authors: A. I. Andreus
Comments: 6 Pages, in Russian and English of Google, of Bing

The meta-galaxy is mixed up with the universe, and the universe is mixed up with MetaGalactica. ANATOLIJ ANDREUS The meta-galaxy is mixed up with the universe, and the universe is mixed up with MetaGalactica. Let's lay these two concepts in development, in the representation of the contemplation of the sky above our heads and within us the law on the development of the permanent, world of the cognizable, proceed from the postulate about the universe - the universe is eternal, infinite, homogeneous, isotropic.
Category: Astrophysics

Functional Groups in Stellar Metamorphosis

Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 2 Pages.

According to the biostellar evolution principle, as a star evolves life forms and evolves on it. This means all major organic chemical processes occur inside and on the star as it evolves, thus the vast majority of organic functional groups in the universe are formed inside stars as they evolve. Stars directly form life and all organic compounds, molecules and material as they evolve as is predicted by the general theory of stellar metamorphosis.
Category: Biochemistry

New Mathematical Connections Between Riemann-Ricci-Einstein Models and String Theory, Cosmological Constant, Dark Matter and Dark Energy

Authors: Michele Nardelli
Comments: Summary and models in Italian (number of pages in Italian 3)

In this paper we describe the possible new mathematical connections between Riemann-Ricci-Einstein models and String Theory, Cosmological Constant, Dark Matter and Dark Energy.
Category: Number Theory

Dynamics at the Surface of Spacetime at the End of Inflation

Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 3 Pages.

We really need to change the basics of physics because we are approaching a dead end. Here we answered following questions: What is the nature of dark energy (DE)? Why it is very difficult to create the dark matter (DM) and DE structures in collisions of baryons? Why was the abundance of created DM and DE very high at the end of inflation?
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Sun Creation Reason And Effect (III)

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 28 Pages.

The paper tries to answer the following question -Why the sun was created?
Category: Astrophysics

Perspectives on the Use of Rapid Diagnostic Methods for Detection of Covid-19

Authors: S. Thangminlal Vaiphei
Comments: 5 Pages.

In the recent outbreak of the COVID-19, the use of rapid diagnostics have escalated drawing a large number of companies and manufacturers to come up with new testing kits. The merits and demerits of these rapid diagnostics must be carefully evaluated with proper validation and understanding prior to its use to help prevent misguidance. Research into improvement of these existing diagnostics towards disease surveillance and epidemiology should be highly encouraged.
Category: Biochemistry

Forecast of Total Deaths by COVID-19 in the World, US and South America (May-01-2020)

Authors: Valdir Monteiro dos Santos Godoi
Comments: 3 Pages.

We asked the following questions: 1) When an entire population will have been infected by the coronavirus, in this COVID-19 pandemic, assuming that no vaccination or other form of preventive (or curative) medication exists until that day, and the population remains constant (births and deaths are not accounted for)? We also assume that no change in social behavior occurs until that date, for simplicity. 2) What is the corresponding number of deaths by COVID-19 on that date?
Category: Quantitative Biology

Extraterrestrials Have Been Visiting Earth

Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 1 Page.

Since the U.S. Government and all branches of the U.S. Government refuse to directly state we are being visited by extraterrestrials in physical, metallic craft, I will do it. We are being visited by people from other star systems in physical, metallic craft. This paper is dedicated to the late Stanton T. Friedman.
Category: Social Science

Determining the Ages of Stars Using D/H Ratios

Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 3 Pages.

The slope of D/H ratio given Earth’s age of 4.5 billion years, and a D/H ratio via VSMOW of 1D/6250H is 2.8125*10^13. All you have to do to determine the age of an evolved or evolving star is to take the slope and multiply that against the D/H ratio to get the age of the star. It is a linear relation and very useful.
Category: Astrophysics

Fine Structure of Hydrogen Atom by Momentum of Coulomb Potential

Authors: Daehyeon Kang
Comments: 6 Pages.

To explain the fine structure of spectral lines from hydrogen atoms, "the coulomb potential's momentum" was introduced. Since there is no mass and photons made up of electric fields have momentum, the coulomb potentials formed by electric fields also have momentum, and from this perspective, the fine structure of hydrogen is solved.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

A Geometrical Proof of Ptolemy's Theorem

Authors: Radhakrishnamurty Padyala
Comments: 9 Pages.

A geometrical proof of Ptolemy's theorem is presented. It shows the equality of the sum of the areas of the rectangles formed from the lengths of opposite sides of a cyclic quadrilateral to be equal to the area of the rectangle formed from the lengths of the diagonals. Introducing symmetry by choosing one of the component triangles of the quadrilateral to be an equilateral triangle, we prove the theorem for different cases. We then show that the specific case of maximum area configuration corresponds to that of a kite. By changing the kite configuration to that of a rectangle, we derive Pythagoras theorem as a special case of Ptolemy's theorem.
Category: Geometry

On Some Possible Mathematical Connections Between Various Equations Concerning the Dirichlet Boundary Conditions of the D-Branes and Several Equations Inherent the Zeros of Certain Dirichlet Series

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 66 Pages.

In this paper we have described some possible mathematical connections between various equations concerning the Dirichlet boundary conditions of the D-branes and several equations inherent the zeros of certain Dirichlet series
Category: Number Theory

The Survey of Transferring Cryptocurrency Anonymization, Privacy, and Security

Authors: Vamsi K, Ganeshan M
Comments: Pages.

The Internet is used in many situations like to send money to a friend or receive money or you might want to buy something, and we're used to using our Visa cards or PayPal or different payment methods in order to transfer money and handle using these traditional methods to transfer money is not anonymous and not private. Therefore, we'll need different methods if we want to protect our privacy and anonymity. You're probably already thinking now of using Cryptocurrencies and that's correct. Some of the cryptocurrencies are actually very secure and very anonymous. So, in this paper I am going to talk about Cryptocurrencies what it is and how it works. We're going to talk about bitcoins obviously because it's the most common Cryptocurrencies. And then we'll also go to talk about a more private Cryptocurrencies which is Monero. So, we're going to talk about how to properly obtain these Cryptocurrencies anonymously and privately how to handle them in a secure and private manner and how to send and receive. So how to transfer these currencies again in a secure private and anonymous manner. In few scenarios in case you needed to transfer money to a friend or to another person in an anonymous manner or if you wanted to pay for something if you wanted to buy something anonymously and privately or if you're simply just buying from a website that only accepts Cryptocurrencies.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Lighting Material of the Future

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 57 Pages.

At the Paul Scherrer Institute PSI, researchers have gained insights into a promising material for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). [36] Scientists at Tokyo Institute of Technology have fabricated a multiplexer/demultiplexer module based on a property of light that was not being exploited in communications systems: the optical vortex. [35] Optical chips are still some way behind electronic chips, but we're already seeing the results and this research could lead to a complete revolution in computer power. [34] Electronics could work faster if they could read and write data at terahertz frequency, rather than at a few gigahertz. [33] A team of researchers led by the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory has demonstrated a new method for splitting light beams into their frequency modes. [32] Quantum communication, which ensures absolute data security, is one of the most advanced branches of the "second quantum revolution". [31] Researchers at the University of Bristol's Quantum Engineering Technology Labs have demonstrated a new type of silicon chip that can help building and testing quantum computers and could find their way into your mobile phone to secure information. [30] Theoretical physicists propose to use negative interference to control heat flow in quantum devices. [29] Particle physicists are studying ways to harness the power of the quantum realm to further their research. [28] A fundamental barrier to scaling quantum computing machines is "qubit interference." In new research published in Science Advances, engineers and physicists from Rigetti Computing describe a breakthrough that can expand the size of practical quantum processors by reducing interference. [26]
Category: Quantum Physics

Looking for Dark Matter with Coldest Material

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 62 Pages.

Besides looking for axions, the technique may also improve precision measurements of ultracold collision physics and studies of quantum correlations in BECs. [36] A research team led by physicists at the University of California, Riverside, reports tiny satellite galaxies of the Milky Way can be used to test fundamental properties of "dark matter"—nonluminous material thought to constitute 85% of matter in the universe. [35] Now that they've identified the Higgs boson, scientists at the Large Hadron Collider have set their sights on an even more elusive target. [34]
Category: Astrophysics

単位の定義と単位の計測の定義

Authors: Junnichi Fujii
Comments: 10 Pages.

The definition which is the unit when making physics develop, it's important to be consistent. When handling of the unit isn't consistent when combining a physics system different in more than 2 in particular, it's natural for a calculation result to become inaccurate. The value based on the specific unit as well as that will be divergent and be that it'll be a zero, and the peculiar point which is seemingly in an equation shows, and the price becomes unsettled over the whole equation, and I can also get a meaningless solution at all. When I close using "the weight" as "definition of the mass", the price will be in the state of "by the mass, zero" seemingly at space, and is a zero for the item by which mass m is multiplied, and the price emits the item by which mass m is in the denominator. A handling mistake of the mass and the weight is the boring funny story, but present-day physics has no conclusive evidence in which I don't make a similar mistake. I divide a definition of the unit among the main subject as "a unit, its own definition" "definition of measurement of the unit", think and propose the most suitable element the respective definitions should have. I aim at a multi-purposed definition by it's in shoes of a neutron, and changing the mind about a definition in time.
Category: Classical Physics

The Internet of Things: Security Challenges and Solutions

Authors: Haseeb Farooq
Comments: 4 Pages.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the notion of converting everyday objects into smart objects. The purpose of this is to connect the rigid objects we use in our everyday lives to one another to create smart homes, smart cities and smart environments. Objects such as clocks, thermostats, speakers and almost every other electrical object are being equipped with the ability to connect to the internet. This in turn converts the object into a smart object which becomes a part of the internet of things family.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

Discovery for Quantum Technologies

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 39 Pages.

The groundbreaking discovery of an optical version of quantum hall effect (QHE), published today in Physical Review X, demonstrates the leadership of Rensselaer in this vital research field. [30] A workshop on exploring extreme-field QED and the physics phenomena it creates will be held at SLAC in late summer. [29] University of Toronto Engineering researchers have combined two emerging technologies for next-generation solar power-and discovered that each one helps stabilize the other. [28] Photoresponsive flash memories made from organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) that can be quickly erased using just light might find use in a host of applications, including flexible imaging circuits, infra-red sensing memories and multibit-storage memory cells. [27] Recent research from Kumamoto University in Japan has revealed that polyoxometalates (POMs), typically used for catalysis, electrochemistry, and photochemistry, may also be used in a technique for analyzing quantum dot (QD) photoluminescence (PL) emission mechanisms. [26] Researchers have designed a new type of laser called a quantum dot ring laser that emits red, orange, and green light. [25] The world of nanosensors may be physically small, but the demand is large and growing, with little sign of slowing. [24] In a joint research project, scientists from the Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy (MBI), the Technische Universität Berlin (TU) and the University of Rostock have managed for the first time to image free nanoparticles in a laboratory experiment using a highintensity laser source. [23] For the first time, researchers have built a nanolaser that uses only a single molecular layer, placed on a thin silicon beam, which operates at room temperature. [22] A team of engineers at Caltech has discovered how to use computer-chip manufacturing technologies to create the kind of reflective materials that make safety vests, running shoes, and road signs appear shiny in the dark. [21] In the September 23th issue of the Physical Review Letters, Prof. Julien Laurat and his team at Pierre and Marie Curie University in Paris (Laboratoire Kastler Brossel-LKB) report that they have realized an efficient mirror consisting of only 2000 atoms. [20]
Category: Quantum Physics

Existence and the Array of the Planetary System with Counter Direction Against the Fixed Star

Authors: Fumitaka Inuyama
Comments: 9 Pages.

Based on the demonstration of the Titius–Bode law for the solar system, existence and the array of the planetary system with counter rotation direction against the fixed star analyzed theoretically. The Titius-Bode law discovered 250 years ago (in 1766), is considered to be a mathematical coincidence rather than an "exact" law, because it has not yet been physically proved. Planetary orbits are often computed by Newtonian mechanics with the kinetic energy and the universal gravitation energy. However, applying the principle of energy-minimum to the Newtonian mechanics leads to the result that the stable orbital radius is only one value, which is totally incompatible with actual phenomena. This discrepancy must result from the shortage of elements which rule over the planetary orbits. Other elements to rule over them are the electric charge energy and the rotation energy, both of which are guided by the Kerr-Newman solution (discovered in 1965) of the general relativity theory (discovered in 1915). Here, I mathematically demonstrated the Titius-Bode law and also the array of the planetary system with counter direction against the fixed star.
Category: Astrophysics

Foundation of the Material Singularity

Authors: Rafael Cañete Mesa
Comments: 16 Pages. 3 figures; Including Spanish version

The expectation value of the total energy of a wave packet, associated with the speed (moments) space by means of the Lorentz transformation, allows us to obtain by means of quantum wave formulation an energetic expression equivalent, and at the same time less restricted (more versatile and informative), to the one obtained by means of a corpuscular treatment. On the one hand, the energetic formants of the matter appear, on the other the expression in undulatory terms of it, of that which we call mass, and finally an additional phase factor as the last vestige of the undulatory nature after the formation process, that is to say, as an accrediting element of that nature, and mechanism of restitution of it, responsible for the wave-corpuscle duality, of the related creation-annihilation processes, and of the relations among the different generations of elementary particles, as it was shown in https://vixra.org/abs/2003.0001.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Playing Pool of Neutrinos

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 55 Pages.

Hard to believe you can play pool with neutrinos, but certain neutrino interaction events are closer to the game than you think. [22] If it turns out that neutrinos and antineutrinos oscillate in a different way from one another, this may partially account for the present-day matter-antimatter imbalance. [21] Studying this really interesting particle that's all around us, and yet is so hard to measure, that could hold the key to understanding why we're here at all, is exciting-and I get to do this for a living," says Mauger. [20] In the Standard Model of particle physics, elementary particles acquire their masses by interacting with the Higgs field. This process is governed by a delicate mechanism:
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Quark-Gluon Plasma Gravitational Wave

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 21 Pages.

If this signature occurs in the gravitational waves that we will receive from future neutron-star mergers, we would have a clear evidence for the creation of quark-gluon plasma in the present universe." [20] The improvement will see the twin observatories-located near Hanford, Washington and Livingston, Louisiana in the US-double their sensitivity to gravitational waves. [19] A group of scientists from the Niels Bohr Institute (NBI) at the University of Copenhagen will soon start developing a new line of technical equipment in order to dramatically improve gravitational wave detectors. [18] A global team of scientists, including two University of Mississippi physicists, has found that the same instruments used in the historic discovery of gravitational waves caused by colliding black holes could help unlock the secrets of dark matter, a mysterious and as-yet-unobserved component of the universe. [17] The lack of so-called "dark photons" in electron-positron collision data rules out scenarios in which these hypothetical particles explain the muon's magnetic moment. [16] By reproducing the complexity of the cosmos through unprecedented simulations, a new study highlights the importance of the possible behaviour of very high-energy photons. In their journey through intergalactic magnetic fields, such photons could be transformed into axions and thus avoid being absorbed. [15] Scientists have detected a mysterious X-ray signal that could be caused by dark matter streaming out of our Sun's core. Hidden photons are predicted in some extensions of the Standard Model of particle physics, and unlike WIMPs they would interact electromagnetically with normal matter. In particle physics and astrophysics, weakly interacting massive particles, or WIMPs, are among the leading hypothetical particle physics candidates for dark matter. The gravitational force attracting the matter, causing concentration of the matter in a small space and leaving much space with low matter concentration: dark matter and energy. There is an asymmetry between the mass of the electric charges, for example proton and electron, can understood by the asymmetrical Planck Distribution Law. This temperature dependent energy distribution is asymmetric around the maximum intensity, where the annihilation of matter and antimatter is a high probability event. The asymmetric sides are creating different frequencies of electromagnetic radiations being in the same intensity level and compensating each other. One of these compensating ratios is the electron-proton mass ratio. The lower energy side has no compensating intensity level, it is the dark energy and the corresponding matter is the dark matter.
Category: Astrophysics

Iron Pnictide Superconductors

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 20 Pages.

Researchers at Stanford University have recently carried out an in-depth study of nematic transitions in iron pnictide superconductors. [30] Using a clever technique that causes unruly crystals of iron selenide to snap into alignment, Rice University physicists have drawn a detailed map that reveals the "rules of the road" for electrons both in normal conditions and in the critical moments just before the material transforms into a superconductor. [29] Superconducting quantum microwave circuits can function as qubits, the building blocks of a future quantum computer. [28] Physicists have shown that superconducting circuits-circuits that have zero electrical resistance-can function as piston-like mechanical quantum engines. The new perspective may help researchers design quantum computers and other devices with improved efficiencies. [27] This paper explains the magnetic effect of the superconductive current from the observed effects of the accelerating electrons, causing naturally the experienced changes of the electric field potential along the electric wire. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the wave particle duality and the electron's spin also, building the bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The changing acceleration of the electrons explains the created negative electric field of the magnetic induction, the Higgs Field, the changing Relativistic Mass and the Gravitational Force, giving a Unified Theory of the physical forces. Taking into account the Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators also, we can explain the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions. Since the superconductivity is basically a quantum mechanical phenomenon and some entangled particles give this opportunity to specific matters, like Cooper Pairs or other entanglements, as strongly correlated materials and Exciton-mediated electron pairing, we can say that the secret of superconductivity is the quantum entanglement.
Category: Quantum Physics

Poincaré and Geometrization Conjectures: Mathematical Connections Between String Theory, Ricci Flow and Number Theory

Authors: Michele Nardelli
Comments: 32 Pages. Summary in Italian

In this thesis are highlighted the mathematical connections obtained between the Poincarè conjecture, the Thurston geometrization conjecture, some topics of String Theory and various sectors of the Number Theory.
Category: Number Theory

Superconductor with Topological Twist

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 22 Pages.

A team of physicists detected superconducting currents-the flow of electrons without wasting energy-along the exterior edge of a superconducting material. [31] Researchers at Stanford University have recently carried out an in-depth study of nematic transitions in iron pnictide superconductors. [30] Using a clever technique that causes unruly crystals of iron selenide to snap into alignment, Rice University physicists have drawn a detailed map that reveals the "rules of the road" for electrons both in normal conditions and in the critical moments just before the material transforms into a superconductor. [29] Superconducting quantum microwave circuits can function as qubits, the building blocks of a future quantum computer. [28] Physicists have shown that superconducting circuits-circuits that have zero electrical resistance-can function as piston-like mechanical quantum engines. The new perspective may help researchers design quantum computers and other devices with improved efficiencies. [27] This paper explains the magnetic effect of the superconductive current from the observed effects of the accelerating electrons, causing naturally the experienced changes of the electric field potential along the electric wire. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the wave particle duality and the electron's spin also, building the bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The changing acceleration of the electrons explains the created negative electric field of the magnetic induction, the Higgs Field, the changing Relativistic Mass and the Gravitational Force, giving a Unified Theory of the physical forces. Taking into account the Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators also, we can explain the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions. Since the superconductivity is basically a quantum mechanical phenomenon and some entangled particles give this opportunity to specific matters, like Cooper Pairs or other entanglements, as strongly correlated materials and Exciton-mediated electron pairing, we can say that the secret of superconductivity is the quantum entanglement.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Enlightenment that Was Based on How to Complete the Free Will of Artificial Intelligence.

Authors: Ui-yeong Jeong
Comments: 17 pages, language: Korean

This record is a summary of my enlightenment about a world that includes souls. It includes the purpose of the world's creation and the creation and completion of free will. This record is my personal philosophy. My philosophy is reflected in the entire structure designed in 'An Attempt to Create Self-Conscious Artificial Intelligence' [1], which is written by me, and this article additionally describes 'set-up of the initial soul object for the completion of free will' and the enlightenment that was the basis.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Reply to “ Machine Systematics in Dayton Miller’s “Ether Drift” Interferometer Revealed by Analysis of Variance” by Simon WW Manley

Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 8 Pages.

A paper by Simon WW Manley has claimed that the data from Miller’s ether drift experiments contains a component at the period of full rotation. Ether drift is expected to cause a component at half rotation because the Michelson interferometer is symmetrical on 1800 rotation and no component is expected at full rotation. The author concludes that “unless the advocates of ether-drift theories can provide a satisfactory explanation for the signal component with the period of a full rotation, that component is fatal for any contention that Miller’s heroic experiments were measuring meaningful physics.” We will reveal the origin of that fundamental component based on a new theory of absolute motion. The problem is rooted in the universal presumption that absolute motion is motion relative to the (non-existent) ether which predicts 1800 symmetry. Apparent Source Theory ( AST ) predicts that the Michelson interferometer is strictly symmetrical on full rotation, not on 1800 rotation. However, AST also predicts null fringe shifts for absolute velocities parallel and anti-parallel to the longitudinal axis and this may cause stronger second harmonic component.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Constancy of the Speed of Light Without Relativity of Space and Time

Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 19 Pages.

Albert Einstein was right when he proposed the constancy of the speed of light regardless of motion of the source and motion of the observer. The constancy of the speed of light follows directly from the non-existence of the ether. However, Einstein's principle of relativity of space and time, which was derived from the light postulate and the principle of relativity, was wrong because: 1. it led to many paradoxes, and 2. absolute motion has been detected in other experiments. Special relativity was therefore a wrong interpretation of the light postulate. This paper provides a new insight that reveals the deep mystery underlying the many mutually contradicting light speed experiments. The new theory, known as Apparent Source Theory, states that the speed of light is constant and absolute motion exists at the same time. The speed of light is fundamentally constant relative to the observer but appears to be variable when measured. At the heart of Apparent Source Theory is the (one-way and two-way ) constancy of the speed of light regardless of motion of the source, motion of the observer, motion of the mirror, for uniform velocity or acceleration.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Assuming C

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 6 Pages. Submitted to the journal Bulletin of The London Mathematical Society. Comments welcome.

In this paper, assuming the conjecture $c<rad^2(abc)$ true, I give, using elementary calculus, the proof of the $abc$ conjecture proposing the constant $K(\ep)$. Some numerical examples are given.
Category: Number Theory

Machine Learning Dielectric Nanostructures

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 38 Pages.

A paper published in Advanced Photonics "Enhanced light–matter interactions in dielectric nanostructures via machine-learning approach," suggests that machine-learning techniques can be used to enhance metasurfaces, optimizing them for nonlinear optics and optomechanics. [25] Researchers have mathematically proven that a powerful classical machine learning algorithm should work on quantum computers. [24] Researchers at Oregon State University have used deep learning to decipher which ribonucleic acids have the potential to encode proteins. [23]
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Machine Learning Particle Accelerator

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 68 Pages.

Now, SLAC researchers have developed a new tool, using machine learning, that may make part of the tuning process five times faster compared to previous methods. [40] Compared with the previous method of data pre-processing, the new machine-learning-based method has quadrupled quality metrics for the identification of particles on the calorimeter. [39] From the data collected by the LHCb detector at the Large Hadron Collider, it appears that the particles known as charm mesons and their antimatter counterparts are not produced in perfectly equal proportions. The inclusion of short-range interactions in models of neutrinoless double-beta decay could impact the interpretation of experimental searches for the elusive decay. [34] The occasional decay of neutrons into dark matter particles could solve a long-standing discrepancy in neutron decay experiments. [33] The U.S. Department of Energy has approved funding and start of construction for the SuperCDMS SNOLAB experiment, which will begin operations in the early 2020s to hunt for hypothetical dark matter particles called weakly interacting massive particles, or WIMPs. [32] Thanks to low-noise superconducting quantum amplifiers invented at the University of California, Berkeley, physicists are now embarking on the most sensitive search yet for axions, one of today's top candidates for dark matter. [31]
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Primakoff-Type Pion Measurement

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 41 Pages.

A large international team of researchers has improved upon Primakoff-type experiments to give an improved accuracy of pion measurement. [28] In 1973, Russian physicist A.B. Migdal predicted the phenomenon of pion condensation above a critical, extremely high—several times higher than that for normal matter— nuclear density. [27] Our first glimpses into the physics that exist near the center of a black hole are being made possible using "loop quantum gravity"—a theory that uses quantum mechanics to extend gravitational physics beyond Einstein's theory of general relativity. [26]
Category: Quantum Physics