All Submission Categories

Riemann Hypothesis Disproof Using a Contradiction

Authors: Shekhar Suman
Comments: 5 Pages.

Very easy proof
Category: Number Theory

Knee and … Member. Etymological Imaginations

Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 3 Pages. -

The assumption of possible origin and value of two Russian words is made.
Category: Linguistics

Petoukhov Modules, Symmetry and Genetic Code

Authors: Boulay Jean-Yves
Comments: 23 Pages. Paper was presented on Symmetry Festival 2006

This study describes numerous phenomena of symmetry in the distribution of the amino acids in the genetic code table. These phenomena consist to arithmetical arrangements of sets of modules numbers or/and of protons numbers which are counted in each of the 20 amino acids used by the standard genetic code. In this present article, is specifically investigated the molecular modules system of Professor Sergei Petoukhov.
Category: Biochemistry

Measurement of Neutrino's Magnetic Monopole Charge

Authors: Eue Jin Jeong, Dennis Edmondson
Comments: 15 Pages.

If there are magnetic monopoles in the universe, the magnetic charge will be a conserved quantity like the electric charge. And if the neutrino is magnetic monopole, the neutron must also have magnetic monopole charge due to the charge conservation law and the Earth will also show the sign of having magnetic monopole property as well. To test and measure the collective magnetic monopole charge of the neutrons from the Earth, we used the two different well-balanced rod magnets of high magnetic strength made of Neodymium. Upon test, consistent downward tilting on the south pole side of the rod magnet has been observed when the measurement was performed in Cuenca Ecuador where the vertical component of the geomagnetic dipole field of the Earth is minimum, indicating that the Earth has net magnetic monopole charge of north pole kind. From this observation, we conclude that at least the electron neutrino which is a byproduct of weak decay of the neutron must be magnetic monopole. Detailed measurement process is presented, and the physical consequences of the result are discussed in detail.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Consequence of Rapid Top Quark Decay to Massless Gauge Boson

Authors: George R. Briggs
Comments: 2 Pages.

Rapid top quark decay to massless gauge boson, particularly to the fast-moving cosmophoton, is the subject of this note.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Life Was Found On Mars

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 9 Pages.

Paper Question Is A Life Found On Mars In Its Ancient Time? Paper Hypothesis The Life Is Originated Regardless The Sun Existence And Effect The Paper Theory (Mars Migration Theory) -Mars had a life on its ancient time Because -The solar planets were created before the sun creation and because of that – all planets had lives in this period -Mars Orbital Distance (before The sun Creation) was 84 mkm Also -Pluto was The Mercury Moon Based on that – The Planets Ancient Order Was As Following – relative to the current sun position before the sun creation -Mercury with Pluto (its Moon) with orbital distance (57.9 mkm) - Then Mars with orbital distance (84 mkm) – Then Venus with orbital distance (108.2 mkm) then Earth with orbital distance (149.6 mkm*) –Then Uranus – Then Neptune – Then Jupiter with orbital distance (5906 mkm) (Note Please Earth orbital distance almost was 153 mkm and Venus orbital distance almost was 105 mkm) Then The Sun Was Created (Causing Many Changes) So -Mars was migrated from its original orbital distance (84 mkm) to its current one (227.9 mkm) -Through Mars Migration Motion – Mars had collided with Venus (at First) and then with Earth at second.. This Theory (Mars migration theory) is in consistency with The Giant-Impact Hypothesis But Instead of the (Supposed Planet) Theia, Mars itself made the collisions. Mars migration Theory solves The Giant-Impact Hypothesis difficulties: I.Why Venus has No Moon? – Because Mars had migrated and moved from 84 mkm to 227.9 mkm and pushed all debris in its motion direction – far from Venus – So Venus had found no debris around to create its own Moon - But Earth has a greater Mass and the debris lost their motion high momentum at Earth Position– so Earth could attract some debris and create its moon II.The Lunar Magma Ocean (LMO) Origin– is Venus – because the moon is created by 3 planets debris (Venus – Earth – Mars) – So their rocks are found in it III.Why The Iron Oxide (Feo) of the Moon= (13%)? Because The rate (13%) is a middle between Mars rate (18%) and the terrestrial mantle (8%). IV.Why Mars diameter (and Mass) are decreased through the history? Because of the collisions – Mars diameter lost around ( 4.1 %) (And Mars mass also which causes difficulties for Mars gravitation equation) V.Mars migration is done Because of The Sun Creation Process VI.Is there a possibility that Mars will return to its original point (84 mkm)? Yes VII.Why? Because the Planet orbital distance is defined relative to its diameter (and Mass) Mars now is in the wrong Position- but forced to it because of the sun effect Conclusions -The was a life on Mars before its Migration from its original point (84 mkm) to its current one (227.9 mkm) -This life is perished because of Mars Migration -The Sun Creation Had Created A Selection For The Available Places For Life Which Was Not Found Before The Sun Creation. Paper Contents (1)A List Of Changes Done By The Sun Creation (2)Mars Migration Theory Proves. Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

World-Universe Model Predictions

Authors: Vladimir Netchitailo
Comments: 17 Pages.

In 2013, World-Universe Model (WUM) proposed principally different way to solve the problem of Newtonian Constant of Gravitation measurement precision. WUM revealed a self-consistent set of time-varying values of Primary Cosmological parameters of the World: Gravitation parameter, Hubble’s parameter, Age of the World, Temperature of the Microwave Background Radiation, and the concentration of Intergalactic plasma. Based on the inter-connectivity of these parameters, WUM solved the Missing Baryon problem and predicted the values of the following Cosmological parameters: gravitation G , concentration of Intergalactic plasma, relative energy density of protons in the Medium, and the minimum energy of photons, which were experimentally confirmed in 2015 – 2018. Between 2013 and 2018, the relative standard uncertainty of G measurements decreased x6. The set of values obtained by WUM was recommended for consideration in CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants 2014.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Researching the Possibilities of Creating Mathematical Oracle Functions for Grover’s Quantum Search Algorithm

Authors: Cesar B. Pronin, Andrey V. Ostroukh
Comments: 9 Pages.

In this article the key operating principles of Grover’s algorithm were researched, and the results were used to make a new oracle function, that illustrates the possibility of using Grover’s algorithm for solving more common search problems. The efficiency of this algorithm was also analyzed.
Category: Quantum Physics

Development of a Quantum Algorithm That Uses Quantum Parallelism for Finding the Shortest Path in a Graph

Authors: Cesar B. Pronin, Andrey V. Ostroukh, Boris V. Pronin
Comments: 13 Pages.

The following research highlights the development of a quantum algorithm designed to use quantum parallelism for performing parallel quantum calculations. This concept was used to make a quantum algorithm for finding the shortest path in a graph. For developing quantum algorithms within 16 qubits, the Quirk quantum circuit emulator was chosen, which has an advanced set of sensors, that allow to visualize the transformations performed in quantum circuits, and a large number of complex quantum gates, which greatly simplifies the construction of new quantum circuits.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Moon Creation And Motion (III)

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 36 Pages.

Paper Hypothesis -Planet Motion depends On Light Motion -Mars & The Earth Moon Motions are Interacting because "Planet Motion Depends On Light Motion" i.e. Even If The Earth Moon is created by Mars Collisions with Venus and Earth (through Mars Migration Motion)- but the Geometrical building of The Moon Planet still controlled by the same rules based on which Mars, Venus & Earth Were Created! Why?? Because the light motion is the cause behind the planet motion- And because of that – All planets motions are controlled by this same light motion – Shortly The light motion is the master and maker of the road and all planets are followers. The paper discusses this hypothesis deeply- First let's remember Mars Migration Theory – to discover the historical events by which the earth Moon was created from Mars collisions debris with Venus and Earth Mars Migration Theory Revision: -Mars original orbital distance was 84 mkm. and Mars had migrated to 227.9 mkm -Through Mars Motion from 84 mkm to 227.9 mkm, Mars had collided with Venus and then Mars had collided with Earth also. -From the Collisions debris The Earth Moon was created –and Mars had found its moons. And the rest debris had attracted by Jupiter and created The Asteroid Belt The Giant-Impact Hypothesis is in consistency with Mars migration theory But Instead of the (Supposed Planet) Theia, Mars itself made the collisions. Mars migration Theory solves The Giant-Impact Hypothesis difficulties: I.Why Venus has No Moon? – Because Mars had migrated and moved from 84 mkm to 227.9 mkm and pushed all debris in its motion direction – far from Venus – So Venus had found no debris around to create its own Moon - But Earth has a greater Mass and the debris lost their motion high momentum at Earth Position– so Earth could attract some debris and create its moon II.The Lunar Magma Ocean (LMO) Origin– is Venus – because the moon is created by 3 planets debris (Venus – Earth – Mars) – So their rocks are found in it III.Why The Iron Oxide (Feo) of the Moon= (13%)? Because The rate (13%) is a middle between Mars rate (18%) and the terrestrial mantle (8%). IV.Why Mars diameter (and Mass) are decreased through the history? Because of the collisions – Mars diameter lost around ( 4.1 %) (And Mars mass also which causes difficulties for Mars gravitation equation) V.Mars migration is done Because of The Sun Creation Process VI.Is there a possibility that Mars will return to its original point (84 mkm)? Yes VII.Why? Because the Planet orbital distance is defined relative to its diameter (and Mass) Mars now is in the wrong Position- but forced to it because of the sun effect Conclusion The Giant-impact hypothesis supports Mars migration Theory Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

Forecast of Complete Contamination by COVID-19 in the World, US and South America (April-28-2020)

Authors: Valdir Monteiro dos Santos Godoi
Comments: 2 Pages.

We asked the question of when an entire population will have been infected by the coronavirus, in this COVID-19 pandemic, assuming that no vaccination or other form of preventive (or curative) medication exists until that day, and the population remains constant (births and deaths are not accounted for). We also assume that no change in social behavior occurs until that date.
Category: Quantitative Biology

E-Authentication System with QR code & OTP

Authors: Afrin Hussain, M. N. Nachappa
Comments: 3 Pages.

As a fast web framework is being created and individuals are informationized, even the budgetary undertakings are occupied with web field. In PC organizing, hacking is any specialized exertion to control the ordinary conduct of system associations and associated frameworks. The current web banking framework was presented to the threat of hacking and its result which couldn't be overlooked. As of late, the individual data has been spilled by a high-degree technique, for example, Phishing or Pharming past grabbing a client's ID and Password. Along these lines, a protected client affirmation framework gets considerably more fundamental and significant. Right now, propose another Online Banking Authentication framework. This confirmation framework utilized Mobile OTP with the mix of QR-code which is a variation of the 2D standardized identification
Category: Digital Signal Processing

Membrane Topology on Absolute Time

Authors: Durgadas Datta
Comments: 12 Pages. New Physics with new ideas.

We are on a wrong path in modern physics and some ideas to explore the reality.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Nanoparticles Measure Cancer Cells

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 77 Pages.

A first-of-its-kind nanoparticle-based in vivo imaging technique that may one day be used to help diagnose and even treat cancer has been developed by researchers collaborating from Michigan State, Johns Hopkins and Stanford universities. [50] The hope is that further research into cilia will help untangle the complex relationship between them and cancer, and provide both new insights into some of the drivers of cancer as well as new targets for cancer treatment. [49] Researchers have found that changing the mechanical properties of individual cells disrupts their ability to remain stable, profoundly affecting their health and the health of the tissue that comprises them. [48] Biochemists at the University of Bayreuth and the University of Bonn have now discovered a way to regulate this process which is central to gene expression: Certain actinobacteria contain a protein that binds RNA molecules under blue light and can thereby deactivate them. [47] A new piece of a difficult puzzle-the nature of memory-fell into place this week with a hint at how brain cells change structure when they learn something. [46] Researchers at the University of Alberta have found an important protein in the cells of a deadly infectious parasite, opening the door to less harmful treatment for millions of people suffering from diseases like sleeping sickness in Africa and Chagas disease in South America. [45] The remarkable ability of a small Australian sea snail to produce a colourful purple compound to protect its eggs is proving even more remarkable for its potential in a new anti-cancer pharmaceutical. [44] Gene editing technology is a technology that eliminates the underlying causes of and treats diseases by removing specific genesor editing genes to restore their normal function. In particular, CRISPR gene editing technology is now commonly used for immunotherapy by correcting the genes of immune cells to induce them to attack cancer cells selectively. [43]
Category: Physics of Biology

Specification of the Photon

Authors: Rolf Warnemünde
Comments: 48 Pages. c 2020 CC BY-NC-ND

A derivation of continuously differentiable, fluctuating 3-dimensional vector fields as generalized Maxwell Fields leads to Identification of Einstein’s space as the result of a deformation of a Euclidean space and the fluctuating hypersurface of Einstein’s space as gravitational wave propagation. The consequence is the union of Maxwell field and Gravitational field which leads to 1. -the explanation of the photon and its formation by describing the detailed quantization process. 2. -the characterization of the photon resulting from the deformation movement defined in a point, which from here screws through space in a direction at the speed of light. These are discussions that are beyond the range of quantum mechanics and quantum field theory because of the uncertainty relation, although such connections seem qualitatively obvious. By the described unification electromagnetism is directly led back to the most fundamental terms of physics, space and time. Last but not least the importance of the Einstein-Equations for microphysics is proved. 2
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Stretchable Lithium-Ion Battery

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 65 Pages.

A Korean research team has developed a lithium-ion battery that is flexible enough to be stretched. Dr. Jeong Gon Son's research team at the Photo-Electronic Hybrids Research Center at the Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) announced that they had constructed a high-capacity, stretchable lithium-ion battery. [39] Such human-machine interfaces are no longer science fiction, but they still have a way to go before becoming mainstream. [38] With further engineering, the vertical semiconductor-graphene-semiconductor transistor is promising for high-speed applications in future 3-D monolithic integration because of the advantages of atomic thickness, high carrier mobility, and the high feasibility of a Schottky emitter. [37] Scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory have new experimental evidence and a predictive theory that solves a long-standing materials science mystery: why certain crystalline materials shrink when heated. [36] In a new study now published A team of scientists are seeking to kick-start a wearable technology revolution by creating flexible fibres and adding acids from red wine. [33] An inexpensive way to make products incorporating nanoparticles-such as high-performance energy devices or sophisticated diagnostic tests-has been developed by researchers. [32] Researchers from Empa and ETH Zurich, together with colleagues from IBM Research Zurich, have recently been able to create this effect with long-range ordered nanocrystal superlattices. [31]
Category: Condensed Matter

Nanosensors Track Chemical Signals

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 55 Pages.

Light-emitting nanosensors have been used to measure chemical signals that propagate through living plants in response to damage. [36] Researchers at the Center for Nanoparticle Research, within the Institute for Basic Science (IBS, South Korea) in collaboration with collaborators at Zhejiang University, China, have reported a highly sensitive and specific nanosensor that can monitor dynamic changes of potassium ions in mice undergoing epileptic seizures, indicating their intensity and origin in the brain. [35] The lab of Cheryl Kerfeld at Michigan State University has created a synthetic nano-sized factory, based on natural ones found in bacteria. [34]
Category: Physics of Biology

Nanomaterial Modeling

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 51 Pages.

Researchers from the Higher School of Theoretical Mechanics of Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU) and Tel Aviv University proposed a new approach to improve the efficiency of mathematical modeling of the processes in materials at the nanoscale. [30] The nano research team led by professors Helge Weman and Bjørn-Ove Fimland at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology's (NTNU) Department of Electronic Systems has succeeded in creating light-emitting diodes, or LEDs, from a nanomaterial that emits ultraviolet light. [29] Researchers at Tokyo Tech have developed a nanosized container bearing photoswitches that takes up hydrophobic compounds of various size and shape in water and subsequently releases them quantitatively by non-invasive light stimulus. [28] By studying how electrons in two-dimensional graphene can literally act like a liquid, researchers have paved the way for further research into a material that has the potential to enable future electronic computing devices that outpace silicon transistors. [27] This research is a therefore a step towards basic and technological research into 3-D analogues of QSH insulators, and may ultimately lead to new electronic and spintronic technologies. [26] Topological insulators (TIs) host exotic physics that could shed new light on the fundamental laws of nature. [25] A new study by scientists from the University of Bristol brings us a significant step closer to unleashing the revolutionary potential of quantum computing by harnessing silicon fabrication technology to build complex on-chip quantum optical circuits. [24] Two teams of scientists from the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology have collaborated to conduct groundbreaking research leading to the development of a new and innovative scientific field: Quantum Metamaterials. [23]
Category: Condensed Matter

A^x + B^y = C^z Part 2: Another Version of my Theorem and Infinite Ascent

Authors: Quang Nguyen Van
Comments: 3 Pages.

We give another version of my theorem that was submitted in the previous article, which is the theorem leading to the proof of the Beal's conjecture and the Fermat - Catalan conjecture. We also give a view to prove whether the equation has infinitely many solutions in integer or not related to parametric solution and infinite ascent.
Category: Number Theory

Luminescent Perovskite Nanocrystal

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 45 Pages.

An international team of scientists that includes researchers from ITMO University has developed a new composite material based on perovskite nanocrystals for the purpose of creating miniature light sources with improved output capacity. [30] Particles in solution can grow, transport, collide, interact, and aggregate into complex shapes and structures. [29] Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) researchers are working to make better electronic devices by delving into the way nanocrystals are arranged inside of them. [28] Self-assembly and crystallisation of nanoparticles (NPs) is generally a complex process, based on the evaporation or precipitation of NP-building blocks. [27] New nanoparticle-based films that are more than 80 times thinner than a human hair may help to fill this need by providing materials that can holographically archive more than 1000 times more data than a DVD in a 10-by-10-centimeter piece of film. [26] Researches of scientists from South Ural State University are implemented within this area. [25] Following three years of extensive research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HU) physicist Dr. Uriel Levy and his team have created technology that will enable computers and all optic communication devices to run 100 times faster through terahertz microchips. [24] When the energy efficiency of electronics poses a challenge, magnetic materials may have a solution. [23]
Category: Condensed Matter

CERN Data Tsunami

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 20 Pages.

The upgrade dramatically increased the number of events per second that ALICE can sample and read out. [12] Together, these developments mark a new approach to open and reproducible research at the LHC. The ATLAS Collaboration will continue to focus on creating rich, preservable open access tools-such as the open likelihoods-and looks forward to the compelling new insights they create. [11] The Higgs boson was discovered in 2012 by the ATLAS and CMS Experiments at CERN, but its coupling to other particles remains a puzzle. [10] Higgs boson decaying into bottom quarks. Now, scientists are tackling its relationship with the top quark. [9] Usha Mallik and her team used a grant from the U.S. Department of Energy to help build a sub-detector at the Large Hadron Collider, the world's largest and most powerful particle accelerator, located in Switzerland. They're running experiments on the sub-detector to search for a pair of bottom quarks-subatomic yin-and-yang particles that should be produced about 60 percent of the time a Higgs boson decays. [8] A new way of measuring how the Higgs boson couples to other fundamental particles has been proposed by physicists in France, Israel and the US. Their technique would involve comparing the spectra of several different isotopes of the same atom to see how the Higgs force between the atom's electrons and its nucleus affects the atomic energy levels. [7] The magnetic induction creates a negative electric field, causing an electromagnetic inertia responsible for the relativistic mass change; it is the mysterious Higgs Field giving mass to the particles. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate by the diffraction patterns. The accelerating charges explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the wave particle duality and the electron's spin also, building the bridge between the Classical and Relativistic Quantum Theories. The self maintained electric potential of the accelerating charges equivalent with the General Relativity space-time curvature, and since it is true on the quantum level also, gives the base of the Quantum Gravity. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the relativistic quantum theory.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Producing COVID-19 Test Kits

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 75 Pages.

Researchers at Western and Suncor are teaming up to use algae as a way to produce serological test kits for COVID-19 – a new process that overcomes shortfalls of existing processes while saving money. [45] Researchers in Brazil analyzed the growth of confirmed infected COVID-19 cases across four continents to better characterize the spread of the virus and examine which strategies are effective in reducing its spread. [44] A system that checks from a safe distance whether someone is displaying symptoms of COVID-19 has been developed by Urs Schneider and colleagues at the Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation in Stuttgart, Germany. [43]
Category: Physics of Biology

Estimate COVID-19 Death Toll

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 75 Pages.

A Rutgers engineer has created a mathematical model that accurately estimates the death toll linked to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States and could be used around the world. [45] Researchers in Brazil analyzed the growth of confirmed infected COVID-19 cases across four continents to better characterize the spread of the virus and examine which strategies are effective in reducing its spread. [44] A system that checks from a safe distance whether someone is displaying symptoms of COVID-19 has been developed by Urs Schneider and colleagues at the Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation in Stuttgart, Germany. [43] Although the test still needs to be tested on intact viral RNA from patient samples, it could help relieve the current pressure on PCR-based tests, the researchers say. [42] Simon Fraser University researchers will use their pioneering imaging technology-called Mango, for its bright colour-to develop coronavirus testing kits. [41] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, common human coronaviruses usually cause mild to moderate upper-respiratory tract illnesses, like the common cold. [40] When diseases reinforce each other, they rapidly accelerate through the population, then fizzle out as they run out of new hosts. [39] It's no coincidence that some of the worst viral disease outbreaks in recent years-SARS, MERS, Ebola, Marburg and likely the newly arrived 2019-nCoV virus-originated in bats. [38] An interdisciplinary team of researchers at Colorado State University has used computational chemistry, biochemistry and virology to uncover new information on how viruses such as West Nile, dengue and Zika replicate. [37]
Category: Physics of Biology

Magnetism Keep Drugs at Disease Sites

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 55 Pages.

The researchers were able to use magnetism to hold 'magnetically responsive' microscopic drug carriers at chosen sites, even in the presence of external forces, such as flowing liquid, which would normally displace them. [32] A Japanese research team has developed a cyclic peptide (a chain of amino acids bonded circularly) that enhances blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration. [31] MIT engineers have designed tiny robots that can help drug-delivery nanoparticles push their way out of the bloodstream and into a tumor or another disease site. [30]
Category: Physics of Biology

Nanodevices for the Brain

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 39 Pages.

Alzheimer's disease is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States, affecting one in 10 people over the age of 65. Scientists are engineering nanodevices to disrupt processes in the brain that lead to the disease. [25] A team of researchers at the University of California's Department of Neurological Surgery and the Center for Integrative Neuroscience in San Francisco has taken another step toward the development of a device able to read a person's mind. [24] Professor Thomas Hills from the Department of Psychology set out to bridge the gap between the philosophical arguments for free will and the neurocognitive realities. [23]
Category: Physics of Biology

Further Mathematical Connections Between Some Ramanujan Formulas, ϕ, ζ(2) and Various Topics and Parameters of LQG, Open Strings and Particle Physics. vi

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 84 Pages.

In this paper we continue to describe and analyze some Ramanujan expressions. Furthermore, we have obtained several mathematical connections with ϕ, ζ(2) and various topics and parameters of LQG, Open Strings and Particle Physics.
Category: Number Theory

Where is Antimatter?

Authors: Bahram Kalhor, Farzaneh Mehrparvar
Comments: 11 Pages.

Although matter and antimatter have equally produced in the universe, physicists cannot find too much antimatter. We show that the main part of the antimatter exists and have located in the disk of the black holes. A ring of the positrons is covered by a ring of the electrons, while both rings have trapped in a strong electric field. The high-density ring of the positrons makes a wall against the gamma-rays. Blocking the gamma-rays by a wall of the positrons makes a photon ring that would be a good sign for finding the exact location of the antimatter ring. The main part of the supermassive objects in the space have made of antimatter.
Category: Astrophysics

Mathematical Connections Between Some Ramanujan Formulas, ϕ, ζ(2) and Various Topics and Parameters of Open Strings and Particle Physics. V

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 59 Pages.

In this paper we have described and analyzed some Ramanujan expressions. We have obtained several mathematical connections with ϕ, ζ(2) and various topics and parameters of Open Strings and Particle Physics.
Category: Number Theory

Reflections on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 13 Pages. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. For the solution of the objection raised here, see the follow-up paper, https://vixra.org/abs/2103.0006

In this paper the quantised version of Newton Second Law is derived assuming merely the existence of de Broglie matter-waves and their basic properties. At the same time we keep an eye towards interpretations of quantum mechanics and will realise that the two most different interpretations (Copenhagen interpretation and the de Broglie-Bohm theory) owe their difference to two fundamentally different approaches to `Harmonisation'. In this regard we shall see that the guiding equation of the de Broglie-Bohm theory currently found in literature is not the most complete equation possible; as a result we answer one of the important questions in interpreting quantum mechanics, namely that `when does the concept of classical path (trajectory) makes sense in quantum mechanics?' Moreover, in light of special-relativistic considerations we shall easily see that in the Number-Division approach, i.e. that of de Broglie-Bohm, the wave operator no longer appears, making it in turn impossible the application of Clifford algebras (Dirac's `square root' of the wave operator).
Category: Quantum Physics

Password Security: Best Practices and Management Strategies

Authors: Mohammed Hasan
Comments: 4 Pages.

Due to the rapid increase in the desire to use online technology, the use of password security has become vital for users worldwide to protect their sensitive data or accounts by implementing a password key only known to them in order to access their personal data. Throughout the years, as data has become more involved with being stored online, the creativity of different strategies of passwords has also increased as certain data may only be accessed through unique methods such as fingerprint scan. One of the major types of services that require users to protect their details is online banking such as PayPal or NatWest where users would provide a stronger password compared to an account with low value such as a mobile phone game. This report will go in depth on the best practices and strategies that derive from password security.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Survey on Table Detection from Document Image

Authors: Shashank Jain, Amritesh Singh, Rahul Ranjan Singh
Comments: 7 Pages.

There are many types of invoice having table exist in the current system such as table in native text invoices, table in image invoices (II), table in handwritten invoices (HI) and so on. Nowadays, these different types of invoices are processing manually. Now our aim to survey such system which can handle invoices having the table automatically by using OCR (Optical Character Reader) and Deep Learning Technologies. Moreover, we will also discussed multiple technologies and suggest the best model as per our survey
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Riemann Hypothesis Disproof

Authors: Shekhar Suman
Comments: 5 Pages.

Two equivalent conditions are used to get a contradiction
Category: Number Theory

Radio Waves Control Fusion Reactions

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 76 Pages.

The technique would ultimately be used in designing optimal island stabilization schemes. [43] Scientists at the University of California, Los Angeles present new research on a curious cosmic phenomenon known as "whistlers"—very low frequency packets of radio waves that race along magnetic field lines. [42] Plasma particle accelerators more powerful than existing machines could help probe some of the outstanding mysteries of our universe, as well as make leaps forward in cancer treatment and security scanning—all in a package that's around a thousandth of the size of current accelerators. [41]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Life and Evolution in Terms of Maximum Entropy Production Principle

Authors: Leonid M. Martyushev
Comments: 4 Pages.

Maximum entropy production principle (MEPP) has been formulated in the mid-twentieth century, and today it has acquired the status of an important principle of science, which is extremely effective in considering various non-equilibrium problems. In this study, for the first time, definition of life is based on an easily measurable physical quantity that is entropy production. Life and evolution are discussed from the point of view of MEPP and the Universe, but not a human.
Category: Physics of Biology

Correlations in COVID-19 Grows

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 74 Pages.

Researchers in Brazil analyzed the growth of confirmed infected COVID-19 cases across four continents to better characterize the spread of the virus and examine which strategies are effective in reducing its spread. [44] A system that checks from a safe distance whether someone is displaying symptoms of COVID-19 has been developed by Urs Schneider and colleagues at the Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation in Stuttgart, Germany. [43] Although the test still needs to be tested on intact viral RNA from patient samples, it could help relieve the current pressure on PCR-based tests, the researchers say. [42] Simon Fraser University researchers will use their pioneering imaging technology-called Mango, for its bright colour-to develop coronavirus testing kits. [41] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, common human coronaviruses usually cause mild to moderate upper-respiratory tract illnesses, like the common cold. [40] When diseases reinforce each other, they rapidly accelerate through the population, then fizzle out as they run out of new hosts. [39] It's no coincidence that some of the worst viral disease outbreaks in recent years-SARS, MERS, Ebola, Marburg and likely the newly arrived 2019-nCoV virus-originated in bats. [38] An interdisciplinary team of researchers at Colorado State University has used computational chemistry, biochemistry and virology to uncover new information on how viruses such as West Nile, dengue and Zika replicate. [37] David Baker, Professor of Biochemistry and Director of the Institute for Protein Design at the University of Washington will speak about how algorithmic processes such as de novo design predict protein structures, protein folding mechanisms, and new protein functions. [36] A research team at Kobe University has developed a method of artificially controlling the anchorage position of target proteins in engineered baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). [35]
Category: Physics of Biology

COVID-19 Provision Radiation Therapy

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 76 Pages.

Shalom Kalnicki, chairman of the radiation oncology department at Montefiore Medical Center in New York, highlighted the challenges faced by radiation oncologists, physicians and medical physicists looking to treat cancer patients in the time of COVID-19. [44] A system that checks from a safe distance whether someone is displaying symptoms of COVID-19 has been developed by Urs Schneider and colleagues at the Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation in Stuttgart, Germany. [43] Although the test still needs to be tested on intact viral RNA from patient samples, it could help relieve the current pressure on PCR-based tests, the researchers say. [42] Simon Fraser University researchers will use their pioneering imaging technology-called Mango, for its bright colour-to develop coronavirus testing kits. [41] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, common human coronaviruses usually cause mild to moderate upper-respiratory tract illnesses, like the common cold. [40] When diseases reinforce each other, they rapidly accelerate through the population, then fizzle out as they run out of new hosts. [39] It's no coincidence that some of the worst viral disease outbreaks in recent years-SARS, MERS, Ebola, Marburg and likely the newly arrived 2019-nCoV virus-originated in bats. [38] An interdisciplinary team of researchers at Colorado State University has used computational chemistry, biochemistry and virology to uncover new information on how viruses such as West Nile, dengue and Zika replicate. [37] David Baker, Professor of Biochemistry and Director of the Institute for Protein Design at the University of Washington will speak about how algorithmic processes such as de novo design predict protein structures, protein folding mechanisms, and new protein functions. [36] A research team at Kobe University has developed a method of artificially controlling the anchorage position of target proteins in engineered baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). [35]
Category: Physics of Biology

Blue Phosphorus Semiconductor

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 70 Pages.

NUS chemists have developed a method to synthesize monolayer blue phosphorus for potential semiconductor applications. [48] In Japan Science and Technology Agency's Strategic Basic Research Programs, Associate Professor Toshiaki Kato and Professor Toshiro Kaneko of the Department of Electronic Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University succeeded in clarifying a new synthesis mechanism regarding transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD), which are semiconductor atomic sheets having thickness in atomic order. [47]
Category: Condensed Matter

Semiconductor Revolutionize Electronics

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 71 Pages.

Emerging wide bandgap semiconductor devices, such as the ones built with SiC, are significant because they have the potential to revolutionize the power electronics industry. [48] In Japan Science and Technology Agency's Strategic Basic Research Programs, Associate Professor Toshiaki Kato and Professor Toshiro Kaneko of the Department of Electronic Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University succeeded in clarifying a new synthesis mechanism regarding transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD), which are semiconductor atomic sheets having thickness in atomic order. [47]
Category: Condensed Matter

Century of Quantum Physics

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 36 Pages.

Indeed, many histories of quantum physics have been telescopic in form, focusing on the field's most well-known stars: the foundational quantum theorists Niels Bohr, Paul Dirac, Werner Heisenberg, and Schrödinger, with Einstein usually featured as a famous quantum skeptic. [22] ETH physicists have developed a silicon wafer that behaves like a topological insulator when stimulated using ultrasound. They have thereby succeeded in turning an abstract theoretical concept into a macroscopic product. [21] Cheng Chin, professor in the Department of Physics, and his team looked at an experimental setup of tens of thousands of atoms cooled down to near absolute zero. As the system crossed a quantum phase transition, they measured its behavior with an extremely sensitive imaging system. [20] Scientists from three UK universities are to test one of the fundamental laws of physics as part of a major Europe-wide project awarded more than £3m in funding. ]19] A team of researchers has devised a simple way to tune a hallmark quantum effect in graphene-the material formed from a single layer of carbon atoms-by bathing it in light. [18] Researchers from the University of Cambridge have taken a peek into the secretive domain of quantum mechanics. [17] Scientists at the University of Geneva (UNIGE), Switzerland, recently reengineered their data processing, demonstrating that 16 million atoms were entangled in a one-centimetre crystal. [15] The fact that it is possible to retrieve this lost information reveals new insight into the fundamental nature of quantum measurements, mainly by supporting the idea that quantum measurements contain both quantum and classical components. [14] Researchers blur the line between classical and quantum physics by connecting chaos and entanglement. [13] Yale University scientists have reached a milestone in their efforts to extend the durability and dependability of quantum information. [12] Using lasers to make data storage faster than ever. [11]
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Autoencoders

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 36 Pages.

However, the weather cannot change instantaneously, so an algorithm with memory can outperform one without." [22] ETH physicists have developed a silicon wafer that behaves like a topological insulator when stimulated using ultrasound. They have thereby succeeded in turning an abstract theoretical concept into a macroscopic product. [21] Cheng Chin, professor in the Department of Physics, and his team looked at an experimental setup of tens of thousands of atoms cooled down to near absolute zero. As the system crossed a quantum phase transition, they measured its behavior with an extremely sensitive imaging system. [20] Scientists from three UK universities are to test one of the fundamental laws of physics as part of a major Europe-wide project awarded more than £3m in funding. ]19] A team of researchers has devised a simple way to tune a hallmark quantum effect in graphene-the material formed from a single layer of carbon atoms-by bathing it in light. [18] Researchers from the University of Cambridge have taken a peek into the secretive domain of quantum mechanics. [17] Scientists at the University of Geneva (UNIGE), Switzerland, recently reengineered their data processing, demonstrating that 16 million atoms were entangled in a one-centimetre crystal. [15] The fact that it is possible to retrieve this lost information reveals new insight into the fundamental nature of quantum measurements, mainly by supporting the idea that quantum measurements contain both quantum and classical components. [14] Researchers blur the line between classical and quantum physics by connecting chaos and entanglement. [13] Yale University scientists have reached a milestone in their efforts to extend the durability and dependability of quantum information. [12] Using lasers to make data storage faster than ever. [11]
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Approach Imaging

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 34 Pages.

Greentree's team provides a quantum approach to imaging and sensor problems faced by biologists and clinicians. [22] ETH physicists have developed a silicon wafer that behaves like a topological insulator when stimulated using ultrasound. They have thereby succeeded in turning an abstract theoretical concept into a macroscopic product. [21] Cheng Chin, professor in the Department of Physics, and his team looked at an experimental setup of tens of thousands of atoms cooled down to near absolute zero. As the system crossed a quantum phase transition, they measured its behavior with an extremely sensitive imaging system. [20] Scientists from three UK universities are to test one of the fundamental laws of physics as part of a major Europe-wide project awarded more than £3m in funding. ]19] A team of researchers has devised a simple way to tune a hallmark quantum effect in graphene-the material formed from a single layer of carbon atoms-by bathing it in light. [18] Researchers from the University of Cambridge have taken a peek into the secretive domain of quantum mechanics. [17] Scientists at the University of Geneva (UNIGE), Switzerland, recently reengineered their data processing, demonstrating that 16 million atoms were entangled in a one-centimetre crystal. [15] The fact that it is possible to retrieve this lost information reveals new insight into the fundamental nature of quantum measurements, mainly by supporting the idea that quantum measurements contain both quantum and classical components. [14] Researchers blur the line between classical and quantum physics by connecting chaos and entanglement. [13] Yale University scientists have reached a milestone in their efforts to extend the durability and dependability of quantum information. [12] Using lasers to make data storage faster than ever. [11]
Category: Quantum Physics

Catching Nuclear Smugglers

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 38 Pages.

A new algorithm could enable faster, less expensive detection of weapons-grade nuclear materials at borders, quickly differentiating between benign and illicit radiation signatures in the same cargo. [28] Research published this week in AIP Advances used computational simulations to show that with the right geometric adjustments, it is possible to perform accurate neutron resonance transmission analysis in a device just 5 meters long. [27] Argonne scientists look to 3-D printing to ease separation anxiety, which paves the way to recycle more nuclear material. [26] Recently, scientists suggested switching from electron to nuclear transitions that may considerably increase the precision of clocks due to higher frequency. [25] Now, physicists are working toward getting their first CT scans of the inner workings of the nucleus. [24] The process of the sticking together of quarks, called hadronisation, is still poorly understood. [23] In experimental campaigns using the OMEGA EP laser at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE) at the University of Rochester, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), University of California San Diego (UCSD) and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) researchers took radiographs of the shock front, similar to the X-ray radiology in hospitals with protons instead of X-rays. [22] Researchers generate proton beams using a combination of nanoparticles and laser light. [21] Devices based on light, rather than electrons, could revolutionize the speed and security of our future computers. However, one of the major challenges in today's physics is the design of photonic devices, able to transport and switch light through circuits in a stable way. [20] Researchers characterize the rotational jiggling of an optically levitated nanoparticle, showing how this motion could be cooled to its quantum ground state. [19] Researchers have created quantum states of light whose noise level has been "squeezed" to a record low. [18] An elliptical light beam in a nonlinear optical medium pumped by "twisted light" can rotate like an electron around a magnetic field. [17]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Smarter Optical Filters

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 59 Pages.

To the University of Nebraska–Lincoln's Xia Hong and her fellow nanoscientists, though, the apparent contradiction makes a kind of harmonious sense. [36] A fiber optic sensing system developed by researchers in China and Canada can peer inside supercapacitors and batteries to observe their state of charge. [35] The idea of using a sound wave in optical fibers initially came from the team's partner researchers at Bar-Ilan University in Israel. Joint research projects should follow. [34] Researchers at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology have constructed a first-of-its-kind optic isolator based on resonance of light waves on a rapidly rotating glass sphere. [33] The micro-resonator is a two-mirror trap for the light, with the mirrors facing each other within several hundred nanometers. [32] "The realization of such all-optical single-photon devices will be a large step towards deterministic multi-mode entanglement generation as well as high-fidelity photonic quantum gates that are crucial for all-optical quantum information processing," says Tanji-Suzuki. [31] Researchers at ETH have now used attosecond laser pulses to measure the time evolution of this effect in molecules. [30] A new benchmark quantum chemical calculation of C2, Si2, and their hydrides reveals a qualitative difference in the topologies of core electron orbitals of organic molecules and their silicon analogues. [29] A University of Central Florida team has designed a nanostructured optical sensor that for the first time can efficiently detect molecular chirality-a property of molecular spatial twist that defines its biochemical properties. [28] UCLA scientists and engineers have developed a new process for assembling semiconductor devices. [27]
Category: Quantum Physics

Collatz Conjecture is Proved in this Article

Authors: Zhang Tianshu
Comments: 18 Pages.

First, it is necessary to expound certain of basic concepts relating to prove this conjecture, after that, the author applies the mathematical induction to complete this proof. Also, before the beginning of this proof, prepares several judging criteria, so as to use them in following classified proofs after operations according to the operational rule. After accomplish proofs of certain of stepwise classification for integers, emphatically proves 15+12c and 19+12c, so the entire proof for the conjecture was finished.
Category: Number Theory

How Runny Liquid Can Be

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 34 Pages.

Scientists from Queen Mary University of London and the Russian Academy of Sciences have found a limit to how runny a liquid can be. [22] Using a range of theoretical and simulation approaches, physicists from the University of Bristol have shown that liquids in contact with substrates can exhibit a finite number of classes of behaviour and identify the important new ones. [21] Chains of atoms dash around at lightning speeds inside the solid material. [20] A group of Michigan State University (MSU) researchers specializing in quantum calculations has proposed a radically new computational approach to solving the complex many-particle Schrödinger equation that holds the key to explaining the motion of electrons in atoms and molecules. [19] This method, called atomic spin squeezing, works by redistributing the uncertainty unevenly between two components of spin in these measurements systems, which operate at the quantum scale. [18] Researchers from the University of Cambridge have taken a peek into the secretive domain of quantum mechanics. [17] Scientists at the University of Geneva (UNIGE), Switzerland, recently reengineered their data processing, demonstrating that 16 million atoms were entangled in a one-centimetre crystal. [15] The fact that it is possible to retrieve this lost information reveals new insight into the fundamental nature of quantum measurements, mainly by supporting the idea that quantum measurements contain both quantum and classical components. [14] Researchers blur the line between classical and quantum physics by connecting chaos and entanglement. [13] Yale University scientists have reached a milestone in their efforts to extend the durability and dependability of quantum information. [12] Using lasers to make data storage faster than ever. [11]
Category: Condensed Matter

The Geometrization of Quantum Mechanics, the Nonlinear Klein-Gordon Equation, Finsler Gravity and Phase Spaces

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 21 Pages.

The Geometrization of Quantum Mechanics proposed in this work is based on the postulate that the quantum probability density can $curve$ the classical spacetime. It is shown that the gravitational field produced by $smearing$ a point-mass $M_o$ at $ r = 0$ throughout all of space (in an spherically symmetric fashion) can be interpreted as the gravitational field generated by a self-gravitating anisotropic fluid droplet of mass density $ 4 \pi M_o r^2 \varphi^* ( r ) \varphi ( r ) $ and which is sourced by the $probability$ $cloud$ (associated with a spinless point-particle of mass $ M_o$) $permeating$ a $3$-spatial domain region $ {\cal D}_3 = \int 4 \pi r^2 dr $ at any time $ t $. Classically one may smear the point mass in any way we wish leading to arbitrary density configurations $ \rho (r ) $. However, Quantum Mechanically this is $not$ the case because the radial mass configuration $ M (r) $ must obey a key third order nonlinear differential equation (nonlinear extension of the Klein-Gordon equation) displayed in this work and which is the static spherically symmetric relativistic analog of the Newton-Schr\"{o}dinger equation. We conclude by extending our proposal to the Lagrange-Finsler and Hamilton-Cartan geometry of (co) tangent spaces and involving the relativistic version of Bohm's Quantum Potential. By further postulating that the quasi-probability Wigner distribution $W(x,p)$ $curves$ phase spaces, and by encompassing the Finsler-like geometry of the cotangent-bundle with phase space quantum mechanics, one can naturally incorporate the $noncommutative$ and non-local Moyal star product (there are also non-associative star products as well). To conclude, Phase Space is the arena where to implement the space-time-matter unification program. It is our belief this is the right platform where the quantization $of$ spacetime and the quantization $in$ spacetime will coalesce.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Liquids Prefer Long Optical Pulses

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 35 Pages.

Laser-induced ionization in matter-gas, cluster, liquid, and solid-occurs when a laser pulse with sufficient intensity is focused into a target material, creating electrons and ions through nonlinear processes of laser-matter interaction. [23] Scientists from Queen Mary University of London and the Russian Academy of Sciences have found a limit to how runny a liquid can be. [22] Using a range of theoretical and simulation approaches, physicists from the University of Bristol have shown that liquids in contact with substrates can exhibit a finite number of classes of behaviour and identify the important new ones. [21] Chains of atoms dash around at lightning speeds inside the solid material. [20] A group of Michigan State University (MSU) researchers specializing in quantum calculations has proposed a radically new computational approach to solving the complex many-particle Schrödinger equation that holds the key to explaining the motion of electrons in atoms and molecules. [19] This method, called atomic spin squeezing, works by redistributing the uncertainty unevenly between two components of spin in these measurements systems, which operate at the quantum scale. [18] Researchers from the University of Cambridge have taken a peek into the secretive domain of quantum mechanics. [17] Scientists at the University of Geneva (UNIGE), Switzerland, recently reengineered their data processing, demonstrating that 16 million atoms were entangled in a one-centimetre crystal. [15] The fact that it is possible to retrieve this lost information reveals new insight into the fundamental nature of quantum measurements, mainly by supporting the idea that quantum measurements contain both quantum and classical components. [14] Researchers blur the line between classical and quantum physics by connecting chaos and entanglement. [13] Yale University scientists have reached a milestone in their efforts to extend the durability and dependability of quantum information. [12]
Category: Condensed Matter

Mathematical Connections Beetween Some Ramanujan Equations, ϕ and Various Parameters of Quantum Geometry, String Theory and Particle Physics. IV

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 73 Pages.

In this paper we have described and analyzed some Ramanujan expressions. We have obtained several mathematical connections with ϕ and various parameters of Quantum Geometry, String Theory and Particle Physics.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Low-Power Data Storage

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 91 Pages.

"Currently, we require two electrode pairs to achieve full control of MTJs, but the operation is very complicated. We are now looking to simplify the operation by using only one pair of electrodes," says Chen. [56] "The atom-scale devices we are developing create a new basis for computer electronics that will be able to run at least 100 times faster or operate at the same speed as today but using 100 times less energy," continued Wolkow. [55] Significant technical and financial issues remain towards building a large, fault-tolerant quantum computer and one is unlikely to be built within the coming decade. [54] Chemists at Friedrich Schiller University in Jena (Germany) have now synthesised a molecule that can perform the function of a computing unit in a quantum computer. [53] The research team developed the first optical microchip to generate, manipulate and detect a particular state of light called squeezed vacuum, which is essential for HYPERLINK "https://phys.org/tags/quantum/" quantum computation. [52] Australian scientists have investigated new directions to scale up qubits-utilising the spin-orbit coupling of atom qubits-adding a new suite of tools to the armory. [51] A team of international researchers led by engineers from the National University of Singapore (NUS) have invented a new magnetic device to manipulate digital information 20 times more efficiently and with 10 times more stability than commercial spintronic digital memories. [50] Working in the lab of Mikhail Lukin, the George Vasmer Leverett Professor of Physics and co-director of the Quantum Science and Engineering Initiative, Evans is lead author of a study, described in the journal Science, that demonstrates a method for engineering an interaction between two qubits using photons. [49] Researchers with the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory have demonstrated a new level of control over photons encoded with quantum information. [48] Researchers from Intel Corp. and the University of California, Berkeley, are looking beyond current transistor technology and preparing the way for a new type of memory and logic circuit that could someday be in every computer on the planet. [47]
Category: Digital Signal Processing

General Formula of Fibonacci Sequence and Lucas Sequence's Reverse Sum

Authors: C. Tungchotiroj
Comments: 4 Pages.

The sum $\sum_{k=1}^{n}{a_kb_{n+1-k}=a_1b_n+a_2b_{n-1}+...+a_nb_1}$, where $n$ are any positive integers, denoted by $R(a_n, b_n)$, are called \textit{Reverse Sum} of $a_n$ and $b_n$. Reverse Sum usually appears in Rearrangement Inequality, but not in normal Algebra. \textit{Fibonacci Sequence} $\{ F_n \}$ and \textit{Lucas Sequence} $\{ L_n \}$ are very similar sequences because they also have recurrence formula, but have $F_0=0$, $F_1=1$ and $L_0=2$, $L_1=0$. Because of that similarity of sequences, we suggest that those sequences can be related as a function of Reverse Sum. In this paper it is shown that $R(F_n, L_n)$ can be written into general form within $\{ F_n \}$ and some various constants.
Category: General Mathematics

Electron Bunch in X-Ray Laser

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 66 Pages.

"It provides precise control over the shape of an electron beam and so it can be seminal in magnifying the performance of scientific instruments relying on them, such as storage rings, linear accelerators and light sources." [41] Femtosecond X-ray experiments in combination with a new theoretical approach establish a direct connection between electric properties in the macroscopic world and electron motions on the time and length scale of atoms. [40] Novel insight comes now from experiments and simulations performed by a team led by ETH physicists who have studied electronic transport properties in a one-dimensional quantum wire containing a mesoscopic lattice. [39] Femtosecond lasers are capable of processing any solid material with high quality and high precision using their ultrafast and ultra-intense characteristics. [38] To create the flying microlaser, the researchers launched laser light into a water-filled hollow core fiber to optically trap the microparticle. Like the materials used to make traditional lasers, the microparticle incorporates a gain medium. [37] Lasers that emit ultrashort pulses of light are critical components of technologies, including communications and industrial processing, and have been central to fundamental Nobel Prize-winning research in physics. [36] A newly developed laser technology has enabled physicists in the Laboratory for Attosecond Physics (jointly run by LMU Munich and the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics) to generate attosecond bursts of high-energy photons of unprecedented intensity. [35] The unique platform, which is referred as a 4-D microscope, combines the sensitivity and high time-resolution of phase imaging with the specificity and high spatial resolution of fluorescence microscopy. [34] The experiment relied on a soliton frequency comb generated in a chip-based optical microresonator made from silicon nitride. [33] This scientific achievement toward more precise control and monitoring of light is highly interesting for miniaturizing optical devices for sensing and signal processing. [32]
Category: Quantum Physics

Neutron Beam to Find a Proton

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 42 Pages.

Tsukuba has used neutron crystallography to reveal high-resolution structural details of a very large oxidase protein. [30] Polymer gels, a gel type with unique properties, have piqued the interest of researchers because of their potential uses in medical applications. [29] Tensorial neutron tomography promises new insights into superconductors, battery electrodes and other energy-related materials. [28] CERN's nuclear physics facility, ISOLDE, has minted a new coin in its impressive collection of isotopes. [27] In the case of several light nuclei, experimental confirmation of the individualism or family nature of nucleons will now be simpler, thanks to predictions presented by Polish physicists from Cracow and Kielce. [26] The identification of the magic number of six provides an avenue to investigate the origin of spin-orbit splittings in atomic nuclei. [25] Now, physicists are working toward getting their first CT scans of the inner workings of the nucleus. [24] The process of the sticking together of quarks, called hadronisation, is still poorly understood. [23] In experimental campaigns using the OMEGA EP laser at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE) at the University of Rochester, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), University of California San Diego (UCSD) and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) researchers took radiographs of the shock front, similar to the X-ray radiology in hospitals with protons instead of X-rays. [22] Researchers generate proton beams using a combination of nanoparticles and laser light. [21] Devices based on light, rather than electrons, could revolutionize the speed and security of our future computers. However, one of the major challenges in today's physics is the design of photonic devices, able to transport and switch light through circuits in a stable way. [20]
Category: Physics of Biology

Vaccine Delivery to Coronaviruses

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 72 Pages.

Researchers are proposing a possible COVID-19 vaccine that could be good news for resisting current and future pandemics, as well as for the needle-phobic: inhalable vaccines. [42] Simon Fraser University researchers will use their pioneering imaging technology-called Mango, for its bright colour-to develop coronavirus testing kits. [41] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, common human coronaviruses usually cause mild to moderate upper-respiratory tract illnesses, like the common cold. [40] When diseases reinforce each other, they rapidly accelerate through the population, then fizzle out as they run out of new hosts. [39] It's no coincidence that some of the worst viral disease outbreaks in recent years-SARS, MERS, Ebola, Marburg and likely the newly arrived 2019-nCoV virus-originated in bats. [38] An interdisciplinary team of researchers at Colorado State University has used computational chemistry, biochemistry and virology to uncover new information on how viruses such as West Nile, dengue and Zika replicate. [37] David Baker, Professor of Biochemistry and Director of the Institute for Protein Design at the University of Washington will speak about how algorithmic processes such as de novo design predict protein structures, protein folding mechanisms, and new protein functions. [36] A research team at Kobe University has developed a method of artificially controlling the anchorage position of target proteins in engineered baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). [35] Scientists have found a new way to home in on the proteins covering a particular cell's surface. The feat offers insight into how brain cells form intricate networks during development. [34]
Category: Physics of Biology

The Model of Dark Matter and Dark Energy

Authors: Hui Liu
Comments: 10 Pages.

I designed a model of dark matter and dark energy, and established some physical concepts and laws needed by the model. Then I used this model to analyze some physical problems, which is very effective.
Category: Astrophysics

Photonic Metasurfaces for Twistronics

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 47 Pages.

In addition, the photonic flatband effects may prove useful for applications-quantum optics and imaging in particular. [29] This interference is important for everything from fundamental tests of quantum physics to the speedy calculations of quantum computers, but creating it requires exquisite control over particles that are indistinguishable. [28] Scientists from the Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, in collaboration with the University of Oxford and NIST, have shown that quantum interference enables processing of large sets of data faster and more accurately than with standard methods. [27] Over the last few decades, the exponential increase in computer power and accompanying increase in the quality of algorithms has enabled theoretical and particle physicists to perform more complex and precise simulations of fundamental particles and their interactions. [26] A collaboration of scientists from five of the world's most advanced x-ray sources in Europe, Japan and the US, has succeeded in verifying a basic prediction of the quantum-mechanical behavior of resonant systems. [25] This achievement is considered as an important landmark for the realization of practical application of photon upconversion technology. [24] Considerable interest in new single-photon detector technologies has been scaling in this past decade. [23] Engineers develop key mathematical formula for driving quantum experiments. [22] Physicists are developing quantum simulators, to help solve problems that are beyond the reach of conventional computers. [21] Engineers at Australia's University of New South Wales have invented a radical new architecture for quantum computing, based on novel 'flip-flop qubits', that promises to make the large-scale manufacture of quantum chips dramatically cheaper-and easier-than thought possible. [20]
Category: Quantum Physics

Earth in the Expanding Universe: A Dualistic Approach to Determine Their Physical Parameters Based on a Combined Einstein Gravity Field Equation Using the Hubble Law

Authors: Tibor Endre Nagy
Comments: 27 Pages.

If rapid motion is added in the form of redshift to the Earth as a result of expansion of space which in turn complements the notion of an expanding universe, the information may be used to calculate both distances and time periods. When an accelerated system and gravitational field exist together at the same time, a ‘short evolving distance’ pointing towards the origin of the universe can be calculated. From this value, knowledge of the entire plane angle and the deviating angle of a light beam grazing the surface of the Earth renders it possible to determine enormous distances by utilizing the rules of trigonometry. This ‘long evolving distance’ in the range of the radius of the universe can be converted into ‘evolving time’ by dividing it by the speed of light. The geometric relationship between the two distances can realize from a physical point of view through a light velocity expansion of space when the Hubble constant is 71.1887km∙s-1∙Mpc-1. Based upon this chronology, the universe may have been formed 13.7355 billion years ago (taking into account the gravitational refractive index when H0 = 75.85 km/s/Mpc and H0 = 66.81 km/s/Mpc, the lower limit is 12.1 billion years and the upper limit is 15.58 billion years). Utilizing the inverse ratio of the angles, the size of the Earth equates to what is known.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Quantum Gas don't Take the Heat

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 23 Pages.

"It's nice to be able to show something that people didn't expect and also for it to be experimentally relevant," says Rylands. [14] Now, a team at JQI led by postdoctoral researcher Seiji Sugawa and JQI Fellow Ian Spielman have succeeded in emulating a Yang monopole with an ultracold gas of rubidium atoms. [13] Scientists at Amherst College (USA) and Aalto University (Finland) have made the first experimental observations of the dynamics of isolated monopoles in quantum matter. [12] Building on his own previous research, Amherst College professor David S. Hall '91 and a team of international collaborators have experimentally identified a pointlike monopole in a quantum field for the first time. The discovery, announced this week, gives scientists further insight into the elusive monopole magnet, an elementary particle that researchers believe exists but have not yet seen in nature. [11] For the first time, physicists have achieved interference between two separate atoms: when sent towards the opposite sides of a semi-transparent mirror, the two atoms always emerge together. This type of experiment, which was carried out with photons around thirty years ago, had so far been impossible to perform with matter, due to the extreme difficulty of creating and manipulating pairs of indistinguishable atoms. [10] The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the Wave-Particle Duality and the electron's spin also, building the Bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions by the diffraction patterns. The Weak Interaction changes the diffraction patterns by moving the electric charge from one side to the other side of the diffraction pattern, which violates the CP and Time reversal symmetry. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the relativistic quantum theory. The asymmetric sides are creating different frequencies of electromagnetic radiations being in the same intensity level and compensating each other. One of these compensating ratios is the electron-proton mass ratio. The lower energy side has no compensating intensity level, it is the dark energy and the corresponding matter is the dark matter.
Category: Quantum Physics

Building Block for Quantum Computers

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 91 Pages.

Advanced, fault-tolerant quantum computers may be closer to reach than scientists have projected, according to recent advances reported by Johns Hopkins researchers in a new study recently published in Physical Review Letters. [56] Scientists from the University of Bath, working with a colleague at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, have devised an ingenious method of controlling the vapour by coating the interior of containers with nanoscopic gold particles 300,000 times smaller than a pinhead. [55] Significant technical and financial issues remain towards building a large, fault-tolerant quantum computer and one is unlikely to be built within the coming decade. [54] Chemists at Friedrich Schiller University in Jena (Germany) have now synthesised a molecule that can perform the function of a computing unit in a quantum computer. [53] The research team developed the first optical microchip to generate, manipulate and detect a particular state of light called squeezed vacuum, which is essential for HYPERLINK "https://phys.org/tags/quantum/" quantum computation. [52] Australian scientists have investigated new directions to scale up qubits-utilising the spin-orbit coupling of atom qubits-adding a new suite of tools to the armory. [51] A team of international researchers led by engineers from the National University of Singapore (NUS) have invented a new magnetic device to manipulate digital information 20 times more efficiently and with 10 times more stability than commercial spintronic digital memories. [50] Working in the lab of Mikhail Lukin, the George Vasmer Leverett Professor of Physics and co-director of the Quantum Science and Engineering Initiative, Evans is lead author of a study, described in the journal Science, that demonstrates a method for engineering an interaction between two qubits using photons. [49] Researchers with the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory have demonstrated a new level of control over photons encoded with quantum information. [48] Researchers from Intel Corp. and the University of California, Berkeley, are looking beyond current transistor technology and preparing the way for a new type of memory and logic circuit that could someday be in every computer on the planet. [47]
Category: Quantum Physics

Properties for Quantum Applications

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 42 Pages.

In a new study led by the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Argonne National Laboratory, researchers have uncovered a novel way in which the excitations of magnetic spins in two different thin films can be strongly coupled to each other through their common interface. [28] Researchers are exploring promising new waveguide platforms that provide these same benefits for applications that operate in the ultraviolet to the infrared spectrum. [27] A FLEET study of ultracold atomic gases-a billionth the temperature of outer space-has unlocked new, fundamental quantum effects. [26] Symmetry plays a fundamental role in understanding complex quantum matter, particularly in classifying topological quantum phases, which have attracted great interests in the recent decade. [25] Four decades after it was predicted, scientist create a skyrmion, and take one step towards efficient nuclear fusion. [24] While standard quantum hardware entangles particles in two states, the team has found a way to generate and entangle pairs of particles that each has 15 states. [23] An exotic state of matter that is dazzling scientists with its electrical properties, can also exhibit unusual optical properties, as shown in a theoretical study by researchers at A*STAR. [22] The breakthrough was made in the lab of Andrea Alù, director of the ASRC's Photonics Initiative. Alù and his colleagues from The City College of New York, University of Texas at Austin and Tel Aviv University were inspired by the seminal work of three British researchers who won the 2016 Noble Prize in Physics for their work, which teased out that particular properties of matter (such as electrical conductivity) can be preserved in certain materials despite continuous changes in the matter's form or shape. [21] Researchers at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign have developed a new technology for switching heat flows 'on' or 'off'. [20] Thermoelectric materials can use thermal differences to generate electricity. Now there is an inexpensive and environmentally friendly way of producing them with the simplest tools: a pencil, photocopy paper, and conductive paint. [19] A team of researchers with the University of California and SRI International has developed a new type of cooling device that is both portable and efficient.
Category: Quantum Physics

Large Scale View of Hubble Deep Field and Picture of Galaxies, Supernova

Authors: Somnath Chakraborty
Comments: 7 Pages.

This picture was taken by nikonL840 camera on the sky of purba burdwan at 8:25 pm. The date of capturing the picture was 22/04/2020. In this picture one can see many galaxies, black holes, and supernova.The distances of the galaxies are very large and the camera is very simple, so the pictures are not very clear but as clear as to understand the objects.
Category: Astrophysics

What is Light? On a Universal Correlation Between Gravitational and Electromagnetic Waves

Authors: Friedrich-Karl Boese
Comments: Pages.

It is shown that there is a universal relationship between gravitational and electromagnetic waves. The propagation direction and the propagation velocity of the electromagnetic waves are determined by the gravitational waves. In other words, the vacuum velocity of light and hence also the magnetic and electric constants of the vacuum are not natural constants but are determined by the gravitational constant, the average mass density and the extent of the universe
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Moon Creation And Motion (II)

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 20 Pages.

We Complete Our Discussion In The Previous Paper The Moon Creation And Motion https://vixra.org/abs/2004.0615 We use the previous paper as the Data source and in next papers we will try to understand this data as deep as possible In this paper we have 3 basic questions to deal with – let's ask them in following: 1st Question Does Matter Creation Process Uses The Time Period As An Essential Reference? i.e. Is the Matter created with its defined period or can be in life forever?! 2nd Question Why Mars So Specific Planet In The Solar System? 3rd Question If (really) There's An Interaction between Mars & Earth Moon Motions, what geometrical mechanism behind to support this interaction? Paper Objective The Earth Moon is created by Mars Collision with Venus and Earth through Mars Motion in its Migration from its original orbital distance (84 mkm) to its new orbital distance (27.9 mkm) – This is my suggested theory "Mars Migration Theory" Where the theory is supported strongly by "the Giant-Impact hypothesis" and many other geological proves We try to know how the moon data is created based on this theory – we realize that Earth attracted the collisions debris and collected them together to create its Moon but why the moon diameter =3475 km? (for example) – the current description refers to that the answer should depend on The Earth Mass – but many planets data contradicts this direction of answer – that's why we provide our investigation to see as deep as possible trying to know what's happened after the collisions and enabled the Earth Moon to have its data Note Please Before any discussion we have to review Mars Migration Theory – because it's our basic point based on which we analyze the data – So we review it in (Point no. 4- Time Effect On Matter Creation Process) before the matter creation discussion Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

Ellipticity Bias in the Global Positioning System

Authors: Richard A. Peters
Comments: 35 Pages.

In the TI field model, time dilation of a process (e.g., a clock) has only one cause: velocity of the process relative to the TI field. The TI field is directly subject to gravity and is accelerated radially toward the center of mass of a gravitational body (GB). The infall velocity of the TI field at the orbiting satellite produces the time dilation of the satellite clock attributable to gravity. Gravity produces time dilation only indirectly via the mediation of the TI field. If the satellite is in a perfectly circular orbit the orbital velocity vector and the infall velocity vector of the TI field are orthogonal and the squares of their velocities relative to the satellite clock may be added algebraically. If the satellite is in an elliptical orbit the orbital velocity vector and the infall velocity vector are not orthogonal and must be added vectorially. The difference between these two calculations comprises the ellipticity bias, a bias that exists only if gravitational time dilation is caused by the infall velocity of the TI field and not (directly) by gravity.
Category: Classical Physics

La Paradoja de los Sucesos Idénticos

Authors: Pedro Hugo García Peláez
Comments: 4 Pages.

Dos sucesos idénticos se pueden ver como dos sucesos independientes o como un único suceso que dura el doble, según el punto de vista de dos observadores.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

New Physics EM Drive Space Thrusters and Fermion Evaporating Using Monopole B Field Interference.

Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 27 Pages.

New Physics EM Drive Space Thrusters and Fermion Crushing Using Monopole B Field Interference. The electromagnetic field around a direct current in a wire and the so called Lorentz force, has always been questioned by me and others about the microscopic visualization of individual (string) particle physics. (figure 1) Now I present my view on EM space flight and Fermion Crushing based on kitchen table experiments and my Q-FFF Rigid Transformer String Theory. For Fermion crushing by focused B-fields at the end of solenoids can use direct- or alternative currents, due to both interference field symmetries. 1, for a Tubular Dual Coaxial Solenoid, (figure 2,3,4) 2, for a Triple Coaxial Tesla Pancake Coil. (Trifilar coil) (figure 5,6)
Category: Astrophysics

The Paradox of Identical Events

Authors: Pedro Hugo García Peláez
Comments: 4 Pages.

Two identical events can be seen as two independent events or as a single success that lasts twice as long, from the point of view of two observers.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Formulas for Dark Energy, Dark Energy Force and Dark Matter Force in the Hologram Universe.

Authors: Dan Visser
Comments: 9 Pages.

In a series of cascade written articles my new formulas give new insights in what dark energy, dark energy force and dark matter is. These unknown features of the universe appear to belong in a new cosmological model, the RTHU (the Rotating Torus Hologram Universe). in a review is given how dark energy is a variable energy in the RTHU, instead of being constant, as in the classical Big Bang universe. Here constant means that the expansion-accelerations of all the observed objects in space-time have the same value. But observations show this is not true. Therefore I bring forward that dark matter is not dark matter. Dark matter is a force: A dark matter force from below the Planckborder. So, this is mathematically involved in the RTHU. Its implementation is explained in this article and it shows dark energy depends on the dark energy force. The combination of both emerges shifted materialized holograms, all being part of the RTHU. In the RTHU dark matter force is based on subquantum-gravitation-particles (‘duo-bits’), which change the dynamics of the quantum-particles. Hereto I published a paragraph “DAN’s Art Symbol of the Hologram Age” in order to promote my RTHU, and because I also make paintings. In an extensive way I show how several dimensional characteristics can be based on simply algebra and a new physics-concept for the conservation of information in order to describe a new cosmological model. This is consequently performed in all of my articles. Moreover I have addded a figure for a machinery to make use of the features of this new cosmological model, which I named: The ‘vacuum-helicopter’. This instrument is based on my formulas for traveling in the Hologram World. In classical terms we call such an ‘ufo’. The “vacuum-helicopter” bypasses space-time of General Relativity through ‘refined-time’.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Complex Dynamics as Foundation of Relativistic Spacetime

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 6 Pages.

We explore the idea that Minkowski spacetime and the principle of locality reflect the asymptotic properties of self-organized criticality (SOC). Both properties arise from demanding that the scaling behavior of space and time coordinates follows the power-law distribution of Gaussian random walks.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Einstein’s Cosmos and Principle Theory: a New Science in the Twenty-First Century

Authors: Dong-Yih Bau
Comments: 4 Pages.

A theory of the universe is humanity’s precious pursuit. Current research practices concerning the universe include elementary particle physics and cosmology. However, they are still fragmentary and disciplinary. In this regard, Einstein’s principle theory provides a unifying framework for scientists to seek Einstein’s cosmos, Einstein’s version of a theory of the universe. However, Einstein’s cosmos and principle theory are not more well known. We believe that today Einstein’s cosmos and principle theory still firmly lead the scientific community to a final theory of the universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Pandemic-2020

Authors: V. A. Kasimov
Comments: 9 Pages. in Russian, in English

The significance of the epidemic 2020 in Russia as of 01.05.2020 is estimated in comparison with China, the USA, Italy and other mass phenomena.
Category: Physics of Biology

Microworld_61. Unsolved Problems of Physics_ 21 Xxxi. Magnetic Tornado-Like VORTEX– Generator Energy of Motion at All Levels of Matter Organization

Authors: N. N. Leonov
Comments: 27 Pages. English and russian texts

Matter in our Universe consists of infinitely decreasing objects, like the electron and neutron. All these infinitely decreasing objects have tornado-like structures that exist stably only due to magnetic interactions in the form of a tornado-like magnetic vortex. An artificial tornado-like magnetic vortex was first obtained in the Oersted experiment. Physics did not know of its existence until its theoretical discovery by the theory of nonlinear vibrations. Unconscious practical use of the magnetic vortex was carried out in the construction of R.Shoyer's EmDrive and V.Leonov's "Quantum" engine with real thrust. Due to the fact that these engines were enclosed in closed metal body, the physical world is considered "impossible". The theory of nonlinear vibrations has found that the physical representations of the absence of a material ether are erroneous. This allowed us to understand that the electron consists of many elements of ether and has a tornado-like structure in which a tornado-like magnetic vortex, similar to a turbine compressor of a jet engine, creates an ethereal jet stream. And since the ether freely penetrates through closed metal cases, there is nothing incomprehensible and "impossible" in the EmDrive engines of R.Shoyer and the "Quantum" engine of V.Leonov.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

On Some Ramanujan Formulas: Mathematical Connections with ϕ, ζ(2) and Several Parameters of Quantum Geometry, String Theory and Cosmology. III

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 74 Pages.

In this paper we have described and analyzed some Ramanujan expressions. We have obtained several mathematical connections with ϕ, ζ(2) and various parameters of Quantum Geometry, String Theory and Cosmology.
Category: Mathematical Physics

A Proof of the Erdös-Straus Conjecture

Authors: Zhang Tianshu
Comments: 14 Pages.

In this article, we classify positive integers except for 1 into certain classes gradually, and formulate each of majority’s classes after each classification to a sum of three unit fractions, until all classes.
Category: Number Theory

Survey in the Impact of Block-Chain in Electronic Medical Services

Authors: Asha Ali Juma
Comments: 4 Pages.

Block-chain is a technology that introduce the decentralized and distributed ledger that stores the records which can be accessed publicly. The records or data are stored in blocks which are chained chronologically to preserve the integrity of the data stored in it. any kind of database, the blocks that store the data have two hashes, the hash of the block before it, and the hash of its own which is treated as the fingerprint for the block and protect it from being tempered. The temper-proof and the distributed the block-chain technology have made it to be the most used technology in preserving the integrity and increase the transparency of data in various industries. One of the advantage of using the technology is that despite the data being accessed by anyone in the network, the block that stores the data is immutable. Many misconceptions arose regarding the medical records privacy, risk to the transparency, procedures and other related health issues on the procedures. This paper will review the impact of the block chain technology in electronic medical services to address the issue
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Prove Grimm’s Conjecture by Stepwise Forming Consecutive Composite Number’s Points

Authors: Zhang Tianshu
Comments: 14 Pages.

Regard positive integers which have a common prime factor as a kind, then the positive half line of the number axis consists of infinitely many recurring line segments which have same permutations of c kinds of integer’s points, where c≥1. Thus, the author first makes a positive half line of the number axis, yet the positive half line is marked only with integer’s points. Then, change gradually symbols of each kind of composite number’s points thereon according to the order of common prime factors from small to large, so as to form consecutive composite number’s points within limits that proven Bertrand's postulate restricts to prove Grimm’s conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

Quantum Electrodynamics Experiment

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 65 Pages.

The elementary building block developed for this study could also benefit the investigation of problems in materials research, such as in strongly interacting systems that are difficult to calculate. [40] Novel insight comes now from experiments and simulations performed by a team led by ETH physicists who have studied electronic transport properties in a one-dimensional quantum wire containing a mesoscopic lattice. [39] Femtosecond lasers are capable of processing any solid material with high quality and high precision using their ultrafast and ultra-intense characteristics. [38] To create the flying microlaser, the researchers launched laser light into a water-filled hollow core fiber to optically trap the microparticle. Like the materials used to make traditional lasers, the microparticle incorporates a gain medium. [37] Lasers that emit ultrashort pulses of light are critical components of technologies, including communications and industrial processing, and have been central to fundamental Nobel Prize-winning research in physics. [36] A newly developed laser technology has enabled physicists in the Laboratory for Attosecond Physics (jointly run by LMU Munich and the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics) to generate attosecond bursts of high-energy photons of unprecedented intensity. [35] The unique platform, which is referred as a 4-D microscope, combines the sensitivity and high time-resolution of phase imaging with the specificity and high spatial resolution of fluorescence microscopy. [34] The experiment relied on a soliton frequency comb generated in a chip-based optical microresonator made from silicon nitride. [33] This scientific achievement toward more precise control and monitoring of light is highly interesting for miniaturizing optical devices for sensing and signal processing. [32] It may seem like such optical behavior would require bending the rules of physics, but in fact, scientists at MIT, Harvard University, and elsewhere have now demonstrated that photons can indeed be made to interact-an accomplishment that could open a path toward using photons in quantum computing, if not in light sabers. [31]
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Fluids of Light

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 49 Pages.

A Monash-led study develops a new approach to directly observe correlated, many-body states in an exciton-polariton system that go beyond classical theories. [36] Researchers in Singapore have built a refrigerator that's just three atoms big. This quantum fridge won't keep your drinks cold, but it's cool proof of physics operating at the smallest scales. [35] Researchers have created a new testing ground for quantum systems in which they can literally turn certain particle interactions on and off, potentially paving the way for advances in spintronics. [34] In 2017, University of Utah physicist Valy Vardeny called perovskite a "miracle material" for an emerging field of next-generation electronics, called spintronics, and he's standing by that assertion. [33] Scientists at Tokyo Institute of Technology proposed new quasi-1-D materials for potential spintronic applications, an upcoming technology that exploits the spin of electrons. [32] They do this by using "excitons," electrically neutral quasiparticles that exist in insulators, semiconductors and in some liquids. [31] Researchers at ETH Zurich have now developed a method that makes it possible to couple such a spin qubit strongly to microwave photons. [30] Quantum dots that emit entangled photon pairs on demand could be used in quantum communication networks. [29] Researchers successfully integrated the systems-donor atoms and quantum dots. [28] A team of researchers including U of A engineering and physics faculty has developed a new method of detecting single photons, or light particles, using quantum dots. [27] Recent research from Kumamoto University in Japan has revealed that polyoxometalates (POMs), typically used for catalysis, electrochemistry, and photochemistry, may also be used in a technique for analyzing quantum dot (QD) photoluminescence (PL) emission mechanisms. [26] Researchers have designed a new type of laser called a quantum dot ring laser that emits red, orange, and green light. [25]
Category: Quantum Physics

Herpes Virus Decoded

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 41 Pages.

"The new findings now make it possible to study the individual genes of the virus much more precisely than before," says Professor Lars Dölken, head of the JMU Chair of Virology. [25] It's very modular, and doesn't require custom designs for each compound, which may help treatment development in the future." [24] However, the rising popularity of nanobiomaterials (NBMs) also raises questions about their potential adverse effects on the environment after excretion and release. [23] Nuclear technology companies Phoenix and SHINE Medical Technologies have achieved a new world record for a nuclear fusion reaction in a steady-state system, the strongest of its kind ever produced on Earth. [22]
Category: Physics of Biology

What is Einstein´s Closed Vicious Circle ?

Authors: Lubomir Vlcek
Comments: 21 Pages.

Both the Special & General theory of Relativity have been verified to high precision by a multitude of experiments only in Einstein´s closed vicious circle: Lorentz transformation equations <==> local time <==> covariant equations <==> physical definition of simultaneity <==> invariant interval <==> Lorentz transformation equations Both the Special & General theory of Relativity in Einstein´s closed vicious circle is valid always, is valid for any information. Special & General theory of Relativity not valid in real Universe. Nobel laureates in physics are mostly physicists, who mainly create and defend physics. Einstein never received a Nobel prize for relativity... For nearly 100 years ago have been Nobel Prize winners said: "- The theory of relativity is a mathematical and not a physical theory.“
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Universal Constant Seem Inconstant

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 78 Pages.

Those looking forward to a day when science's Grand Unifying Theory of Everything could be worn on a t-shirt may have to wait a little longer as astrophysicists continue to find hints that one of the cosmological constants is not so constant after all. [47] Now Yale researchers have developed a "universal entangler" that can link a variety of encoded particles on demand. [46] "It's known that as the temperature lowers, the superconductivity is enhanced," Chen said. "The fact that much more supercurrent flowed at even lower temperatures for our device was evidence that it is flowing around these protective surfaces." [45]
Category: Quantum Physics

Brain Tests for Viruses

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 39 Pages.

University of Texas at Dallas researchers have developed a promising method for remotely stimulating activity in deep brain regions, advancing understanding of how molecules act in the brain and paving the way for better cancer treatments and therapies for other diseases. [25]
Category: Physics of Biology

The Research on the Size Determination of Electromagnetic Suction Force According to the Air Gap Eccentricity in a Vibration Motor

Authors: UnChol Ri，YongChol Ri, ChangIl Ri, CholJU Kim, GyongBong Ju, DaeSong O
Comments: 7 Pages.

In the paper, the dimension of the air gap eccentricity and the effect of the harmonic field considered. Also, based on this problem, the electromagnetic suction force acting on the rotor was accurately determined. Thus, it is possible to increase the structural reliability of the motor shaft and rotor at the design calculation stage.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Pi and Golden Number: not Random Occurrences of the Ten Digits.

Authors: BOULAY Jean-Yves
Comments: 30 Pages.

This paper demonstrates that the order of first appearance of the ten digits of the decimal system in the two most fundamental mathematical constants such as the number Pi and the Golden Number is not random but part of a arithmetical logic. This arithmetical logic is identical to Pi to its inverse and to the Golden Number. The same arithmetical phenomenon also operates in many other constants whose square roots of numbers 2, 3 and 5, the first three prime numbers.
Category: Number Theory

The Moon Creation And Motion

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 15 Pages.

Paper Hypothesis The Earth Moon Is Created By Mars Collisions With of Venus & Earth (This Suggested Theory Is Supported By The Giant-Impact Hypothesis) Mars Migration Theory: -Mars original orbital distance was 84 mkm. and Mars had migrated to 227.9 mkm -Through Mars Motion from 84 mkm to 227.9 mkm, Mars had collided with Venus and then Mars had collided with Earth also. -From the Collisions debris The Earth Moon was created –and Mars had found its moons. And the rest debris had attracted by Jupiter and created The Asteroid Belt The Giant-Impact Hypothesis is in consistency with Mars migration theory But Instead of the (Supposed Planet) Theia, Mars itself made the collisions. Mars migration Theory solves The Giant-Impact Hypothesis difficulties: I.Why Venus has No Moon? – Because Mars had migrated and moved from 84 mkm to 227.9 mkm and pushed all debris in its motion direction – far from Venus – So Venus had found no debris around to create its own Moon - But Earth has a greater Mass and the debris lost their motion high momentum at Earth Position– so Earth could attract some debris and create its moon II.The Lunar Magma Ocean (LMO) Origin– is Venus – because the moon is created by 3 planets debris (Venus – Earth – Mars) – So their rocks are found in it III.Why The Iron Oxide (Feo) of the Moon= (13%)? Because The rate (13%) is a middle between Mars rate (18%) and the terrestrial mantle (8%). IV.Why Mars diameter (and Mass) are decreased through the history? Because of the collisions – Mars diameter lost around ( 4.1 %) (And Mars mass also which causes difficulties for Mars gravitation equation) V.Mars migration is done Because of The Sun Creation Process VI.Is there a possibility that Mars will return to its original point (84 mkm)? Yes VII.Why? Because the Planet orbital distance is defined relative to its diameter (and Mass) Mars now is in the wrong Position- but forced to it because of the sun effect Conclusion The Giant-impact hypothesis supports Mars migration Theory Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

The Recent Increase of Higgs Measured Mass by 0.09 GeV has an Important Consequence

Authors: George R. Briggs
Comments: 1 Page. I am submitting this note on the 27th to remind people that there are 10^27 galaxies in our universe.

Abstract: The not-too-old Higgs measured mass of 125.09 GeV (125.0 four digits) has now been replaced by 125.18 GeV (125.1 four digits) indicating recognition of one new dark particle.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Mond Solves All Problems

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 8 Pages.

Rejected by all peer-review journals my understanding of MOND.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Correcting the National Atmospheric and Oceanic Administrations (NOAA) Page on How the Earth’s Atmosphere Formed

Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 3 Pages.

On NOAA’s website for kids scijinks.gov/atmosphere-formation, three different atmospheres are given to try and explain the stages of Earth’s atmosphere formation. The corrections are provided. We live in a very different universe than what is taught by officials.
Category: Astrophysics

Language for Description of Worlds

Authors: Dimiter Dobrev
Comments: 62 Pages. Bulgarian language

We will reduce the task of creating AI to the task of finding an appropriate language for description of the world. This will not be a programing language because programing languages describe only computable functions, while our language will describe a somewhat broader class of functions. Another specificity of this language will be that the description will consist of separate modules. This will enable us look for the description of the world automatically such that we discover it module after module. Our approach to the creation of this new language will be to start with a particular world and write the description of that particular world. The point is that the language which can describe this particular world will be appropriate for describing any world.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Earth Moon is Older Than Saturn (II)

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 18 Pages.

Mars Migration Theory Supports The Conclusion That "Saturn Must Be Created After The Earth Moon Creation" Mars Migration Theory Revision: -Mars original orbital distance was 84 mkm. and Mars had migrated to 227.9 mkm -Through Mars Motion from 84 mkm to 227.9 mkm, Mars had collided with Venus and then Mars had collided with Earth also. -From the Collisions debris The Earth Moon was created –and Mars had found its moons. And the rest debris had attracted by Jupiter and created The Asteroid Belt The Giant-Impact Hypothesis is in consistency with Mars migration theory But Instead of the (Supposed Planet) Theia, Mars itself made the collisions. Mars migration Theory solves The Giant-Impact Hypothesis difficulties: I.Why Venus has No Moon? – Because Mars had migrated and moved from 84 mkm to 227.9 mkm and pushed all debris in its motion direction – far from Venus – So Venus had found no debris around to create its own Moon - But Earth has a greater Mass and the debris lost their motion high momentum at Earth Position– so Earth could attract some debris and create its moon II.The Lunar Magma Ocean (LMO) Origin– is Venus – because the moon is created by 3 planets debris (Venus – Earth – Mars) – So their rocks are found in it III.Why The Iron Oxide (Feo) of the Moon= (13%)? Because The rate (13%) is a middle between Mars rate (18%) and the terrestrial mantle (8%). IV.Why Mars diameter (and Mass) are decreased through the history? Because of the collisions – Mars diameter lost around ( 4.1 %) (And Mars mass also which causes difficulties for Mars gravitation equation) V.Mars migration is done Because of The Sun Creation Process VI.Is there a possibility that Mars will return to its original point (84 mkm)? Yes VII.Why? Because the Planet orbital distance is defined relative to its diameter (and Mass) Mars now is in the wrong Position- but forced to it because of the sun effect Conclusion The Giant-impact hypothesis supports Mars migration Theory Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

An Asymptotic Study of Nonlinear Instability to Langmuir Circulation in Stratified Shallow Layers

Authors: Daniel Thomas Hayes
Comments: 29 Pages.

The CL equations governing instability to Langmuir circulation (LC) are solved by three approximate methods, viz: a small-l asymptotic expansion where l is the spanwise wavenumber, a power series method, and a Galerkin method. Interest is focused on the CL2 instability mechanism to LC and how it is influenced by stratification throughout the layer in which LC live. Some results are provided to illustrate the CL2 instability and how it is affected by nonlinearities.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Potassium Changes in the Brain

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 42 Pages.

The method alongside optical fiber-based endoscope and photometry will allow real-time potassium imaging in freely moving animals. [25] A team of researchers at the University of California's Department of Neurological Surgery and the Center for Integrative Neuroscience in San Francisco has taken another step toward the development of a device able to read a person's mind. [24] Professor Thomas Hills from the Department of Psychology set out to bridge the gap between the philosophical arguments for free will and the neurocognitive realities. [23] Researchers at the University of Twente have designed a tiny needle in which micro-channels can be used for extracting small liquid samples from a local area of the brain. [22]
Category: Physics of Biology

Nanoparticles Block HIV Infection

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 40 Pages.

It's very modular, and doesn't require custom designs for each compound, which may help treatment development in the future." [24] However, the rising popularity of nanobiomaterials (NBMs) also raises questions about their potential adverse effects on the environment after excretion and release. [23] Nuclear technology companies Phoenix and SHINE Medical Technologies have achieved a new world record for a nuclear fusion reaction in a steady-state system, the strongest of its kind ever produced on Earth. [22]
Category: Physics of Biology

Graphene Cancer Therapy

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 78 Pages.

The team plans to continue exploring multi-functional graphene towards the cancer therapy using murine animal model. [50] Researchers from the Institute of Process Engineering (IPE) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Tsinghua University (THU) report a sandwiched superstructure for graphene oxide (GO) that transports through cell membranes. [49] The wonder-material graphene could hold the key to unlocking the next generation of advanced, early stage lung cancer diagnosis. [48] Now, researchers from Brown University's School of Engineering have explained how the phenomenon works, and that explanation could pave the way for a new type of controlled molecular self-assembly. [47] The team has turned graphene oxide (GO) into a soft, moldable and kneadable play dough that can be shaped and reshaped into free-standing, three-dimensional structures. [46]
Category: Physics of Biology

An Economical Cloud-of-Clouds System for Storing and Sharing huge Information

Authors: Vinay Gupta
Comments: 5 Pages.

According to abstract we are working on multiple cloud system for storing more data in the cloud or sharing of huge information from one place to another place with minimum cost. According to that we are trying to this project reduce same data to did not store in the cloud that why we are using multiple cloud application or websites to store more data because every cloud is providing minimum space in the cloud & over data is time to time increases. So that we are using MapReduce technology to get same to store different-different data or marge the as a same file of data or Map scale back also identify for checked is their same data or what because we are using of multiple cloud storage to take more space. if data is similar so we are trying to use & identify which gateway server or LBA (Logical Block area) are store as same data of files. This method mainly from uses of multiple big organization, government, Telecom Industry and much more. A hash capability created use of session middle of the topology among minimizes the task all the same is not movement valued in this topology. Why we are working on network topology because multiple customer is working or uses of internet in the same time to reduce the network error or control the network traffic without taking extra time or reduce the network traffic values.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Controlling Ion Transport

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 50 Pages.

"The findings provide a fundamental understanding on the role of ion hydration on the properties of solid/liquid interfaces, which is important for designing nanoporous systems that are selective to ions of the same charge, as well as for realization of ion-induced wetting in hydrophobic pores." [36] But now, Shigehisa Akine and colleagues from Kanazawa University have shown that the reversed order is also possible: first, the host undergoes a chemical reaction, after which it recognizes and forms a complex with the guest ion. [35] In batteries, fuel cells or technical coatings, central chemical processes take place on the surface of electrodes which are in contact with liquids. During these processes, atoms move over the surface, but how this exactly happens has hardly been researched. [34] A team of scientists from across the U.S. has found a new way to create molecular interconnections that can give a certain class of materials exciting new properties, including improving their ability to catalyze chemical reactions or harvest energy from light. [33] A team of scientists including Carnegie's Tim Strobel and Venkata Bhadram now report unexpected quantum behavior of hydrogen molecules, H2, trapped within tiny cages made of organic molecules, demonstrating that the structure of the cage influences the behavior of the molecule imprisoned inside it. [32] A potential revolution in device engineering could be underway, thanks to the discovery of functional electronic interfaces in quantum materials that can self-assemble spontaneously. [31] Now, for the first time ever, researchers from Aalto University, Brazilian Center for Research in Physics (CBPF), Technical University of Braunschweig and Nagoya University have produced the superconductor-like quantum spin liquid predicted by Anderson. [30] Electrons in graphene-an atomically thin, flexible and incredibly strong substance that has captured the imagination of materials scientists and physicists alike-move at the speed of light, and behave like they have no mass. [29] In a series of exciting experiments, Cambridge researchers experienced weightlessness testing graphene's application in space. [28] Scientists from ITMO University have developed effective nanoscale light sources based on halide perovskite. [27]
Category: Condensed Matter

Laser Processing of Perovskites

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 38 Pages.

Scientists of Far Eastern Federal University (FEFU) in partnership with colleagues from ITMO University, and universities in Germany, Japan, and Australia, have developed a method for precise, fast and high-quality laser processing of halide perovskites (CH3NH3PbI3), promising light-emitting materials for solar energy, optical electronics, and metamaterials. [20] Hybrid organic or inorganic halide perovskites are a unique class of solar cell materials that break some of the material design rules that have been in place for over 30 years. [19] Efficient near-infrared (NIR) light-emitting diodes of perovskite have been produced in a laboratory at Linköping University. The external quantum efficiency is 21.6 percent, which is a record. The results have been published in Nature Photonics. [18] Very recently, an NTU team lead by Assoc. Prof. Wang Hong, demonstrated high light extraction efficiency of perovskite photonic crystals fabricated by delicate electron-beam lithography. [17] A quasiparticle is a disturbance or excitation (e.g. spin waves, bubbles, etc.) that behaves as a particle and could therefore be regarded as one. Long-range interactions between quasiparticles can give rise to a 'drag,' which affects the fundamental properties of many systems in condensed matter physics. [16] Researchers have recently been also interested in the utilization of antiferromagnets, which are materials without macroscopic magnetization but with a staggered orientation of their microscopic magnetic moments. [15] A new method that precisely measures the mysterious behavior and magnetic properties of electrons flowing across the surface of quantum materials could open a path to next-generation electronics. [14] The emerging field of spintronics aims to exploit the spin of the electron. [13] In a new study, researchers measure the spin properties of electronic states produced in singlet fission-a process which could have a central role in the future development of solar cells. [12] In some chemical reactions both electrons and protons move together. When they transfer, they can move concertedly or in separate steps. Light-induced reactions of this sort are particularly relevant to biological systems, such as Photosystem II where plants use photons from the sun to convert water into oxygen. [11]
Category: Condensed Matter

Electromagnetic and Ultrasound Waves Exchange Between Dnas Within Cells, Rnas Within Coronaviruses and Towers in 5G Technology

Authors: Massimo Fioranelli, Alireza Sepehri, Maria Grazia Roccia, Aroonkumar Beesham
Comments: 26 pages, 5 figures

A DNA is built from charged electrons and atoms and has the inductor-like structure. This structure could be divided into linear, toroid and round inductors. These inductors interact with external electromagnetic waves, move and produce some extra waves within the cells. The shapes of these waves are similar to shapes of hexagonal and pentagonal bases of their DNA source. These electromagnetic waves interact with charged particles on the nuclear membranes and lead to their vibrations. By these vibrations, nuclear membranes act like vibrators within a speaker/microphone and some new ultrasound waves are emerged. Thus, DNAs within cells emit both electromagnetic and ultrasound waves. These waves produce some holes in liquids within the nucleus and cells. To fill these holes, some extra hexagonal and pentagonal bases are produced. These bases could join to each other and form some viruses like Coronavirus. To produce these viruses within a cell, its need that wavelength of external waves be shorter than the size of a cell. Thus 5G millimeter waves could be good candidates for applying in constructing Coronaviruses (COVID-19) within biological cells.
Category: Physics of Biology

Lethality, Velocity and Acceleration of COVID-19 Contamination in the World and 20 Selected Countries (April-24-2020)

Authors: Valdir Monteiro dos Santos Godoi
Comments: 3 Pages.

The objective of this paper is to introduce a study relative a mathematical modeling of coronavirus contamination, knowing some current numbers first, by COVID-19 pandemic.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Why Do Some Planets Have Atmospheres and Others Do Not, the Truth about the Hadeon Eon

Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 4 Pages.

The reason why some planets have atmospheres and others do not is because they are in different stages of metamorphosis and have different orbital histories. The existence and compositions of atmospheres of objects tells us of their past, and their presence and characteristics are direct observational evidence of their histories and timelines. All planets are independent objects, and all have their own unique, rich histories far before the Sun was even born. As well, the Sun is currently in its own Hadeon eon. Explanation is provided.
Category: Astrophysics

Lethality of COVID-19 in the World and 20 Selected Countries (April-25-2020)

Authors: Valdir Monteiro dos Santos Godoi
Comments: 2 Pages.

The objective of this paper is to initiate a study relative a mathematical modeling of coronavirus contamination, knowing firstly some current numbers, given by COVID-19 pandemic.
Category: Quantitative Biology

High-Energy-Density Physics

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 74 Pages.

Understanding how atoms react under high-pressure conditions-a field known as high-energy-density physics (HEDP)-gives scientists valuable insights into the fields of planetary science, astrophysics, fusion energy, and national security. [42] Researchers from the MPSD and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) in the United States have discovered a significant new fundamental kind of quantum electronic oscillation, or plasmon, in atomically thin materials. [41] Such plasmonic resonances have significant roles in biosensing with ability to improve the resolution and sensitivity required to detect particles at the scale of the single molecule. [40] A novel quantum effect observed in a carbon nanotube film could lead to the development of unique lasers and other optoelectronic devices, according to scientists at Rice University and Tokyo Metropolitan University. [39] This "piezomagnetic" material changes its magnetic properties when put under mechanical strain. [38] Researchers have developed a new flexible sensor with high sensitivity that is designed to perform variety of chemical and biological analyses in very small spaces. [37] In a new paper published today in Science Advances, researchers under the direction of Columbia Engineering Professors Michal Lipson and Alexander Gaeta (Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics) have miniaturized dual-frequency combs by putting two frequency comb generators on a single millimeter-sized chip. [36] Researchers have, for the first time, integrated two technologies widely used in applications such as optical communications, bio-imaging and Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) systems that scan the surroundings of self-driving cars and trucks. [35] The unique platform, which is referred as a 4-D microscope, combines the sensitivity and high time-resolution of phase imaging with the specificity and high spatial resolution of fluorescence microscopy. [34] The experiment relied on a soliton frequency comb generated in a chip-based optical microresonator made from silicon nitride. [33] This scientific achievement toward more precise control and monitoring of light is highly interesting for miniaturizing optical devices for sensing and signal processing. [32]
Category: Astrophysics

From Galileo Galilei, Newton, Rutherford and Bohr to Einstein

Authors: Lubomir Vlcek
Comments: 13 Pages. We have already known that straight-line motion does not really exist, it is only possible a hypothetical approximation for large radii of curvature. On surface of Earth, the circle with radius RE = 6378 km is a "straight line"

. In the present paper are two corrected Newton´s laws of motion First law and Third law. Space ships, Earth satellites and orbital laboratories move quasi-uniformly in almost a circle around the Earth. The electrons and the nucleus circulate around the center of gravity of atom in approximate circles. Keywords: inertia, action, reaction, transmission medium, waves, particles, the generalized law of inertia PACS number: 01.55.+b
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Magnetic Bose-Einstein Condensate

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 26 Pages.

What is special about the Bose-Einstein condensate is that the particles in this system do not differ from each other and are predominantly in the same quantum mechanical state. [16] An international team of researchers has successfully produced a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) in space for the first time. [15] Researchers at UCM and CSS have encountered a partial violation of the second law of thermodynamics in a quantum system known as Hofstadter lattice. [13] Any understanding of the irreversibility of the arrow of time should account the quantum nature of the world that surrounds us. [12] Entropy, the measure of disorder in a physical system, is something that physicists understand well when systems are at equilibrium, meaning there's no external force throwing things out of kilter. But new research by Brown University physicists takes the idea of entropy out of its equilibrium comfort zone. [11] Could scientists use the Second Law of Thermodynamics on your chewing muscles to work out when you are going to die? According to research published in the International Journal of Exergy, the level of entropy, or thermodynamic disorder, in the chewing muscles in your jaw increases with each mouthful. This entropy begins to accumulate from the moment you're "on solids" until your last meal, but measuring it at any given point in your life could be used to estimate life expectancy. [10] There is also connection between statistical physics and evolutionary biology, since the arrow of time is working in the biological evolution also. From the standpoint of physics, there is one essential difference between living things and inanimate clumps of carbon atoms: The former tend to be much better at capturing energy from their environment and dissipating that energy as heat. [8] This paper contains the review of quantum entanglement investigations in living systems, and in the quantum mechanically modeled photoactive prebiotic kernel systems. [7] The human body is a constant flux of thousands of chemical/biological interactions and processes connecting molecules, cells, organs, and fluids, throughout the brain, body, and nervous system. Up until recently it was thought that all these interactions operated in a linear sequence, passing on information much like a runner passing the baton to the next runner. However, the latest findings in quantum biology and biophysics have discovered that there is in fact a tremendous degree of coherence within all living systems. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the Wave-Particle Duality and the electron's spin also, building the Bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions by the diffraction patterns. The Weak Interaction changes the diffraction patterns by moving the electric charge from one side to the other side of the diffraction pattern, which violates the CP and Time reversal symmetry. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the Relativistic Quantum Theory and making possible to understand the Quantum Biology.
Category: Condensed Matter

Nanomechanical Quantum Switchboard

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 39 Pages.

Physicists at Universität Regensburg have coupled the vibrations of a macromolecule—a carbon nanotube—to a microwave cavity, creating a novel and highly miniaturized optomechanical system. [26] In a paper published in Nature Communications, researchers from Brown and Rice University showed that a device known as a leaky waveguide can be used for link discovery at terahertz frequencies. [25] Following three years of extensive research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HU) physicist Dr. Uriel Levy and his team have created technology that will enable computers and all optic communication devices to run 100 times faster through terahertz microchips. [24]
Category: Quantum Physics

Prostate Cancer Progression

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 58 Pages.

Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) is a popular method for treating small, inoperable tumours in various anatomical sites. [38] Using DNA, small silica particles, and carbon nanotubes, researchers of Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) have developed novel programmable nanocomposites that can be tailored to various applications and programmed to degrade quickly and gently. [37] Scientists at the Technical University of Munich (TUM) have functionalized a simple rod-like building block with hydroxamic acids at both ends. [36]
Category: Physics of Biology

Topological Unidirectional Light

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 53 Pages.

A photonic device that emits light only in one direction has been created by researchers in China and the US. [34] For the first time, a group of researchers from Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IBM, ETH Zurich, MIT and Harvard University have observed topological phases of matter of quantum states under the action of temperature or certain types of experimental imperfections. [33] With their insensitivity to decoherence, Majorana particles could become stable building blocks of quantum computers. [32] A team of researchers at the University of Maryland has found a new way to route photons at the micrometer scale without scattering by building a topological quantum optics interface. [31] Researchers at the University of Bristol's Quantum Engineering Technology Labs have demonstrated a new type of silicon chip that can help building and testing quantum computers and could find their way into your mobile phone to secure information. [30] Theoretical physicists propose to use negative interference to control heat flow in quantum devices. [29] Particle physicists are studying ways to harness the power of the quantum realm to further their research. [28] A fundamental barrier to scaling quantum computing machines is "qubit interference." In new research published in Science Advances, engineers and physicists from Rigetti Computing describe a breakthrough that can expand the size of practical quantum processors by reducing interference. [26] The search and manipulation of novel properties emerging from the quantum nature of matter could lead to next-generation electronics and quantum computers. [25]
Category: Quantum Physics

On Some Ramanujan Formulas: Mathematical Connections with ϕ and Several Parameters of Quantum Geometry of Space, String Theory and Particle Physics (F0(1710) Scalar Meson)

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 67 Pages.

In this paper we have described and analyzed some Ramanujan expressions. We have obtained several mathematical connections with ϕ and various parameters of Quantum Geometry of Space, String Theory and Particle Physics.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Polaron-Polaritons Nonlinearity

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 67 Pages.

A team of researchers from the Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics and the Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology has found a way to boost polaritonic nonlinearity. [41] The researchers harnessed the power of polaritons, particles that blur the distinction between light and matter. [40] A new study by researchers at the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) may explain this disparity. In the work, the OIST researchers measured electrical current across a two-dimensional plane. [39] Femtosecond lasers are capable of processing any solid material with high quality and high precision using their ultrafast and ultra-intense characteristics. [38]
Category: Quantum Physics

A Third Case Report Regarding the Effects of "ASEA redox Supplement" in a ~3-year old boy with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy from town Slobozia, Romania (preprint)

Authors: Andrei Lucian Dragoi
Comments: (ASEA in DMD 3rd case preprint - v.1.0 - 24.04.2020 - 10 A4 pages)

This paper argues that “ASEA redox Supplement” (ARS) may show comparable or even stronger beneficial effects (with less or none adverse effects) than corticosteroids in children with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD). This paper presents a third case report on the effects of an ionized “saline water” called “ASEA redox Supplement®” (ARS) oral solution in a ~3-year-old boy with DMD from town Slobozia [URL2], Romania. In vitro studies showed that ARS is a very potent selective NRF2 activator, thus a very potent (indirect) antioxidant and cytoprotective: the studies conducted in vivo also support this main pharmacological mechanism of ARS, with no toxicity up to high doses, in contrast with the much more toxic corticosteroids. From the first months of ARS treatment, the main rhabdomyolysis markers (with very high initial serum levels) dropped significantly, with no found toxicity until the present. Before starting adjuvant therapy with oral ARS, this boy-patient was already prescribed by his attending neurologist a combined therapy with: L-carnitine (1g/day) & Vitamin D3 (1000IU/day) & calcium-magnesium oral supplement (5ml/day) & plant-extracts hepatoprotective syrup (5ml/day) & coenzyme Q10 (30mg/day) from the last week of February 2019 (thus from approximately 5 months earlier than the moment in which ARS therapy was initiated). This previous combined therapy of dietary supplements (DSs) also showed a promising decrease in rhabdomyolysis serum markers (RSMs) (which is also an important fact with implications for other children with DMD who may potentially benefit from this combined set of DSs): however, when the calcium-magnesium oral supplement was replaced by a combination of ARS (30ml/day ~ 2.5ml/kg/day) & omega-3 fatty acids (185mg/day with a DHA: EPA ratio of approx. 5-to-1) from August 1st, 2019, the RSMs decrease was quite spectacular (when compared to the anterior decrease) when measured in December 2nd, 2019 at “Victor Gomoiu” Pediatric Hospital (from Bucharest, Romania). This paper continues the work of other past articles/preprints of the same author.
Category: Biochemistry

Directed Energy Beam (DEB) Technologies: Contrasting Static Field Matter-Wave Defense Shielding with Propagating Phasers

Authors: Richard L Amoroso, Salvatore Giandinoto, Sabah E Karam
Comments: 15 Pages. Preprint, submitted to: DSIAC – Defense Systems Information Analysis Center Journal 2020

An innovative form of Directed Energy Beam (DEB) technologies beyond the confines of the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics is introduced. Two seemingly disparate examples are contrasted - Static Field Matter-Wave Defense Shields, and Phased-Array Pulsed Directed Energy Beam Weapons (DEW). The new technology is based on unique M-theoretic Unified Field Mechanical (UFM) modelling. During the previous paradigm shift, over 100 years ago, Einstein stated his relativity theories affected the whole panoply of physics. The imminent shift to 12D UFM, will pale all prior advancement in the history of science. This highly theoretical article, poses as a reminder that the strategic imperative must be aggressively maintained. General US DOD policy, is to sustain military technology at a sufficient pace of advancement to maintain an acceptable level of supremacy; in fact, Eisenhauer enacted DARPA to ensure the loss occurring by myopic assessment of Goddard’s rocketry research, would not occur again.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Ultimate Numbers and the 3/2 Ratio

Authors: BOULAY Jean-Yves
Comments: 38 Pages. You will understand, from reading the article, that it does not require any reference.

According to a new mathematical definition, whole numbers are divided into two sets, one of which is the merger of the sequence of prime numbers and numbers zero and one. Three other definitions, deduced from this first, subdivide the set of whole numbers into four classes of numbers with own and unique arithmetic properties. The geometric distribution of these different types of whole numbers, in various closed matrices, is organized into exact value ratios to 3/2 or 1/1.
Category: Number Theory

COVID-19 Detected with Microwaves

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 73 Pages.

A system that checks from a safe distance whether someone is displaying symptoms of COVID-19 has been developed by Urs Schneider and colleagues at the Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation in Stuttgart, Germany. [43] Although the test still needs to be tested on intact viral RNA from patient samples, it could help relieve the current pressure on PCR-based tests, the researchers say. [42] Simon Fraser University researchers will use their pioneering imaging technology-called Mango, for its bright colour-to develop coronavirus testing kits. [41] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, common human coronaviruses usually cause mild to moderate upper-respiratory tract illnesses, like the common cold. [40] When diseases reinforce each other, they rapidly accelerate through the population, then fizzle out as they run out of new hosts. [39] It's no coincidence that some of the worst viral disease outbreaks in recent years-SARS, MERS, Ebola, Marburg and likely the newly arrived 2019-nCoV virus-originated in bats. [38] An interdisciplinary team of researchers at Colorado State University has used computational chemistry, biochemistry and virology to uncover new information on how viruses such as West Nile, dengue and Zika replicate. [37] David Baker, Professor of Biochemistry and Director of the Institute for Protein Design at the University of Washington will speak about how algorithmic processes such as de novo design predict protein structures, protein folding mechanisms, and new protein functions. [36] A research team at Kobe University has developed a method of artificially controlling the anchorage position of target proteins in engineered baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). [35] Scientists have found a new way to home in on the proteins covering a particular cell's surface. The feat offers insight into how brain cells form intricate networks during development. [34]
Category: Physics of Biology

Gravity in the Microworld

Authors: Anatoly V. Belyakov
Comments: Pages.

A brief review article gives examples of using the physical model based on the mechanistic interpretation of J. Wheeler's geometrodynamics. The examples show the need to consider gravity in the microworld. The latter is based on the balance of magnetic and gravitational forces.The gravitational constant was used in calculating the masses of quarks, neutrinos, proton size, coupling constants, etc. A new deviation of 28 GeV in the physical experiments of CMS Collaboration was confirmed by calculations. The unusual value of s- quark and b- quark masses is explained.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Imaging Reduce Cancer Surgeries

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 59 Pages.

A team of University of Alberta engineers is refining a new imaging technique that could reduce the number of repeat surgeries patients undergo to remove cancerous tumors. [39] Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) is a popular method for treating small, inoperable tumours in various anatomical sites. [38] Using DNA, small silica particles, and carbon nanotubes, researchers of Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) have developed novel programmable nanocomposites that can be tailored to various applications and programmed to degrade quickly and gently. [37]
Category: Physics of Biology

Library of Nanoparticles

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 25 Pages.

Now, a research team in the University of Maryland (UMD)'s A. James Clark School of Engineering has developed a new method for mixing metals generally known to be immiscible, or unmixable, at the nanoscale to create a new range of bimetallic materials. [18] Hydrogen fuel cells are a promising technology for producing clean and renewable energy, but the cost and activity of their cathode materials is a major challenge for commercialization. [17] Rice University scientists have created a rubbery, shape-shifting material that morphs from one sophisticated form to another on demand. [16] Researchers at the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, together with collaborators from the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science at Columbia University, have developed a system to convert one wavelength of light into another without the need to phase match. [15] Light, which travels at a speed of 300,000 km/sec in a vacuum, can be slowed down and even stopped completely by methods that involve trapping the light inside crystals or ultracold clouds of atoms. [14] A research team led by physicists at LMU Munich reports a significant advance in laser-driven particle acceleration. [13]
Category: Condensed Matter

Homemade Face Masks

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 74 Pages.

In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that people wear masks in public. [44] A system that checks from a safe distance whether someone is displaying symptoms of COVID-19 has been developed by Urs Schneider and colleagues at the Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation in Stuttgart, Germany. [43] Although the test still needs to be tested on intact viral RNA from patient samples, it could help relieve the current pressure on PCR-based tests, the researchers say. [42] Simon Fraser University researchers will use their pioneering imaging technology-called Mango, for its bright colour-to develop coronavirus testing kits. [41] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, common human coronaviruses usually cause mild to moderate upper-respiratory tract illnesses, like the common cold. [40] When diseases reinforce each other, they rapidly accelerate through the population, then fizzle out as they run out of new hosts. [39] It's no coincidence that some of the worst viral disease outbreaks in recent years-SARS, MERS, Ebola, Marburg and likely the newly arrived 2019-nCoV virus-originated in bats. [38] An interdisciplinary team of researchers at Colorado State University has used computational chemistry, biochemistry and virology to uncover new information on how viruses such as West Nile, dengue and Zika replicate. [37] David Baker, Professor of Biochemistry and Director of the Institute for Protein Design at the University of Washington will speak about how algorithmic processes such as de novo design predict protein structures, protein folding mechanisms, and new protein functions. [36] A research team at Kobe University has developed a method of artificially controlling the anchorage position of target proteins in engineered baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). [35] Scientists have found a new way to home in on the proteins covering a particular cell's surface. The feat offers insight into how brain cells form intricate networks during development. [34]
Category: Physics of Biology

On Some Ramanujan Formulas: Mathematical Connections with ϕ and Several Parameters of Quantum Geometry, String Theory and Particle Physics. II

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 87 Pages.

In this paper we have described and analyzed some Ramanujan expressions. We have obtained several mathematical connections with ϕ and various parameters of Quantum Geometry, String Theory and Particle Physics.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Speaker Identification of Customer and Agent Using Aws

Authors: Satya Narayana
Comments: 3 Pages.

As everyone knows that Sentimental analysis plays an important role in these days because many start-ups have started with user-driven content [1]. Only finding the voice is not be the real time scenario so finding the Sentiment analysis of agent and customer separately is an important research area in natural language processing. Natural language processing has a wide range of applications like voice recognition, machine translation, product review, aspect-oriented product analysis, sentiment analysis and text classification etc [2]. This process will improve the business by analyze the emotions of the conversation with respect to the customer voice separately and also agent voice separately. In this project author going to perform speaker identification and analyze the sentiment of the customer and agent separately using Amazon Comprehend. Amazon Comprehend is a natural language processing (NLP) service that uses machine learning to extract the content of the voice. By using the speaker identification author can extract the unstructured data like images, voice etc separately so it is easy to analyze the business performance. Thus, will identify the emotions of the conversation and give the output whether the customer conversation is Positive, Negative, Neutral, or Mixed. To perform this author going to use some services from Aws due to some advantages like scaling the resources is easy compare to the normal process like doing physically such as support vector machine (SVM). AWS services like s3 is a object data store, Transcribe which generate the audio to text in raw format, Aws Glue is a ETL Service which will extract transform and load the data from the S3, Aws Comprehend is a NLP service used for finding sentiment of audio, Lambda is a server less where author can write a code, Aws Athena is a analyzing tools which will make complex queries in less time and last there is quick sight is a business intelligent tool where author can visualize the data of customers and also agents.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Foundations of a Quasi-Classical and Quantum Theory of Gravity

Authors: Alexander P. Sobolev
Comments: 80 Pages. 1-37 in English, 38-80 in Russian

The gravitational field equations were derived in general relativity (GR) using the assumption of their covariance relative to arbitrary transformations of coordinates. Over the past century, it has been repeatedly expressed as an opinion that such equality of all coordinate systems may not correspond to reality. In this article, general covariance is restricted by the introduction of a constraint. This constraint is interpreted from a physical point of view as a sufficient condition for the adiabaticity of the process of the evolution of the space–time metric. The original equations of the theory of gravity with the constraint are formulated. On this basis, a unified model of the evolution of the modern, early, and very early Universe is constructed that is consistent with the observational astronomical data but does not require the hypotheses of the existence of dark energy, dark matter or inflatons. It is claimed that: the gravitational field is the main source of energy of the Universe, the maximum global energy density in the Universe was 64 orders of magnitude smaller the Planckian one, and the entropy density is 18 orders of magnitude higher the value predicted by GR. The value of the relative density of neutrinos at the present time and the maximum temperature of matter in the early Universe are calculated. The wave equation of the gravitational field is formulated, its solution is found, and the wave function of the very early Universe is constructed. It is shown that the birth of the Universe was random.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

How to Read Faces Without Looking at Them

Authors: Suyash Shandilya, Waris Quamer
Comments: 6 Pages.

Face reading is the most intuitive aspect of emotion recognition. Unfortunately, digital analysis offacial expression requires digitally recording personal faces. As emotional analysis is particularlyrequired in more poised scenario, capturing faces becomes a gross violation of privacy. In thispaper, we use the concept ofcompressive analysisintroduced in [1] to conceptualise a systemwhich compressively acquires faces in order to ascertain unusable reconstruction, while allowing foracceptable (and adjustable) accuracy in inference.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

New Prediction of Sars-Covid-19 in Italy

Authors: Calogero Rinzivillo, Sergio Conte, Ferda Kaleagasioglu, Fang Wang, Alberto Foletti, Cengiz Morderniz, Elio Conte
Comments: 4 Pages.

We estimate the contagions of Sars-Covid-19 in Italy until June 2020 and we compare the results with our previous estimations. We obtain that the fractal model we use, estimates the behavior of the experimental data and prediction with an r2 value of 0.95. We have that the time of peak is 37.80 days for the prediction 1 and 37.33 days for prediction 2 starting with February 20. The number of contagions will drop below 10 in June 28 for prediction 1 and July 14 for prediction 2 as explained in Figure 1.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Algoritmo de Números Primos Y Números Primos Gemelos

Authors: Zeolla Gabriel Martin
Comments: 22 Pages. Español

Este documento desarrolla una fórmula para obtener números primos y números primos gemelos por debajo de un número cualquiera dado. La formula se desprende del uso de 4 cribas triangulares.
Category: Number Theory

The Earth Moon is Older Than Saturn

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 24 Pages.

Paper hypothesis "Saturn is Created After The Earth Moon" That means Saturn is the most young planet in the solar system- Saturn is created after all other planets creation and also after The Earth Moon Creation.. How To Prove That? The Proving Concept The Solar System Is One Geometrical Structure or One Building And Each Planet Is A Part Of This Same Building Imagine we have a triangle -2 angles of it =60 degrees and 50 degrees what's the third angle value ?? It's =70 degrees – so the third angle have to be 70 degrees because the other are found (before it) and defined its value That's perfectly the same way Saturn Data is found by the other planets effect- Saturn has no single independent data – on the contrary – its data is found before its creation – Saturn diameter had to be =120536 km and its orbital distance had to be =1433.5 mkm – By Saturn data analysis we conclude easily that Saturn data was defined before Saturn Creation – Based on that Saturn Data doesn't only prove that- Saturn is the last planet created after all other But Saturn Data also proves the following: (1st Concept) "The Solar System Is One Geometrical Structure Or One Building And Each Planet Is A Part Of This Same Building" (2nd Concept) The Solar System Moves With All Planets Together One Unified Motion As A Train Moves With All Carriages. How The Earth Moon is Created? The paper introduction answers this question… Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

Nanohybrid Vehicle Deliver Drugs

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 42 Pages.

Researchers in The University of Texas at El Paso's Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry have developed a nanohybrid vehicle that can be used to optimally deliver drugs into the human body. [32] Researchers at The University of Texas at Austin have developed new guidelines for fabricating nanoscale gel materials, or nanogels, that can deliver numerous therapeutic treatments to treat cancer in a precise manner. In addition to enabling the delivery of drugs in response to tumors, their nanogels can target malignant cells (or biomarkers), degrade into nontoxic components and execute multiple clinical functions. [31]
Category: Physics of Biology

Reflection on Physical Reality, Physical Systems and Space

Authors: A.M. Khadjibaev
Comments: 7 Pages. Thank you

In the article the author discusses fundamental definitions as “Physical reality”, “physical systems” and “space”. The author offers own parameters, original definition of physical system and describes the parameters that characterizes it. Describing the space, the author proposes the concept according to which space – time is considered as the physical system that consists of physical substrate and presents itself as an “absolute physical reality”. For the first time the author suggests a concept of “differentiating physical reality” as a physical system that differs from its “super system”
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Mysteries of the Prime Numbers

Authors: Andrzej Lukaszewicz
Comments: 8 Pages.

The elaboration contains a method of determining prime numbers and confirms the Riemann hypothesis
Category: Number Theory

Bekenstein-Hawking Black Hole Entropy, Hawking Temperature, and the Unruh Effect: Insight from the Laws of Thermodynamics – a Synopsis

Authors: Stephen J. Crothers, Pierre-Marie Robitaille
Comments: 4 Pages.

The laws of thermodynamics play a central role in scientific inquiry, guiding physics as to the validity of hypothesized claims. It is for this reason that quantities of thermodynamic relevance must retain their character wherever they appear. Temperature, for example, must always be intensive, a requirement set by the 0th law. Otherwise, the very definition of temperature is compromised. Similarly, entropy must remain extensive, in order to conform to the 2nd law. These rules must be observed whenever a system is large enough to be characterized by macroscopic quantities, such as volume or area. This explains why ensembles comprised of just a few atoms cannot be considered thermodynamic systems. In this regard, black holes are hypothesized to be large systems, characterized by the Schwarzschild radius (r_s=2GM/c^2) and its associated ‘horizon’ area (A = 4πr_s^2), where G, M, and c represent the universal constant of gravitation, the mass of the black hole, and the speed of light in vacuum, respectively. It can be readily demonstrated that Bekenstein-Hawking black hole entropy is non-extensive, while the Hawking and the Unruh temperatures are non-intensive. As a result, the associated equations violate the laws of thermodynamics and can hold no place in the physical sciences.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Plasmonic Skyrmions from Light

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 74 Pages.

Researchers at the Universities of Stuttgart and Duisburg-Essen and the University of Melbourne (Australia) have now succeeded for the first time in filming these vortex patterns, which are called skyrmions, on the nanometer scale. [42] Researchers from the MPSD and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) in the United States have discovered a significant new fundamental kind of quantum electronic oscillation, or plasmon, in atomically thin materials. [41] Such plasmonic resonances have significant roles in biosensing with ability to improve the resolution and sensitivity required to detect particles at the scale of the single molecule. [40]
Category: Quantum Physics

On Some Ramanujan Formulas: Mathematical Connections with ϕ, ζ(2) and Several Parameters of String Theory and Particle Physics V.

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 63 Pages.

In this paper we have described and analyzed some Ramanujan expressions. We have obtained several mathematical connections with ϕ, ζ(2) and various parameters of String Theory and Particle Physics.
Category: Number Theory

Colliding Solitons in Microresonators

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 44 Pages.

Occurring in hydrodynamics, lasers, cold atoms, and plasmas, solitons are generated when a laser field is confined in a circular resonator with ultra-low loss, which produces multiple solitons travelling around the resonator. [29] So far, the researchers' calculations do not extend to the behavior of a zero-charge polyacetylene soliton that carries spin, but they expect that it should be possible to manipulate this with a magnetic field gradient. [28] Researchers have developed the first materials that can permanently change from solid to liquid, or vice versa, when exposed to light at room temperature, and remain in the new phase even after the light is removed. [27]
Category: Quantum Physics

Evolution of Black Holes and Worm Holes Immersed in Generalized Chaplygin Gas Model

Authors: Jaisimha Manipatruni
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this paper we obtain analytical solutions of the evolution of mass of black holes and worm holes immersed in generalised Chaplygin gas (GCG) model and calculated the evolution of the mass of black hole and worm hole embedded in a universe filled with GCG. The GCG model represents the unification of dark matter and dark energy of the universe. For the equation of state (EOS) of the dark component in GCG model it is found that the mass of the black hole increases and the mass of the worm hole decreases as the universe expands and both the masses become constant when the dark energy component of the GCG model becomes dominant in universe.
Category: Astrophysics

Gravity Interaction With Forcefields

Authors: Ilgaitis Prūsis, Peteris Prūsis
Comments: 3 pages

It is well known that strength of gravity is about 40 orders of magnitude weaker than strength of other force fields. On this statement is based generally accepted meaning that gravity dominates only in cosmic scale and cannot influence micro scale events. Here we show that absolutely everything in nature is affected by gravity.
Category: Classical Physics

Synthesizing Superheavy Elements

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 43 Pages.

Measurements of collisions between small and large atomic nuclei by RIKEN physicists will inform the quest to produce new elements and could lead to new chemistry involving superheavy elements. [30] A team led by nuclear physicists at the Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) has reported the first direct measurements of the mass numbers for the nuclei of two superheavy elements: moscovium, which is element 115, and nihonium, element 113. [29] An unprecedented combination of experimental nuclear physics and theoretical and computational modelling techniques has been brought together to reveal the full extent of the odd-even shape staggering of exotic mercury isotopes, and explain how it happens. [28] Protons in neutron-rich nuclei have a higher average energy than previously thought, according to a new analysis of electron scattering data that was first collected in 2004. [27] Physics textbooks might have to be updated now that an international research team has found evidence of an unexpected transition in the structure of atomic nuclei. [26] The group led by Fabrizio Carbone at EPFL and international colleagues have used ultrafast transmission electron microscopy to take attosecond energy-momentum resolved snapshots (1 attosecond = 10-18 or quintillionths of a second) of a free-electron wave function. [25] Now, physicists are working toward getting their first CT scans of the inner workings of the nucleus. [24] The process of the sticking together of quarks, called hadronisation, is still poorly understood. [23] In experimental campaigns using the OMEGA EP laser at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE) at the University of Rochester, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), University of California San Diego (UCSD) and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) researchers took radiographs of the shock front, similar to the X-ray radiology in hospitals with protons instead of X-rays. [22] Researchers generate proton beams using a combination of nanoparticles and laser light. [21]
Category: Condensed Matter

Terahertz Data Networks

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 37 Pages.

In a paper published in Nature Communications, researchers from Brown and Rice University showed that a device known as a leaky waveguide can be used for link discovery at terahertz frequencies. [25] Following three years of extensive research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HU) physicist Dr. Uriel Levy and his team have created technology that will enable computers and all optic communication devices to run 100 times faster through terahertz microchips. [24] When the energy efficiency of electronics poses a challenge, magnetic materials may have a solution. [23]
Category: Digital Signal Processing

How Truly Random is the Brownian Motion Applied Especially in Quantitative Finance ? the Hidden Connection with Riemann Zetafunction & Riemann Hypothesis! is Randomness Truly Random or the Existence of Duality ?

Authors: Pankaj Mani
Comments: 10 Pages.

Random Numbers and random processes to model the dynamics of financial assets typically involve Brownian motion/Wiener process. In this article we’ll explore how random Brownian motion truly is and is it really compatible and capable to model randomness in financial variables ? The logic behind all these goes to the patterns hidden inside the Prime Numbers distribution and dynamics in pure mathematics from where they originate.Thus it's linked to Riemann Hypothesis ! Hence,it will possibly lead forward to revise foundationally how far Brownian motion is really capable to model random processes especially in quantitative finance or otherwise.
Category: Number Theory

An Efficient Approach for Credit Card Fraud Detection

Authors: Rajeev Kumar, Rajesh Budihal
Comments: 20 Pages.

The purpose of this research paper, the topic of credit card fraud detection has gained and developed fraudsters are increasing day by day among researches because of their frequent look in varied and widespread application within the field of various branches of information technology and engineering. For example, genetic algorithms, Behavior-based techniques, and Hidden Marks models are also used to address these problems of technology. Credit card fraud detection models for transactions are tested individually and proceed to whatever is most effective. This thesis aims to detect fraudulent transactions and develop some method of generating test data. These algorithms are a predictive approach in solving high complexity computational problems. We discussed a new method to goal or deal with detect fraud by filtering the above techniques to induce an improved result. These algorithms are a predictive approach in solving high complexity computational problems. It is an adaptation technique and evolutionary discovery that supports the existence of genetic and fittest. Implementation of efficient credit card fraud detection systems is mandatory for all credit card issuing companies or their customers to reduce their losses.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Velocity Transformation of Standing Wave

Authors: Eric Su
Comments: 3 Pages. Note that the author does not read Disqus comments here, please respond by email. Including a list of publications is also a healthy gesture.

A standing wave can be formed in a microwave resonator if the length of the resonator cavity is equal to multiple half wavelengths. The stationary standing wave becomes a moving standing wave in another inertial reference frame. The covariance property of the moving standing wave verifies that the frequencies of two microwaves forming the standing wave become different in the new reference frame while the wavelengths remain identical. Hence, the apparent speed of the microwave appears to be different in a different inertial reference frame.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Size of Mostly Hidden Network

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 26 Pages.

A newly discovered connection between control theory and network dynamical systems could help estimate the size of a network even when a small portion is accessible. [19] High-performance computing (HPC)-the use of supercomputers and parallel processing techniques to solve large computational problems-is of great use in the scientific community. [18] A new finding by researchers at the University of Chicago promises to improve the speed and reliability of current and next generation quantum computers by as much as ten times. [17] Ph. D candidate Shuntaro Okada and information scientist Masayuki Ohzeki of Japan's Tohoku University collaborated with global automotive components manufacturer Denso Corporation and other colleagues to develop an algorithm that improves the D-Wave quantum annealer's ability to solve combinatorial optimization problems. [16] D-Wave Systems today published a milestone study demonstrating a topological phase transition using its 2048-qubit annealing quantum computer. [15] New quantum theory research, led by academics at the University of St Andrews' School of Physics, could transform the way scientists predict how quantum particles behave. [14] Intel has announced the design and fabrication of a 49-qubit superconducting quantum-processor chip at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas. [13] To improve our understanding of the so-called quantum properties of materials, scientists at the TU Delft investigated thin slices of SrIrO3, a material that belongs to the family of complex oxides. [12] New research carried out by CQT researchers suggest that standard protocols that measure the dimensions of quantum systems may return incorrect numbers. [11] Is entanglement really necessary for describing the physical world, or is it possible to have some post-quantum theory without entanglement? [10] A trio of scientists who defied Einstein by proving the nonlocal nature of quantum entanglement will be honoured with the John Stewart Bell Prize from the University of Toronto (U of T). [9] While physicists are continually looking for ways to unify the theory of relativity, which describes large-scale phenomena, with quantum theory, which describes small-scale phenomena, computer scientists are searching for technologies to build the quantum computer using Quantum Information. In August 2013, the achievement of "fully deterministic" quantum teleportation, using a hybrid technique, was reported. On 29 May 2014, scientists announced a reliable way of transferring data by quantum teleportation. Quantum teleportation of data had been done before but with highly unreliable methods. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the Wave-Particle Duality and the electron's spin also, building the Bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions by the diffraction patterns. The Weak Interaction changes the diffraction patterns by moving the electric charge from one side to the other side of the diffraction pattern, which violates the CP and Time reversal symmetry. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the Relativistic Quantum Theory and making possible to build the Quantum Computer with the help of Quantum Information.
Category: Quantum Physics

Discrete Mass Neutron Stars

Authors: Bernard Riley
Comments: 5 pages, including 5 figures

Following on from an analysis of black hole and neutron star mass in gravitational wave events we show that the mass of a neutron star in general is related through an inverse 5/2 power law to a sub-Planckian mass scale – in the range 7-10 TeV – within one or more of three geometric sequences of mass scales that descend from Planck scale and are occupied by the particles. The three common ratios are 1/pi, 2/pi and 1/e. The results provide more evidence for a stringy theory of quantum gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Earth is Older Than The Sun

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 36 Pages.

Paper hypothesis The Earth Is Older Than The Sun Paper Hypothesis Proves 1-The Solar Planets Order shows that- The Sun is A result of The Planets Motions and NOT Their Reason. 2-The Sun Data is Created depending on The Planets Data 3-The Solar System Chronological Events Proves That The Sun Is Created After The Planets Creation. 4-Saturn Data proves, "Saturn is The Only Planet Created After The Sun Creation" There are 2 Basic Events were done Because Of The Sun Creation: (1st Event) Mars Migration (2nd Event) Pluto Migration Let's summarize these events general idea in following… Pluto Migration -Pluto was The Mercury Moon with orbital distance 57.9 mkm and had to migrate to 5906 mkm because of the sun creation – -Pluto had collided with Neptune and from this collision debris Pluto had created its moons and The Kuiper Belt (The Paper discuss The Event Proves) Mars Migration Theory Revision: -Mars original orbital distance was 84 mkm. and Mars had migrated to 227.9 mkm -Through Mars Motion from 84 mkm to 227.9 mkm, Mars had collided with Venus and then Mars had collided with Earth also. -From the Collisions debris The Earth Moon was created –and Mars had found its moons. And the rest debris had attracted by Jupiter and created The Asteroid Belt The Giant-Impact Hypothesis is in consistency with Mars migration theory But Instead of the (Supposed Planet) Theia, Mars itself made the collisions. Mars migration Theory solves The Giant-Impact Hypothesis difficulties: I.Why Venus has No Moon? – Because Mars had migrated and moved from 84 mkm to 227.9 mkm and pushed all debris in its motion direction – far from Venus – So Venus had found no debris around to create its own Moon - But Earth has a greater Mass and the debris lost their motion high momentum at Earth Position– so Earth could attract some debris and create its moon II.The Lunar Magma Ocean (LMO) Origin– is Venus – because the moon is created by 3 planets debris (Venus – Earth – Mars) – So their rocks are found in it III.Why The Iron Oxide (Feo) of the Moon= (13%)? Because The rate (13%) is a middle between Mars rate (18%) and the terrestrial mantle (8%). IV.Why Mars diameter (and Mass) are decreased through the history? Because of the collisions – Mars diameter lost around ( 4.1 %) (And Mars mass also which causes difficulties for Mars gravitation equation) V.Mars migration is done Because of The Sun Creation Process VI.Is there a possibility that Mars will return to its original point (84 mkm)? Yes VII.Why? Because the Planet orbital distance is defined relative to its diameter (and Mass) Mars now is in the wrong Position- but forced to it because of the sun effect Conclusion The Giant-impact hypothesis supports Mars migration Theory Pluto & Mars Migrations detailed proves are discussed in the paper Paper Objectives: The paper tries to prove that The Earth is Older Than The Sun Paper Contents: 1-Introduction 2-Methodology 3-Planets Order Analysis 4-The Sun Data Analysis 5-Saturn Data Discussion 6-Earth Jupiter Distance Analysis Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

ATLAS Measure the Higgs Boson Beauty

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 16 Pages.

Two years ago, the Higgs boson was observed decaying to a pair of beauty quarks (H→bb), moving its study from the "discovery era" to the "measurement era." [11] The Higgs boson was discovered in 2012 by the ATLAS and CMS Experiments at CERN, but its coupling to other particles remains a puzzle. [10] Higgs boson decaying into bottom quarks. Now, scientists are tackling its relationship with the top quark. [9] Usha Mallik and her team used a grant from the U.S. Department of Energy to help build a sub-detector at the Large Hadron Collider, the world's largest and most powerful particle accelerator, located in Switzerland. They're running experiments on the sub-detector to search for a pair of bottom quarks-subatomic yin-and-yang particles that should be produced about 60 percent of the time a Higgs boson decays. [8] A new way of measuring how the Higgs boson couples to other fundamental particles has been proposed by physicists in France, Israel and the US. Their technique would involve comparing the spectra of several different isotopes of the same atom to see how the Higgs force between the atom's electrons and its nucleus affects the atomic energy levels. [7] The magnetic induction creates a negative electric field, causing an electromagnetic inertia responsible for the relativistic mass change; it is the mysterious Higgs Field giving mass to the particles. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate by the diffraction patterns. The accelerating charges explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the wave particle duality and the electron's spin also, building the bridge between the Classical and Relativistic Quantum Theories. The self maintained electric potential of the accelerating charges equivalent with the General Relativity space-time curvature, and since it is true on the quantum level also, gives the base of the Quantum Gravity. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the relativistic quantum theory.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Route to Topological Superconductivity

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 16 Pages.

Nonetheless, the idea may indicate a path forward for quantum computing. [31] Scientists of the University of Twente and the University of Amsterdam now demonstrate a new property: the non-superconducting material bismuth shows lossless current conduction. [30] A team of international scientists including Maia G. Vergniory, Ikerbasque researcher at DIPC and UPV/EHU associate, has discovered a new class of materials, higher-order topological insulators. [29] A team of researchers from Japan, the U.S. and China, has identified a topological superconducting phase for possible use in an iron-based material in quantum computers. [28] Physicists have shown that superconducting circuits-circuits that have zero electrical resistance-can function as piston-like mechanical quantum engines. The new perspective may help researchers design quantum computers and other devices with improved efficiencies. [27] This paper explains the magnetic effect of the superconductive current from the observed effects of the accelerating electrons, causing naturally the experienced changes of the electric field potential along the electric wire. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the wave particle duality and the electron's spin also, building the bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The changing acceleration of the electrons explains the created negative electric field of the magnetic induction, the Higgs Field, the changing Relativistic Mass and the Gravitational Force, giving a Unified Theory of the physical forces. Taking into account the Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators also, we can explain the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions. Since the superconductivity is basically a quantum mechanical phenomenon and some entangled particles give this opportunity to specific matters, like Cooper Pairs or other entanglements, as strongly correlated materials and Exciton-mediated electron pairing, we can say that the secret of superconductivity is the quantum entanglement.
Category: Quantum Physics

Fiber Communication

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 45 Pages.

Fiber Communication Researchers say a new discovery on a U.S. Army project for optoelectronic devices could help make optical fiber communications more energy efficient. [30] Researchers have developed a light-based technique for measuring very weak magnetic fields, such as those produced when neurons fire in the brain. [29] Researchers from Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden, and Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia, have demonstrated a 4000 kilometre fibre-optical transmission link using ultra low-noise, phase-sensitive optical amplifiers. [28] Researchers at the University of York have shown that a new quantum-based procedure for distributing secure information along communication lines could be successful in preventing serious security breaches. [27] In the new study, Bomantara and Gong have developed a method for harnessing the unique properties of time crystals for quantum computing that is based on braiding. [26] An Aalto University study has provided new evidence that time crystals can physically exist-a claim currently under hot debate. [25] Yale physicists have uncovered hints of a time crystal-a form of matter that "ticks" when exposed to an electromagnetic pulse-in the last place they expected: a crystal you might find in a child's toy. [24] The research shows that concentrated electrolytes in solution affect hydrogen bonding, ion interactions, and coordination geometries in currently unpredictable ways. [23]
Category: Quantum Physics

Ferroelectricity at the Atomic Scale

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 51 Pages.

The team's breakthrough demonstrates ferroelectric effects on a material just 1 nanometer thick, equivalent to the size of just two atomic building blocks. [30] A UNSW study published today in Nature Communications presents an exciting step towards domain-wall nanoelectronics: a novel form of future electronics based on nano-scale conduction paths, and which could allow for extremely dense memory storage. [29] Two research groups from ETH Zurich have developed a method that can simulate nanoelectronics devices and their properties realistically, quickly and efficiently. [28] Dispersible electrodes based on gold-coated magnetic nanoparticles modified with DNA can detect microRNA in unprocessed blood samples at extremely low concentrations and over a broad range-a first for sensors of this kind. [27] Engineers at the University of California San Diego have developed neutrophil "nanosponges" that can safely absorb and neutralize a variety of proteins that play a role in the progression of rheumatoid arthritis. [26] An international team of researchers has determined the function of a new family of proteins associated with cancer and autism. [25] In 2016, when we inaugurated our new IBM Research lab in Johannesburg, we took on this challenge and are reporting our first promising results at Health Day at the KDD Data Science Conference in London this month. [24] The research group took advantage of a system at SLAC's Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL) that combines machine learning-a form of artificial intelligence where computer algorithms glean knowledge from enormous amounts of data-with experiments that quickly make and screen hundreds of sample materials at a time. [23] Researchers at the UCLA Samueli School of Engineering have demonstrated that deep learning, a powerful form of artificial intelligence, can discern and enhance microscopic details in photos taken by smartphones. [22] Such are the big questions behind one of the new projects underway at the MIT-IBM Watson AI Laboratory, a collaboration for research on the frontiers of artificial intelligence. [21]
Category: Condensed Matter

Deliver Therapeutics Inside the Body

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 53 Pages.

A new way to deliver therapeutic proteins inside the body uses an acoustically sensitive carrier to encapsulate the proteins and ultrasound to image and guide the package to the exact location required, according to Penn State researchers. [31] MIT engineers have designed tiny robots that can help drug-delivery nanoparticles push their way out of the bloodstream and into a tumor or another disease site. [30] Researchers have shown that existing optical fibre technology could be used to produce microscopic 3-D images of tissue inside the body, paving the way towards 3-D optical biopsies. [29] Researchers at MIT, working with surgeons and oncologists at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), have now developed a way to improve the accuracy of this surgery, called debulking. [28] Scientists at the University of Bristol have invented a new technology that could lead to the development of a new generation of smart surgical glues and dressings for chronic wounds. [27] Elaborate molecular networks inside living cells enable them to sense and process many signals from the environment to perform desired cellular functions. [26] RNA sequencing is a technique used to analyze entire genomes by looking at the expression of their genes. [25] Researchers from the University of Chicago have developed a high-throughput RNA sequencing strategy to study the activity of the gut microbiome. [24] Today a large international consortium of researchers published a complex but important study looking at how DNA works in animals. [23] Asymmetry plays a major role in biology at every scale: think of DNA spirals, the fact that the human heart is positioned on the left, our preference to use our left or right hand ... [22] Scientists reveal how a 'molecular machine' in bacterial cells prevents fatal DNA twisting, which could be crucial in the development of new antibiotic treatments. [21]
Category: Physics of Biology

Nanoparticle Treatment for Bone Defects

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 73 Pages.

A team of biomaterials scientists and dentists at the UCLA School of Dentistry has developed a nanoparticle that, based on initial experiments in animals, could improve treatment for bone defects. [42] Northeastern chemical engineer Thomas Webster, who specializes in developing nano-scale medicine and technology to treat diseases, is part of a contingency of scientists that are contributing ideas and technology to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to fight the COVID-19 outbreak. [41] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, common human coronaviruses usually cause mild to moderate upper-respiratory tract illnesses, like the common cold. [40] When diseases reinforce each other, they rapidly accelerate through the population, then fizzle out as they run out of new hosts. [39] It's no coincidence that some of the worst viral disease outbreaks in recent years-SARS, MERS, Ebola, Marburg and likely the newly arrived 2019-nCoV virus-originated in bats. [38] An interdisciplinary team of researchers at Colorado State University has used computational chemistry, biochemistry and virology to uncover new information on how viruses such as West Nile, dengue and Zika replicate. [37] David Baker, Professor of Biochemistry and Director of the Institute for Protein Design at the University of Washington will speak about how algorithmic processes such as de novo design predict protein structures, protein folding mechanisms, and new protein functions. [36] A research team at Kobe University has developed a method of artificially controlling the anchorage position of target proteins in engineered baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). [35] Scientists have found a new way to home in on the proteins covering a particular cell's surface. The feat offers insight into how brain cells form intricate networks during development. [34]
Category: Physics of Biology

Exotic Nuclei Research

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 36 Pages.

With the advent of particle accelerator facilities, short-lived nuclei-so-called rare isotopes-that have, for example, many more neutrons than protons, can be produced and subjected to experimentation. [27] Using a different method from that employed by Barnett, two researchers at NYU observed an alternative version of this effect called the nuclear Barnett effect, which results from the magnetization of protons rather than electrons. [26] Recently, scientists suggested switching from electron to nuclear transitions that may considerably increase the precision of clocks due to higher frequency. [25] Now, physicists are working toward getting their first CT scans of the inner workings of the nucleus. [24] The process of the sticking together of quarks, called hadronisation, is still poorly understood. [23] In experimental campaigns using the OMEGA EP laser at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE) at the University of Rochester, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), University of California San Diego (UCSD) and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) researchers took radiographs of the shock front, similar to the X-ray radiology in hospitals with protons instead of X-rays. [22] Researchers generate proton beams using a combination of nanoparticles and laser light. [21] Devices based on light, rather than electrons, could revolutionize the speed and security of our future computers. However, one of the major challenges in today's physics is the design of photonic devices, able to transport and switch light through circuits in a stable way. [20] Researchers characterize the rotational jiggling of an optically levitated nanoparticle, showing how this motion could be cooled to its quantum ground state. [19] Researchers have created quantum states of light whose noise level has been "squeezed" to a record low. [18] An elliptical light beam in a nonlinear optical medium pumped by "twisted light" can rotate like an electron around a magnetic field. [17] Physicists from Trinity College Dublin's School of Physics and the CRANN Institute, Trinity College, have discovered a new form of light, which will impact our understanding of the fundamental nature of light. [16]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Elements of Electrical Safety for Physics Students

Authors: Emanuel Gluskin
Comments: 6 Pages. The material is very important

Starting from J.D. Jackson's definition [1] of the topic of grounding, we present some knowledge of electrical safety, essential for every physics student
Category: Classical Physics

Quantum Computer of the Future

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 46 Pages.

Scientists from Japan and Sydney have collaborated and proposed a novel two-dimensional design that can be constructed using existing integrated circuit technology. [27] Researchers from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology teamed up with colleagues from the U.S. and Switzerland and returned the state of a quantum computer a fraction of a second into the past. [26] Researchers at the University of Florence and Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, in Italy, have recently proved that the invasiveness of quantum measurements might not always be detrimental. [25]
Category: Quantum Physics

Spacetimes as Attractors

Authors: Fabrizio Vassallo
Comments: 2 Pages.

We propose that from an atomistic structure of spacetime could follow a variability of spacetime dimensions. This is hypothesized in analogy to period doubling as a route to chaos in collective systems of interacting components.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

How Truly Random is the Brownian Motion Applied Especially in Quantitative Finance? the Hidden Connection with Riemann Zetafunction & Riemann Hypothesis! is Randomness Truly Random or the Existence of Duality ?

Authors: Pankaj Mani
Comments: 10 Pages.

Random Numbers and random processes used to model the dynamics of financial assets which typically involve Brownian motion,Wiener process. In this article I’ll explore how random Brownian motion truly is and is it really compatible and capable to model randomness in financial variables ? The logic behind all these goes to the existence of Prime Numbers and their dynamics in pure mathematics from where they originate. This could possibly make the way forward to the powerful revision of Brownian motion application as the process of randomness especially in quantitative finance.
Category: Number Theory

Observer Repeatability and Interscan Reproducibility of 18F-Sodium Fluoride Coronary Microcalcification Activity

Authors: Piotr Slonka
Comments: 27 Pages.

Background (words 199/200) We aimed to establish the observer repeatability and interscan reproducibility of coronary 18F-sodium fluoride (18F-NaF) positron emission tomography (PET) uptake using a novel semi-automated approach, coronary microcalcification activity (CMA). Methods Patients with multivessel coronary artery disease underwent repeated hybrid PET and computed tomography angiography (CTA) imaging (PET/CTA). CMA was defined as the integrated standardized uptake values (SUV) in the entire coronary tree exceeding 2 standard deviations above the background SUV. Coefficients of repeatability between the same observer (intraobserver repeatability), between 2 observers (interobserver repeatability) and coefficient of reproducibility between 2 scans (interscan reproducibility), were determined at both vessel and patient level. Results In 19 patients, CMA was assessed twice in 43 coronary vessels on two PET/CT scans performed 12±5 days apart. There was excellent intraclass correlation on a per-vessel and per-patient level for intraobserver and interobserver repeatability as well as interscan reproducibility (≥0.991 for all). There was 100% intraobserver, interobserver and interscan agreement for the presence (CMA>0) or absence (CMA=0) of coronary18F-NaF uptake. Mean CMA was 3.12±0.62 with coefficients of repeatability of ≤10% for all measures: intraobserver 0.24 and 0.22, interobserver 0.30 and 0.29 and interscan 0.33 and 0.32 at a per-vessel and per-patient level respectively. Conclusions CMA is a repeatable and reproducible global measure of coronary atherosclerotic activity.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Respiration-Averaged CT Versus Standard CT Attenuation Maps for Correction of 18F-Naf Uptake on Hybrid Pet/ct

Authors: Piotr Slomka
Comments: 22 Pages.

Purpose To evaluate the impact of a respiratory averaged computed tomography attenuation correction (RACTAC) instead of a standard single-phase computed tomography (CT) attenuation correction (CTAC) map on the quantitative measures of coronary 18F-NaF uptake in PET/CT. Methods This study comprised 23 patients who underwent 18F-NaF coronary PET in a hybrid PET/CT system, employing 18F-NaF (250MBq). All patients had two CT scans, a standard single-phase CTAC obtained during free-breathing, and a 4D cine-CT scan. From the Cine-CT acquisition, RACTAC maps were obtained by averaging all images acquired over 5 seconds. Two PET reconstruction protocols, one employing CTAC and another employing RACTAC for attenuation correction were considered in this study. Following reconstruction, the quantitative impact of employing RACTAC was assessed using maximum target-to-background (TBRMAX) and coronary microcalcification activity (CMA). Statistical differences were analyzed using reproducibility coefficients and Bland-Altman plots. Results In 23 patients, we evaluated 34 coronary lesions using PET reconstructions utilizing CTAC and RACTAC. There was good agreement between CTAC and RACTAC PET reconstructions for TBRMAX (median [Interquartile range, IQR]: CTAC = 1.65[1.23-2.38], RACTAC = 1.63[1.23-2.33], p=0.55), with coefficient of reproducibility of 0.18. The CMA agreement was similar (median [IQR]: CTAC = 0.10 [0-1.0], RACTAC= 0.15[0-1.03], p=0.55 with coefficient of reproducibility of 0.17 Conclusion Employing RACTAC maps does not affect the quantification of the coronary 18F-NaF uptake on PET/CT.
Category: Quantitative Biology

El Altruismo Recíproco Imposible de Stirner. el Problema de la Inasunción Biológica en Las Humanidades, III

Authors: Atafrascas Orbinio de la Estigia
Comments: 12 Pages. Spanish language

Intellectual blindness for those who believe they have the fleece of legitimacy, is the fundamental reason for advising a rigorous, scientifically based epistemology of human relations, including, or exceedingly, those contained in political theories, whose object is mere superstition, as is known. Stirner's infrequent political position, individualistic or selfish anarchism, despite some of his accurate analyzes, does not avoid the same criticism; in essence, his plot adventures are empty statements, linguistic games, lack of clarity, the same idealistic dogmatism that constantly attacks, poetizes everywhere, and, even basing his cause on nothing, he forgets that he is a living being. Is that nothing?
Category: Social Science

On the Remarkable Similarity Between Data Storage, Blockchains, Dna, Holograms, And, Perhaps, Universes...

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 3 Pages.

A short essay noting the remarkable pattern or trend in our Universe to optimally store information be it in computer memory, DNA, blockchains, holograms and perhaps in the subatomic fabric of spacetime of our Universe itself.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Spinning Stars and Life in Stellar Metamorphosis

Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 2 Pages.

It is hypothesized that all stars need to spin with significant axial angular momentum to create life (begin the process of evolution from simple compounds and native elements. A star that does not have significant axial angular momentum cannot create it. A few reasons are provided. It is a given that the mystery to why planets spin is solved. It is because they are older stars that have cooled and lost their mass (morphed) from earlier stages. Now what needs to be explained is why stars spin when they are born. The youngest stars probably spin with the most axial angular momentum, but that is for a later discussion.
Category: Astrophysics

The Sun Creation Reason And Effect (II)

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 29 Pages.

Paper Argument The Sun Is A Result Of The Solar Planets Motions- i.e. The Planets Were Moving Before The Sun Creation - -The Paper compares between the solar system before & after The Sun Creation. -The Paper asks "How did the planets move before The Sun Creation?" -A Conclusion– The Sun is The Planets Motions Result and NOT The Reason. Before The Sun Creation The Solar Planets Order Was As Following -Mercury (Where Pluto was The Mercury Moon) – then Mars –then Venus – Then Earth- The Uranus – Then Neptune – Then Jupiter – After The Sun Creation -The Planet Saturn Is Created -Mars had migrated from its original orbital distance (84 mkm) to (227.9 mkm) -Pluto had migrated from its original point (The Mercury Moon) to (5906 mkm) – and Pluto collided with Neptune and from this collision debris Pluto had created its moons and The Kuiper Belt is Created Mars Migration Theory Revision: -Mars original orbital distance was 84 mkm. and Mars had migrated to 227.9 mkm -Through Mars Motion from 84 mkm to 227.9 mkm, Mars had collided with Venus and then Mars had collided with Earth also. -From the Collisions debris The Earth Moon was created –and Mars had found its moons. And the rest debris had attracted by Jupiter and created The Asteroid Belt The Giant-Impact Hypothesis is in consistency with Mars migration theory But -Instead of the (Supposed Planet) Theia, Mars itself made the collisions. Mars migration Theory solves The Giant-Impact Hypothesis difficulties: I.Why Venus has No Moon? – Because Mars had migrated and moved from 84 mkm to 227.9 mkm and pushed all debris in its motion direction – far from Venus – So Venus had found no debris around to create its own Moon - But Earth has a greater Mass and the debris lost their motion high momentum at Earth Position– so Earth could attract some debris and create its moon II.The Lunar Magma Ocean (LMO) Origin– is Venus – because the moon is created by 3 planets debris (Venus – Earth – Mars) – So their rocks are found in it III.Why The Iron Oxide (Feo) of the Moon= (13%)? Because The rate (13%) is a middle between Mars rate (18%) and the terrestrial mantle (8%). IV.Why Mars diameter (and Mass) are decreased through the history? Because of the collisions – Mars diameter lost around ( 4.1 %) (And Mars mass also which causes difficulties for Mars gravitation equation) V.Mars migration is done Because of The Sun Creation Process VI.Is there a possibility that Mars will return to its original point (84 mkm)? Yes VII.Why? Because the Planet orbital distance is defined relative to its diameter (and Mass) Mars now is in the wrong Position- but forced to it because of the sun effect Conclusion The Giant-impact hypothesis supports Mars migration Theory Pluto Migration Proves (a summary) -Jupiter (the last plant in ancient order) moved nearer to the sun and so – Neptune occupied Jupiter Position with orbital distance 5906 mkm -Pluto had collided with Neptune and pushed it and occupied its position -From The Pluto Neptune Collision Debris –Pluto had created its moons and the Kuiper belt. Paper Objectives: The paper tries to prove that – 7 Planets and Pluto (which was The Mercury Moon) were found before The Sun Creation and they were moving spite the sun wasn't created yet Means - The Solar Planets Motions Don't Depend On The Sun Masses Gravity - i.e. The Sun Is A Result Of The Planets Motions And Not Its Their Reason. Paper Contents: 1-Introduction 2-Methodology 3-The Solar System Situation Before The Sun Creation 4-The Sun Creation Basic Concepts 5-The Sun Creation Geometrical Mechanism Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

On the Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Daniel Thomas Hayes
Comments: 2 Pages.

A proposed proof of the Riemann hypothesis.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Organic Memory Devices

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 62 Pages.

"Now we are making individual devices in the laboratory. We need to make circuits for large-scale functional implementation of these devices." [40] Organic electronics have the potential to revolutionize technology with their high cost-efficiency and versatility compared with more commonly used inorganic electronics. [39] By using an infrared laser beam to induce a phenomenon known as an electron avalanche breakdown near the material, the new technique is able to detect shielded material from a distance. [38] The light scattered by plasmonic nanoparticles is useful, but some of it gets lost at the surface and scientists are now starting to figure out why. [37] In a new review, researchers have described the fundamental physics that causes magnetoelectricity from a theoretical viewpoint. [36] Physicists at EPFL propose a new "quantum simulator": a laser-based device that can be used to study a wide range of quantum systems. [35] The DESY accelerator facility in Hamburg, Germany, goes on for miles to host a particle making kilometer-long laps at almost the speed of light. Now researchers have shrunk such a facility to the size of a computer chip. [34] University of Michigan physicists have led the development of a device the size of a match head that can bend light inside a crystal to generate synchrotron radiation in a lab. [33] A new advance by researchers at MIT could make it possible to produce tiny spectrometers that are just as accurate and powerful but could be mass produced using standard chip-making processes. [32] Scientists from the Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have demonstrated a surprisingly simple way of flipping a material from one state into another, and then back again, with single flashes of laser light. [31] Materials scientists at Duke University computationally predicted the electrical and optical properties of semiconductors made from extended organic molecules sandwiched by inorganic structures. [30]
Category: Digital Signal Processing

An Equivalent Contour Integral to Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Shekhar suman
Comments: 4 Pages.

Integration
Category: Number Theory

Ultrasound-Assisted Blood Preserve

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 38 Pages.

Researchers at the University of Louisville have demonstrated a new way to use ultrasound to create pores in blood cells, which allows the molecule trehalose to enter the cells and prevent their degradation when dried for preservation. [25] A team of researchers at the University of California's Department of Neurological Surgery and the Center for Integrative Neuroscience in San Francisco has taken another step toward the development of a device able to read a person's mind. [24]
Category: Physics of Biology

Flexible Electronics

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 50 Pages.

The result of the team's experiments was a force balance model that allows researchers to better understand the behaviour of such systems as the thickness ratio between the film layer and the substrate is adjusted, and quantify the amount and nature of wrinkling and buckling in materials that could form the basis of the next generation of electronics. [33] Wearable devices that harvest energy from movement are not a new idea, but a material created at Rice University may make them more practical. [32] Researchers at Cardiff University have shown tiny light-emitting nanolasers less than a tenth of the size of the width of a human hair can be integrated into silicon chip design. [31] Large-scale plasmonic metasurfaces could find use in flat panel displays and other devices that can change colour thanks to recent work by researchers at the University of Cambridge in the UK. [30] Particles in solution can grow, transport, collide, interact, and aggregate into complex shapes and structures. [29] Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) researchers are working to make better electronic devices by delving into the way nanocrystals are arranged inside of them. [28] Self-assembly and crystallisation of nanoparticles (NPs) is generally a complex process, based on the evaporation or precipitation of NP-building blocks. [27] New nanoparticle-based films that are more than 80 times thinner than a human hair may help to fill this need by providing materials that can holographically archive more than 1000 times more data than a DVD in a 10-by-10-centimeter piece of film. [26] Researches of scientists from South Ural State University are implemented within this area. [25] Following three years of extensive research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HU) physicist Dr. Uriel Levy and his team have created technology that will enable computers and all optic communication devices to run 100 times faster through terahertz microchips. [24]
Category: Condensed Matter

Fundamental Understanding of Matter

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 46 Pages.

("Mitch") Allmond conducts experiments and uses theoretical models to advance our understanding of the structure of atomic nuclei, which are made of various combinations of protons and neutrons (nucleons). [27] Identifying elementary constituents of matter including quarks, bosons and electrons, and the manner by which these particles interact with each other, constitutes one of the greatest challenges in modern physical sciences. [26] Researchers at the University of Florence and Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, in Italy, have recently proved that the invasiveness of quantum measurements might not always be detrimental. [25] Now, researchers in the UK and Israel have created miniscule engines within a block of synthetic diamond, and have shown that electronic superposition can boost their power beyond that of classical devices. [24] In the latest wrinkle to be discovered in cubic boron arsenide, the unusual material contradicts the traditional rules that govern heat conduction, according to a new report by Boston College researchers in today's edition of the journal Nature Communications. [23] Beyond the beauty of this phenomenon, which connects heating processes to topology through an elegant quantization law, the results reported in this work designate heating measurements as a powerful and universal probe for exotic states of matter. [22]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

POP Atomic Clock Design Stability

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 42 Pages.

Chinese researchers have developed a pulsed optically pumped (POP) atomic clock with a frequency stability of 4.7 x 10-15 at 10 4 seconds based on a new design. [31] JILA physicists have demonstrated a novel atomic clock design that combines near-continuous operation with strong signals and high stability, features not previously found together in a single type of next-generation atomic clock. [30] Now, a research team led by physicist Peter Thirolf at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet (LMU) in Munich with institutional collaborators has taken an important step toward such a clock. [29] Physicists at the TU Darmstadt and their collaboration partners have performed laser spectroscopy on cadmium isotopes to confirm an improved model of the atomic nucleus. [28] Protons in neutron-rich nuclei have a higher average energy than previously thought, according to a new analysis of electron scattering data that was first collected in 2004. [27] Physics textbooks might have to be updated now that an international research team has found evidence of an unexpected transition in the structure of atomic nuclei. [26] The group led by Fabrizio Carbone at EPFL and international colleagues have used ultrafast transmission electron microscopy to take attosecond energy-momentum resolved snapshots (1 attosecond = 10-18 or quintillionths of a second) of a free-electron wave function. [25] Now, physicists are working toward getting their first CT scans of the inner workings of the nucleus. [24] The process of the sticking together of quarks, called hadronisation, is still poorly understood. [23] In experimental campaigns using the OMEGA EP laser at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE) at the University of Rochester, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), University of California San Diego (UCSD) and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) researchers took radiographs of the shock front, similar to the X-ray radiology in hospitals with protons instead of X-rays. [22] Researchers generate proton beams using a combination of nanoparticles and laser light. [21]
Category: Quantum Physics

Cool Down Quantum Nanotechnology

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 32 Pages.

The finding will primarily interest other physicists studying this state of matter. "But revealing information about magnons and their behavior in a form of macroscopic quantum state at room temperature could have bearing on the quest to develop computers using magnons as data carriers," Hillebrands said. [20] Researchers in Madrid, Spain, have now observed the quantization of electron energy levels in copper similar to the effects of confinement within a nanostructure, but in a copper sample with no nanoscale dimensions in the plane of the observed effects. [19] This method, called atomic spin squeezing, works by redistributing the uncertainty unevenly between two components of spin in these measurements systems, which operate at the quantum scale. [18] Researchers from the University of Cambridge have taken a peek into the secretive domain of quantum mechanics. [17] Scientists at the University of Geneva (UNIGE), Switzerland, recently reengineered their data processing, demonstrating that 16 million atoms were entangled in a one-centimetre crystal. [15] The fact that it is possible to retrieve this lost information reveals new insight into the fundamental nature of quantum measurements, mainly by supporting the idea that quantum measurements contain both quantum and classical components. [14] Researchers blur the line between classical and quantum physics by connecting chaos and entanglement. [13] Yale University scientists have reached a milestone in their efforts to extend the durability and dependability of quantum information. [12] Using lasers to make data storage faster than ever. [11] Some three-dimensional materials can exhibit exotic properties that only exist in "lower" dimensions. For example, in one-dimensional chains of atoms that emerge within a bulk sample, electrons can separate into three distinct entities, each carrying information about just one aspect of the electron's identity-spin, charge, or orbit. The spinon, the entity that carries information about electron spin, has been known to control magnetism in certain insulating materials whose electron spins can point in any direction and easily flip direction. Now, a new study just published in Science reveals that spinons are also present in a metallic material in which the orbital movement of electrons around the atomic nucleus is the driving force behind the material's strong magnetism. [10] Currently studying entanglement in condensed matter systems is of great interest. This interest stems from the fact that some behaviors of such systems can only be explained with the aid of entanglement. [9] Researchers from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) and the University of Cambridge in the UK have demonstrated that it is possible to directly generate an electric current in a magnetic material by rotating its magnetization. [8] This paper explains the magnetic effect of the electric current from the observed effects of the accelerating electrons, causing naturally the experienced changes of the electric field potential along the electric wire. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the wave particle duality and the electron's spin also, building the bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The changing acceleration of the electrons explains the created negative electric field of the magnetic induction, the changing relativistic mass and the Gravitational Force, giving a Unified Theory of the physical forces. Taking into account the Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators also, we can explain the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions.
Category: Quantum Physics

Diamonds in Energy Storage

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 66 Pages.

Dr. Haifei Zhan, from the QUT Centre for Materials Science, and his colleagues successfully modelled the mechanical energy storage and release capabilities of a diamond nanothread (DNT) bundle—a collection of ultrathin one-dimensional carbon threads that store energy when twisted or stretched. [40] Researchers at the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) have fabricated a novel glass and synthetic diamond foundation that can be used to create miniscule micro- and nanostructures. [39]
Category: Condensed Matter

Cool Down Electronic Devices

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 48 Pages.

The reduced working temperature ensures safe operation of the battery, and the electricity harvested is sufficient for monitoring the battery or controlling the cooling system. [31] Scientists have visualised the electronic structure in a microelectronic device for the first time, opening up opportunities for finely-tuned high performance electronic devices. [30] Scientists at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory have devised a new process for using nano-particles to build powerful lasers that are more efficient and safer for your eyes. [29] Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) researchers are working to make better electronic devices by delving into the way nanocrystals are arranged inside of them. [28] Self-assembly and crystallisation of nanoparticles (NPs) is generally a complex process, based on the evaporation or precipitation of NP-building blocks. [27] New nanoparticle-based films that are more than 80 times thinner than a human hair may help to fill this need by providing materials that can holographically archive more than 1000 times more data than a DVD in a 10-by-10-centimeter piece of film. [26] Researches of scientists from South Ural State University are implemented within this area. [25] Following three years of extensive research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HU) physicist Dr. Uriel Levy and his team have created technology that will enable computers and all optic communication devices to run 100 times faster through terahertz microchips. [24] When the energy efficiency of electronics poses a challenge, magnetic materials may have a solution. [23]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Log-Trigonometric Integrals and Elliptic Functions

Authors: Martin Nicholson
Comments: 10 Pages.

A class of log-trigonometric integrals are evaluated in terms of elliptic functions.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Quantisierung Nicht-Perturbativer Lösungen Nichtlinearer Klein-Gordon-Gleichungen in 1+1 Dimensionen

Authors: Julius Hristov
Comments: 71 Pages.

In the paper we analyze the behavior and properties of solutions to nonlinear Klein-Grordon-Equations. The Phi^4- and Sin-Gordon-System are quantized in terms of annihilation and creation operators and the one-loop semiclassical mass-shift is calculated with help of the DHN-Formula. The paper provides a complete quantizations of kinks and solitons associated with the analyzed systems.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Thoughts

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 43 Pages. In Italian. Updated. Added some thoughts on the evolution of Covid 19 in Italy.

Thoughts thrown down between 16 and 20 April 2020, Coronavirus times. What should the DEU (Disunited European Union) and Donald Trump do instead of his "America first"? And what must humanity that lives on this Pale Blue Dot do? A humanity that lives isolated in this blue point of space can solve all its problems simply if it verifies that it pursues a single purpose: the good of the individual. To be precise, it would seem that this should only be done: carefully check that each of our actions is aimed at achieving the goal. And at the same time prohibit any type of target or obstacle contrary to the target or not in line with it. This hyper-simplified short pamphlet aims to show in an almost analytical way that this is possible.
Category: Social Science

On Some Ramanujan Equations: Mathematical Connections with Various Topics Concerning Number Theory, ϕ, ζ(2) and Several Parameters of Particle Physics. IV

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 81 Pages.

In this paper we have described and analyzed some Ramanujan equations. We have obtained several mathematical connections between some topics concerning Number Theory, ϕ, ζ(2) and various parameters of Particle Physics.
Category: Number Theory

Rankings of Countries Based on Rankings of Universities

Authors: Bahram Kalhor, Farzaneh Mehrparvar
Comments: 13 Pages.

Although many methods have been designed for ranking universities, there is no suitable system that focuses on the ranking of countries based on the performance of their universities. The overall ranking of the universities in a region can indicate the growth of interests in science among the people of that land. This paper introduces a novel ranking mechanism based on the rankings of universities. Firstly, we introduce and discuss two new rankings of countries, based on the rank of their universities. Secondly, we create rankings of countries according to the selected method, based on the top 12000 universities in webometrics.info (January 2012) and compare rankings of countries in 4 editions (January 2012 to July 2013). Firstly, we introduce two new methods of ranking countries based on their university rankings, Weighted Ranking (WR) and Average Ranking (AR). Secondly, we discuss how the introduced ranking systems, perform in ranking countries based on the two years of data. Thirdly, we choose QS (http://www.topuniversities.com) and webometrics.info as two different classification systems for comparing rankings of countries, based on the top 500 universities in these rankings. Results indicate that the methodology can be used to show the quality of the whole universities of each country used to compare rankings of countries in practice compare to other countries in the world.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

A Hypothesis on a Falsely Perceived Superiority of Men Versus Women Throughout Human History

Authors: Andrei Lucian Dragoi
Comments: FalseSupOfMen - version 1.0 - 22.04.2020 - 1 A4 page

This paper proposes a hypothesis on a falsely perceived superiority of men versus women along with the history of humanity: in short, men were falsely perceived as “superior to women” along with the human history NOT ONLY BECAUSE of their generally stronger bodies (and false-hypothetically superior intelligence and/or creativity), but ALSO POSSIBLY BECAUSE the semen (/seminal fluid) of men (and all known males from various animal species) is visible to the human eye and that may have created the FALSE impression that ONLY men possess “creative seed” and women are just “soil”-like passive containers which only assure the favorable conditions for that creative seed to generate a fetus/child; this hypothesis may also explain why various Gods (from various religions) who possess the power of creation are represented as males, not females. This paper continues the work of other past articles/preprints of the same author in philosophy.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Why Couldn't Titius Bode Law Predict Neptune’s Orbital Distance?

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 16 Pages.

Paper Question Why couldn't Titius Bode Law predict Neptune’s orbital distance? -Because – Mars and Pluto had migrated from their original orbital distances –Mars had Migrated from (84 mkm) to (227.9 mkm) and Pluto was The Mercury moon (58mkm) and had migrated to (5906 mkm) which was Neptune Position- Pluto had collided with Neptune and occupied its position –that's why Titius Bode Law predicts correctly Pluto orbital distance – because it's Neptune one and Pluto occupied it. -From Pluto Neptune Collisions Debris The Kuiper belt is Created Let's remember Mars Migration Theory in following… Mars Migration Theory Revision: -Mars original orbital distance was 84 mkm. and Mars had migrated from it to its current orbital distance 227.9 mkm -Through Mars Motion from 84 mkm to 227.9 mkm, Mars had collided with Venus and then Mars had collided with Earth also. -From the Collisions debris The Earth Moon was created –and Mars had found its moons. And the rest debris had attracted by Jupiter and created The Asteroid Belt The Giant-Impact Hypothesis is in consistency with Mars migration theory But -Instead of the (Supposed Planet) Theia, Mars itself made the collisions- and caused the Earth –Moon Creation – through Mars Motion from (84 mkm) to (227.9 mkm) Mars migration Theory solves The Giant-Impact Hypothesis difficulties: I.Why Venus Has No Moon? – Because Mars had migrated and moved from 84 mkm to 227.9 mkm and pushed all debris in its motion direction – far from Venus – So Venus had found no debris around to create its own Moon - But Earth has a greater Mass and the debris lost their motion high momentum at Earth Position– so Earth could attract some debris and create its moon II.The Lunar Magma Ocean (LMO) Origin– is Venus – because the moon is created by 3 planets debris (Venus – Earth – Mars) – So their rocks are found in it III.Why The Iron Oxide (Feo) of the Moon= (13%)? Because The rate (13%) is a middle between Mars rate (18%) and the terrestrial mantle (8%). IV.Why Mars diameter (and Mass) are decreased through the history? Because of the collisions – Mars diameter lost around ( 4.1 %) (And Mars mass also which causes difficulties for Mars gravitation equation) V.Mars migration is done Because of The Sun Creation Process VI.Is there a possibility that Mars will return to its original point (84 mkm)? Yes VII.Why? Because the Planet orbital distance is defined relative to its diameter (and Mass) Mars now is in the wrong Position- but forced to it because of the sun effect Conclusion (1)The Giant-impact hypothesis supports Mars migration Theory Paper Objectives: The paper tries to prove that – Pluto Now Occupies Neptune Position in the sky – where Pluto was The Mercury Moon and had to migrate because of the Sun Creation Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

Units and Reality

Authors: Helmut Söllinger
Comments: 21 Pages.

By this paper the author shows, that the transformation of the fundamental physical constants c, G, h, e und kc into systems of units, which differ fundamentally from the International System of Units (SI), is a powerful tool to free the numeric values of the constants from their arbitrariness, caused by the historical choice of units. The arbitrariness of units means not at all the careful definition, harmonisation and calibration of units by the international metrological community but the arbitrary scaling of the size of units in the physical sense. By transferring the fundamental physical constants into systems of units, with extraordinary scales (e.g. Planck scale) or natural scales like the Proton´s dimensions or the value of the Hubble constant one can show the true character of the fundamental physical constants. Such transformations uncover correlations - being searched for a long time – between the important dimensionless constants, such as α = 1/137,036 or mp/me = 1836,15 on the one hand and the constants with dimensions on the other hand. All in all the paper describes a lot of (numeric) correlations, which could help to find new physical understanding. Apart from that promising fact, the interconnections between the various systems of units and the underlying principles are very revealing, because one should know the effects of changing the physical scales.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Structure Model of Calcium Nucleus

Authors: Michael Tzoumpas
Comments: 7 Pages.

After the oxygen nucleus O-16, which is the first upper-order nucleus, the calcium nucleus Ca is the second upper-order one. Its structure is based on the successive conversions of fluorine F, magnesium Mg and silicon Si-28 into calcium nucleus Ca. From this second upper-order nucleus the third one is constructed (tin nucleus Sn) and from the third the fourth one (orion nucleus Or-307), according to the mirror symmetry. The atomic numbers Z of the above four upper-order nuclei are the so-called four "magic numbers", i.e. Z1=8, Z2=8x2.5=20, Z3=20x2.5=50 and Z4=50x2.5=125. It is noted that, this orion nucleus Or-307 with a differential atomic number Z=125 (unified theory of dynamic space) is the corresponding "hypothetical unbihexium Ubh", whose atomic number is Z=126 (Nuclear Physics). However, the number 125 looks symmetrical and not magical at all, due to the 2.5 factor (Fig. 5).
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Universal Self-Assembly

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 33 Pages.

Now, a team of scientists in Turkey has demonstrated the fundamental principles of a universal self-assembly process acting on a range of materials—starting from a few atoms-large quantum dots up to nearly 100 trillion atoms-large human cells. [21] Researchers at Houston Methodist and Rice University have made a discovery that will impact the design of not only drug delivery systems, but also the development of newer applications in water filtration and energy production. [20]
Category: Physics of Biology

Exploration of Ultimate Dark Web Anonymization, Privacy, and Security

Authors: Revanth S, Praveen Kumar Pandey
Comments: 8 Pages

The ultimate Dark web will review the emerging research conducted to study and identify the ins and outs of the dark web. The world is facing a lot of issues day-by-day especially on the internet. Now I have a question here, do you think is working with the internet attains knowledge or it pretends to be a part of the business. Keep the business part aside, we all know that internet is a great tool for communication. Is internet is definitely giving privacy, safety and security. Does anyone have a brief idea about the dark web for all these queries we don’t have any accurate solution. Through this survey, I outlined some of the major concepts and their dependencies the primary usage of the dark web and some of the survey experiences are further documented in this paper.
Category: Education and Didactics

Optically-Controlled Quantum Computation

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 57 Pages.

Scientists at Ames Laboratory, Brookhaven National Laboratory, and the University of Alabama Birmingham have discovered a light-induced switching mechanism in a Dirac semimetal [37] Researchers from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill have reached a new milestone on the way to optical computing, or the use of light instead of electricity for computing. [36] The key technical novelty of this work is the creation of semantic embeddings out of structured event data. [35] The researchers have focussed on a complex quantum property known as entanglement, which is a vital ingredient in the quest to protect sensitive data. [34] Cryptography is a science of data encryption providing its confidentiality and integrity. [33] Researchers at the University of Sheffield have solved a key puzzle in quantum physics that could help to make data transfer totally secure. [32] "The realization of such all-optical single-photon devices will be a large step towards deterministic multi-mode entanglement generation as well as high-fidelity photonic quantum gates that are crucial for all-optical quantum information processing," says Tanji-Suzuki. [31] Researchers at ETH have now used attosecond laser pulses to measure the time evolution of this effect in molecules. [30] A new benchmark quantum chemical calculation of C2, Si2, and their hydrides reveals a qualitative difference in the topologies of core electron orbitals of organic molecules and their silicon analogues. [29] A University of Central Florida team has designed a nanostructured optical sensor that for the first time can efficiently detect molecular chirality-a property of molecular spatial twist that defines its biochemical properties. [28]
Category: Quantum Physics

A Causally Connected Superluminal Natario Warp Drive Spacetime ???

Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 23 Pages.

Warp Drives are solutions of the Einstein Field Equations that allows superluminal travel within the framework of General Relativity. There are at the present moment two known solutions: The Alcubierre warp drive discovered in $1994$ and the Natario warp drive discovered in $2001$. However one the major drawbacks concerning warp drives is the problem of the Horizons(causally disconnected portions of spacetime) in which an observer in the center of the bubble cannot signal nor control the front part of the bubble.The geometrical features of the Natario warp drive are the required ones to overcome this obstacle at least in theory. The behavior of a photon sent to the front of the warp bubble in the case of a Natario warp drive with variable velocity is the main purpose of this work.We present the behavior of a photon sent to the front of the bubble in the Natario warp drive in the $1+1$ spacetime with both constant and variable velocities using quadratic forms and the null-like geodesics $ds^2=0$ of General Relativity and we provide here the step by step mathematical calculations in order to outline the final results found in our work which are the following ones: For the case of fixed velocities the Horizon exits in agreement with the current scientific literature but for the case of variable velocities the Horizon do not exists at all.Due to the extra terms in the Natario vector that affects the whole spacetime geometry this solution with variable velocities have different results when compared to the fixed velocity solution.Remember that we are presenting our results using step by step mathematics in order to better illustrate our point of view.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Quantum Entanglement for GPS

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 63 Pages.

The work involves transferring information from electrons to photons, then using quantum entanglement to increase the photons' sensing capabilities. [38] A team led by Austrian experimental physicist Rainer Blatt has succeeded in characterizing the quantum entanglement of two spatially separated atoms by observing their light emission. [37] Researchers have demonstrated the first quantum light-emitting diode (LED) that emits single photons and entangled photon pairs with a wavelength of around 1550 nm, which lies within the standard telecommunications window. [36] JILA scientists have invented a new imaging technique that produces rapid, precise measurements of quantum behavior in an atomic clock in the form of near-instant visual art. [35] The unique platform, which is referred as a 4-D microscope, combines the sensitivity and high time-resolution of phase imaging with the specificity and high spatial resolution of fluorescence microscopy. [34] The experiment relied on a soliton frequency comb generated in a chip-based optical microresonator made from silicon nitride. [33] This scientific achievement toward more precise control and monitoring of light is highly interesting for miniaturizing optical devices for sensing and signal processing. [32] It may seem like such optical behavior would require bending the rules of physics, but in fact, scientists at MIT, Harvard University, and elsewhere have now demonstrated that photons can indeed be made to interact-an accomplishment that could open a path toward using photons in quantum computing, if not in light sabers. [31] Optical highways for light are at the heart of modern communications. But when it comes to guiding individual blips of light called photons, reliable transit is far less common. [30] Theoretical physicists propose to use negative interference to control heat flow in quantum devices. [29] Particle physicists are studying ways to harness the power of the quantum realm to further their research. [28]
Category: Quantum Physics

Signatures of Heavy Elements

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 85 Pages.

At the Department of Energy's Argonne National Laboratory, in a side room off the ATLAS nuclear particle accelerator, Jason Clark sits on an upper platform to do his work. [46] A research team in Japan has reached a key understanding of this process that may aid the future development and use of fusion plasma. [45] A class exercise at MIT, aided by industry researchers, has led to an innovative solution to one of the longstanding challenges facing the development of practical fusion power plants: how to get rid of excess heat that would cause structural damage to the plant. [44]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

3-D Images of Live Cells

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 72 Pages.

The insides of living cells can be seen in their natural state in greater detail than ever before using a new technique developed by researchers in Japan. [47] Scientists have been using fluorescence microscopy to study the inner workings of biological cells and organisms for decades. [46] Selecting the most effective molecules for drug delivery is often a trial-and-error process, but Cornell engineers are providing some precision thanks to a technique that reveals the performance of those molecules inside living cells. [45] Now, researchers at MIT and elsewhere have developed a system to deliver medical treatments that can be released at precise times, minimally-invasively, and that ultimately could also deliver those drugs to specifically targeted areas such as a specific group of neurons in the brain. [44] Gene editing technology is a technology that eliminates the underlying causes of and treats diseases by removing specific genesor editing genes to restore their normal function. In particular, CRISPR gene editing technology is now commonly used for immunotherapy by correcting the genes of immune cells to induce them to attack cancer cells selectively. [43]
Category: Physics of Biology

On Some Ramanujan Equations: Mathematical Connections with Various Topics Concerning Prime Numbers Theory, ϕ, ζ(2) and Several Parameters of Particle Physics. III

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 64 Pages.

In this paper we have described and analyzed some Ramanujan equations. We have obtained several mathematical connections between some topics concerning Prime Numbers Theory, ϕ, ζ(2) and various parameters of Particle Physics.
Category: Number Theory

Interpretationtrial of the Hans de Vries Formular of Then Fine Structure Constant

Authors: Kronberger Reinhard
Comments: 7 Pages.

The formular for the fine structure constant α found by Hans de Vries is very elegant and accurate but there exists no explanation for it.In this paper i will show an stochastic interpretation of it.
Category: Quantum Physics

Electrical Manipulation of Magnetic Particle

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 59 Pages.

Researchers have successfully demonstrated a method to switch a novel material between two different nonvolatile states at very high speeds and with great accuracy. [38] Scientists at Ames Laboratory, Brookhaven National Laboratory, and the University of Alabama Birmingham have discovered a light-induced switching mechanism in a Dirac semimetal [37] Researchers from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill have reached a new milestone on the way to optical computing, or the use of light instead of electricity for computing. [36] The key technical novelty of this work is the creation of semantic embeddings out of structured event data. [35] The researchers have focussed on a complex quantum property known as entanglement, which is a vital ingredient in the quest to protect sensitive data. [34] Cryptography is a science of data encryption providing its confidentiality and integrity. [33] Researchers at the University of Sheffield have solved a key puzzle in quantum physics that could help to make data transfer totally secure. [32] "The realization of such all-optical single-photon devices will be a large step towards deterministic multi-mode entanglement generation as well as high-fidelity photonic quantum gates that are crucial for all-optical quantum information processing," says Tanji-Suzuki. [31] Researchers at ETH have now used attosecond laser pulses to measure the time evolution of this effect in molecules. [30] A new benchmark quantum chemical calculation of C2, Si2, and their hydrides reveals a qualitative difference in the topologies of core electron orbitals of organic molecules and their silicon analogues. [29]
Category: Quantum Physics

1-D Magneto-Optical Trap

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 60 Pages.

Researchers at the Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms have recently demonstrated a one-dimensional (1-D) magneto-optical trap (MOT) of polar free radical calcium monohydroxide (CaOH). [38] Scientists at Ames Laboratory, Brookhaven National Laboratory, and the University of Alabama Birmingham have discovered a light-induced switching mechanism in a Dirac semimetal [37] Researchers from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill have reached a new milestone on the way to optical computing, or the use of light instead of electricity for computing. [36] The key technical novelty of this work is the creation of semantic embeddings out of structured event data. [35] The researchers have focussed on a complex quantum property known as entanglement, which is a vital ingredient in the quest to protect sensitive data. [34] Cryptography is a science of data encryption providing its confidentiality and integrity. [33] Researchers at the University of Sheffield have solved a key puzzle in quantum physics that could help to make data transfer totally secure. [32] "The realization of such all-optical single-photon devices will be a large step towards deterministic multi-mode entanglement generation as well as high-fidelity photonic quantum gates that are crucial for all-optical quantum information processing," says Tanji-Suzuki. [31] Researchers at ETH have now used attosecond laser pulses to measure the time evolution of this effect in molecules. [30] A new benchmark quantum chemical calculation of C2, Si2, and their hydrides reveals a qualitative difference in the topologies of core electron orbitals of organic molecules and their silicon analogues. [29]
Category: Quantum Physics

The Values of pi and 2pi Are Ubiquitous in Fundamental Physics. And, no One Knows Why, Until Now

Authors: Vito R. D'Angelo
Comments: 4 Pages.

The Pythagorean ratios of the Planck hierarchy schematic - From a mathematical perspective; the key to fundamental universal laws lie at the central tenet of Pythagorean thought...that the universe can be explained by pure numbers,i.e., dimensionless ratios. A Planck constants hierarchy is created that reveals an undiscovered Planck constant:the Planck circumference (lp*pi). The Planck constants hierarchy produces dimensionless ratios, that allow for the first time the theoretical calculation of constants, e.g., the Planck momentum, Planck mass and Planck energy constants. The author honors Pythagoras in naming the ratios of the 13/12 schematic. vixra:1607.0172
Category: Mathematical Physics

Self-Aligning Super-Resolution Microscopy

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 61 Pages.

UNSW medical researchers have achieved unprecedented resolution capabilities in single-molecule microscopy to detect interactions between individual molecules within intact cells. [38] Scientists at the University of Würzburg have been able to boost current super-resolution microscopy by a novel tweak. [37] "We put the optical microscope under a microscope to achieve accuracy near the atomic scale," said NIST's Samuel Stavis, who served as the project leader for these efforts. [36] Researchers have designed an interferometer that works with magnetic quasiparticles called magnons, rather than photons as in conventional interferometers. [35]
Category: Physics of Biology

Non-Linear Hexagonal/pentagonal Ultrasound Waves Exchange Between Covid-19 and Dermatologic Antenna

Authors: Alireza Sepehri, Massimo Fioranelli, Maria Grazia Roccia, Aroonkumar Beesham
Comments: 25 pages, 12 figures

In this research, we propose an antenna model for cells and determine the shape and the wavelength of DNA ultrasound waves which are emited or received by dermatologic antenna. In this model, we show that the structure of a DNA within a nucleus is very similar to an inductor within a speaker/microphone and produce some ultrasound waves. We divide the structure of a DNA into several linear and curved inductors. Linear inductors emit linear magnetic fields and curved inductors produce curved waves. Also, DNA inductors are built from hexagonal and pentagonal bases and consequently emit hexagonal and pentagonal waves. On the other hand, nuclear membranes play the role of magnets within a speaker/microphone. Charged particles out and within nucleus, produce some electric fields along nuclear membranes. These fields produce some currents along membranes. These currents emit some magnetic fields which interact with DNA inductors. The interactions between magnetic fields of membrane and DNA inductors lead to their motions. By motions of charged particles within DNA inductors, some currents are emerged. These currents emit some extra magnetic fields. These magnetic fields interact with nuclear membranes and vibrate them. In these conditions, membranes play the role of plastic within a speaker/microphone. By vibrating nuclear membranes, some linear/curved hexagonal/pentagonal ultrasound waves are emerged. Frequency of these waves are more than frequency of light waves and their wavelengths are smaller than size of air molecules. Thus, these waves pass air molecules and propagate in any empty vacuum. These waves could be taken by viral RNAs in COVID-19 and move them. These RNAs act like the round inductors, vibrate and lead to the vibrations of viral membranes. By vibrations of RNA membranes, some new waves are emerged that are taken by dermatologic antennas. Exchanging waves between Covid-19 and dermatologic antennas causes to absrorptions of viruses by biological human’s body. Wavelenths of Coronaviruses are in the range of wavelengths in 5G technology. Thus, using waves in this technology, we can control COVID-19. On the other hand, millimeter waves in 5G technology could be absorbed by the cell membranes. These waves move molecules within cells and produce some stronger waves. These new waves pass the nuclear membranes, move DNAs and produce some hexagonal/pentagonal holes. To fill these holes, some bases are emerged. These bases join to each other and form some viral RNAs like RNAs of Coronaviruses. Thus, millimeter waves in 5G technology could play the role in constructing Coronaviruses within cells.
Category: Physics of Biology

Cardiovascular Disease in the Literature: a Selection of Recent Original Research Papers

Authors: AlJaroudi, Wael; Hage, Fadi
Comments: 6 Pages.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been declared a pandemic with devastating effects on the entire world. Madjid et al. from the University of Texas Health Science, Houston, Texas review current information on the virus and COVID-19 and its effects on the cardiovascular system. Coronaviruses, classified in 4 groups, were first identified in humans in the 1960s with 4 types (all from the α and β classes) are endemic in humans usually causing mild and self-limiting upper respiratory infections accounting for 15-30% of common colds. Both SARS (caused by SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS, caused by MERS-CoV) caused outbreaks (in 2002 and 2012, respectively) that had higher fatality rates but were much less widespread than COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 is genetically more similar to SARS-CoV (82%) than MERS-CoV (50%). The virus has a mean incubation period of 5.2 days (95%CI, 4.1-7.0 days), with the 95th percentile of the distribution at 12.5 days according to one study and up to 14 days according to another. The World Health Organization reported a global mortality rate of 3.4% but importantly, this rate varies by location, intensity of transmission, variations of care, presence of comorbidities (including cardiovascular disease), advanced age, and likely other factors. The primary symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Acute cardiac injury determined by elevated high-sensitivity troponin levels is commonly observed in severe cases and is strongly associated with mortality, complications such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, arrhythmia, renal injury, and coagulopathy. There has been reported cases of viral infiltration of the myocardium causing myocarditis. Myocardial injury can also be caused by ischemia. It is important to note that COVID-19 in addition to inducing new cardiac pathologies (such as myocarditis) may also exacerbate pre-existing cardiovascular disease. Finally, some of the investigational therapies for COVID-19 may have cardiovascular effects. Current treatment, until investigational therapies have been shown to be effective, is supportive care and treatment of complications. The article offers a wonderful review of current knowledge on COVID-19 as well as a review of SARS and MERS which provide further insights on the effects of coronaviruses on the cardiovascular system.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Evaluation of the Diagnostic Value of Joint Pet Myocardial Perfusion and Metabolic Imaging for Vascular Stenosis in Patients with Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease

Authors: Fanghu Wang, Weiping Xu, Wenbing Lv, Dongyang Du, Hui Feng, Xiaochun Zhang, Shuxia Wang, Wufan Chen, Lijun Lu
Comments: 14 Pages.

Background. To investigate the diagnostic value of joint PET myocardial perfusion and metabolic imaging for vascular stenosis in patients with suspected obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods. Eighty-eight patients (53 and 35 applied for training and validation, respectively) with suspected obstructive CAD were referred to 13N-NH3 PET/CT myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) and 18F-FDG PET/CT myocardial metabolic imaging (MMI) with available coronary angiography for analysis. One semi-quantitative indicator summed rest score (SRS) and five quantitative indicators, namely, perfusion defect extent (EXT), total perfusion deficit (TPD), myocardial blood flow (MBF), scar degree (SCR), and metabolism-perfusion mismatch (MIS), were extracted from the PET rest MPI and MMI scans. Different combinations of indicators and seven machine learning methods were used to construct diagnostic models. Diagnostic performance was evaluated using the sum of four metrics (noted as sumScore), namely, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. Results. In univariate analysis, MIS outperformed other individual indicators in terms of sumScore (2.816–3.042 vs. 2.138–2.908). In multivariate analysis, support vector machine (SVM) consisting of three indicators (MBF, SCR, and MIS) achieved the best performance (AUC 0.856, accuracy 0.810, sensitivity 0.838, specificity 0.757, and sumScore 3.261). This model consistently achieved significantly higher AUC compared with the SRS method for four specific subgroups (0.897, 0.833, 0.875, and 0.949 vs. 0.775, 0.606, 0.713, and 0.744; p=0.041, 0.005, 0.034 0.003, respectively). Conclusions. The joint evaluation of PET rest MPI and MMI could improve the diagnostic performance for obstructive CAD. The multivariate model (MBF, SCR, and MIS) combined with SVM outperformed other methods.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Rubidium-82 Generator Yield and Efficiency for PET Perfusion Imaging: Comparison of Two Clinical Systems

Authors: Ali Ahmadi, Ran Klein, Howard C Lewin, Rob S.B. Beanlands, Robert A. deKemp
Comments: 28 Pages.

Introduction. Strontium-82/Rubidium-82 (82Sr/82Rb) generators are used widely for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of myocardial perfusion. In this study, the 82Rb isotope yield and production efficiency of two FDA-approved 82Sr/82Rb generators were compared. Methods. N=515 sequential daily quality assurance (QA) reports from 9 CardioGen-82® and 9 RUBY-FILL® generators were reviewed over a period of 2 years. A series of test elutions was performed at different flow-rates on the RUBY-FILL® system to determine an empirical correction-factor used to convert CardioGen-82® daily QA values of 82Rb activity (dose-calibrator ‘maximum’ of 50 mL elution at 50 mL/min) to RUBY-FILL® equivalent values (integrated ‘total’ of 35 mL elution at 20 mL/min). The generator yield (82Rb) and production efficiency (82Rb yield / 82Sr parent activity) were measured and compared after this conversion to a common scale. Results. At the start of clinical use, the system reported 82Rb activity from daily QA was lower for CardioGen-82® vs RUBY-FILL® (2.3 ± 0.2 vs 3.0 ± 0.2 GBq, p<0.001) despite having similar 82Sr activity. Dose-calibrator ‘maximum’ (CardioGen-82®) values were found to under-estimate the integrated ‘total’ (RUBY-FILL®) activity by ~24% at 50 mL/min. When these data were used to convert the CardioGen-82 values to a common measurement scale (integrated total activity) the CardioGen-82® efficiency remained slightly lower than the RUBY-FILL® system on average (88 ± 4% vs 95 ± 4%, p<0.001). The efficiency of 82Rb production improved for both systems over the respective periods of clinical use. Conclusions. 82Rb generator yield was significantly under-estimated using the CardioGen-82® vs RUBY-FILL® daily QA procedure. When generator yield was expressed as the integrated total activity for both systems, the estimated 82Rb production efficiency of the CardioGen-82® system was ~7% lower than RUBY-FILL® over the full period of clinical use.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Value of Sipm Pet in Myocardial Perfusion Imaging Using Rubidium-82

Authors: S.S. Koenders, J.A. van Dalen, P.L. Jager, S. Knollema, JR Timmer, M. Mouden, C.H. Slump, J.D. van Dijk
Comments: 22 Pages.

Background: PET scanners using silicon photomultipliers with digital readout (SiPM PET) have an improved temporal and spatial resolution compared to PET scanners using conventional photomultiplier tubes (PMT PET). However, the effect on image quality and visibility of perfusion defects in myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is unknown. Our aim was to determine the value of a SiPM PET scanner in MPI. Methods: We prospectively included 30 patients who underwent rest and regadenoson-induced stress Rubidium-82 (Rb-82) MPI on the D690 PMT PET (GE Healthcare) and within three weeks on the Vereos SiPM PET (Philips Healthcare). Two expert readers scored the image quality and assessed the existence of possible defects. In addition, interpreter’s confidence, myocardial blood flow (MBF) and myocardial flow reserve (MFR) values were compared. Results: Image quality improved (p=0.03) using the Vereos as compared to the D690. Image quality of the Vereos and the D690 was graded fair in 20% and 10%, good in 60% and 50%, and excellent in 20% and 40%, respectively. Defect interpretation and interpreter’s confidence did not differ between the D690 and the Vereos (p>0.50). There were no significant differences in rest MBF (p≥0.29), stress MBF (p≥0.11) and MFR (p≥0.51). Conclusion: SiPM PET provides an improved image quality in comparison to PMT PET. Defect interpretation, interpreter’s confidence and absolute blood flow measurements were comparable between both systems. SiPM PET is therefore a reliable technique for MPI using Rb-82.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Analyzing Some Ramanujan Equations: Mathematical Connections with Prime Numbers Theory, ϕ, ζ(2) and Various Parameters of Particle Physics. II

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 85 Pages.

In this paper we have described and analyzed some Ramanujan equations. We have obtained several mathematical connections between Prime Numbers Theory, ϕ, ζ(2) and various parameters of Particle Physics.
Category: Number Theory

Modfication of GR

Authors: Akram Jbara
Comments: 2 Pages.

modified version of general relativity to solve the Rotation curve of a typical spiral galaxy problem
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Consideration of Gravity Potential Energy and Energy-Mass Conservation Law

Authors: Jong-Seo Yoon
Comments: 4 Pages.

When two objects with a mass of m are d apart, convert the mass of this object into energy using E=mc^2, and 2mc^2 will come out. However, once you attach this object to gravity and convert it all into energy, with 2mc^2, gravity potential energy will be converted to as much energy as Gm^2/d. An object of the same mass emitted different energy. We need to rethink the potential energy and energy-mass conservation law.
Category: Classical Physics

Uranus Effect On Mars Migration (III)

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 21 Pages.

Paper Hypotheses 1-The Planets were found before The Sun Creation. 2-Great changes had happened as results of The Sun Creation 3-These changes show Uranus effect on the inner planets 4-The Cycle 2737 years is produced resulting the Sun Creation 5-The Great changes are: a.Mercury Day Is Changed From 176 Days To Be 175.94 Days b.Venus Axial Tilt is changed from 1.774 degrees to 177.4 degrees c.Pluto had to migrate far from Mercury 100 times (5906 mkm) d.Mars had to migrate from its original orbital distance (84 mkm) to its current one (227.9mkm) (Mars Migration Theory) Mars Migration Theory Revision: -Mars original orbital distance was 84 mkm. and Mars had migrated from it to its current orbital distance 227.9 mkm -Through Mars Motion from 84 mkm to 227.9 mkm, Mars had collided with Venus and then Mars had collided with Earth also. -From the Collisions debris The Earth Moon was created –and Mars had found its moons. And the rest debris had attracted by Jupiter and created The Asteroid Belt The Giant-Impact Hypothesis is in consistency with Mars migration theory But -Instead of the (Supposed Planet) Theia, Mars itself made the collisions- and caused the Earth –Moon Creation – through Mars Motion from (84 mkm) to (227.9 mkm) Mars migration Theory solves The Giant-Impact Hypothesis difficulties: I.Why Venus Has No Moon? – Because Mars had migrated and moved from 84 mkm to 227.9 mkm and pushed all debris in its motion direction – far from Venus – So Venus had found no debris around to create its own Moon - But Earth has a greater Mass and the debris lost their motion high momentum at Earth Position– so Earth could attract some debris and create its moon II.The Lunar Magma Ocean (LMO) Origin– is Venus – because the moon is created by 3 planets debris (Venus – Earth – Mars) – So their rocks are found in it III.Why The Iron Oxide (Feo) of the Moon= (13%)? Because The rate (13%) is a middle between Mars rate (18%) and the terrestrial mantle (8%). IV.Why Mars diameter (and Mass) are decreased through the history? Because of the collisions – Mars diameter lost around ( 4.1 %) (And Mars mass also which causes difficulties for Mars gravitation equation) V.Mars migration is done Because of The Sun Creation Process VI.Is there a possibility that Mars will return to its original point (84 mkm)? Yes VII.Why? Because the Planet orbital distance is defined relative to its diameter (and Mass) Mars now is in the wrong Position- but forced to it because of the sun effect Conclusion (1)The Giant-impact hypothesis supports Mars migration Theory (2)Uranus effect vertically on the solar system – by Uranus effect on the planets axial tilt vertically – Uranus by this effect prevent any overturn motion can be done by any planet and by that Uranus help to unify the planets general motion around the sun. Paper Objectives: (1st Objective) : This paper tries to prove Uranus Effect On Mercury Motion (2nd Objective) : The paper proves that – The Solar System is One Geometrical Structure – i.e. the planets are not separated points from each other but they are (as) members in the same creature body and because of that each planet data is created relative to other planets data. Based on that – Mars Migration Event – is recorded in many planets data And also Based on that – The paper concludes– Pluto was The Mercury Moon (3rd Objective) : The Paper basic argument tries to prove that The planet motion depends on light motion. Paper Basic Conclusion There's a light velocity =1.16 million km per second Paper Contents: 1-Introduction 2-Methodology 3-Mars Migration Proves Revision (5 Proves) 4-Uranus Effect On The Inner Planets 5-The Cycle 2737 Analysis Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

Analyzing Various Ramanujan Equations: Mathematical Connections with Some Prime Numbers Linked to the Supersingular Elliptic Curves, ϕ, ζ(2) and to the Mass of Candidate Glueball F0(1710) Scalar Meson.

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 65 Pages.

In this paper we have described and analyzed various Ramanujan equations. We have obtained several mathematical connections between some Prime Numbers linked to the Supersingular Elliptic Curves, ϕ, ζ(2) and to the mass of candidate glueball f0(1710) scalar meson.
Category: Number Theory

Finding the Planck Length Multiplied by the Speed of Light Without Any Knowledge of G, c, or h, Using a Newton Force Spring

Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this paper, we show how one can find the Planck length multiplied by the speed of light from a Newton force spring with no knowledge of the Newton gravitational constant G, the speed of light c, or the Planck constant h. This is remarkable, as for more than a hundred years, modern physics has assumed that one needs to know G, c, and the Planck constant in order to find any of the Planck units. We also show how to find other Planck units using the same method. To find the Planck time and the Planck length, one also needs to know the speed of light. To find the Planck mass and the Planck energy in their normal units, we need to know the Planck constant, something we will discuss in this paper. For these measurements, we do not need any knowledge of the Newton gravitational constant. It can be shown that the Planck length times the speed of light requires less information than any other Planck unit; in fact, it needs no knowledge of any fundamental constant to be measured. This is a revolutionary concept and strengthens the case for recent discoveries in quantum gravity theory completed by Haug [3].
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Sedeonic Generalization of London Equations

Authors: Victor L. Mironov
Comments: 8 Pages. This is revised version of preprint.

We discuss the generalization of phenomenological equations for electromagnetic field in superconductor based on algebra of space-time sedeons. It is shown that the combined system of London and Maxwell equations can be reformulated as a single sedeonic wave equation for the field with nonzero mass of quantum, in which additional conditions are imposed on the scalar and vector potentials, relating them to the deviation of charge density and currents in the superconducting phase. Also we considered inhomogeneous equations including external sources in the form of charges and currents of the normal phase. In particular, a screening of the Coulomb interaction of external charges in a superconducting media is discussed.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Estimation of the R0 Factor of the Sir Model in Italy and Some Its Regions as Consequence of the Pandemic Sars Covid 19

Authors: Calogero Rinzivillo, Sergio Conte, Ferda Kaleagasioglu, Alberto Foletti, Cengiz Morderniz, Maria Pieralice, Elio Conte
Comments: 5 Pages.

We compute the factor R0(t) by using the SIR model in Italy and its some regional countries. We find that it is descending to a minimum value of 1.11 in Italy and respectively of 1.89, 1.86 and 3.13 for each region respectively
Category: Quantitative Biology

Electronics Mimic Human Brain

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 39 Pages.

But now a team at the University of Massachusetts Amherst has discovered, while on their way to better understanding protein nanowires, how to use these biological, electricity conducting filaments to make a neuromorphic memristor, or "memory transistor," device. [25] A team of researchers at the University of California's Department of Neurological Surgery and the Center for Integrative Neuroscience in San Francisco has taken another step toward the development of a device able to read a person's mind. [24]
Category: Quantum Physics

Positional Atomic Electron Heating Theory

Authors: Adham ahmed Mohamed ahmed
Comments: 2 Pages. ty

imagine having a light source producing a photon this photon goes into a straight line and then the photon hits an electron in an atom now looking at the atom from the top we can already see a circle(where the light source is nearer to you in the diagram) we can cut the atom into 4 parts with a plus or + now since the electron spin counter clockwise to the proton we can see that the electron at the bottom left part of the plus or + cut atom is coming towards the light source the most lets label that part of the atom 1(the smaller the number the more the electron approaching to the light source) and take this part as the start point now the electron is at the bottom right now in this part of the atom the electron is moving the most away from the light source so we will label this as 4(the larger the number the less the electron approaches the light source)now the the electron continues it goes to top right part of the atom lets label this 3 now the electron is at the top left part of the atom lets label this 2 now as you can see the left part of the atom is where the electron approaches the light source and the right part of the atom is where the electron goes away from the light source conclusion: if you are heating an atom the place it gets heated from the most is the bottom left or 1 followed by the top left or 2 and the place it gets heated from the least is the bottom right or 4 followed by the top right or 3 these effects are not noticed in every day life because of the small size of the atom explanation of relativity: lets take this example and make the still atom move both away and nearer to the light source now in any of those two cases the electron in the atom keeps pace with the nucleus and always forms an electron cloud of the same size as it was in the still atom example now in case of the away moving atom the electron is moving away from the light source and when we look at the part of the atom number 3 and 4 (the parts where the electron is moving away from the light source) we find that the electrons movement towards the outwards of the light source is increased meaning that its more difficult for the electron to catch light leading to time dilation and in case of the away moving atom the electron is moving away from the light source and when we look at the part of the atom number 1 and 2 (the parts where the electron is moving nearer to the light source) we find that the electrons movement towards the inwards of the light source is increased meaning that its more easier for the electron to catch light leading to time being the most normal as the velocity is higher and higher each time
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

MRI Quantify Axonal Brain Features

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 43 Pages.

"The non-invasive quantification of axon diameters using MRI allows clinicians and researchers to identify problems and developmental pathways that arise in the depths of the brain, driving forward treatment and understanding of development and disease progression." [27] Light could replace invasive techniques to measure brain temperature-eliminating the need to place a thermometer in the brain when treating a range of neurological disorders. [26] Now a team led by researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology has engineered a way of studying the barrier more closely with the intent of helping drug developers do the same. In a new study, the researchers cultured the human blood-brain barrier on a chip, recreating its physiology more realistically than predecessor chips. [25]
Category: Physics of Biology

Bayesian Updating Quaternion Probability

Authors: Yige Xue, Yong Deng
Comments: 15 Pages.

The quaternion is an effective tool to evaluate uncertainty, and it has been studied widely. However, what is the quaternion probability still an open question. This paper has proposed the quaternion probability, which is the extent of classical probability and plural probability with the aid of quaternion. The quaternion probability can apply classical probability theory to the four-dimensional space. Based on the quaternion probability, the quaternion probability multiplication has been proposed, which is a method of multiplication conforming to the law of quaternion multiplication. Under the bayesian environment, the quaternion full joint probability and the quaternion conditional probability is proposed, which can apply the quaternion probability to address the issues of quantum decision making. Numerical examples are applied to prove the efficiency of the proposed model. The experimental results show that the proposed model can apply the quaternion theory to the bayesian updating effectively and successfully.
Category: Quantum Physics

Optical Coherence Tomography Contrast

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 40 Pages.

The Netherlands, and University of Surrey, UK—seeding the common ground needed to foster reliable new contrast potential in OCT. [26] But now a team at the University of Massachusetts Amherst has discovered, while on their way to better understanding protein nanowires, how to use these biological, electricity conducting filaments to make a neuromorphic memristor, or "memory transistor," device. [25] A team of researchers at the University of California's Department of Neurological Surgery and the Center for Integrative Neuroscience in San Francisco has taken another step toward the development of a device able to read a person's mind. [24]
Category: Physics of Biology

Neutrino Symmetry Violation

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 54 Pages.

Physicists operating a huge detector in Japan have confirmed previous hints that neutrinos behave differently to their antimatter counterparts. [21] Studying this really interesting particle that's all around us, and yet is so hard to measure, that could hold the key to understanding why we're here at all, is exciting—and I get to do this for a living," says Mauger. [20] In the Standard Model of particle physics, elementary particles acquire their masses by interacting with the Higgs field. This process is governed by a delicate mechanism: electroweak symmetry breaking (EWSB). [19]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

George-Louis Leclerc de Buffon (1707-1788) Proposed Stellar Metamorphosis

Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 3 Pages.

Proof of documentation is provided outlining the proposed idea of Earth having been a still cooling star, by George-Louis Leclerc de Buffon. In essence, it shows that he had originally hypothesized stellar metamorphosis as well as Leibniz, in the 18th century. This paper consists of a snip of page 123, in the book Volcanoes, by Philippe Bourseiller and Jacques Durieux. The reason I have done this is because a google search is not sufficient to find such writings, but now google will have it.
Category: Astrophysics

Lorentz Factor Correction of the Grand Unified Field Equation

Authors: Wan-Chung Hu
Comments: 2 Pages.

I have proposed a grand unified field equation to unify gravity field, spinity field, electric field, and magnetic field. However, this equation is used only for rest reference frame. If the field source is moving, we should use Lorentz factor to correct it. Here, I write two special occasion about this correction. One situation is that acceleration is perpendicular to velocity. The other situation is acceleration is parallel to velocity. The corrected formula were listed in the manuscript.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Drug Delivery Blood-Brain Barrier

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 54 Pages.

A Japanese research team has developed a cyclic peptide (a chain of amino acids bonded circularly) that enhances blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration. [31] MIT engineers have designed tiny robots that can help drug-delivery nanoparticles push their way out of the bloodstream and into a tumor or another disease site. [30] Researchers have shown that existing optical fibre technology could be used to produce microscopic 3-D images of tissue inside the body, paving the way towards 3-D optical biopsies. [29] Researchers at MIT, working with surgeons and oncologists at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), have now developed a way to improve the accuracy of this surgery, called debulking. [28] Scientists at the University of Bristol have invented a new technology that could lead to the development of a new generation of smart surgical glues and dressings for chronic wounds. [27] Elaborate molecular networks inside living cells enable them to sense and process many signals from the environment to perform desired cellular functions. [26] RNA sequencing is a technique used to analyze entire genomes by looking at the expression of their genes. [25] Researchers from the University of Chicago have developed a high-throughput RNA sequencing strategy to study the activity of the gut microbiome. [24] Today a large international consortium of researchers published a complex but important study looking at how DNA works in animals. [23] Asymmetry plays a major role in biology at every scale: think of DNA spirals, the fact that the human heart is positioned on the left, our preference to use our left or right hand ... [22] Scientists reveal how a 'molecular machine' in bacterial cells prevents fatal DNA twisting, which could be crucial in the development of new antibiotic treatments. [21]
Category: Physics of Biology

Single Atom Layer Trap

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 30 Pages.

The scientists coined the term "single-atom-layer trap" (SALT) to describe this unique feature. [23] Scientists at Radboud University discovered a new mechanism for magnetic storage of information in the smallest unit of matter: a single atom. [22] One of these are single-atom magnets: storage devices consisting of individual atoms stuck ("adsorbed") on a surface, each atom able to store a single bit of data that can be written and read using quantum mechanics. [21] Physicists have experimentally demonstrated 18-qubit entanglement, which is the largest entangled state achieved so far with individual control of each qubit. [20] University of Adelaide-led research has moved the world one step closer to reliable, high-performance quantum computing. [19] A team of researchers with members from IBM Research-Zurich and RWTH Aachen University has announced the development of a new PCM (phase change memory) design that offers miniaturized memory cell volume down to three nanometers. [18] Monatomic glassy antimony might be used as a new type of single-element phase change memory. [17] Physicists have designed a 3-D quantum memory that addresses the tradeoff between achieving long storage times and fast readout times, while at the same time maintaining a compact form. [16] Quantum memories are devices that can store quantum information for a later time, which are usually implemented by storing and re-emitting photons with certain quantum states. [15] The researchers engineered diamond strings that can be tuned to quiet a qubit's environment and improve memory from tens to several hundred nanoseconds, enough time to do many operations on a quantum chip. [14]
Category: Condensed Matter

On Some Ramanujan Equations: Mathematical Connections with Prime Number Theorem, ϕ, ζ(2) and Various Parameters of Particle Physics.

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 90 Pages.

In this paper we have described and analyzed some Ramanujan equations. We have obtained several mathematical connections between Prime Number Theorem, ϕ, ζ(2) and various parameters of Particle Physics.
Category: Number Theory

Molecular Elevator Features

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 40 Pages.

Biophysicists from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology and the University of Groningen in the Netherlands have visualized a nearly complete transport cycle of the mammalian glutamate transporter homologue from archaea. [22] Using a piece of molecular "Velcro" to attach a light-emitting probe to a protein molecule, University of Wollongong (UOW) researchers have unlocked the mystery of how an important protein goes about repairing damaged DNA in bacteria, with implications for understanding how antibiotic resistance develops. [21] In new research, Hao Yan of Arizona State University and his colleagues describe an innovative DNA walker, capable of rapidly traversing a prepared track. [20] Just like any long polymer chain, DNA tends to form knots. Using technology that allows them to stretch DNA molecules and image the behavior of these knots, MIT researchers have discovered, for the first time, the factors that determine whether a knot moves along the strand or "jams" in place. [19] Researchers at Delft University of Technology, in collaboration with colleagues at the Autonomous University of Madrid, have created an artificial DNA blueprint for the replication of DNA in a cell-like structure. [18] An LMU team now reveals the inner workings of a molecular motor made of proteins which packs and unpacks DNA. [17] Chemist Ivan Huc finds the inspiration for his work in the molecular principles that underlie biological systems. [16] What makes particles self-assemble into complex biological structures? [15] Scientists from Moscow State University (MSU) working with an international team of researchers have identified the structure of one of the key regions of telomerase-a so-called "cellular immortality" ribonucleoprotein. [14] Researchers from Tokyo Metropolitan University used a light-sensitive iridium-palladium catalyst to make "sequential" polymers, using visible light to change how building blocks are combined into polymer chains. [13]
Category: Physics of Biology

Nanosheet for Water Purification

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 72 Pages.

A collaboration of scientists from the National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II)—a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science user facility at DOE's Brookhaven National Laboratory—Yale University, and Arizona State University has designed and tested a new two-dimensional (2-D) catalyst that can be used to improve water purification using hydrogen peroxide. [45] "The potential for state-of-the-art microscopy from this material means that new findings in biomedical research can be expected in the future," says Kruss. [44]
Category: Condensed Matter

Secret Messages in Enigmatic Playful Texts

Authors: Ricardo Gobato, Marcia Regina Risso Gobato, Alireza Heidari, Abhijit Mitra, Ibtihal Kadhim Kareem Dosh
Comments: 10 Pages. : Ricardo G, Marcia Regina RG, Alireza H, Abhijit M, Ibtihal Kadhim KD. Secret Messages in Enigmatic Playful Texts. 4(2): 2020. ABEB. MS.ID.000582. DOI: 10.33552/ABEB.2020.04.000582..

Stenography and cryptography have been used for centuries to transmit, send, hide messages, communication between certain people, groups, governments, as the main objective to protect certain information. Hidden text and common text or in an image, etc. that only the sender and the receiver know them and how to decipher them. This work has a purpose of didactic, scientific and playful application in the use of shorthand and cryptography. The method applied here is random, manual, of fitting each word. Thus, the use of a simple ludic, informative, scientific, didactic “game” can contain secret, coded, directed information, to a specific individual, organization, etc. Thus carrying information in a secret character, which would hardly be discovered by any other individual, organization, etc
Category: Education and Didactics

Carbon Nanotubes Detect Plant Damaged

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 68 Pages.

MIT engineers have developed a way to closely track how plants respond to stresses such as injury, infection, and light damage, using sensors made of carbon nanotubes. [41] Researchers of the Microelectronics Research Unit (MIC) at the University of Oulu, in collaboration with Tampere University, have demonstrated that carbon nanotubes can be used to control the direction of neural cell growth. [40] Now Shulaker and his team in Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, alongside researchers at Analog Devices, Inc.(ADI) also in Massachusetts USA, have taken on a series of challenges that have hampered carbon nanotube (CNT) computers since the first carbon nanotube transistors were reported in the late 1990s. [39]
Category: Physics of Biology

An Adaptive Technique in Electronic Health Record for Clinical Decision Making Based on Data Visualization

Authors: Meghana Prakash, Vignesh S
Comments: 4 Pages.

Cloud computing is a collection of several computer resources that consists of both software and hardware. It is a type of service that is delivered over the internet and can be accessible from anywhere. [1] The data and services can be accessed through the internet. [4] These services are managed by the third-party over the internet. They eventually provide access to the servers and resources. Health records consist of patient’s data regarding health. This data is usable by both the hospitals and patients. [6] [8] This can be eventually used to track the medical history of patients. Data Visualization is a graphical depiction of the data. It implicates producing images that advertise the link among the data that the users view. Hence, they are used for clinical decision making. In this paper we will be discussing how cloud can be used to maintain health records electronically.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Nested Radicals and Trigonometry

Authors: George A Plousos
Comments: Pages.

In this paper, for the first time, a general closed-ended solution for the equations of the form is presented: sqrt(2 + - sqrt(2 + - ... + - sqrt(2)...)) I then present methods for solving some complex equations of a similar form. There is an astonishing correlation between nested radicals, trigonometry and binary numbers. The results are presented as accomplished facts, without proof, but withstand the test. Over time, all of this will be proven by others. I was recently informed that the results presented here, in relation to the correspondence of two variables «a» and «b», are closely related to the Gray code (Sequence A003188 OEIS).
Category: Algebra

Predict Superconducting Metal Hydrides

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 30 Pages.

The search for coveted high-temperature superconductors is going to get easier with a new 'law within a law' discovered by Skoltech and MIPT researchers and their colleagues, who figured out a link between an element's position in the Periodic Table and its potential to form a high-temperature superconducting hydride. [20] Scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy's Ames Laboratory have developed a method to accurately measure the "exact edge" or onset at which a magnetic field enters a superconducting material. [19] TU Wien has now made a major advance towards achieving this goal and, at the same time, has furthered an understanding of why conventional materials only become superconducting at around-200°C [18] The emerging field of spintronics leverages electron spin and magnetization. [17] The first known superconductor in which spin-3/2 quasiparticles form Cooper pairs has been created by physicists in the US and New Zealand. [16] Now a team of researchers from the University of Maryland (UMD) Department of Physics together with collaborators has seen exotic superconductivity that relies on highly unusual electron interactions. [15] A group of researchers from institutions in Korea and the United States has determined how to employ a type of electron microscopy to cause regions within an iron-based superconductor to flip between superconducting and non-superconducting states. [14] In new research, scientists at the University of Minnesota used a first-of-its-kind device to demonstrate a way to control the direction of the photocurrent without deploying an electric voltage. [13] Brown University researchers have demonstrated for the first time a method of substantially changing the spatial coherence of light. [12] Researchers at the University of Central Florida have generated what is being deemed the fastest light pulse ever developed. [11] Physicists at Chalmers University of Technology and Free University of Brussels have now found a method to significantly enhance optical force. [10] Nature Communications today published research by a team comprising Scottish and South African researchers, demonstrating entanglement swapping and teleportation of orbital angular momentum 'patterns' of light. [9] While physicists are continually looking for ways to unify the theory of relativity, which describes large-scale phenomena, with quantum theory, which describes small-scale phenomena, computer scientists are searching for technologies to build the quantum computer using Quantum Information. In August 2013, the achievement of "fully deterministic" quantum teleportation, using a hybrid technique, was reported. On 29 May 2014, scientists announced a reliable way of transferring data by quantum teleportation. Quantum teleportation of data had been done before but with highly unreliable methods. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the Wave-Particle Duality and the electron's spin also, building the Bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions by the diffraction patterns. The Weak Interaction changes the diffraction patterns by moving the electric charge from one side to the other side of the diffraction pattern, which violates the CP and Time reversal symmetry. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the Relativistic Quantum Theory and making possible to build the Quantum Computer with the help of Quantum Information.
Category: Quantum Physics

Time & Relativity in Mathematics

Authors: Pankaj Mani
Comments: 24 Pages.

In this paper, we try to revisit some of the most fundamental issues lying at the foundation of mathematics in space-time relativistic perspective ,rather than conventional absolute space. We are adding a new dimension "Time" to the mathematics and review it in Space-Time relativistic framework to resolve the major foundational issues and making it in line with physical world realities. We shall look at the famous Cantor’s Diagonalization approach in to show the Countability of Real Numbers and explain Infiniteness in that perspective. We shall also look to resolve the famous paradoxes e.g. Richard, Russell,Liar, Skolem. We shall also look at the foundation of Set theory historically in Space-time to restore the issues that had led to ZFC by elimination and restrictions. As a consequence, we shall also revisit Godel Incompleteness theorems for Real Numbers and also otherwise explain the "inconsistency" in the new relativistic framework where they might be extended to all relativistically. This could possibly lead to entirely new way of looking at conventional mathematics in broad sense where reference frame plays key role in mathematics at higher level and in fact mathematics is relative! In fact Simpson’s Paradox in Statistics and Data Analysis is also related where Statistical Data are seen in absolute sense but in reality they are relativistic in different frames of references ! The absence of relativistic reference frames in statistical analysis often could lead to paradoxes e.g. Simpson’s paradoxes having wide relevance in real-world applications.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Multiple Sclerosis is Caused by an Epstein Bar Virus Infection

Authors: Ilija Barukčić
Comments: 17 Pages. (C) Ilija Barukčić, 2019, Jever, Germany. All rights reserved.

Aim: The relationship between Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis is assessed once again in order to gain a better understanding of this disease. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis is provided aimed to answer among other the following question. Is there a cause effect relationship between Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis? The conditio sine qua non relationship proofed the hypothesis without an Epstein-Barr virus infection no multiple sclerosis. The mathematical formula of the causal relationship k proofed the hypothesis of a cause effect relationship between Epstein-Barr virus infection and multiple sclerosis. Significance was indicated by a p-value of less than 0.05. Results: The data of the studies analysed provide evidence that an Epstein-Barr virus infection is a necessary condition (a conditio sine qua non) of multiple sclerosis. In particular and more than that. The data of the studies analysed provided impressive evidence of a cause-effect relationship between Epstein-Barr virus infection and multiple sclerosis. Conclusion: Multiple sclerosis is caused by an Epstein-Barr virus infection.
Category: Statistics

The Geometry of the Proton and the Tetryen Shape

Authors: Jeff Yee, Terrence Howard, Chris Seely
Comments: 9 pages

The geometry of the proton is unique relative to its same-charge counterpart known as the positron. The proton's structure and its forces on an electron are modeled in this paper, analyzing why the proton has the ability to create an atom necessary for molecules and life to form, when the positron of identical charge annihilates with an electron and matter vanishes.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Permittivity and Permeability in the Vacuum of Space Revisited

Authors: Harvey Scribner
Comments: 3 Pages.

The velocity v of a Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) Wave in the vacuum of space is said to be the speed of light c. The derivation for the velocity of the TEM wave in a vacuum is shown to include the presence of charge Q. In the pure vacuum of space, no charge or matter present, it is shown that the TEM Wave is free to propagate with velocity > c determined by its internal relative permittivity and relative permeability.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Analyzing Students’ Attitude Towards e-Learning: a Case Study in Higher Education in Pakistan

Authors: Faiza Rafiq, Shafqat Hussain, Qaisar Abbas
Comments: 13 Pages. very informative artice

The study analyzes students’ attitude towards use of e-learning in higher education in Pakistan. The study was based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM).The study was mixed method and sequential explanatory. Questionnaire and semi-structured interview was used to gather the data. Stratified simple random and purposive sampling techniques were used. The sample was consisted of 2180 participants (2160 students and 20 IT specialized teachers).The findings exposed that male students showed more positive attitude towards e-learning in Pakistan in comparison with female students. Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) has effectively determined students’ attitude towards e-learning. One can fairly suggest if the Government provides financial support, development of IT infrastructure and facilitation by electronic media and resources, than students’ attitude towards e-learning will be more positive.
Category: Education and Didactics

Curcumin Combination Chemotherapy in Pancreatic Cancer

Authors: Shazia Tahira
Comments: 18 Pages.

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal cancer and there is innate resistance to standard chemotherapy regimens in pancreatic cancer. Gemcitabine was approved in 1996 for the chemotherapeutic treatment of metastatic pancreatic cancer. FOLFIRINOX (fluorouracil, leucovorin, irinotecan, oxaliplatin) and gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel combination therapies have shown superiority to gemcitabine monotherapy but are more toxic than gemcitabine monotherapy. Therefore, gemcitabine monotherapy is still one of the standard treatments for pancreatic cancer for patients who can’t tolerate the toxicity of other chemotherapeutic regimens. The effectiveness of standard chemotherapeutic drugs is limited in pancreatic cancer due to drug resistance, and undesirable side effects. There is a likelihood that the combination of standard chemotherapy with natural compounds having anti-cancer potential like curcumin will increase the effectiveness of treatment as well as reduce the toxic side effects of standard chemotherapeutic agents. Curcumin is a polyphenolic compound isolated from the rhizome of Curcuma longa (turmeric) and is considered a promising anticancer agent. Here, a review is presented about the potential use of curcumin with standard chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer as there is a potential in different combination regimens of curcumin in pancreatic cancer to increase median survival in pancreatic cancer in comparatively less toxic, novel ways. Also, curcumin combination chemotherapy may lead to the improvement of cancer and chemotherapy-related symptoms. The poor bioavailability of curcumin has been the major obstacle for its clinical application. To overcome this problem, several curcumin preparations have been developed including cost-effective preparation methods to increase the bioavailability of curcumin. Different studies have shown that gemcitabine curcumin combination regimen can effectively increase survival with less toxicity in patients who are resistant to gemcitabine and can’t even tolerate the toxicity of other chemotherapeutic combination regimens. Although clinical trials are needed, Paclitaxel and curcumin cobound albumin nanoparticles also have the potential to become another alternative chemotherapeutic regimen for pancreatic cancer. For those patients who can tolerate gemcitabine paclitaxel regimen toxicity, there can also be a future possibility of using paclitaxel and curcumin cobound albumin nanoparticles with gemcitabine and this triple therapy may have enhanced therapeutic effects with comparatively less toxic effects. Curcumin has shown its effectiveness with the constituents of FOLFIRINOX in other types of cancers, therefore there is a need for curcumin FOLFIRINOX combined clinical trials in pancreatic cancer as curcumin has the potential to increase the effectiveness of FOLFIRINOX as well as reduce its toxic side effects.
Category: Biochemistry

Photovoltaic Materials

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 30 Pages.

Scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy's Ames Laboratory have now experimentally proven the existence of the effect in bulk perovskites, using short microwave bursts of light to both produce and then record a rhythm, much like music, of the quantum coupled motion of atoms and electrons in these materials. [23] Researchers led by Tracy Northup at the University of Innsbruck have now built a quantum sensor that can measure light particles non-destructively. [22] A study by the Quantum Technologies for Information Science (QUTIS) group of the UPV/EHU's Department of Physical Chemistry, has produced a series of protocols for quantum sensors that could allow images to be obtained by means of the nuclear magnetic resonance of single biomolecules using a minimal amount of radiation. [21] An international team of physicists at ETH Zurich, Aalto University, the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, and the Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics in Moscow has demonstrated that algorithms and hardware developed originally in the context of quantum computation can be harnessed for quantum-enhanced sensing of magnetic fields. [20] Scientists at Forschungszentrum Jülich have now discovered another class of particle-like magnetic object that could take the development of data storage devices a significant step forward. [19] A team of researchers with members from IBM Research-Zurich and RWTH Aachen University has announced the development of a new PCM (phase change memory) design that offers miniaturized memory cell volume down to three nanometers. [18] Monatomic glassy antimony might be used as a new type of single-element phase change memory. [17] Physicists have designed a 3-D quantum memory that addresses the tradeoff between achieving long storage times and fast readout times, while at the same time maintaining a compact form. [16] Quantum memories are devices that can store quantum information for a later time, which are usually implemented by storing and re-emitting photons with certain quantum states. [15]
Category: Condensed Matter

Quantum String Under Periodic Local Force

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 7 Pages. The original ideas

We consider the string under local periodic force. We derive the quantum internal motion of this systém.
Category: Quantum Physics

Optical Sensing Technology

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 49 Pages.

Researchers at Northumbria University have developed a new optical sensing technology which can light up areas of an object or material by creating microscopic wrinkles and folds within its surface. [32] Tweaking the design of microring sensors enhances their sensitivity without adding more implementation complexity. [31] Large-scale plasmonic metasurfaces could find use in flat panel displays and other devices that can change colour thanks to recent work by researchers at the University of Cambridge in the UK. [30] Particles in solution can grow, transport, collide, interact, and aggregate into complex shapes and structures. [29] Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) researchers are working to make better electronic devices by delving into the way nanocrystals are arranged inside of them. [28] Self-assembly and crystallisation of nanoparticles (NPs) is generally a complex process, based on the evaporation or precipitation of NP-building blocks. [27] New nanoparticle-based films that are more than 80 times thinner than a human hair may help to fill this need by providing materials that can holographically archive more than 1000 times more data than a DVD in a 10-by-10-centimeter piece of film. [26] Researches of scientists from South Ural State University are implemented within this area. [25] Following three years of extensive research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HU) physicist Dr. Uriel Levy and his team have created technology that will enable computers and all optic communication devices to run 100 times faster through terahertz microchips. [24] When the energy efficiency of electronics poses a challenge, magnetic materials may have a solution. [23] An exotic state of matter that is dazzling scientists with its electrical properties, can also exhibit unusual optical properties, as shown in a theoretical study by researchers at A*STAR. [22]
Category: Quantum Physics

Greener Optical Networks

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 55 Pages.

A team of scientists has developed a novel circuit architecture for high-speed optical transceivers to facilitate full automation, agility and efficiency in future data centres. [35] In the quantum realm, under some circumstances and with the right interference patterns, light can pass through opaque media. [34] Researchers at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology have constructed a first-of-its-kind optic isolator based on resonance of light waves on a rapidly rotating glass sphere. [33] The micro-resonator is a two-mirror trap for the light, with the mirrors facing each other within several hundred nanometers. [32] "The realization of such all-optical single-photon devices will be a large step towards deterministic multi-mode entanglement generation as well as high-fidelity photonic quantum gates that are crucial for all-optical quantum information processing," says Tanji-Suzuki. [31] Researchers at ETH have now used attosecond laser pulses to measure the time evolution of this effect in molecules. [30] A new benchmark quantum chemical calculation of C2, Si2, and their hydrides reveals a qualitative difference in the topologies of core electron orbitals of organic molecules and their silicon analogues. [29] A University of Central Florida team has designed a nanostructured optical sensor that for the first time can efficiently detect molecular chirality-a property of molecular spatial twist that defines its biochemical properties. [28] UCLA scientists and engineers have developed a new process for assembling semiconductor devices. [27] A new experiment that tests the limit of how large an object can be before it ceases to behave quantum mechanically has been proposed by physicists in the UK and India. [26]
Category: Quantum Physics

Uranus Effect On Mars Migration (II)

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 25 Pages.

Paper Hypotheses 1-The Sun Position in the sky is defined relative to Uranus Position. this geometrical feature is a unique one for Uranus. 2-Uranus had effected on Mars and caused Mars to migrate from its original orbital distance (84 mkm) to its current one (227.9 mkm). 3-The Cycle 2737 years is a real astronomical cycle and related to Mars Migration. Let's Review Mars Migration Theory in following: Mars Migration Theory Revision: -Mars original orbital distance was 84 mkm. and Mars had migrated from it to its current orbital distance 227.9 mkm -Through Mars Motion from 84 mkm to 227.9 mkm, Mars had collided with Venus and then Mars had collided with Earth also. -From the Collisions debris The Earth Moon was created –and Mars had found its moons. And the rest debris had attracted by Jupiter and created The Asteroid Belt The Giant-Impact Hypothesis is in consistency with Mars migration theory But -Instead of the (Supposed Planet) Theia, Mars itself made the collisions- and caused the Earth –Moon Creation – through Mars Motion from (84 mkm) to (227.9 mkm) Mars migration Theory solves The Giant-Impact Hypothesis difficulties: I.Why Venus Has No Moon? – Because Mars had migrated and moved from 84 mkm to 227.9 mkm and pushed all debris in its motion direction – far from Venus – So Venus had found no debris around to create its own Moon - But Earth has a greater Mass and the debris lost their motion high momentum at Earth Position– so Earth could attract some debris and create its moon II.The Lunar Magma Ocean (LMO) Origin– is Venus – because the moon is created by 3 planets debris (Venus – Earth – Mars) – So their rocks are found in it III.Why The Iron Oxide (Feo) of the Moon= (13%)? Because The rate (13%) is a middle between Mars rate (18%) and the terrestrial mantle (8%). IV.Why Mars diameter (and Mass) are decreased through the history? Because of the collisions – Mars diameter lost around ( 4.1 %) (And Mars mass also which causes difficulties for Mars gravitation equation) V.Mars migration is done Because of The Sun Creation Process VI.Is there a possibility that Mars will return to its original point (84 mkm)? Yes VII.Why? Because the Planet orbital distance is defined relative to its diameter (and Mass) –Mars now is in the wrong Position- but forced to still because of the sun effect. A Conclusion The Giant-impact hypothesis supports Mars migration Theory Paper Objectives: (1st Objective) : The Paper tries to prove that, -Uranus has An Unique Position In The Sky Relative To The Sun And The Other Solar Plants. -The Cycle 2737 Is A Real Astronomical Phenomenon, Which Is Related To Mars Migration & The Sun Creation. (2nd Objective) : This paper main argument tries to show that – The Planet Motion depends on light motion – means – The planet motion is consisted of 2 motions – the first one is a light beam moves in front of the planet and creates the distance (Space) – then the planet follows this light beam through The Created Distance – Based on this idea The light motion effect can be concluded by Planet Motion analysis… Where we can't observe the light Motion, and we observe only the planet motion, spite of that, the light motion effect can be concluded easily and with a great confidence. Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

An Efficient Content, Collaborative-Based and Hybrid Approach for Movie Recommendation Engine

Authors: Rajeev Kumar, Guru Basava, Felicita Furtado
Comments: 21 Pages.

The purpose of the project is to research about Content and Collaborative-based movie recommendation engines. Nowadays recommender systems are used in our day to day life. We try to understand the distinct types of reference engines/systems and compare their work on the movies datasets. We start to produce a versatile model to complete this study and start by developing and relating the different kinds of prototypes on a minor dataset of 100,000 evaluations. The growth of e-commerce has given rise to recommendation engines. Several recommendation engines exist within the market to recommend a wide variety of goods to users. These recommendations support various aspects such as users' interests, users' history, users' locations, and more. Away from all the above aspects; one thing is common which is individuality. Content and collaborative-based movie recommendation engines recommend users based on the user's viewpoint, whereas many things are there within the marketplace that are related to which a user is uninformed of. This stuff should also be suggested by the engine to clients; But due to the range of " individuality ", these machines do not suggest things that are out of the crate. The Hybrid System of Movie Recommendation Engine has crossed this variety of individuality. The Movie Recommendation Engine will suggest movies to clients according to their interest and be evaluated by other clients who are almost user-like. Additionally, for this, there are web services that are capable of acting as a tool adornment.
Category: Education and Didactics

Vastness of Our Universe and Dark Energy

Authors: Somnath Chakraborty
Comments: 7 Pages.

Due to limitation of our instruments, our visible universe is very small. But our actual universe is very large but finite of the order 10^(10^15) m.In this large scale our universe is contarcting towards a very massive centre,this centre is nothing but the centre of our universe which contain 95% mass of whole universe.
Category: Astrophysics

Protein Unfolding by SDS

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 54 Pages.

Researchers at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign have used molecular dynamics simulations to understand how sodium dodecyl sulfate causes protein unfolding. [29] Biochemists can use electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) on protein single crystals to determine the ultimate electronic structure of paramagnetic protein intermediates and investigate the relative magnetic tensor to a molecular structure. [28] Random bit sequences are key ingredients of various tasks in modern life and especially in secure communication. In a new study researchers have determined that generating true random bit sequences, classical or quantum, is an impossible mission. [27] A quantum circuit that can unambiguously test for information scrambling in an experiment could help verify the calculations of quantum computers and even shed more light on what happens to quantum information when it falls into a black hole. [26] Researchers at the University of Florence and Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, in Italy, have recently proved that the invasiveness of quantum measurements might not always be detrimental. [25] Now, researchers in the UK and Israel have created miniscule engines within a block of synthetic diamond, and have shown that electronic superposition can boost their power beyond that of classical devices. [24] In the latest wrinkle to be discovered in cubic boron arsenide, the unusual material contradicts the traditional rules that govern heat conduction, according to a new report by Boston College researchers in today's edition of the journal Nature Communications. [23] Beyond the beauty of this phenomenon, which connects heating processes to topology through an elegant quantization law, the results reported in this work designate heating measurements as a powerful and universal probe for exotic states of matter. [22]
Category: Physics of Biology

On Some Ramanujan Integrals Concerning Riemann’s Functions ξ(s) and Ξ(t): Mathematical Connections with ϕ, ζ(2) and Various Parameters of Particle Physics. II

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 66 Pages.

In this paper we have described and analyzed some Ramanujan integrals concerning Riemann’s functions ξ(s) and Ξ(t). Furthermore, we have obtained several mathematical connections between ϕ, ζ(2) and various parameters of Particle Physics.
Category: Number Theory

Nanoparticles Acidic Alert

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 68 Pages.

Researchers at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet (LMU) in Munich have synthesized nanoparticles that can be induced by a change in pH to release a deadly dose of ionized iron within cells. [42] A recent study, affiliated with South Korea's Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) has introduced a novel targeted drug delivery system in the fight against cancer. [41] One day, hospital patients might be able to ingest tiny robots that deliver drugs directly to diseased tissue, thanks to research being carried out at EPFL and ETH Zurich. [40]
Category: Physics of Biology

Flatter Graphene Electronics

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 76 Pages.

Scientists from the Swiss Nanoscience Institute and the Department of Physics at the University of Basel have developed a technique to flatten corrugations in graphene layers. [48] Now, researchers from Brown University's School of Engineering have explained how the phenomenon works, and that explanation could pave the way for a new type of controlled molecular self-assembly. [47] The team has turned graphene oxide (GO) into a soft, moldable and kneadable play dough that can be shaped and reshaped into free-standing, three-dimensional structures. [46] A team of researchers based at The University of Manchester have found a low cost method for producing graphene printed electronics, which significantly speeds up and reduces the cost of conductive graphene inks. [45] Graphene-based computer components that can deal in terahertz "could be used, not in a normal Macintosh or PC, but perhaps in very advanced computers with high processing rates," Ozaki says. This 2-D material could also be used to make extremely high-speed nanodevices, he adds. [44] Printed electronics use standard printing techniques to manufacture electronic devices on different substrates like glass, plastic films, and paper. [43] A tiny laser comprising an array of nanoscale semiconductor cylinders (see image) has been made by an all-A*STAR team. [42] A new instrument lets researchers use multiple laser beams and a microscope to trap and move cells and then analyze them in real-time with a sensitive analysis technique known as Raman spectroscopy. [41]
Category: Condensed Matter

2-D Layered Perovskite Diodes

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 48 Pages.

In a new report on Science Advances, Hsinhan Tsai and a research team in materials, nanotechnology, nuclear engineering and X-ray science at the Los Alamos National Laboratory and the Argonne National Laboratory in the U.S. demonstrated a new thin film X-ray detector prototype. [30] KU Leuven researchers from the Roeffaers Lab and the Hofkens Group have now put forward a very promising direct X-ray detector design, based on a rapidly emerging halide perovskite semiconductor, with chemical formula Cs2AgBiBr6. [29] Physicists at Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) have proven that incoming light causes the electrons in warm perovskites to rotate, thus influencing the direction of the flow of electrical current. [28] Self-assembly and crystallisation of nanoparticles (NPs) is generally a complex process, based on the evaporation or precipitation of NP-building blocks. [27] New nanoparticle-based films that are more than 80 times thinner than a human hair may help to fill this need by providing materials that can holographically archive more than 1000 times more data than a DVD in a 10-by-10-centimeter piece of film. [26] Researches of scientists from South Ural State University are implemented within this area. [25] Following three years of extensive research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HU) physicist Dr. Uriel Levy and his team have created technology that will enable computers and all optic communication devices to run 100 times faster through terahertz microchips. [24] When the energy efficiency of electronics poses a challenge, magnetic materials may have a solution. [23]
Category: Condensed Matter

Passions Around Pandemic - Scientist's Impartial Look

Authors: Vladimir Aksayskiy
Comments: 1 Page.

Where was born - there is your throne
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Technische Anwendungen Zur Umwandlung Der Rotationsenergie Der Erde in Elektrische Energie in Theorie Und Praxis 19., Aktualisierte Auflage

Authors: Robert Stach
Comments: 16 Pages.

Aufgezeigt werden die Vor- und Nachteile einer Umwandlung der Rotationsenergie der Erde in elektrische Energie. Es erfolgt eine theoretische Abhandlung in Vorbereitung auf den Bau der ersten Prototypen.
Category: Classical Physics

About Gravitospinism Maxwell Equations

Authors: Wan-Chung Hu
Comments: 1 Page.

Gravity and spinity has a relationship like electromagnetism Maxwell equations. Here, I propose these equations and use these equations to derive gravitational wave as proposed by Einstein. I show that spinity wave is actually the gravitational wave proposed by Einstein. This provides a new insight for further research on the interaction between gravity and spinity
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Riemann Hypothesis Using Integration Equivalent Condition

Authors: Shekhar Suman
Comments: 5 Pages.

Riemann zeta
Category: Number Theory

On Some Ramanujan Definite Integrals: Mathematical Connections with ϕ, ζ(2) and Various Parameters of Particle Physics

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 83 Pages.

In this paper we have described and analyzed some Ramanujan definite integrals. Furthermore, we have obtained several mathematical connections between ϕ, ζ(2) and various parameters of Particle Physics.
Category: Number Theory

Studies in Figured Tours of Knight in Two and Higher Dimensions

Authors: Awani Kumar
Comments: 28 Pages.

Tour of knight is over a millennium year old puzzle but ‘Figured tour’ of knight is a recent field of research. T. R. Dawson, an English chess problemist and the father of Fairy Chess, coined the term in 1940s. The name figured tour is appropriate for any numbered tour in which certain arithmetically related numbers are arranged in a geometrical pattern. Figured tours have been only looked into two-dimensional boards, mostly on 8x8 board. The author has constructed knight tour with square numbers in fiveleaper {3, 4} + {0, 5} path and various other figured tours on 6x6 board and extended it in three and four dimensional space. Construction of figured tours is a mathematical recreation and can also be used in pedagogy of higher mathematics.
Category: General Mathematics

Automatic Tempered Posterior Distributions for Bayesian Inversion Problems

Authors: L. Martino, F. Llorente, E. Curbelo, J. Lopez-Santiago, J. Miguez
Comments: 18 Pages.

We propose a novel adaptive importance sampling scheme for Bayesian inversion problems where the inference of the variables of interest and the power of the data noise is split. More specifically, we consider a Bayesian analysis for the variables of interest (i.e., the parameters of the model to invert), whereas we employ a maximum likelihood approach for the estimation of the noise power. The whole technique is implemented by means of an iterative procedure, alternating sampling and optimization steps. Moreover, the noise power is also used as a tempered parameter for the posterior distribution of the the variables of interest. Therefore, a sequence of tempered posterior densities is generated, where the tempered parameter is automatically selected according to the actual estimation of the noise power. A complete Bayesian study over the model parameters and the scale parameter can be also performed. Numerical experiments show the benefits of the proposed approach.
Category: Statistics

On Dark Matter and Any Complement to Newton’s Law of Gravitation–My Personal View Based on Our New Discovery

Authors: Xia CAO
Comments: 16 Pages.

Our latest research shows that electromagnetic field will be generated when two objects collide with each other under an impact force, even if a tiny force. Here, objects were blown by wind to verify that there will be electromagnetic field generated by friction between the surface of the planet and the interstellar gas and dust (interstellar atmosphere). Ten objects that are easy to be found on the earth were chosen to prove it. The results show electromagnetic field will be generated when the wind blows these objects. The stronger the wind blows, the stronger the electromagnetic field will be. Based on this new discovery, we speculate that electromagnetic field can be generated by the friction between the surface of galaxy and the interstellar atmosphere. The ultra-high-speed rotation and revolution of galaxies leads to super strong electromagnetic field and other energy field, which resulted in the super strong gravity. The generated energy radiates outward in the form of electromagnetic waves or other waves that can’t be detected now, but is distributed throughout the outer space. That is what scientists called dark energy and dark matter. The resulting gravity is called external gravity here. The centripetal force is the result of external gravity and Newtonian gravitation according to the existed outward gravity. On this basis, we perfect and supplement the Newton's gravity. Newton's formula of universal gravitation is based on ideal conditions that objects of the system are not affected by external forces. Neglecting the interaction of other planets, we give two simple models to discuss the relationship between the centripetal force, the universal gravitation and the external gravitation produced by the interaction between sun and a planet. The existence of external and inherent gravity explains the existence of dark matter, and the fact that the rotation speed of galaxies is different from that calculated by universal gravitation. It is a good interpretation of some discovered phenomena about dark matter in the past. Where there are moving galaxies, there are dark matter and dark energy. Dark matter and dark energy are everywhere and flooded in the outer space. The centripetal force of planetary motion is the result of the combined action of universal gravitation and electromagnetic force.
Category: Astrophysics

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Proposed Stellar Metamorphosis in 1783

Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 2 Pages.

With some investigation, it has been discovered that the author’s theory of stellar metamorphosis had somewhat of a forgotten beginning back in the 1700’s. The man who invented the math, calculus, proposed the very theory that the author is developing. A screen shot of the proof is provided.
Category: Astrophysics

The Solar System in the Model of 4D Matter

Authors: Valery Skorobogatov
Comments: 29 Pages. in Russian

The treatment of model of 4D matter is applied to the explanation of the construction of Solar System. It was explained the Titius-Bode law through the fulfillment of the four-dimensional Laplace equation that is taken to be true when there is no electromagnetic field. The short description of Maxwell's equations and electromagnetic waves are also given along with the paper's theme. The scenario of genesis of galaxies is proposed.
Category: Astrophysics

Uranus Effect On Mars Migration

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 27 Pages.

Paper Hypotheses 1-Uranus had effected on Mars Migration and defined its Displacement –i.e.– Mars Displacement (144 mkm) was defined before Mars Migration and this definition is done by Uranus Effect. 2-The Solar System Distances are distributed geometrically because Planet Motion depends on light motion Let's Review Mars Migration Theory in following: Mars Migration Theory Revision: -Mars original orbital distance was 84 mkm. and Mars had immigrated from it to its current orbital distance 227.9 mkm -Through Mars Motion from 84 mkm to 227.9 mkm, Mars had collided with Venus and then Mars had collided with Earth also. -From the Collisions debris The Earth Moon was created –and Mars had found its moons. And the rest debris had attracted by Jupiter and created The Asteroid Belt The Giant-Impact Hypothesis is in consistency with Mars immigration theory But -Instead of the (Supposed Planet) Theia, Mars itself made the collisions- and caused the Earth –Moon Creation – through Mars Motion from (84 mkm) to (227.9 mkm) Mars Immigration Theory solves The Giant-Impact Hypothesis difficulties: I.Why Venus Has No Moon? – Because Mars had immigrated and moved from 84 mkm to 227.9 mkm and pushed all debris in its motion direction – far from Venus – So Venus had found no debris around to create its own Moon - But Earth has a greater Mass and the debris lost their motion high momentum at Earth Position– so Earth could attract some debris and create its moon II.The Lunar Magma Ocean (LMO) Origin– is Venus – because the moon is created by 3 planets debris (Venus – Earth – Mars) – So their rocks are found in it III.Why The Iron Oxide (Feo) of the Moon= (13%)? Because The rate (13%) is a middle between Mars rate (18%) and the terrestrial mantle (8%). IV.Why Mars diameter (and Mass) are decreased through the history? Because of the collisions – Mars diameter lost around ( 4.1 %) (And Mars mass also which causes difficulties for Mars gravitation equation) V.Mars migration is done Because of The Sun Creation Process VI.Is there a possibility that Mars will return to its original point (84 mkm)? Yes VII.Why? Because the Planet orbital distance is defined relative to its diameter (and Mass) –Mars now is in the wrong Position- but forced to still because of the sun effect. A Conclusion The Giant-impact hypothesis supports Mars migration Theory Paper Objectives: (1st Objective) : The Paper tries to show and prove Uranus Effect On The Solar System Geometry and uses Mars Migration Event as an example shows Uranus Effect (2nd Objective) : The Paper tries to prove that – Planet Motion depends on Light Motion That means If we can't see the light motion – but because – The light Motion causes the general distribution of the solar system distances – and the planet has to move following the light motion through these distances themselves – because of that – the light motion effect on the planet motion is a fact can be concluded easily by Planet Data Analysis. Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

Photon-Counting Camera Images

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 50 Pages.

Researchers have developed the first megapixel photon-counting camera based on new-generation image sensor technology that uses single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs). [32] "The realization of such all-optical single-photon devices will be a large step towards deterministic multi-mode entanglement generation as well as high-fidelity photonic quantum gates that are crucial for all-optical quantum information processing," says Tanji-Suzuki. [31] Researchers at ETH have now used attosecond laser pulses to measure the time evolution of this effect in molecules. [30] A new benchmark quantum chemical calculation of C2, Si2, and their hydrides reveals a qualitative difference in the topologies of core electron orbitals of organic molecules and their silicon analogues. [29] A University of Central Florida team has designed a nanostructured optical sensor that for the first time can efficiently detect molecular chirality-a property of molecular spatial twist that defines its biochemical properties. [28] UCLA scientists and engineers have developed a new process for assembling semiconductor devices. [27] A new experiment that tests the limit of how large an object can be before it ceases to behave quantum mechanically has been proposed by physicists in the UK and India. [26] Phonons are discrete units of vibrational energy predicted by quantum mechanics that correspond to collective oscillations of atoms inside a molecule or a crystal. [25] This achievement is considered as an important landmark for the realization of practical application of photon upconversion technology. [24] Considerable interest in new single-photon detector technologies has been scaling in this past decade. [23] Engineers develop key mathematical formula for driving quantum experiments. [22]
Category: Quantum Physics

Spin 3/2 Materials

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 25 Pages.

"I really hope that this will develop into a big field, which will require both experimentalists and the theorists to do their part so that we can really learn something about the spin-3/2 particles and how they interact." says Boettcher. [17] The first known superconductor in which spin-3/2 quasiparticles form Cooper pairs has been created by physicists in the US and New Zealand. [16] Now a team of researchers from the University of Maryland (UMD) Department of Physics together with collaborators has seen exotic superconductivity that relies on highly unusual electron interactions. [15] A group of researchers from institutions in Korea and the United States has determined how to employ a type of electron microscopy to cause regions within an iron-based superconductor to flip between superconducting and non-superconducting states. [14] In new research, scientists at the University of Minnesota used a first-of-its-kind device to demonstrate a way to control the direction of the photocurrent without deploying an electric voltage. [13] Brown University researchers have demonstrated for the first time a method of substantially changing the spatial coherence of light. [12] Researchers at the University of Central Florida have generated what is being deemed the fastest light pulse ever developed. [11] Physicists at Chalmers University of Technology and Free University of Brussels have now found a method to significantly enhance optical force. [10] Nature Communications today published research by a team comprising Scottish and South African researchers, demonstrating entanglement swapping and teleportation of orbital angular momentum 'patterns' of light. [9] While physicists are continually looking for ways to unify the theory of relativity, which describes large-scale phenomena, with quantum theory, which describes small-scale phenomena, computer scientists are searching for technologies to build the quantum computer using Quantum Information. In August 2013, the achievement of "fully deterministic" quantum teleportation, using a hybrid technique, was reported. On 29 May 2014, scientists announced a reliable way of transferring data by quantum teleportation. Quantum teleportation of data had been done before but with highly unreliable methods. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the Wave-Particle Duality and the electron's spin also, building the Bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions by the diffraction patterns. The Weak Interaction changes the diffraction patterns by moving the electric charge from one side to the other side of the diffraction pattern, which violates the CP and Time reversal symmetry. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the Relativistic Quantum Theory and making possible to build the Quantum Computer with the help of Quantum Information.
Category: Quantum Physics

Geometrization of Physical Space

Authors: Belykh S.A.
Comments: 15 Pages. The approach to the study is given in the work of the author "Planck Physics"

Attempts to geometrize physical space have been undertaken since the beginning of the last century, but only from the second half of this century this possibility became possible thanks to the discovery of new laws and objects of Nature. The first step to this was M. Planck's assumption of a hypothetical state of matter with parameters of mass, radius and density. By drawing known objects in the coordinates of the radius and density, and making a restriction on the distribution of objects, highlighting the region of rest masses, it was possible to reach the second hypothetical state of matter and fulfill the matching of fundamental constants.
Category: Astrophysics

Charge of Photon and Electromagnetic Interaction if Photons

Authors: Somnath Chakraborty
Comments: 1 Page.

Photon has some kind of charge which is time varing, the frequency of variation is same as the frequency of photon. The path of photon can be deviate by a very strong electric or magnetic field.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Mathematical Connections Between ϕ, ζ(2), Some Ramanujan Equations and Various Parameters of String Theory Mathematics and Particle Physics.

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 60 Pages.

In this paper we have described and analyzed some Ramanujan equations. Furthermore, we have obtained several mathematical connections between ϕ, ζ(2), and various parameters of String Theory Mathematics and Particle Physics.
Category: Number Theory

2-D Supramolecules

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 66 Pages.

Scientists at the University of South Florida have reached a new milestone in the development of two-dimensional supramolecules-the building blocks that make areas of nanotechnology and nanomaterial advancement possible. [41] In 1965, a renowned Princeton University physicist theorized that ferroelectric metals could conduct electricity despite not existing in nature. [40] Cornell researchers have become the first to control atomically thin magnets with an electric field, a breakthrough that provides a blueprint for producing exceptionally powerful and efficient data storage in computer chips, among other applications. [39] This "piezomagnetic" material changes its magnetic properties when put under mechanical strain. [38] Researchers have developed a new flexible sensor with high sensitivity that is designed to perform variety of chemical and biological analyses in very small spaces. [37] In a new paper published today in Science Advances, researchers under the direction of Columbia Engineering Professors Michal Lipson and Alexander Gaeta (Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics) have miniaturized dual-frequency combs by putting two frequency comb generators on a single millimeter-sized chip. [36] Researchers have, for the first time, integrated two technologies widely used in applications such as optical communications, bio-imaging and Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) systems that scan the surroundings of self-driving cars and trucks. [35] The unique platform, which is referred as a 4-D microscope, combines the sensitivity and high time-resolution of phase imaging with the specificity and high spatial resolution of fluorescence microscopy. [34] The experiment relied on a soliton frequency comb generated in a chip-based optical microresonator made from silicon nitride. [33] This scientific achievement toward more precise control and monitoring of light is highly interesting for miniaturizing optical devices for sensing and signal processing. [32] It may seem like such optical behavior would require bending the rules of physics, but in fact, scientists at MIT, Harvard University, and elsewhere have now demonstrated that photons can indeed be made to interact-an accomplishment that could open a path toward using photons in quantum computing, if not in light sabers. [31]
Category: Condensed Matter

Nanometer-Thick Electromagnetic Film

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 63 Pages.

A Korean research team has developed a technology to fabricate an ultrathin material for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. [43] As if they were bubbles expanding in a just-opened bottle of champagne, tiny circular regions of magnetism can be rapidly enlarged to provide a precise method of measuring the magnetic properties of nanoparticles. [42]
Category: Condensed Matter

Ai Checks CT Scans for Covid-19

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 45 Pages.

Artificial intelligence (AI) can diagnose COVID-19 from CT scans, researchers in China claim [26] Researchers in Berlin and Heidelberg have now developed an intelligent neural network that can predict the functions of proteins in the human body. [25] AI combined with stem cells promises a faster approach to disease prevention. Andrew Masterson reports. [24] According to product chief Trystan Upstill, the news app "uses the best of artificial intelligence to find the best of human intelligence—the great reporting done by journalists around the globe." [23]
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Sheets of Atoms for Quantum Technologies

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 65 Pages.

A team of Australian scientists from the University of Technology Sydney (UTS) and the Australian National University (ANU) believe they have developed a way to address a decades-long challenge in the field of quantum materials-the spectral tuning of proposed quantum light sources. [44] A Korean research team has developed a technology to fabricate an ultrathin material for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. [43] As if they were bubbles expanding in a just-opened bottle of champagne, tiny circular regions of magnetism can be rapidly enlarged to provide a precise method of measuring the magnetic properties of nanoparticles. [42] Antennas made of carbon nanotube films are just as efficient as copper for wireless applications, according to researchers at Rice University's Brown School of Engineering. [41] The device is a high-efficiency round-trip light tunnel that squeezes visible light to the very tip of the condenser to interact with molecules locally and send back information that can decipher and visualize the elusive nanoworld. [40] "Smart glass," an energy-efficiency product found in newer windows of cars, buildings and airplanes, slowly changes between transparent and tinted at the flip of a switch. [39] With international collaboration, researchers at Aalto University have now developed a nanosized amplifier to help light signals propagate through microchips. [38] Physicists at the Kastler Brossel Laboratory in Paris have reached a milestone in the combination of cold atoms and nanophotonics. [37] The universal laws governing the dynamics of interacting quantum particles are yet to be fully revealed to the scientific community. [36] Now NIST scientists have designed a vacuum gauge that is small enough to deploy in commonly used vacuum chambers. [35] A novel technique that nudges single atoms to switch places within an atomically thin material could bring scientists another step closer to realizing theoretical physicist Richard Feynman's vision of building tiny machines from the atom up. [34]
Category: Quantum Physics

Peptide Inhibitors for COVID-19

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 46 Pages.

Scientists across the globe are rushing to find inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2, the new coronavirus behind the COVID-19 pandemic. [27] Artificial intelligence (AI) can diagnose COVID-19 from CT scans, researchers in China claim [26] Researchers in Berlin and Heidelberg have now developed an intelligent neural network that can predict the functions of proteins in the human body. [25]
Category: Physics of Biology

Olive Oil Phase Transitions

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 68 Pages.

A simple drop of olive oil in a system of photons bouncing between two mirrors has revealed universal aspects of phase transitions in physics. [42] Scientists at the University of South Florida have reached a new milestone in the development of two-dimensional supramolecules-the building blocks that make areas of nanotechnology and nanomaterial advancement possible. [41] In 1965, a renowned Princeton University physicist theorized that ferroelectric metals could conduct electricity despite not existing in nature. [40] Cornell researchers have become the first to control atomically thin magnets with an electric field, a breakthrough that provides a blueprint for producing exceptionally powerful and efficient data storage in computer chips, among other applications. [39] This "piezomagnetic" material changes its magnetic properties when put under mechanical strain. [38] Researchers have developed a new flexible sensor with high sensitivity that is designed to perform variety of chemical and biological analyses in very small spaces. [37] In a new paper published today in Science Advances, researchers under the direction of Columbia Engineering Professors Michal Lipson and Alexander Gaeta (Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics) have miniaturized dual-frequency combs by putting two frequency comb generators on a single millimeter-sized chip. [36] Researchers have, for the first time, integrated two technologies widely used in applications such as optical communications, bio-imaging and Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) systems that scan the surroundings of self-driving cars and trucks. [35] The unique platform, which is referred as a 4-D microscope, combines the sensitivity and high time-resolution of phase imaging with the specificity and high spatial resolution of fluorescence microscopy. [34] The experiment relied on a soliton frequency comb generated in a chip-based optical microresonator made from silicon nitride. [33] This scientific achievement toward more precise control and monitoring of light is highly interesting for miniaturizing optical devices for sensing and signal processing. [32]
Category: Condensed Matter

Exponential Factorization of Multivectors in Cl(p,q), P+q < 3

Authors: Eckhard Hitzer
Comments: 15 Pages. Accepted for Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences (MMAS), 3 tables. Minor updates.

In this paper we consider general multivector elements of Clifford algebras Cl(p,q), p+q <3, and study multivector factorization into products of exponentials and idempotents, where the exponents are blades of grades zero (scalar) to n (pseudoscalar).
Category: Algebra

On Some Ramanujan Equations: Mathematical Connections Between ϕ, ζ(2), Mock Theta Functions and Various Parameters of Particle Physics.

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 55 Pages.

In this paper we have described and analyzed some Ramanujan equations. Furthermore, we have obtained several mathematical connections between ϕ, ζ(2), Mock theta functions and various parameters of Particle Physics.
Category: Number Theory

Life as a "CODE" Thesis (Lact), Starting from Old Philosophical Questions: Life Forms (LFs) as Primarily "Software" and Only Secondarily "Hardware", with All Viruses (Including Sars-Cov-2) Being "Living" Software with "Non-Living" Hardware

Authors: Andrei Lucian Dragoi
Comments: (LACT - version 1.0 - 16.04.2020 - 2.5 A4 pages without references)

This paper proposes a redefinition of life as a genetic & epigenetic code (starting from old philosophical questions) with all life forms (LFs) being redefined as primarily "software" (SW) and only secondarily "hardware" (HW), with all viruses (including SARS-CoV-2) being redefined as “living” software with “non-living” hardware/ “storage”; based on a proposed empirical symmetry-principle (ESP), this paper also speculatively predicts the total biomass (of all known and unknown LFs) that already exists or may be allowed in our observable universe (ou). This paper continues (from alternative angles of view) the work of other past articles/preprints of the same author in physics, biology (including medicine) and philosophy.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Crafting A Model for the Expansion of the Universe

Authors: Richard A Peters
Comments: 29 Pages.

Processes are introduced that suffuse the Universe with gravitons that do not originate from any gravitational body. These processes maintain a constant flux of gravitons even as the Universe expands. The gravitons created in these processes move in all directions at the speed of light and add to the flux of gravitons emanating from the active gravitational masses of atoms, stars and galaxies that permeate the Universe. The Temporal Inertial (TI) field model is a conjecture of this author. In this hypothetical model the TI field mediates the force of gravity. Particles of the TI field (TIPs) are subject to gravity, baryonic matter is not. The TI field permeates all of space from the space within atoms to the expanse of the Universe. Particles of the TI field are continuously jostled about by the turmoil of vacuum fluctuations. As these TIPs move through space they encounter an increase in the flux of gravitons in their direction of motion and a decrease in the flux of gravitons opposite their direction of motion. Accordingly, TIPs are accelerated in the direction of their motion through space. The increase in kinetic energy of the TIPs increases the pressure they exert on their surround and the volume of a given aggregate of TIPs increases. This local expansion is replicated throughout space and extrapolates to an expansion of the entire Universe.
Category: Astrophysics

Some Options for Maintaining the Positive Effects of Trade and Addressing Negative Effects

Authors: Piero Benazzo
Comments: 21 Pages.

The analysis looks into how trade would act as a communicating vessel which diffuses positive effects of increase in productivity. In addition, this tends to communicate and diffuse dynamics of increased inequalities. Increase in inequalities would bring to a hidden effect due to a dual economy differential inflationary dynamics between the subsistence sector and the rest of the economy. These would hide an underestimation of inequality and would involute into further increase in inequalities. This would eventually decrease the market size for selling to a larger degree than the increase in market size thanks to improved productivity. A frame of solution proposed would be to keep the positive effects of trade and find a new deal for addressing its negative effects. This would mean decreasing inequality. One general frame for such deal in trade would be to impose duties commensurate to the differential inequality between importer and exporter’s country. In addition, to contribute reabsorbing inequality, the collected duties on imports could be sent back to the exporting countries, on the condition that they be used for decreasing inequalities.
Category: Economics and Finance

Why Mars Had Immigrated with the Sun Creation?

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 16 Pages.

The Paper Hypothesis: Because of The Sun Creation- Mars had immigrated from its original orbital distance (84mkm) to its current one (227.9 mkm)- after its Immigration– Mars had created configurations for its Data with the other planets –i.e. – Many Planets had changed their (own) data to be in configuration with Mars Data (Orbital Distance) – and because of these Data changes we could - through Planets Data analysis - conclude and prove Mars Immigration event through the solar system history. Mars Immigration Theory Revision: -Mars original orbital distance was 84 mkm. and Mars had immigrated from it to its current orbital distance 227.9 mkm -Through Mars Motion from 84 mkm to 227.9 mkm, Mars had collided with Venus and then Mars had collided with Earth also. -From the Collisions debris The Earth Moon was created –and Mars had found its moons. And the rest debris had attracted by Jupiter and created The Asteroid Belt The Giant-Impact Hypothesis is in consistency with Mars immigration theory But -Instead of the (Supposed Planet) Theia, Mars itself made the collisions- and caused the Earth –Moon Creation – through Mars Motion from (84 mkm) to (227.9 mkm) Mars Immigration Theory solves The Giant-Impact Hypothesis difficulties: I.Why Venus Has No Moon? – Because Mars had immigrated and moved from 84 mkm to 227.9 mkm and pushed all debris in its motion direction – far from Venus – So Venus had found no debris around to create its own Moon - But Earth has a greater Mass and the debris lost their motion high momentum at Earth Position– so Earth could attract some debris and create its moon II.The Lunar Magma Ocean (LMO) Origin– is Venus – because the moon is created by 3 planets debris (Venus – Earth – Mars) – So their rocks are found in it III.Why The Iron Oxide (Feo) of the Moon= (13%)? Because The rate (13%) is a middle between Mars rate (18%) and the terrestrial mantle (8%). IV.Why Mars diameter (and Mass) are decreased through the history? Because of the collisions – Mars diameter lost around ( 4.1 %) (And Mars mass also which causes difficulties for Mars gravitation equation) V.Mars Immigration is done Because of The Sun Creation Process VI.Is there a possibility that Mars will return to its original point (84 mkm)? Yes VII.Why? Because the Planet orbital distance is defined relative to its diameter (and Mass) –Mars now is in the wrong Position- but forced to still because of the sun effect. A Conclusion The Giant-impact hypothesis supports Mars Immigration Theory The Paper Objectives: (1st Objective) : The paper tries to prove that – many of the other planets data is changed as a result of Mars immigration – and because of that – Mars Immigration event is recorded in different planets data which help us greatly to prove my theory (Mars Immigration Theory) (2nd Objective) : Based on the previous proves – the paper provides us a new vision toward the solar system – it's no longer be separated planets from each other – on the contrary – we may conclude easily that – the solar system is one building and each planet is a part of this same building – or the solar system is one machine and each planet is a gear in this same machine This new vision toward the solar system provides us a decisive advantage in the solar system understanding and study –because this vision tells us that –the planets data are created depending on each other – the solar system becomes one Trajectory of Energy and each planet is a point on it. And because of that each planet data is created relative and complementary to the other planets data which can help us to see the solar system geometrical structure depth. Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

Satellite Test Dark Matter Theory

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 61 Pages.

A research team led by physicists at the University of California, Riverside, reports tiny satellite galaxies of the Milky Way can be used to test fundamental properties of "dark matter"-nonluminous material thought to constitute 85% of matter in the universe. [35] Now that they've identified the Higgs boson, scientists at the Large Hadron Collider have set their sights on an even more elusive target. [34] A team of researchers in the Republic of Korea, the U.S., Brazil, Indonesia and the U.K. have recently carried out a direct search for inelastic boosted dark matter (IBDM) using a terrestrial detector. [33] After watching YouTube videos of people supercooling water in a bottle and then triggering it to freeze by banging it, something about this concept solidified for Matthew M. Szydagis, an assistant professor of physics at the University at Albany, State University at New York, especially when he saw it again during the Disney movie "Frozen." [32] Researchers from the National University of science and technology MISIS (NUST MISIS, Moscow, Russia) and the National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN, Naples, Italy) have developed a simple and cost-effective technology that allows increasing the speed of automated microscopes (AM) by 10 to 100 times. [31] Europe's physics lab CERN on Tuesday said it was planning a new experiment to look for particles associated with dark matter which is believed to make up some 27 percent of the universe. [30] In a recent study, the CMS collaboration describes how it has sifted through data from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) to try and spot dark quarks. [29] Physicists in Italy are about to start up a new experiment designed to hunt for hypothetical particles such as the "dark photon" and carriers of a possible fifth force of nature. [28]
Category: Astrophysics

A Novel Solution to Academic Publishing

Authors: E. Garrett Ennis
Comments: 9 Pages.

Scientists have complained about the inconsistency and politics of academic publishing for hundreds of years. Among the explanations offered are that evaluators lack time and use shortcuts, that they lack the expertise to judge things properly, that they can't put aside personal biases and we must hide the names of authors, and that they are conscientious instead of creative and cannot judge new ideas. All of these are actually wrong. As a literary analyst, I spent the last ten years independently studying this same problem in book and movie production. I've found that the human decision-making apparatus doesn't work the way we think, and the solutions based on this misunderstanding could never have solved the problem. In this paper, we present the first method that actually can, which is a technique adapted from computer hacking, as well as a new view of how our brains make choices.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Speeding-Up Quantum Computing

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 67 Pages.

Trapped Rydberg ions may be the next step towards scaling up quantum computers to sizes where they can be practically usable, a new study in Nature shows. [42] Physicists at ETH Zurich have now demonstrated an elegant way to relax this intrinsic incompatibility using a mechanical oscillator formed by a single trapped ion, opening up a route for fundamental studies and practical uses alike. [41] Physical experiments were performed by Schiffer's team at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and were funded by the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science. [40]
Category: Quantum Physics

Development of Integrated Chips

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 72 Pages.

The use of extreme ultraviolet light sources in making advanced integrated chips has been considered, but their development has been hindered owing to a paucity of efficient laser targets. [42] Experimental photonic switches tested by researchers at the University of California, Berkeley, U.S.A., show promise toward the goal of fully optical, high-capacity switching for future high-speed data transmission networks. [41] Their research involved exploring how to exploit multicore fiber-optic technology that is expected to be used in future transmission networks. [40] When Greg Bowman presents a slideshow about the proteins he studies, their 3-D shapes and folding patterns play out as animations on a big screen. [39] Researchers at the University of Helsinki uncovered the mechanisms for a novel cellular stress response arising from the toxicity of newly synthesized proteins. [38] Scientists have long sought to develop drug therapies that can more precisely diagnose, target and effectively treat life-threatening illness such as cancer, cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases. [37] Skin cells taken from patients with a rare genetic disorder are up to ten times more sensitive to damage from ultraviolet A (AVA) radiation in laboratory tests, than those from a healthy population, according to new research from the University of Bath. [36] The use of stem cells to repair organs is one of the foremost goals of modern regenerative medicine. [35] Using new technology to reveal the 3-D organization of DNA in maturing male reproductive cells, scientists revealed a crucial period in development that helps explain how fathers pass on genetic information to future generations. [34] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Down syndrome is the most common birth defect, occurring once in every 700 births. [33] Healing is a complex process in adult skin impairments, requiring collaborative biochemical processes for onsite repair. [32]
Category: Quantum Physics

Topological Classical and Quantum Systems

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 45 Pages.

Koch and Budich found that the spectrum of the topological material is stable under physically motivated perturbations such as the suppressed interactions between the boundaries. [27] A certain kind of material, called a topological insulator, acts partially like one and partially like the other-it behaves like a conductor at its surface and an insulator in its interior. [26] Topological insulators (TIs) host exotic physics that could shed new light on the fundamental laws of nature. [25] A new study by scientists from the University of Bristol brings us a significant step closer to unleashing the revolutionary potential of quantum computing by harnessing silicon fabrication technology to build complex on-chip quantum optical circuits. [24] Two teams of scientists from the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology have collaborated to conduct groundbreaking research leading to the development of a new and innovative scientific field: Quantum Metamaterials. [23] An international team consisting of Russian and German scientists has made a breakthrough in the creation of seemingly impossible materials. They have created the world's first quantum metamaterial that can be used as a control element in superconducting electrical circuits. [22] ETH physicists have developed a silicon wafer that behaves like a topological insulator when stimulated using ultrasound. They have thereby succeeded in turning an abstract theoretical concept into a macroscopic product. [21] Cheng Chin, professor in the Department of Physics, and his team looked at an experimental setup of tens of thousands of atoms cooled down to near absolute zero. As the system crossed a quantum phase transition, they measured its behavior with an extremely sensitive imaging system. [20]
Category: Quantum Physics

Universe Didn't Annihilate Itself

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 43 Pages.

"There are still things we're figuring out because neutrinos are so hard to produce in a lab and require such complicated detectors," Marino said. "There's still room for more surprises." [15] A team of researchers at the University of Michigan has conducted a thought experiment regarding the nature of a universe that could support life without the weak force. [14] The international T2K Collaboration announces a first indication that the dominance of matter over antimatter may originate from the fact that neutrinos and antineutrinos behave differently during those oscillations. [13] Neutrinos are a challenge to study because their interactions with matter are so rare. Particularly elusive has been what's known as coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering, which occurs when a neutrino bumps off the nucleus of an atom. [12] Lately, neutrinos-the tiny, nearly massless particles that many scientists study to better understand the fundamental workings of the universe-have been posing a problem for physicists. [11] Physicists have hypothesized the existence of fundamental particles called sterile neutrinos for decades and a couple of experiments have even caught possible hints of them. However, according to new results from two major international consortia, the chances that these indications were right and that these particles actually exist are now much slimmer. [10] The MIT team studied the distribution of neutrino flavors generated in Illinois, versus those detected in Minnesota, and found that these distributions can be explained most readily by quantum phenomena: As neutrinos sped between the reactor and detector, they were statistically most likely to be in a state of superposition, with no definite flavor or identity. [9] A new study reveals that neutrinos produced in the core of a supernova are highly localised compared to neutrinos from all other known sources. This result stems from a fresh estimate for an entity characterising these neutrinos, known as wave packets, which provide information on both their position and their momentum. [8] It could all have been so different. When matter first formed in the universe, our current theories suggest that it should have been accompanied by an equal amount of antimatter-a conclusion we know must be wrong, because we wouldn't be here if it were true. Now the latest results from a pair of experiments designed to study the behaviour of neutrinos-particles that barely interact with the rest of the universe-could mean we're starting to understand why. [7]
Category: Astrophysics

Covid-19 Test Detects Viral DNA

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 71 Pages.

Although the test still needs to be tested on intact viral RNA from patient samples, it could help relieve the current pressure on PCR-based tests, the researchers say. [42] Simon Fraser University researchers will use their pioneering imaging technology-called Mango, for its bright colour-to develop coronavirus testing kits. [41] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, common human coronaviruses usually cause mild to moderate upper-respiratory tract illnesses, like the common cold. [40] When diseases reinforce each other, they rapidly accelerate through the population, then fizzle out as they run out of new hosts. [39] It's no coincidence that some of the worst viral disease outbreaks in recent years-SARS, MERS, Ebola, Marburg and likely the newly arrived 2019-nCoV virus-originated in bats. [38] An interdisciplinary team of researchers at Colorado State University has used computational chemistry, biochemistry and virology to uncover new information on how viruses such as West Nile, dengue and Zika replicate. [37] David Baker, Professor of Biochemistry and Director of the Institute for Protein Design at the University of Washington will speak about how algorithmic processes such as de novo design predict protein structures, protein folding mechanisms, and new protein functions. [36] A research team at Kobe University has developed a method of artificially controlling the anchorage position of target proteins in engineered baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). [35] Scientists have found a new way to home in on the proteins covering a particular cell's surface. The feat offers insight into how brain cells form intricate networks during development. [34]
Category: Physics of Biology

Mathematics Capturing Fusion Energy

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 82 Pages.

Now researchers at the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) have borrowed a technique from applied mathematics to accelerate the process. [45] A class exercise at MIT, aided by industry researchers, has led to an innovative solution to one of the longstanding challenges facing the development of practical fusion power plants: how to get rid of excess heat that would cause structural damage to the plant. [44]
Category: Astrophysics

Characterization of Novel Polymer as a Candidate Replacement for Low-Cost GFRP Laminates

Authors: Bryn Crawford
Comments: 2 Pages.

Commercial entities are always seeking to procure and implement cutting-edge materials that offer performance improvements over past iterations. Material suppliers in British Columbia, Canada, have been in discussions with regional small-to-medium enterprises (SMEs), introducing them to polymer-only materials that can ostensibly replace two-phased composites. This research has focused on comparing the nominal glass-fibre reinforced polymer composite produced by a partnering company, to the proposed replacement material by the vendor. Results obtained indicate that the polymer-only product is not a suitable replacement for the GFRP laminate design used by the company, with the tensile and bending properties (modulus and strength) significantly lower.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

X-ray Lasers of Biological Molecules

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 39 Pages.

One of the great advantages of X-ray free-electron lasers like the one at the Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory is that they allow researchers to determine the structure of biological molecules in natural environments. [23] The systematic review of the technology as applied to biology and pharmacology by the MIPT team will no doubt aid other researchers seeking to obtain the structures of key drug targets to develop new medications. [22] A new experimental method permits the X-ray analysis of amyloids, a class of large, filamentous biomolecules which are an important hallmark of diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. [12] Thumb through any old science textbook, and you'll likely find RNA described as little more than a means to an end, a kind of molecular scratch paper used to construct the proteins encoded in DNA. [20] Just like any long polymer chain, DNA tends to form knots. Using technology that allows them to stretch DNA molecules and image the behavior of these knots, MIT researchers have discovered, for the first time, the factors that determine whether a knot moves along the strand or "jams" in place. [19] Researchers at Delft University of Technology, in collaboration with colleagues at the Autonomous University of Madrid, have created an artificial DNA blueprint for the replication of DNA in a cell-like structure. [18] An LMU team now reveals the inner workings of a molecular motor made of proteins which packs and unpacks DNA. [17] Chemist Ivan Huc finds the inspiration for his work in the molecular principles that underlie biological systems. [16] What makes particles self-assemble into complex biological structures? [15] Scientists from Moscow State University (MSU) working with an international team of researchers have identified the structure of one of the key regions of telomerase-a so-called "cellular immortality" ribonucleoprotein. [14]
Category: Physics of Biology

Mirror-Symmetry Violation Discovered

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 67 Pages.

Physicists in the US have made the surprising discovery that two nuclear isotopes with exactly mirrored numbers of protons and neutrons have different ground states. [42] A recent study proposes that the thermodynamic factor plays a key role for the symmetry breaking of bimetal nano-heterostructures during seed-mediated growth. [41] This study shows the potential for engineered nanoparticles to magnetically control terahertz beams. [40]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Perovskite Low-Dose Medical Imaging

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 38 Pages.

The thin-film perovskite detectors could enable medical and dental imaging at extremely low radiation dose, while also boosting resolution in security scanners and X-ray research applications. [23] Nuclear technology companies Phoenix and SHINE Medical Technologies have achieved a new world record for a nuclear fusion reaction in a steady-state system, the strongest of its kind ever produced on Earth. [22]
Category: Physics of Biology

Efficient and Expressive Keyword Search Over Encrypted Data in Cloud

Authors: Zeeshan Sharief
Comments: 2 Pages.

Searchable encryption allows a cloud server to conduct keyword search over encrypted data on behalf of the data users without learning the underlying plaintexts. However, most existing searchable encryption schemes only support single or conjunctive keyword search, while a few other schemes that can perform expressive keyword search are computationally inefficient since they are built from bilinear pairings over the composite-order groups. In this paper, we propose an expressive public-key searchable encryption scheme in the prime-order groups, which allows keyword search policies i.e., predicates, access structures to be expressed in conjunctive, disjunctive or any monotonic Boolean formulas and achieves significant performance improvement over existing schemes. We formally define its security and prove that it is selectively secure in the standard model. Also, we implement the proposed scheme using a rapid prototyping tool called Charm and conduct several experiments to evaluate it performance. The results demonstrate that our scheme is much more efficient than the ones built over the composite-order groups.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Next-Generation Skyrmions Data Storage

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 95 Pages.

An international team of researchers, led by physicist Paul Ching-Wu Chu, founding director of the Texas Center for Superconductivity at the University of Houston, is reporting a new compound capable of maintaining its skyrmion properties at room temperature through the use of high pressure. [58] Prospective digital data storage devices predominantly rely on novel fundamental magnetic phenomena. [57] Scientists at Linköping University have shown how a quantum computer really works and have managed to simulate quantum computer properties in a classical computer. [56]
Category: Digital Signal Processing

The Shortest Proof that Eulers-Mascheroni’s Constant is Transcendental

Authors: Noah White
Comments: 1 Page. It's very short

The shortest proof n/k is not algebraic thus this constant is not algebraic
Category: Number Theory

Emergence of Lagrangian Field Theory from Self-Organized Criticality

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 15 Pages.

Self-organized criticality (SOC) is a universal mechanism for self-sustained critical behavior in large-scale systems evolving outside equilibrium. Our report explores a tentative link between SOC and Lagrangian field theory, with the long-term goal of bridging the gap between complex dynamics and the non-perturbative behavior of quantum fields.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Sun Creation Reason And Effect

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 15 Pages.

Earth is older than the Sun–So what changes had happened resulting the sun creation? We know one change is happened because of the sun Creation which is: Mars had immigrated from (84 mkm) to (227.9 mkm) – Let's remember that: Mars Immigration Theory: -Mars original orbital distance was 84 mkm. and Mars had immigrated from it to its current orbital distance 227.9 mkm -Through Mars Motion from 84 mkm to 227.9 mkm, Mars had collided with Venus and then Mars had collided with Earth also. -From the Collisions debris Earth Moon was created –and Mars had found its moons. And the rest debris was attracted by Jupiter and created The Asteroid Belt The Giant-impact hypothesis is in consistency with Mars immigration theory But -Instead of the (Supposed Planet) Theia, Mars itself made the collisions- and caused the Earth –Moon Creation - Mars Immigration Theory solves The difficulties of Giant-impact hypothesis: I.Why Venus Has No Moon? – Because Mars moved from 84 mkm to 227.9 mkm and pushed all debris in its motion direction – far from Venus – but Earth has greater Mass and the debris lost their motion high momentum – so Earth could attract some debris and create its moon II.The Lunar Magma Ocean (LMO) Origin– is Venus – because the moon is created by 3 planets debris (Venus – Earth – Mars) – So their rocks are found in it III.Why The Iron Oxide (Feo) of the Moon= (13%)? Because The rate (13%) is a middle between Mars rate (18%) and the terrestrial mantle (8%). IV.Why Mars diameter (and Mass) are decreased through the history? Because of the collisions – Mars diameter lost around (5%) (and Mars mass also which causes difficulties for Mars gravitation equation) V.Mars Immigration is done Because of The Sun Creation Process VI.Is there a possibility that Mars will return to its original point (84 mkm)? Yes VII.Why? Because the Planet orbital distance is defined relative to its diameter (and Mass) – Mars now is found in a wrong Position. Giant-impact hypothesis supports Mars Immigration Theory Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

Inverted Conditional Generator Classifier

Authors: Jeongik Cho
Comments: 12 Pages.

Traditional deep neural network classifier receives input data and passes through hidden layers to output predicted labels. In this paper, I propose an Inverted Conditional Generator Classifier that uses conditional generators to find a pair of condition vector and latent vector that can generate the data closest to the input data, and predict the label of the input data. The conditional generator is a generative model that receives latent vector and condition vector, and generates data with desired conditions. A decoder of conditional VAE [1] or a generator of conditional GAN [2] can be a conditional generator. The inverted Conditional Generator Classifier uses a trained conditional generator as it is. The inverted conditional generator classifier repeatedly performs gradient descent by taking the latent vector for each condition as a variable and the model parameter as a constant to find the data closest to the input data. Then, among the data generated for each condition, the condition vector of the data closest to the input data becomes the predicted label. Inverted Conditional Generator Classifier is slow to predict because prediction is based on gradient descent, but has high accuracy and is very robust against adversarial attacks [3] such as noise. In addition, the Inverted Conditional Generator Classifier can measure the degree of out-of-class through the difference between the generated nearest data and input data. A high degree of out-of-class means that the input data is separate from the cluster of each class, or Inverted Conditional Generator Classifier has little confidence in prediction. Through this, Inverted Conditional Generator Classifier can classify the input data as out-of-class or defer classification due to the lack of confidence in prediction.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

3-D Simulation of Coronavirus Spike Proteins

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 70 Pages.

Computational chemist Mahmoud Moradi will develop enhanced, 3-D simulations of the molecular dynamics of coronavirus spike glycoproteins to gain better understanding of how the virus binds to human cells. [41] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, common human coronaviruses usually cause mild to moderate upper-respiratory tract illnesses, like the common cold. [40] When diseases reinforce each other, they rapidly accelerate through the population, then fizzle out as they run out of new hosts. [39] It's no coincidence that some of the worst viral disease outbreaks in recent years-SARS, MERS, Ebola, Marburg and likely the newly arrived 2019-nCoV virus-originated in bats. [38] An interdisciplinary team of researchers at Colorado State University has used computational chemistry, biochemistry and virology to uncover new information on how viruses such as West Nile, dengue and Zika replicate. [37] David Baker, Professor of Biochemistry and Director of the Institute for Protein Design at the University of Washington will speak about how algorithmic processes such as de novo design predict protein structures, protein folding mechanisms, and new protein functions. [36] A research team at Kobe University has developed a method of artificially controlling the anchorage position of target proteins in engineered baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). [35] Scientists have found a new way to home in on the proteins covering a particular cell's surface. The feat offers insight into how brain cells form intricate networks during development. [34]
Category: Biochemistry

Substances Trapped in Nanobubbles

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 60 Pages.

Skoltech scientists modeled the behavior of nanobubbles appearing in van der Waals heterostructures and the behavior of substances trapped inside the bubbles. [41] Researchers at University College Dublin (UCD) have discovered a new energy-efficient method to generate and release substantial volumes of metastable, nano-scale gas bubbles in water, in excess of natural solubility levels. [40] The research is carried out in the Quantum Photonics Group at the Niels Bohr Institute, which is a part of the newly established Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q) [39] With international collaboration, researchers at Aalto University have now developed a nanosized amplifier to help light signals propagate through microchips. [38]
Category: Condensed Matter

Genes Affecting Life Span

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 74 Pages.

Scientists believe about 25 percent of the differences in human life span is determined by genetics-with the rest determined by environmental and lifestyle factors. But they don't yet know all the genes that contribute to a long life. [44] Researchers in Japan have discovered that the DNA inside human cells moves around less when its genes are active. [43] Matthias Wilmanns and colleagues at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory in Hamburg, Germany, developed methods to study the structure of a protein "strain absorber" as it changes during muscle contractions. [42] Using pulsed infrared light lasers, scientists have activated molecules located inside neural tissue with an efficiency of almost 100 percent. [41] DNA damage is occurring in our cells all the time due to external agents, such as exposure to sun, or internal agents, like reactive oxygen species. To detect and repair DNA lesions, cells have evolved DNA damage response. [40] When Greg Bowman presents a slideshow about the proteins he studies, their 3-D shapes and folding patterns play out as animations on a big screen. [39] Researchers at the University of Helsinki uncovered the mechanisms for a novel cellular stress response arising from the toxicity of newly synthesized proteins. [38] Scientists have long sought to develop drug therapies that can more precisely diagnose, target and effectively treat life-threatening illness such as cancer, cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases. [37] Skin cells taken from patients with a rare genetic disorder are up to ten times more sensitive to damage from ultraviolet A (AVA) radiation in laboratory tests, than those from a healthy population, according to new research from the University of Bath. [36] The use of stem cells to repair organs is one of the foremost goals of modern regenerative medicine. [35] Using new technology to reveal the 3-D organization of DNA in maturing male reproductive cells, scientists revealed a crucial period in development that helps explain how fathers pass on genetic information to future generations. [34]
Category: Physics of Biology

Genetic Expression and Evolution

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 41 Pages.

A new study by Adam Diehl, Ningxin Ouyang, and Alan Boyle, University of Michigan Medical School and members of the U-M Center for RNA Biomedicine, shows that transposable elements play an important role in regulating genetic expression with implications to advance the understanding of genetic evolution. [24] Researchers at Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen have developed a method to visualize gene expression of cells with an electron microscope. [23] Researchers at Oregon State University have developed an improved technique for using magnetic nanoclusters to kill hard-to-reach tumors. [22]
Category: Physics of Biology

On Some Ramanujan Equations: Mathematical Connections with ϕ, ζ(2), Monstrous Moonshine and Various Parameters of Particle Physics. II

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 62 Pages.

In this paper we have described and analyzed some Ramanujan equations. Furthermore, we have obtained several mathematical connections with ϕ, ζ(2), Monstrous Moonshine and various parameters of Particle Physics.
Category: Number Theory

Use of the Meta-Analysis in the Finding of Singularities of a Nuclear Matter Created in Ultrarelativistic Nuclear Collisions

Authors: V. A. Kizka
Comments: 16 Pages.

Published theoretical data from several models — PHSD/HSD both with and without chiral symmetry restoration (CSR), applied to experimental data on nuclear collisions from BEVALAC/SIS to LHC energies were analyzed using meta-analysis and Kolmogorov criteria. This made it possible to localize possible features of nuclear matter created in central nucleus-nucleus collisions. Ignition of a drop of quark-gluon plasma (QGP) begins already at an energy of about sqrt{sNN} = 2 GeV. We estimate that this QGP droplet occupies a small fraction, 15% (average radius of about 5.3 fm, if the fireball radius is 10 fm), of the total volume of the fireball created at sqrt{sNN} = 2.7 GeV. A drop of exotic matter undergoes a split phase transition — separated boundaries of sharp (1st order) crossover and CSR in chiral limit, between QGP and Quarkyonic matter at an energy about sqrt{sNN} = 3.5 GeV. The critical endpoint of 2nd order probably cannot be reached in nuclear collisions. The triple phase area appears at sqrt{sNN} = 12 - 15 GeV, the critical endpoint of 1st order — at around sqrt{sNN} = 20 GeV. The boundary of smooth (2nd order) crossover transition with CSR in chiral limit between Quarkyonic matter and QGP was localized between sqrt{sNN} = 9.3 and 12 GeV, and between Hadronic and QGP in the interval from sqrt{sNN} = 15 to 20 GeV, the boundary of sharp (1st order) crossover transition with CSR in chiral limit between Hadronic matter and QGP was localized after sqrt{sNN} = 20 GeV. The phase trajectory of the hadronic corona, enveloping the exotic droplet, always remains in the hadronic phase. The possible phase diagram of nuclear matter created in mid-central heavy ion collisions is also presented in the same energy range as for central collisions. Taking into account the quantum nature of the fireball created in nuclear collisions, we also emphasize on the existence of events in central nuclear collisions at energy range from sqrt{sNN} = 2 GeV to 2.76 TeV, at which no exotic matter is created and nuclear matter in the fireball remains in the hadronic phase throughout its (fireball) evolution.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Multi-Task Deep Learning Based CT Imaging Analysis for Covid-19: Classification and Segmentation

Authors: Amine Amyar, Romain Modzelewski, Su Ruan
Comments: 7 Pages.

The fast spreading of the novel coronavirus COVID-19 has aroused worldwide interest and concern, and caused more than one million and a half confirmed cases to date. To combat this spread, medical imaging such as computed tomography (CT) images can be used for diagnostic. An automatic detection tools is necessary for helping screening COVID-19 pneumonia using chest CT imaging. In this work, we propose a multitask deep learning model to jointly identify COVID-19 patient and segment COVID-19 lesion from chest CT images. Our motivation is to leverage useful information contained in multiple related tasks to help improve both segmentation and classification performances. Our architecture is composed by an encoder and two decoders for reconstruction and segmentation, and a multi-layer perceptron for classification. The proposed model is evaluated and compared with other image segmentation and classification techniques using a dataset of 1044 patients including 449 patients with COVID-19, 100 normal ones, 98 with lung cancer and 397 of different kinds of pathology. The obtained results show very encouraging performance of our method with a dice coefficient higher than 0.78 for the segmentation and an area under the ROC curve higher than 93% for the classification.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Testing Theories in Quantum Mechanics

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 67 Pages.

First, the scientists observed that the energy of the scattering photons was of course conserved and was partially transferred to a motion of the nucleus (more precisely: the ion). [41] For the first time, the team created quantum-correlated pairs made up of one visible and one near-infrared photon using chip-based optical components that can be mass-produced. [40] Now scientists at MIT and Harvard University have for the first time studied this unique, theoretical lens from a quantum mechanical perspective, to see how individual atoms and photons may behave within the lens. [39] Unlike previous methods of quantum entanglement involving incoherent and thermal clouds of particles, in this experiment, the researchers used a cloud of atoms in the Bose-Einstein condensate state. [38] A team led by Austrian experimental physicist Rainer Blatt has succeeded in characterizing the quantum entanglement of two spatially separated atoms by observing their light emission. [37] Researchers have demonstrated the first quantum light-emitting diode (LED) that emits single photons and entangled photon pairs with a wavelength of around 1550 nm, which lies within the standard telecommunications window. [36] JILA scientists have invented a new imaging technique that produces rapid, precise measurements of quantum behavior in an atomic clock in the form of near-instant visual art. [35] The unique platform, which is referred as a 4-D microscope, combines the sensitivity and high time-resolution of phase imaging with the specificity and high spatial resolution of fluorescence microscopy. [34] The experiment relied on a soliton frequency comb generated in a chip-based optical microresonator made from silicon nitride. [33] This scientific achievement toward more precise control and monitoring of light is highly interesting for miniaturizing optical devices for sensing and signal processing. [32]
Category: Quantum Physics

Crystals for Quantum Photonics

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 67 Pages.

Researchers from KTH Royal Institute of Technology report that they have developed a scalable production method for cuprous oxide (Cu2O) micrometer-sized crystals. [41] For the first time, the team created quantum-correlated pairs made up of one visible and one near-infrared photon using chip-based optical components that can be mass-produced. [40] Now scientists at MIT and Harvard University have for the first time studied this unique, theoretical lens from a quantum mechanical perspective, to see how individual atoms and photons may behave within the lens. [39] Unlike previous methods of quantum entanglement involving incoherent and thermal clouds of particles, in this experiment, the researchers used a cloud of atoms in the Bose-Einstein condensate state. [38] A team led by Austrian experimental physicist Rainer Blatt has succeeded in characterizing the quantum entanglement of two spatially separated atoms by observing their light emission. [37] Researchers have demonstrated the first quantum light-emitting diode (LED) that emits single photons and entangled photon pairs with a wavelength of around 1550 nm, which lies within the standard telecommunications window. [36] JILA scientists have invented a new imaging technique that produces rapid, precise measurements of quantum behavior in an atomic clock in the form of near-instant visual art. [35] The unique platform, which is referred as a 4-D microscope, combines the sensitivity and high time-resolution of phase imaging with the specificity and high spatial resolution of fluorescence microscopy. [34] The experiment relied on a soliton frequency comb generated in a chip-based optical microresonator made from silicon nitride. [33] This scientific achievement toward more precise control and monitoring of light is highly interesting for miniaturizing optical devices for sensing and signal processing. [32]
Category: Quantum Physics

Money Supply, Velocity and Asset Prices: Evidence from US Economy

Authors: Romain Bocher
Comments: 9 Pages.

This paper revisits the equation of exchange from the quantity theory of money, expanding the definition of the purchasing power of money to capital and property investment. Based on this new equation, empirical data on US Economy from 2009 to 2019 enable to show that money velocity is the main determinant of asset transactions and prices. Finally, the concept of velocity is reexamined to integrate the marginal propensity of money to inflate prices, leading to a better understanding of economic distortions caused by monetary policy.
Category: Economics and Finance

Quantum Metasurface Control of Light

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 68 Pages.

A research team led by Mikhail Lukin at Harvard University has recently proposed a new type of metasurface that can control both the spatiotemporal and quantum properties of transmitted and reflected light. [41] For the first time, the team created quantum-correlated pairs made up of one visible and one near-infrared photon using chip-based optical components that can be mass-produced. [40] Now scientists at MIT and Harvard University have for the first time studied this unique, theoretical lens from a quantum mechanical perspective, to see how individual atoms and photons may behave within the lens. [39] Unlike previous methods of quantum entanglement involving incoherent and thermal clouds of particles, in this experiment, the researchers used a cloud of atoms in the Bose-Einstein condensate state. [38] A team led by Austrian experimental physicist Rainer Blatt has succeeded in characterizing the quantum entanglement of two spatially separated atoms by observing their light emission. [37] Researchers have demonstrated the first quantum light-emitting diode (LED) that emits single photons and entangled photon pairs with a wavelength of around 1550 nm, which lies within the standard telecommunications window. [36] JILA scientists have invented a new imaging technique that produces rapid, precise measurements of quantum behavior in an atomic clock in the form of near-instant visual art. [35] The unique platform, which is referred as a 4-D microscope, combines the sensitivity and high time-resolution of phase imaging with the specificity and high spatial resolution of fluorescence microscopy. [34] The experiment relied on a soliton frequency comb generated in a chip-based optical microresonator made from silicon nitride. [33] This scientific achievement toward more precise control and monitoring of light is highly interesting for miniaturizing optical devices for sensing and signal processing. [32]
Category: Quantum Physics

Hot Qubits to Quantum Computers

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 94 Pages.

The researchers' proof-of-concept quantum processor unit cell, on a silicon chip, works at 1.5 Kelvin-15 times warmer than the main competing chip-based technology being developed by Google, IBM, and others, which uses superconducting qubits. [57] Quantum computation represents a fundamental shift that is now under way. What is most exciting is not what we can do with with a quantum computer today, but the undiscovered truths it will reveal tomorrow. [56] Scientists from the University of Bath, working with a colleague at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, have devised an ingenious method of controlling the vapour by coating the interior of containers with nanoscopic gold particles 300,000 times smaller than a pinhead. [55] Significant technical and financial issues remain towards building a large, fault-tolerant quantum computer and one is unlikely to be built within the coming decade. [54] Chemists at Friedrich Schiller University in Jena (Germany) have now synthesised a molecule that can perform the function of a computing unit in a quantum computer. [53] The research team developed the first optical microchip to generate, manipulate and detect a particular state of light called squeezed vacuum, which is essential for HYPERLINK "https://phys.org/tags/quantum/" quantum computation. [52] Australian scientists have investigated new directions to scale up qubits-utilising the spin-orbit coupling of atom qubits-adding a new suite of tools to the armory. [51] A team of international researchers led by engineers from the National University of Singapore (NUS) have invented a new magnetic device to manipulate digital information 20 times more efficiently and with 10 times more stability than commercial spintronic digital memories. [50] Working in the lab of Mikhail Lukin, the George Vasmer Leverett Professor of Physics and co-director of the Quantum Science and Engineering Initiative, Evans is lead author of a study, described in the journal Science, that demonstrates a method for engineering an interaction between two qubits using photons. [49] Researchers with the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory have demonstrated a new level of control over photons encoded with quantum information. [48]
Category: Quantum Physics

Closing Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 69 Pages.

To further improve the experimental sensitivity to a potential CP symmetry violating effect, the T2K Collaboration will upgrade the near detector suite to reduce systematic uncertainties and accumulate more data, and J-PARC will increase the beam intensity by upgrading the accelerator and beamline. [39] From the data collected by the LHCb detector at the Large Hadron Collider, it appears that the particles known as charm mesons and their antimatter counterparts are not produced in perfectly equal proportions. The inclusion of short-range interactions in models of neutrinoless double-beta decay could impact the interpretation of experimental searches for the elusive decay. [34] The occasional decay of neutrons into dark matter particles could solve a long-standing discrepancy in neutron decay experiments. [33] The U.S. Department of Energy has approved funding and start of construction for the SuperCDMS SNOLAB experiment, which will begin operations in the early 2020s to hunt for hypothetical dark matter particles called weakly interacting massive particles, or WIMPs. [32] Thanks to low-noise superconducting quantum amplifiers invented at the University of California, Berkeley, physicists are now embarking on the most sensitive search yet for axions, one of today's top candidates for dark matter. [31]
Category: Astrophysics

Top Quarks Decay So Rapidly That Hadronization Cannot Occur, Considerably Restricting Decay Possibilities

Authors: George R. Briggs
Comments: 1 Page.

Abstract: Top quarks decay so quickly that they do not have a chance to hadronize to particles made of bound quarks. Instead they decay to form bosons or leptons.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Group Geometric Algebras and the Standard Model

Authors: Carl Brannen
Comments: 23 Pages. As submitted to Journal of Modern Physics

We show how to generalize the Weyl equation to include the Standard Model fermions and a dark matter fermion. The 2x2 complex matrices are a matrix ring R. A finite group G can be used to define a group algebra G[R] which is a generalization of the ring. For a group of size N, this defines N Weyl equations coupled by the group operation. We use the group character table to uncouple the equations by diagonalizing the group algebra. Using the full octahedral point symmetry group for G, our uncoupled Weyl equations have the symmetry of the Standard Model fermions plus a dark matter particle.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Observing Schrödinger's Cat

Authors: Kenneth R Krechmer
Comments: 2 Pages.

: Understanding E. Schrödinger's 1935 tongue-in-cheek thought experiment requires calibrating his observer to the time units of the measurement result. Calibration, a metrology process, defines the units of a measurement result. Without such a definition any measurement is confusing.
Category: Quantum Physics

Theory of Everything: Ultimate Origin of the Universe and Consciousness. Integrating Quantum Theory and Relativity, Supernatural Creation of the Universe, Origin of Forces, Gravitation, Dark Matter, Dark Energy, Soul Theory and the God Concept.

Authors: Abed Peerally PhD
Comments: 16 Pages. Very interesting since it is about the ultimate cosmology and physics of the universe to be fully described in the author's second book to be published in a few months.

The article which is the last by the author completes the series of papers dealing with the Theory of Every of Everything and the Origin of the Universe, Consciousness, the integration of relativity and quantum theory, the Dark Matter and Dark Energy Conundrum and the manner of origin of spacetime, of forces and particles described in the author's second book in Cosmology, the Origin of the Universe and of Conciousness and of the realities of existence. His second book of about 650 papers is a comprehensive coverage of the ultimate nature of the universe and the realities of existence. This book is scheduled for publishing by July 2020.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Difference Between a Theory, a Calculation and an Explanation

Authors: Jean Louis Van Belle
Comments: No. of pages includes title page and a annex of 11 pages

In this paper, we try to show where and why quantum mechanics went wrong – and why and when the job of both the academic physicist as well as the would-be student of quantum mechanics turned into calculating rather than explaining what might or might not be happening. Modern quantum physicists effectively resemble econometrists modeling input-output relations: if they are lucky, they will get some kind of mathematical description of what goes in and what goes out, but the math does not tell them how stuff actually happens. To show what an actual explanation might look like, we bring the Zitterbewegung electron model and our photon model together to provide a classical explanation of Compton scattering of photons by electrons so as to show what electron-photon interference might actually be: two electromagnetic oscillations interfering (classically) with each other. While developing the model, we also offer some reflections on the nature of the Uncertainty Principle. Finally, we also offer a brief history of the bad ideas which led to the current mess in physics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Mars-Einwanderungstheorie (II)

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 14 Pages.

Abstrakt Dieses Papier versucht, 3 Fragen zu beantworten (1.Frage) Kann "Riesen-Impact-Hypothesis" eine vollständige Erklärung für den Ursprung des Erd-Mondes liefern? (2. Frage) Kann die Mars-Einwanderung auf der Erde ein Risiko verursachen? (3. Frage) Wenn der Mars auf der Erde ein Risiko verursacht, kann der Mensch dann sein Leben retten? (1. Frage-Antwort) "Mars-Einwanderungstheorie Zusammenfassung": -Der ursprüngliche Große Halbachse des Mars betrug 84 mkm. und der Mars war bis zu seinem Große Halbachse von 227.9 mkm von ihm eingewandert. -Durch die Marsbewegung von 84 mkm auf 227.9 mkm war der Mars mit der Venus und dann auch mit der Erde kollidiert. -Aus den Trümmern der Kollisionen entstand der Erdmond - und der Mars hatte seine Monde gefunden. Und die restlichen Trümmer wurden vom Jupiter angezogen und schufen den Asteroidengürtel Giant-Impact-Hypothese steht im Einklang mit Mars-Einwanderungstheorie Aber -Anstelle des (vermeintlichen Planeten) Theia verursachte der Mars selbst die Kollisionen - und verursachte die Entstehung der ErdMonde– Mars-Einwanderungstheorie löst die Schwierigkeiten der Giant-Impact-Hypothese: I.Warum hat die Venus keinen Mond? - Weil sich der Mars von 84 mkm auf 227.9 mkm bewegte und alle Trümmer in seine Bewegungsrichtung schob - weit weg von der Venus - aber die Erde eine größere Masse hat und die Trümmer ihre hohe Bewegungsdynamik verloren - so konnte die Erde einige Trümmer anziehen und ihren Mond schaffen II.Der Ursprung des Mond-Magma-Ozeans (LMO) - ist die Venus - denn der Mond wird von 3 Planetentrümmern (Venus - Erde - Mars) gebildet. III.Warum das Eisenoxid (Feo) des Mondes= (13%)? Weil die Rate (13%) in der Mitte zwischen der Marsrate (18%) und der Rate des Erdmantels (8%) liegt. IV.Warum werden Marsdurchmesser (und Masse) im Laufe der Geschichte verringert? Wegen der Kollisionen - der Marsdurchmesser verlor etwa (5%) (und auch die Marsmasse), was verursacht Mars Data folgt nicht perfekt dem Gravitationsgesetz V.Warum wurde der Mars eingewandert? Wegen des Schöpfungsprozesses der Sonne (Giant-Impact-Hypothese) unterstützt die Mars-Einwanderungstheorie (2. Frage-Antwort) Das Marsrisiko ist klar - denn - Wenn der Mars zu seinem ursprünglichen Punkt (84 mkm) zurückkehren muss, wird der Mars (fast) wieder mit der Erde kollidieren Die Frage ist, Warum wird der Mars auf seine ursprüngliche Große Halbachse (84 mkm) zurückkehren? Weil die Entfernung der Planetenbahn vom Durchmesser (und der Masse) des Planeten abhängt - der Mars befindet sich also jetzt in seiner falschen Position - und er hat (einen ständigen) Grund, zu seiner ursprünglichen Große Halbachse zurückzukehren Aber eine sehr große Kraft verhindert es...! Was ist das für eine Kraft? DIE SONNE- Wenn nun für den Lebenszyklus der Sonne eine ernsthafte Veränderung eintritt (im Wesentlichen, weil wir wissen, dass die Erde älter als die Sonne ist, d.h., dass es möglich ist, Veränderungen im Leben der Sonne zu haben, während die Erde noch lebt) - in Kürze - kann die ernsthafte Veränderung im Lebenszyklus der Sonne dazu führen, dass der Mars auf seine ursprüngliche Große Halbachse zurückkehrt Jetzt Wenn die Mondgestein-Analyse uns sagt, dass - der Mars mit Venus und Erde kollidiert ist, um den Erdmond zu erzeugen - das bedeutet - der Mars bei seiner Rückkehr fast dasselbe tun wird! (einige suchten nach dem größten Erdbeben über der Erde - das war's) (3. Frage-Antwort) Die Nachrichten sagen: - Der Mars wird uns töten - das ist die Tatsache! Wie kann der Mensch sein Leben retten? Durch die Beantwortung der Frage - Wie entsteht die Materie? Der menschliche Kopf verwendet Lichtgeschwindigkeit ist der Denkprozess - und deshalb sieht der Mensch (den Lichtstrahl) als Materie (Masse) Jemand fragte, warum sich das subatomare Teilchen nach der Beobachtung als Teilchen und nicht als Welle verhält. Wie wirkt sich der Beobachter auf die Beobachtungsergebnisse aus? Weil der menschliche Verstand die Lichtgeschwindigkeit (0,3 mkm/sec) verwendet - also die Wirkung des Beobachters auf das subatomare Teilchen durch einen Lichtstrahl, der vom Verstand des Beobachters ausgesandt wird. Wir sind wieder hier........! Lorentz-Länge Kontraktionseffekt.....!! Ist der Effekt der Lorentz-Längenkontraktion ein reales Phänomen oder eine Illusion von Messungen? Bedeutet - wird die Eigenlänge eines Teilchens (wirklich) durch Hochgeschwindigkeitsbewegung kontrahiert? oder ist das eine Illusion der Messung?! Wenn ja - bedeutet das - Lorentz-Transformationsmessung Illusion von Messungen? Oder ist die Eigenlänge des Teilchens kontrahiert?! Eine Frage kann sehr hilfreich sein... Wie die Materie entsteht?... Die Materie entsteht durch eine Wirkung des menschlichen Verstand, weil der menschliche Kopf im Denkprozess Lichtgeschwindigkeit benutzt und deshalb ist die Materie (die wir als Materie betrachten) NICHT Materie (wirklich) - es ist ein Lichtstrahl, den wir als Materie sehen – Übrigens, die am besten geeignete Verteilung für die Sonnenplaneten ist die Lichtkohärenzinterferenz (Young Experiment), bei der der größte helle Streifen (Jupiter) den Mittelpunkt einnimmt. Mr.Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

Atlantis in Mirrors

Authors: Leon Elshout
Comments: 1 Page.

If Plato's Atlantis was mirrored, what could Atlantis be? In 1 Corinthians 13:12 we read that we see everything in mirrors. What does it have to do with Atlantis? By Leon elshout, Almelo, 14 april 2020, roodgoudvanparvaim.nl, www.flipsnack.com/roodgoudvanparvaim, aurichalcum2018 (at) protonmail.com
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

Carbon Nanostructure Stronger than Diamonds

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 69 Pages.

Researchers at the University of California, Irvine and other institutions have architecturally designed plate-nanolattices—nanometer-sized carbon structures—that are stronger than diamonds as a ratio of strength to density. [47] The Lyding Group recently developed a technique that can be used to build carbon-nanotube-based fibers by creating chemical crosslinks. [46] Swansea University scientists have reported a new approach to measuring the conductivity between identical carbon nanotubes which could be used to help improve the efficiency of electrical power cables in the future. [45]
Category: Condensed Matter

Big Data Processing in Magnetic Circuits

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 33 Pages.

But researchers in the Cockrell School of Engineering at The University of Texas at Austin have found a way to make the new generation of smart computers more energy efficient. [21] Researchers at King Abdulaziz University, in Saudi Arabia, have recently used Big Data Analytics to detect spatio-temporal events around London, testing the potential of these tools in harnessing valuable live information. [20] To achieve remarkable results in computer vision tasks, deep learning algorithms need to be trained on large-scale annotated datasets that include extensive informationabout every image. [19]
Category: Quantum Physics

On Some Ramanujan Equations: Mathematical Connections with ϕ, ζ(2), Monstrous Moonshine and Various Parameters of Particle Physics.

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 64 Pages.

In this paper we have described and analyzed some Ramanujan equations. Furthermore, we have obtained several mathematical connections with ϕ, ζ(2), Monstrous Moonshine and various parameters of Particle Physics.
Category: Number Theory

Electro-Optical Modulator

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 52 Pages.

Researchers at the George Washington University developed and demonstrated for the first time a silicon-based electro-optical modulator that is smaller, as fast as and more efficient than state-of-the-art technologies. [33] Technion-Israel institute of Technology researchers have succeeded in generating minute "nano-hedgehogs of light" called optical skyrmions, which could make possible revolutionary advances in information processing, transfer and storage. [32] Unique physical properties of these "magic knots" might help to satisfy demand for IT power and storage using a fraction of the energy. [31] A skyrmion is the magnetic version of a tornado which is obtained by replacing the air parcels that make up the tornado by magnetic spins, and by scaling the system down to the nanometre scale. [30] A new material created by Oregon State University researchers is a key step toward the next generation of supercomputers. [29] Magnetic materials that form helical structures-coiled shapes comparable to a spiral staircase or the double helix strands of a DNA molecule-occasionally exhibit exotic behavior that could improve information processing in hard drives and other digital devices. [28] In a new study, researchers have designed "invisible" magnetic sensors-sensors that are magnetically invisible so that they can still detect but do not distort the surrounding magnetic fields. [27] At Carnegie Mellon University, Materials Science and Engineering Professor Mike McHenry and his research group are developing metal amorphous nanocomposite materials (MANC), or magnetic materials whose nanocrystals have been grown out of an amorphous matrix to create a two phase magnetic material that exploits both the attractive magnetic inductions of the nanocrystals and the large electrical resistance of a metallic glass. [26] The search and manipulation of novel properties emerging from the quantum nature of matter could lead to next-generation electronics and quantum computers. [25]
Category: Quantum Physics

Vulnerable Cells Armor Cholesterol

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 61 Pages.

The findings, published today in Nature Microbiology, could offer new strategies for fighting infections that don't involve antibiotics. [39] Engineers at MIT and elsewhere have tracked the evolution of individual cells within an initially benign tumor, showing how the physical properties of those cells drive the tumor to become invasive, or metastatic. [38] The new treatment employs the alpha particle emitting radionuclide 225Ac. Alpha particles travel a short distance in tissue, thereby limiting their off-target effect. [37]
Category: Physics of Biology

Spatial-Temporal Julia Type Structures in Quantum Boundary Problems

Authors: Igor B. Krasnyuk, Andrey E. Zabolotin
Comments: 2 Pages.

An initial boundary value problem to a system of linear Schrodinger equations with nonlinear boundary conditions is considered. It is shown that attractor of the problem lies on circles in complex plane. Trajectories tend to xed points of hyperbolic type with unstable manifold which is formed by saddle points of codimension one. Each element of the attractor are periodic piecewise constant function on pase and amplitude of a wave function in WKB -approximation with nite or innite points of discontinuities on a period of the Julia type. More exactly, it has been obtained limit solutions of the problem which with accuracy O(h2) match the exact attractor of the boundary problem, which is independent on h > 0 in the zero WKB - approximation. The presented mathematical result are applied to the study of dynamics of two charged particles with opposite impulses, which are conned by two at walls with surface potentials of double-well type. It is shown that asymptotic behaviour of particles is similar to the behaviour of orbits that arise to well-known logistic map in complex plane. As example, there exist limit periodic nearly piecewise constant distributions of wave functions of Mandelbrot type with Julia type points of 'jumps' for amplitudes and phases of given free charged particles in a conned box with surface nonlinear double-well potential at walls in magnetic eld.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Evolution of Genetic Mutations

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 50 Pages.

Quantitative biologists David McCandlish and Juannan Zhou at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory have developed an algorithm with predictive power, giving scientists the ability to see how specific genetic mutations can combine to make critical proteins change over the course of a species's evolution. [34] Reconstructing evolutionary branches is tricky, especially when many species share a similar type of protein that might have evolved to perform somewhat different functions. [33] Researchers from the The fight against global antibiotic resistance has taken a major step forward with scientists discovering a concept for fabricating nanomeshes as an effective drug delivery system for antibiotics. [30] The solution consisting of colloidal quantum dots is inkjet-printed, creating active photosensitive layer of the photodetector. [29] I'm part of a group of nanotechnology and neuroscience researchers at the University of Washington investigating how quantum dots behave in the brain. [28] Nanotechnology may provide an effective treatment for Parkinson's disease, a team of researchers suggests. [27] Recent research from Kumamoto University in Japan has revealed that polyoxometalates (POMs), typically used for catalysis, electrochemistry, and photochemistry, may also be used in a technique for analyzing quantum dot (QD) photoluminescence (PL) emission mechanisms. [26] Researchers have designed a new type of laser called a quantum dot ring laser that emits red, orange, and green light. [25] The world of nanosensors may be physically small, but the demand is large and growing, with little sign of slowing. [24]
Category: Physics of Biology

Nanostructures Fragile Drug to Coronavirus

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 69 Pages.

Researchers are developing new peptide-based therapeutics for targeting and disabling the coronavirus' so-called "spike proteins." [40] When diseases reinforce each other, they rapidly accelerate through the population, then fizzle out as they run out of new hosts. [39] It's no coincidence that some of the worst viral disease outbreaks in recent years-SARS, MERS, Ebola, Marburg and likely the newly arrived 2019-nCoV virus-originated in bats. [38] An interdisciplinary team of researchers at Colorado State University has used computational chemistry, biochemistry and virology to uncover new information on how viruses such as West Nile, dengue and Zika replicate. [37] David Baker, Professor of Biochemistry and Director of the Institute for Protein Design at the University of Washington will speak about how algorithmic processes such as de novo design predict protein structures, protein folding mechanisms, and new protein functions. [36] A research team at Kobe University has developed a method of artificially controlling the anchorage position of target proteins in engineered baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). [35] Scientists have found a new way to home in on the proteins covering a particular cell's surface. The feat offers insight into how brain cells form intricate networks during development. [34]
Category: Physics of Biology

ODG Theory

Authors: Matteo Ciampone
Comments: 16 Pages.

The ODG Theory is based on the ideas of General Relativity (GR) of Albert Einstein (AE), i.e. curved spacetime, but not on the equations of GR, i.e. tensors. The basic idea is that the gravitational interaction is trasmitted by gravitational waves and predicts the existence of negative gravity. The equations of the ODG Theory are invariant for Lorentz trasformation, and in perfect agreement with the weak field approximation of the RG given by gravitoelectromagnetism equations. Moreover in the ODG Theory the AE equivalence principle is respected, both weak and strong.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Quantum Matter as a Showcase for Quantum Gravity: Analysis and Implications

Authors: P. A. Mandrin
Comments: 26 Pages.

By generically constraining the boundary term of the action of gravity, the formal structure of the observed types of matter fields (scalar, fermion/Dirac and spin 1) is obtained in the weak gravity limit, including their gauge behaviour, covering the standard model. By gravity, we mean any theory having the Gibbons-Hawking-York boundary term as its torsion-free weak gravity limit. The constraining term is assumed to be local, not explicitly coordinate-dependent and to be the boundary term of a bulk function (Lagrangian). In this way, the latter is fixed to a large extent, admitting couplings and mass terms. The formal matching with observed fields suggests that matter should be the consequence of gravity constraining, and quantum matter would result from constrained quantum gravity. This implies that it is possible to compute the value of 6.564.10^{-69} m^2 for the fundamental quantum constant of gravity - the smallest possible change of the boundary term. Also, the freedom to construct a fundamental quantum concept of gravity is strongly reduced, and the weak gravity limit is completely determined. For strong gravity, the boundary term - rather than the Hamiltonian - yields a key quantum counting operator.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Soundwaves in the Superfluid

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 32 Pages.

Swinburne University of Technology study published this week examines the propagation of energy as sound waves in a quantum gas, revealing for the first time strong variations in the nature of the sound wave as a function of temperature. [23] There are two sound velocities in a Bose-Einstein condensate. In addition to the normal sound propagation there is second sound, which is a quantum phenomenon. [22] Quantum sensors can reach sensitivities that are impossible according to the laws of conventional physics that govern everyday life. [21] An international team of physicists at ETH Zurich, Aalto University, the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, and the Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics in Moscow has demonstrated that algorithms and hardware developed originally in the context of quantum computation can be harnessed for quantum-enhanced sensing of magnetic fields. [20] Scientists at Forschungszentrum Jülich have now discovered another class of particle-like magnetic object that could take the development of data storage devices a significant step forward. [19] A team of researchers with members from IBM Research-Zurich and RWTH Aachen University has announced the development of a new PCM (phase change memory) design that offers miniaturized memory cell volume down to three nanometers. [18] Monatomic glassy antimony might be used as a new type of single-element phase change memory. [17] Physicists have designed a 3-D quantum memory that addresses the tradeoff between achieving long storage times and fast readout times, while at the same time maintaining a compact form. [16] Quantum memories are devices that can store quantum information for a later time, which are usually implemented by storing and re-emitting photons with certain quantum states. [15] The researchers engineered diamond strings that can be tuned to quiet a qubit's environment and improve memory from tens to several hundred nanoseconds, enough time to do many operations on a quantum chip. [14]
Category: Quantum Physics

Particle Transport by Turbulent Fluids

Authors: Rolf Warnemünde
Comments: 72 Pages. c 2020 CC BY-NC-ND

It is stated that moving fluids can be described as fluctuating continua although their material distribution is always discontinuous. A stochastic particle transport is then considered by an imaginary ensemble of any number of equivalent turbulent fluids existing in parallel. This leads to exspectation values of the densities of turbulently transported particles. First a transport equation for a molecular self-diffusion is found. It is used as a reference for the difference between self-moving diffusing particles and transport through turbulent moving continua (e.g. aerosols). This is followed by a transport theory for longitudinal continuum fluctuations to provide an easier transition to the more complicated turbulent particle transport. The following transport equations arise: 1. -transport equation of molecular self-diffusion as partial differential equation as well as integral equation. The transition probabillity of velocities is calculated, explicitly. 2. -transport equation of a passive particle transport by longitudinal continuumfluktuations as partial differential equation as well as integral equation. The transition probabillity of velocities is calculated, explicitly. 3. -transport equation of a passive particle transport by turbulent continuum-fluktuations as partial differential equation as well as integral equation. The transition probabillity of velocities is calculated, explicitly. 2
Category: Classical Physics

Electronic Cooling of Quantum Computers

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 46 Pages.

VTT researchers have successfully demonstrated a new electronic refrigeration technology that could enable major leaps in the development of quantum computers. [27] Researchers from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology teamed up with colleagues from the U.S. and Switzerland and returned the state of a quantum computer a fraction of a second into the past. [26] Researchers at the University of Florence and Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, in Italy, have recently proved that the invasiveness of quantum measurements might not always be detrimental. [25]
Category: Quantum Physics

Self-Powered Temperature Sensors

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 51 Pages.

A team of researchers from the University of Oxford, Delft University and IBM Zurich have demonstrated that graphene can be used to build sensitive and self-powering temperature sensors. [33] An inexpensive way to make products incorporating nanoparticles-such as high-performance energy devices or sophisticated diagnostic tests-has been developed by researchers. [32] Researchers from Empa and ETH Zurich, together with colleagues from IBM Research Zurich, have recently been able to create this effect with long-range ordered nanocrystal superlattices. [31] The optical tweezer is revealing new capabilities while helping scientists understand HYPERLINK "https://phys.org/tags/quantum+mechanics/" quantum mechanics, the theory that explains nature in terms of subatomic particles. [30] In the perspective, Gabor and Song collect early examples in electron metamaterials and distil emerging design strategies for electronic control from them. [29] Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) researchers are working to make better electronic devices by delving into the way nanocrystals are arranged inside of them. [28] Self-assembly and crystallisation of nanoparticles (NPs) is generally a complex process, based on the evaporation or precipitation of NP-building blocks. [27] New nanoparticle-based films that are more than 80 times thinner than a human hair may help to fill this need by providing materials that can holographically archive more than 1000 times more data than a DVD in a 10-by-10-centimeter piece of film. [26] Researches of scientists from South Ural State University are implemented within this area. [25] Following three years of extensive research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HU) physicist Dr. Uriel Levy and his team have created technology that will enable computers and all optic communication devices to run 100 times faster through terahertz microchips. [24]
Category: Condensed Matter

3-D Imaging Fluorescence Microscopy

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 70 Pages.

Scientists have been using fluorescence microscopy to study the inner workings of biological cells and organisms for decades. [46] Selecting the most effective molecules for drug delivery is often a trial-and-error process, but Cornell engineers are providing some precision thanks to a technique that reveals the performance of those molecules inside living cells. [45] Now, researchers at MIT and elsewhere have developed a system to deliver medical treatments that can be released at precise times, minimally-invasively, and that ultimately could also deliver those drugs to specifically targeted areas such as a specific group of neurons in the brain. [44] Gene editing technology is a technology that eliminates the underlying causes of and treats diseases by removing specific genesor editing genes to restore their normal function. In particular, CRISPR gene editing technology is now commonly used for immunotherapy by correcting the genes of immune cells to induce them to attack cancer cells selectively. [43]
Category: Physics of Biology

On Attractivity for $\psi$-Hilfer Fractional Differential Equations Systems

Authors: J. Vanterler da C. Sousa; Donal O'Regan, E. Capelas de Oliveira
Comments: 18 Pages.

In this paper, we investigate the existence of a class of globally attractive solutions of the Cauchy fractional problem with the $\psi$-Hilfer fractional derivative using the measure of noncompactness. An example is given to illustrate our theory.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Faedo-Galerkin Approximation of Mild Solutions of Nonlocal Fractional Functional Dierential Equations

Authors: J. Vanterler da C. Sousa; Michal Feckan, E. Capelas de Oliveira
Comments: 23 Pages.

The existence, uniqueness and convergence of approximation of mild solutions for a class of nonlocal fractional functional differential equations in Hilbert separable space, will be investigated. To this end, the Gronwall inequality and Faedo-Galerkin approximation will be used.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Attractivity for Differential Equations Systems of Fractional Order

Authors: J. Vanterler da C. Sousa; Mouffak Benchohra; Gaston M. N'Guerekata.
Comments: 15 Pages.

This paper investigates the overall solution attractivity of the fractional differential equation introduced by the $\psi$-Hilfer fractional derivative and the Krasnoselskii's fixed point theorem. We highlight some particular cases of the result investigated here, especially involving the Riemann- Liouville and Katugampola fractional derivative, elucidating the fundamental property of the $\psi$-Hilfer fractional derivative, that is, the broad class of particular cases of fractional derivatives that consequently apply to the results investigated herein.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Nuclear Nonproliferation Monitoring

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 38 Pages.

Since laser ablation coupled with optical emission spectroscopy measures light emitted from a plasma, data collection can be done from a safe, standoff distance that requires no sample handling. This technique has implications for nuclear forensic and safeguards monitoring. [27] Argonne scientists look to 3-D printing to ease separation anxiety, which paves the way to recycle more nuclear material. [26] Recently, scientists suggested switching from electron to nuclear transitions that may considerably increase the precision of clocks due to higher frequency. [25] Now, physicists are working toward getting their first CT scans of the inner workings of the nucleus. [24]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Graphene Infrared Detectors

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 78 Pages.

MIPT scientists and their colleagues from Japan and the U.S. have calculated the parameters of photodetectors comprised of layers of graphene and a combination of black phosphorus and black arsenic. [49] Researchers have created a unique device which will unlock the elusive terahertz wavelengths and make revolutionary new technologies possible. [48] A research team from the University of Göttingen, together with the Chemnitz University of Technology and the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig, has investigated the influence of the underlying crystal on the electrical resistance of graphene. [47] The team has turned graphene oxide (GO) into a soft, moldable and kneadable play dough that can be shaped and reshaped into free-standing, three-dimensional structures. [46]
Category: Condensed Matter

Mars Immigration Theory (II)

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 14 Pages.

This paper tries to answer 3 questions (1st Question) Can "The Giant –Impact Hypothesis" provide a complete explanation for the Earth Moon Origin and Creation? (2nd Question) Can Mars Immigration cause a risk on Earth? (3rd Question) If Mars cause a risk on Earth, can the human save his life? (1st Question Answer) "Mars Immigration Theory Summary": -Mars original orbital distance was 84 mkm. and Mars had immigrated from it to its current orbital distance 227.9 mkm -Through Mars Motion from 84 mkm to 227.9 mkm, Mars had collided with Venus and then Mars had collided with Earth also. -From the Collisions debris Earth Moon was created –and Mars had found its moons. And the rest debris was attracted by Jupiter and created The Asteroid Belt The Giant-impact hypothesis is in consistency with Mars immigration theory But -Instead of the (Supposed Planet) Theia, Mars itself made the collisions- and caused the Earth –Moon Creation - Mars Immigration Theory solves The difficulties of Giant-impact hypothesis: I.Why Venus Has No Moon? – Because Mars moved from 84 mkm to 227.9 mkm and pushed all debris in its motion direction – far from Venus – but Earth has greater Mass and the debris lost their motion high momentum – so Earth could attract some debris and create its moon II.The Lunar Magma Ocean (LMO) Origin– is Venus – because the moon is created by 3 planets debris (Venus – Earth – Mars) – So their rocks are found in it III.Why The Iron Oxide (Feo) of the Moon= (13%)? Because The rate (13%) is a middle between Mars rate (18%) and the terrestrial mantle (8%). IV.Why Mars diameter (and Mass) are decreased through the history? Because of the collisions – Mars diameter lost around (5%) (and Mars mass also which causes difficulties for Mars gravitation equation) V.Why Mars was immigrated? Because of The Sun Creation Process (A Conclusion: Giant-impact hypothesis supports Mars Immigration Theory) (2nd Question Answer) Mars risk is clear – because - If Mars has to return to its original point (84 mkm) mars will (almost) collide Earth again The question is Why Mars will return to its original orbital distance (84 mkm)? Because the planet orbital distance depends on the planet diameter (and mass) –So Mars is found Now in its wrong position – and he has (a continuous) reason to return to its original orbital distance But some very great force prevents it…! what's this force? THE SUN- Now if some serious change is happened for the sun life cycle (basically because we know that Earth is older than the sun life means it's possible to have change in the sun life while the Earth still in life) – Shortly – the serious change in the sun life cycle may cause Mars to return to its original orbital distance Now If the moon rocks analysis tell us that- Mars had collided with Venus & Earth to produce the Earth Moon – that means- Mars almost will do the same in its return! (some searched for the greatest Earthquake over Earth-That's) (3rd Question Answer) The news tell that – Mars will kill us - this is the fact! How can the human save his life? By answer the question – How the matter is created? The human mind uses light velocity is the thinking process – and because of that- the human sees (the light beam) as matter (mass) Someone asked why the subatomic particle behaves as particle after observation and not as a wave? How the observer effects on the observation results? Because the human mind uses the light velocity (0.3 mkm/sec) –so the observer effects on the subatomic particle by alight beam sends from the observer mind and effect on the particle – as the sun rays effect on any particle We here again…..! Lorentz length Contraction effect….!! Is Lorentz length Contraction effect a real phenomenon or illusion of measurements? Means – is particle own length contracted (really) by high velocity motion? or that's illusion of measurement?! If so – that means – Lorentz Transformation measure illusion of measurements? Or the particle own length is contracted?! A maze One question can help greatly… How the matter is created? the matter is created by an effect of the human mind because the human mind uses light velocity in the thinking process and because of that the matter (which we consider as matter) is NOT matter (really) – it's a light beam we see as matter – By the way, the best suitable distribution for the solar planets is the light coherence interference (Young Experiment) where the greatest bright Fringe (Jupiter) occupies the middle point. Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

What to not do in Pediatrics a Periodically Updated Red List

Authors: Andrei Lucian Dragoi
Comments: (Pediatrics Red List - version 1.0 - 13.04.2020 - 1.5 A4 pages without references)

This paper proposes an important RED list of what to NOT do in pediatrics, with the conviction that this red list should be taught from the first year of medicine and repeated in every single year of medical teaching, in all medical universities from all countries worldwide: the work-hypothesis (and the main motivation of this paper) is that insisting on this red list in all medical teaching systems may significantly decrease the rate of medical/pediatric malpractice thus may significantly improve the health status of any child population from any country. This paper will be periodically updated so that to increase the efficiency of this proposed medical teaching method based on the principle that any medical specialty should be taught starting (and repetitively insisting!) on what to NOT do in that medical specialty practice! This paper continues the line of other medical articles/preprints of the same author. This list is mainly addressed to young medical students, but also to young medical doctors, nurses etc. from the beginning of their careers.
Category: Education and Didactics

Instancenet: Object Instance Segmentation Using DNN

Authors: Yuan Gao
Comments: 11 Pages.

One-stage object detectors like SSD and YOLO are able to speed up existing two-stage detectors like Faster R-CNN by removing the object proposal stage and making up for the lost performance in other ways. Nonetheless, the same approach is not easily transferable to instance segmentation task. Current one-stage instance segmentation methods can be simply classified into segmentation-based methods which segment first then do clustering, and proposal-based methods which detect first then predict masks for each instance proposal. Proposal-based methods always enjoy a better mAP; by contrast, segmentation-based methods are generally faster when inferencing. In this work, we first propose a one-stage segmentation-based instance segmentation solution, in which a pull loss and a push loss are used for differentiating instances. We then propose two post-processing methods, which provide a trade-off between accuracy and speed.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Is the 2737 Phenomenon a real one? (III)

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 12 Pages.

During December 2012 – there was a prediction for some great Earthquake will hit the Earth- this story is forgotten Now… But… I have found a similar earthquake in the solar system history –and I claim the Moon Creation is done based on it – "Mars Immigration Theory Summary": -Mars original orbital distance was 84 mkm. and Mars had immigrated from it to its current orbital distance 227.9 mkm -Through Mars Motion from 84 mkm to 227.9 mkm, Mars had collided with Venus and then Mars had collided with Earth also. -From the Collisions debris Earth Moon was created –and Mars had found its moons. And the rest debris was attracted by Jupiter and created The Asteroid Belt The Giant-impact hypothesis is in consistency with Mars immigration theory But -Instead of the (Supposed Planet) Theia, Mars itself made the collisions- and caused the Earth –Moon Creation - Mars Immigration Theory solves The difficulties of Giant-impact hypothesis: I.Why Venus Has No Moon? – Because Mars moved from 84 mkm to 227.9 mkm and pushed all debris in its motion direction – far from Venus – but Earth has greater Mass and the debris lost their motion high momentum – so Earth could attract some debris and create its moon II.The Lunar Magma Ocean (LMO) Origin– is Venus – because the moon is created by 3 planets debris (Venus – Earth – Mars) – So their rocks are found in it III.Why The Iron Oxide (Feo) of the Moon= (13%)? Because The rate (13%) is a middle between Mars rate (18%) and the terrestrial mantle (8%). IV.Why Mars diameter (and Mass) are decreased through the history? Because of the collisions – Mars diameter lost around (5%) (and Mars mass also which causes difficulties for Mars gravitation equation) VI.The Greatest Earthquake is occurred because of Mars & Earth Collision – But – Why Mars was immigrated? Because of The Sun Creation Process – Can such Earthquake be occurred again? It depends On The Sun Life Cycle (A Conclusion: Giant-impact hypothesis supports Mars Immigration Theory) Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

Tachyon Crisis of the Theory of Relativity
Тахионный кризис теории относительности

Authors: Putenikhin P.V.
Comments: 470 Pages. ru (рус)

The extension of the formalism of the theory of relativity to superlight signals, tachyons leads the theory to an inevitable collapse, forcing it to make not just paradoxical, but frankly absurd predictions. A theory that predicts absurdity cannot be considered scientific. Nevertheless, almost all leading physicists admit such an extension of the theory. Trying to justify this, they are attempting to abandon the inviolability of causation, promoting causation based on the principle of reinterpretation.
Evidence of the absurdity and impracticability of many predictions of such a tachyon theory of relativity is given. The inconsistency and inconsistency of a whole series of interpretations, interpretations of the provisions of physical theories leading to erroneous conclusions are demonstrated.
The book includes separate fragments of other books by the author: "Imaginary and real paradoxes of the theory of relativity" and "Milky Way and dark matter."
The book is aimed at a reader who is interested in issues of the theory of relativity, cosmology, quantum mechanics and has some ideas about these areas of knowledge.
Расширение формализма теории относительности на сверхсветовые сигналы, тахионы приводит теорию к неизбежному краху, вынуждая её делать не просто парадоксальные, а откровенно абсурдные предсказания. Теория, предсказывающая абсурд, не может считаться научной. Тем не менее, практически все ведущие физики допускают такое расширение теории. Пытаясь обосновать это, они предпринимают попытки отказаться от нерушимости причинно-следственных связей, продвигая беспричинность на основе принципа реинтерпретации.
Приводятся доказательства абсурдности, неосуществимости многих предсказаний такой тахионной теории относительности. Демонстрируется нелогичность, противоречивость целого ряда интерпретаций, трактовок положений физических теорий, приводящих к ошибочным выводам.
В книгу включены отдельные фрагменты других книг автора: "Мнимые и реальные парадоксы теории относительности" и "Млечный Путь и темная материя".
Книга ориентирована на читателя, интересующегося вопросами теории относительности, космологии, квантовой механики и имеющего некоторые представления об этих областях знаний.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Mathematical Connections Concerning Noncommutative Minisuperspace Cosmology, NQC in Low-Energy String Action, Noncommutative Kantowsky-Sachs Quantum Model, Spectral Action Principle Associated with a Noncommutative Space and Some Aspects of LQG

Authors: Michele Nardelli
Comments: 52 Pages.

This paper is a review of some interesting results that has been obtained in various sectors of Noncommutative Cosmology (Noncommutative Quantum Cosmology - NQG, Noncommutative Minisuperspace Cosmology), string theory and loop quantum gravity.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Logical Foundations of Multidimensional Spaces
Логические основания многомерных пространств

Authors: Putenikhin P.V.
Comments: 396 Pages. ru (рус). В книге использована ранее опубликованная одноименная статья https://vixra.org/abs/1312.0172

Questions of parallel and multidimensional spaces have long become incredibly popular not only in science fiction, but also in real science, physics. However, science, in contrast to fiction, inevitably encounters the contradictions of such spaces. Attempts to squeeze their properties into the framework of logic, physical and mathematical formalism always lead to the need to explain the inexplicable - time loops, violation of causality, the appearance of various unphysical and directly illogical properties of these spaces and the phantoms generated by them. Many explanations, as revealed by a detailed examination, are accompanied by "swept under the carpet" inconvenient conclusions, consequences, unexpected contradictory, absurd predictions. But a theory that predicts absurdity cannot be considered scientific. The book discusses and shows how erroneous some of these calculations, ideas, hypotheses are.
The book is recommended to leading experts and teachers in the fields of physics, cosmology, mathematics. You should refrain from reading this book to undergraduate and graduate students in preparation for exams in relevant subjects, so as not to accidentally express the thoughts contained in it that contradict official science.
Вопросы параллельных и многомерных пространств давно уже стали невероятно популярными не только в научной фантастике, но и в реальной науке, физике. Однако наука, в отличие от художественных вымыслов, неизбежно сталкивается с противоречиями таких пространств. Попытки втиснуть их свойства в рамки логики, физического и математического формализма всегда приводят к необходимости объяснить необъяснимое – петли времени, нарушение причинности, появление различных нефизичных и прямо алогичных свойств у этих пространств и порождаемых ими фантомов. Многие объяснения, как обнаруживается при детальном рассмотрении, сопровождаются "заметанием под ковер" неудобных выводов, следствий, неожиданных противоречивых, абсурдных предсказаний. Но теория, предсказывающая абсурд, не может считаться научной. В книге рассмотрены и показаны как ошибочные некоторые из таких выкладок, идей, гипотез.
Книга рекомендуется ведущим специалистам и преподавателям в областях физики, космологии, математики. Следует воздержаться от чтения данной книги студентам и аспирантам при подготовке к экзаменам по соответствующим предметам, чтобы случайно не высказать изложенные в ней мысли, противоречащие официальной науке.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Extracting the Speed of Gravity from A Grandfather Pendulum Clock

Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 2 Pages.

Based on recent development in quantum physics we show how to extract the speed of gravity (light) from a Pendulum Clock. This with no knowledge off the so-called Newton's gravitational constant G. This is a very short preliminary note with the mathematical results. We will likely at a later point extend this paper with an in-depth discussion.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Penrose Diagrams. Analysis and Criticism
Диаграммы Пенроуза. Анализ и критика

Authors: Putenikhin P.V.
Comments: 176 Pages. ru (рус)

Penrose-Carter diagrams are a coordinate system that is ideologically no different from any other system, in particular, from the classical Cartesian one. However, numerous modifications to the Penrose diagrams led to very interesting results. A simple demonstration tool of mathematical, geometric calculations has acquired its own predictive, prognosis qualities. Relying on serious analytical, experimental and observational studies in the fields of physics, cosmology and mathematics, Penrose diagrams unexpectedly began to reveal weak and contradictory places in their interpretations and results. Interesting predictions, the predictions that the diagrams make on their own, directly refute some of the established views in the field of leading physical theories. The book contains many detailed color illustrations, some of which are self-contained frames from animations posted on the cloud Internet services.
The book is aimed at a reader who is interested in issues of the theory of relativity and cosmology and has some ideas about these areas.
Диаграммы Пенроуза-Картера являются системой координат, идейно ничем не отличающейся от любой другой системы, в частности, от классической декартовой. Однако, многочисленные модификации диаграмм Пенроуза привели к очень интересным результатам. Простой демонстрационный инструмент математических, геометрических вычислений приобрел собственные предсказательные, прогностические качества. Опираясь на серьёзные аналитические, экспериментальные и наблюдательные исследования в области физики, космологии и математики, диаграммы Пенроуза неожиданным образом стали выявлять в их интерпретациях, результатах слабые, противоречивые места. Интересные прогнозы, предсказания, которые диаграммы делают и сами по себе, прямо опровергают некоторые из устоявшихся взглядов в области ведущих физических теорий. Книга содержит много цветных детализированных иллюстраций, часть которых является самодостаточными кадрами из анимаций, выложенных в облачных сервисах интернета.
Книга ориентирована на читателя, интересующегося вопросами теории относительности и космологии и имеющего некоторые представления об этих областях.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Imaginary and Real Paradoxes of the Theory of Relativity
Мнимые и реальные парадоксы теории относительности

Authors: Putenikhin P.V.
Comments: 320 Pages. ru (рус)

Special relativity is one of the most beautiful physical theories. It was created according to strict mathematical, logical laws. Such a theory, in principle, cannot be refuted by any mathematical techniques. But the theory has been extended to the real physical world, and in this case its truth can be proved or refuted only by correct physical experiments. But even the correct mathematics of a theory can be destroyed if one goes beyond the limits of its applicability by extending it to superluminal signals, after which the theory begins to draw absurd conclusions. It would seem that the problems disappear if we abandon such an extension of the theory. But quantum mechanics shows that theory cannot escape the real superluminal paradoxes of causality.
The book is recommended to leading experts in the field of the theory of relativity and quantum physics, both supporters and critics of the theory of relativity, as well as everyone who is interested in these areas of physics.
Специальная теория относительности является одной из красивейших физических теорий. Создана она по строгим математическим, логическим законам. Такая теория в принципе не может быть опровергнута никакими математическими приемами. Но теорию распространили на реальный физический мир, и в этом случае её истинность может быть доказана или опровергнута только корректными физическими экспериментами. Но и корректную математику теории можно разрушить, если выйти за границы её применимости – распространить её на сверхсветовые сигналы, за которыми теория начинает делать абсурдные выводы. Казалось бы, проблемы исчезнут, если отказаться от такого расширения теории. Но квантовая механика показывает, что избежать реальных сверхсветовых парадоксов причинности теория не может.
Книга рекомендуется ведущим специалистам в области теории относительности и квантовой физики, как сторонникам, так и критикам теории относительности, а также всем, кто интересуется этими областями физики.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Milky Way and Dark Matter
Млечный Путь и темная материя

Authors: Putenikhin P.V.
Comments: 213 Pages. ru (рус). The book uses materials from some previously published articles. В книге использованы материалы некоторых ранее опубликованных статей.

Observations of stars in galaxies revealed a discrepancy between the mass of galaxies and the velocities of their constituent stars. To explain the contradiction is put forward a hypothesis about dark matter, whose mass is several times greater than the mass of all stars in the galaxy. But the analysis of the measured rotation curves, the graph of the distribution of speeds of the stars of the galaxy, shows that with them she can not save the existing structure of the galactic arms. It is impossible to explain this with the influence of dark matter.
It is believed that each galaxy has a Black Hole in the center, which physicists endowed with various exotic properties as a result of theoretical research. For example, even the light cannot leave her. But many of the conclusions of physicists are doubtful: detailed calculations reveal contradictions in them.
The book also discusses Bell's quantum inequalities, which in physics have become essentially dogma. Quantum mechanics comes into irreconcilable contradiction with the special theory of relativity, which entanglement forces to make conflicting predictions and violate causality.
The book is aimed at a reader who is interested in cosmology, theory of relativity and quantum mechanics, and who has some ideas about these areas. But the main audience is professional astronomers, cosmologists and physicists.
Наблюдения за звездами в галактиках выявили несоответствие между массой галактик и скоростями входящих в них звёзд. Для объяснения противоречия выдвинута гипотеза о темной материи, масса которой в несколько раз превышает массу всех звезд галактики. Но анализ измеренных кривых вращения, графика распределения скоростей звезд галактики, показывает, что с ними она не может сохранить существующую структуру рукавов. Объяснить это влиянием темной материи невозможно.
Считается, что каждая галактика имеет в центре Черную дыру, которую физики в результате теоретических исследований наделили различными экзотическими свойствами. Например, даже свет не может покинуть её. Но многие из выводов физиков сомнительны: детальные расчеты выявляют в них противоречия.
В книге также рассмотрены квантовые неравенства Белла, ставшие в физике, по существу, догмой. Квантовая механика вступает в непримиримое противоречие со специальной теорией относительности, которую запутанность вынуждает делать противоречивые предсказания и нарушать причинность.
Книга ориентирована на читателя, интересующегося вопросами космологии, теории относительности и квантовой механика, и имеющего некоторые представления об этих областях. Но главная аудитория – это профессиональные астрономы, космологи и физики.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Model for Coronavirus Infection

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 68 Pages.

At the Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology in Berlin, a research team led by Director Thomas F Meyer has developed a model of the human lung epithelium on which to test compounds to combat the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. [40] When diseases reinforce each other, they rapidly accelerate through the population, then fizzle out as they run out of new hosts. [39] It's no coincidence that some of the worst viral disease outbreaks in recent years-SARS, MERS, Ebola, Marburg and likely the newly arrived 2019-nCoV virus-originated in bats. [38] An interdisciplinary team of researchers at Colorado State University has used computational chemistry, biochemistry and virology to uncover new information on how viruses such as West Nile, dengue and Zika replicate. [37] David Baker, Professor of Biochemistry and Director of the Institute for Protein Design at the University of Washington will speak about how algorithmic processes such as de novo design predict protein structures, protein folding mechanisms, and new protein functions. [36] A research team at Kobe University has developed a method of artificially controlling the anchorage position of target proteins in engineered baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). [35] Scientists have found a new way to home in on the proteins covering a particular cell's surface. The feat offers insight into how brain cells form intricate networks during development. [34]
Category: Physics of Biology

Chromosome Inheritance

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 65 Pages.

Susanne Hellmuth and Olaf Stemmann from the chair of genetics at the University of Bayreuth have now discovered a previously unknown mechanism that regulates the activity of the separase. [34] A team of UNSW scientists at the School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences led by Professor Andrew Brown have shown how a key enzyme that contributes to cholesterol production can be regulated—and destroyed—using a particular molecule. [33] Synthetic proteins have been created that move in response to their environment in predictable and tunable ways. [32]
Category: Physics of Biology

Riemann Hypothesis Using Integral Equation

Authors: Shekhar Suman
Comments: 4 Pages.

Integration
Category: Number Theory

Light Driven Proton Pump

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 59 Pages.

Researchers investigated the group of microorganisms classified as Asgard archaea, and found a protein in their membrane which acts as a miniature light-activated pump. [32] Proton CT is proposed as an alternative to X-ray CT for acquiring relative stopping power (RSP) maps for use in proton treatment planning. [31] Since protons were first used to treat hospital cancer patients in the early 1990s, around 100 000 people have benefited from this alternative form of radiation therapy. [30] Researchers have moved closer to the real-time verification of hadron therapy, demonstrating the in vivo accuracy of simulations that predict particle range in the patient. [29] A biomimetic nanosystem can deliver therapeutic proteins to selectively target cancerous tumors, according to a team of Penn State researchers. [28] Sunlight is essential for all life, and living organisms have evolved to sense and respond to light. [27] Using X-ray laser technology, a team led by researchers of the Paul Scherrer Institute PSI has recorded one of the fastest processes in biology. [26] A Virginia Commonwealth University researcher has developed a procedure for identifying the source of cells present in a forensic biological sample that could change how cell types are identified in samples across numerous industries. [25] In work at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the University of Maryland in College Park, researchers have devised and demonstrated a new way to measure free energy. [24] A novel technique developed by researchers at the ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP) will help shine new light on biological questions by improving the quality and quantity of information that can be extracted in fluorescence microscopy. [23]
Category: Physics of Biology

Remote Control of Hormone Release

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 61 Pages.

MIT researchers have now devised a way to remotely control the release of the Institute for Protein Design at the University of Washington will speak about how algorithmic processes such as de novo design predict protein structures, protein folding mechanisms, and new protein functions. [36] A research team at Kobe University has developed a method of artificially controlling the anchorage position of target proteins in engineered baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). [35] Scientists have found a new way to home in on the proteins covering a particular cell's surface. The feat offers insight into how brain cells form intricate networks during development. [34]
Category: Physics of Biology

Ceramic-Based Metal Batteries

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 30 Pages.

The simplicity of this new synthesis method may mean that we will see high capacity lithium metal batteries on the market sooner than we think. [21] 2-D materials are atomically thin, single-layered films arranged in a crystal structure, which have potential applications in next-generation electronics and optoelectronic devices. [20] Grain boundaries, which consist of periodic arrangement of structural units and are generally recognized as a two-dimensional "phase," can exhibit novel properties that do not exist in the intrinsic bulk crystal. [19] Researchers pushing the limits of magnets as a means to create faster electronics published their proof of concept findings today, April 10, in the journal Science. [18] An international team of researchers has identified and proved that adding impurities with a lower concentration of electrons stabilizes the antiferromagnetic state of cuprates, high-temperature superconducting compounds based on copper. [17] The first known superconductor in which spin-3/2 quasiparticles form Cooper pairs has been created by physicists in the US and New Zealand. [16] Now a team of researchers from the University of Maryland (UMD) Department of Physics together with collaborators has seen exotic superconductivity that relies on highly unusual electron interactions. [15] A group of researchers from institutions in Korea and the United States has determined how to employ a type of electron microscopy to cause regions within an iron-based superconductor to flip between superconducting and non-superconducting states. [14] In new research, scientists at the University of Minnesota used a first-of-its-kind device to demonstrate a way to control the direction of the photocurrent without deploying an electric voltage. [13] Brown University researchers have demonstrated for the first time a method of substantially changing the spatial coherence of light. [12] Researchers at the University of Central Florida have generated what is being deemed the fastest light pulse ever developed. [11] Physicists at Chalmers University of Technology and Free University of Brussels have now found a method to significantly enhance optical force. [10] Nature Communications today published research by a team comprising Scottish and South African researchers, demonstrating entanglement swapping and teleportation of orbital angular momentum 'patterns' of light. [9] While physicists are continually looking for ways to unify the theory of relativity, which describes large-scale phenomena, with quantum theory, which describes small-scale phenomena, computer scientists are searching for technologies to build the quantum computer using Quantum Information. In August 2013, the achievement of "fully deterministic" quantum teleportation, using a hybrid technique, was reported. On 29 May 2014, scientists announced a reliable way of transferring data by quantum teleportation. Quantum teleportation of data had been done before but with highly unreliable methods. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the Wave-Particle Duality and the electron's spin also, building the Bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions by the diffraction patterns. The Weak Interaction changes the diffraction patterns by moving the electric charge from one side to the other side of the diffraction pattern, which violates the CP and Time reversal symmetry. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the Relativistic Quantum Theory and making possible to build the Quantum Computer with the help of Quantum Information.
Category: Condensed Matter

Differential Correction and Arc-Length Continuation Applied to Boundary Value Problems: Examples Based on Snap-Through of Circular Arches and Spherical Shell

Authors: Jun Zhong, Shane D. Ross
Comments: 28 Pages.

Inspired by the application of differential correction to initial-value problems to find periodic orbits in both the autonomous and non-autonomous dynamical systems, in this paper we apply differential correction to boundary-value problems. In the numerical demonstration, the snap-through buckling of arches and shallow spherical shells in structural mechanics are selected as examples. Due to the complicated geometrical nonlinearity in such problems, the limit points and turning points might exist. In this case, the typical Newton-Raphson method commonly used in numerical algorithms will fail to cross such points. In the current study, an arc-length continuation is introduced to enable the current algorithm to capture the complicated load-deflection paths. To show the accuracy and efficiency of differential correction, we will also apply the continuation software package COCO to get the results as a comparison to those from differential correction. The results obtained by the proposed algorithm and COCO agree well with each other, suggesting the validity and robustness of differential correction for boundary-value problems.
Category: General Mathematics

Quantum Computation Solves Enigma

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 98 Pages.

High vibrational states of the Magnesium dimer (Mg2) are an important system in studies of fundamental physics, although they have eluded experimental characterization for half a century. [57] We all learn quantum physics as physics students, but in recent years this field has taken on a whole new life. It’s not an esoteric theory anymore, something that only describes tiny effects in extreme forms of matter. It’s going to form the basis for a whole new type of technology. So I think that, because physicists have a bit of a leg up in this area, they should go all-in. [56]
Category: Quantum Physics

Detection Constrains for Dark Photons

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 49 Pages.

The China Dark Matter Experiment (CDEX) collaboration, a large team of researchers at Tsinghua University and other universities in China, has recently conducted a search for a different possible dark matter candidate known as the dark photon. [29] Physicists in Italy are about to start up a new experiment designed to hunt for hypothetical particles such as the "dark photon" and carriers of a possible fifth force of nature. [28] A signal caused by the very first stars to form in the universe has been picked up by a tiny but highly specialised radio telescope in the remote Western Australian desert. [27] This week, scientists from around the world who gathered at the University of California, Los Angeles, at the Dark Matter 2018 Symposium learned of new results in the search for evidence of the elusive material in Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) by the DarkSide-50 detector. [26] If they exist, axions, among the candidates for dark matter particles, could interact with the matter comprising the universe, but at a much weaker extent than previously theorized. New, rigorous constraints on the properties of axions have been proposed by an international team of scientists. [25] The intensive, worldwide search for dark matter, the missing mass in the universe, has so far failed to find an abundance of dark, massive stars or scads of strange new weakly interacting particles, but a new candidate is slowly gaining followers and observational support. [24] "We invoke a different theory, the self-interacting dark matter model or SIDM, to show that dark matter self-interactions thermalize the inner halo, which ties ordinary dark matter and dark matter distributions together so that they behave like a collective unit." [23] Technology proposed 30 years ago to search for dark matter is finally seeing the light. [22]
Category: Astrophysics

Spintronic Quantum Computing

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 100 Pages.

Materials scientists at Duke University have shown the first clear example that a material's transition into a magnet can control instabilities in its crystalline structure that cause it to change from a conductor to an insulator. [58] High vibrational states of the Magnesium dimer (Mg2) are an important system in studies of fundamental physics, although they have eluded experimental characterization for half a century. [57] We all learn quantum physics as physics students, but in recent years this field has taken on a whole new life. It’s not an esoteric theory anymore, something that only describes tiny effects in extreme forms of matter. It’s going to form the basis for a whole new type of technology. So I think that, because physicists have a bit of a leg up in this area, they should go all-in. [56]
Category: Quantum Physics

A Physical Process that May Give a Theoretical Basis for Modified Newtonian Dynamics

Authors: Kurt L. Becker
Comments: 8 Pages. Help is needed to derive an equation in General Relativity

Newton's Law of Universal gravitation does not take into account the interactions of streams of gravitons between stars. (Just as the ideal gas law did not take into account intermolecular forces. It had to be modified to take into account Van der Waals forces.) This paper explores a physical process which may amplify gravity between two distant stars. (Since there is no universally accepted theory of quantum gravity, the existence of gravitons may be substituted by spin-networks or by the interchange of gravitational information between two stars.)
Category: Astrophysics

Treatment of COVID-19 by Improving Blood Supply in Lung

Authors: Bing Luo
Comments: 5 Pages.

In blood circulation (systemic circulation), the order of blood circulation is that arterial blood flows into capillaries only after venous blood refluxes. The human body controls the flow of arterial blood into capillaries by controlling the flow of venous blood. The refluxing power of venous blood changes with the rotation and revolution of the earth, and leads to changes in arterial blood obtained by cells, tissues and organs. If the refluxing power of venous blood of the lungs has a problem, the actual amount of blood obtained by the lungs will be less than the amount of blood distributed to the lungs by the human body (supplying the lungs with nutrients and oxygen they need), and what Pasteur called “the terrain” (There is a paragraph in Seasons of Life: “On his deathbed, Louis Pasteur, the founder of the germ theory of disease, allegedly said, ‘the germ is nothing, the terrain is everything’.”) will form in the lungs.
Category: Physics of Biology

Numbers Are 3 Dimensional

Authors: Surajit Ghosh
Comments: 99 Pages.

Riemann hypothesis stands proved in three different ways of three different level of complexity.To prove Riemann hypothesis from the functional equation concept of Delta function and periodic harmonic conjugate of both Gamma and Delta functions are introduced similar to Gamma and Pi function. Other two proofs are derived using Eulers formula and elementary algebra. Analytically continuing zeta function to an extended domain, poles and zeros of zeta values are redefined. Other prime conjectures like Goldbach conjecture, Twin prime conjecture etc.. are also proved in the light of new understanding of primes. Numbers are proved to be three dimensional as worked out by Hamilton. Logarithm of negative and complex numbers are redefined using extended number system. Factorial of negative and complex numbers are redefined using values of Delta function and periodic harmonic conjugate of both Gamma and Delta functions.
Category: Number Theory

Comparative Study of MD5 and SHA Security Algorithm

Authors: Abhishek.B.N
Comments: 4 Pages.

Security algorithms enables secure communication between two parties in the presence of a third-Party or a snooper. It guarantees the recipient of the message of the genuineness of the received message, protects the message against the unauthorized release of the message content by the third party, only authorized users can access the data. MD5 and (SHA), cryptographic hash algorithms are one-way hashing functions which are easier to compute/convert but are much harder to reverse and would take around millions of years to compute the authentic message content. This research paper analyses the two hash algorithms, MD5 and SHA, using various key features. Their features have also been highlighted in order to provide a better comparison picture so that they can understand which algorithm has superseded the other.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Can Titius Bode Law Disprove Mars Immigration Theory?

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 18 Pages.

This paper tries to answer 2 basic questions which are: (1st Question) –If it's real that, Mars had immigrated from its original orbital distance (84 mkm) to its new current one (227.9mkm)- So Why Mars had immigrated? (2nd Question)–If Mars Immigration is a fact– Why Titius –Bode Law expresses Mars (current) orbital distance (227.9 mkm) normally without disturbances? Let's remember "Mars Immigration Theory" in following: -Mars original orbital distance was 84 mkm. and Mars had immigrated from it to its current orbital distance 227.9 mkm -Through Mats Motion from 84 mkm to 227.9 mkm, Mars had collided with Venus and then Mars had collided with Earth also. -From the Collisions debris Earth Moon was created –and Mars had found its moons. And the rest debris was attracted by Jupiter and created The Asteroid Belt The Giant-impact hypothesis is in consistency with Mars immigration theory But -Instead of the (Supposed Planet) Theia, Mars itself made the collisions- and caused the Earth –Moon Creation - Mars Immigration Theory solves The difficulties of Giant-impact hypothesis: I.Why Venus Has No Moon? – Because Mars moved from 84 mkm to 227.9 mkm and pushed all debris in its motion direction – far from Venus – but Earth has greater Mass and the debris lost their motion high momentum – so Earth could attract some debris and create its moon II.The Lunar Magma Ocean (LMO) Origin– is Venus – because the moon is created by 3 planets debris (Venus – Earth – Mars) – So their rocks are found in it III.Why The Iron Oxide (Feo) of the Moon= (13%)? Because The rate (13%) is a middle between Mars rate (18%) and the terrestrial mantle (8%). IV.Why Mars diameter is decreased through the history? Because of the collisions – Mars diameter lost around (5%) (and Mars mass also which causes difficulties for Mars gravitation equation) Shortly: the Giant-impact hypothesis supports Mars Immigration Theory Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

Data Centers on Moon

Authors: A. Akil
Comments: 12 Pages.

Data is a crucial part of the present world; users save the data either in their physical devices or on the cloud. The cloud data will be stored in the data centers and these data centers are present in the unknown location and thus, the users believe that the data present in the data canter is secured. The location of the data centers is usually not revealed so that the location is unidentified, and the data will be safe. The supercomputers are used in this data center. The data center occupies a large space to store all the servers and other data storage capacities, this will emit a large amount of heat and which uses more effects of the environment and humans also. What if the data centers are present on the lunar surface or on the process of which the space on Earth and the heat are reduced? My paper is about building the data centers on the moon. The moon is 384,400kms away from Earth, the satellites are present on the space the communication will not be a problem in this state. Since we get the communication through the satellites this will be easy to get in the process of building the data centers on the moon. The moon’s surface will be helpful to make the simple data centers and can be useful in having the data stored with the help of satellites that are in communication with the moon and the ground station on the earth. Through that, the communication will not be blacked out. The data center servers are to be remotely accessed.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

Iron Nanocomposite Catalyst

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 54 Pages.

The oxidation products are important and useful intermediates or building blocks in synthetic organic chemistry, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and bulk/fine chemicals. [36] Ashwin Shahani, an assistant professor of materials science and engineering at the University of Michigan, is working to solve the mystery of eutectic solidification, and his research has revealed an intricate and beautiful universe of nanoscale rods, sheets and spirals that form spontaneously in cooling metal alloys. [35] The lab of Cheryl Kerfeld at Michigan State University has created a synthetic nano-sized factory, based on natural ones found in bacteria. [34] Among these different testing systems, there is the Mimotope Variation Analysis (MVA) developed and patented by the Estonian biotechnology company Protobios which has never been used in the framework of biomaterial assessment before. [33] Medical physicist Dr. Aswin Hoffmann and his team from the Institute of Radiooncology-OncoRay at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) have combined magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a proton beam, thus demonstrating for the first time that in principle, this commonly used imaging method can work with particle beam cancer treatments. [32] Washington State University researchers for the first time have shown that they can use electrical fields to gain valuable information about the tiny, floating vesicles that move around in animals and plants and are critically important to many biological functions. [31] Finding a fast and inexpensive way to detect specific strains of bacteria and viruses is critical to food safety, water quality, environmental protection and human health. [30] In the perspective, Gabor and Song collect early examples in electron metamaterials and distil emerging design strategies for electronic control from them. [29] Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) researchers are working to make better electronic devices by delving into the way nanocrystals are arranged inside of them. [28] Self-assembly and crystallisation of nanoparticles (NPs) is generally a complex process, based on the evaporation or precipitation of NP-building blocks. [27]
Category: Condensed Matter

On Observation of Incremental Form of time

Authors: Suraj Deshmukh
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this paper we establish the relation between the increments of time that must be added to the observed and observers coordinates by claiming a principle.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

World's Most Complex Microparticle

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 57 Pages.

Synthetic microparticles more intricate than some of the most complicated ones found in nature have been produced by a University of Michigan-led international team. [36] Ashwin Shahani, an assistant professor of materials science and engineering at the University of Michigan, is working to solve the mystery of eutectic solidification, and his research has revealed an intricate and beautiful universe of nanoscale rods, sheets and spirals that form spontaneously in cooling metal alloys. [35] The lab of Cheryl Kerfeld at Michigan State University has created a synthetic nano-sized factory, based on natural ones found in bacteria. [34] Among these different testing systems, there is the Mimotope Variation Analysis (MVA) developed and patented by the Estonian biotechnology company Protobios which has never been used in the framework of biomaterial assessment before. [33] Medical physicist Dr. Aswin Hoffmann and his team from the Institute of Radiooncology-OncoRay at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) have combined magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a proton beam, thus demonstrating for the first time that in principle, this commonly used imaging method can work with particle beam cancer treatments. [32] Washington State University researchers for the first time have shown that they can use electrical fields to gain valuable information about the tiny, floating vesicles that move around in animals and plants and are critically important to many biological functions. [31] Finding a fast and inexpensive way to detect specific strains of bacteria and viruses is critical to food safety, water quality, environmental protection and human health. [30] In the perspective, Gabor and Song collect early examples in electron metamaterials and distil emerging design strategies for electronic control from them. [29] Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) researchers are working to make better electronic devices by delving into the way nanocrystals are arranged inside of them. [28] Self-assembly and crystallisation of nanoparticles (NPs) is generally a complex process, based on the evaporation or precipitation of NP-building blocks. [27]
Category: Condensed Matter

Why Quasi-Interpolation onto Manifold has Order 4

Authors: M. Sprecher
Comments: 7 Pages. typos corrected and reference added

We consider approximations of functions from samples where the functions take values on a submanifold of $\mathbb{R}^n$. We generalize a common quasi-interpolation scheme based on cardinal B-splines by combining it with a projection $P$ onto the manifold. We show that for $m\geq 3$ we will have approximation order $4$. We also show why higher approximation order can not be expected when the control points are constructed as projections of the filtered samples using a fixed mask.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Nanoparticles Brain Cancer Treatment

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 64 Pages.

"But this finding suggests a new direction for developing nanoparticles for drug delivery to the brain by targeting LAT1 molecules." [36] Johns Hopkins researchers report that a type of biodegradable, lab-engineered nanoparticle they fashioned can successfully deliver a "suicide gene" to pediatric brain tumor cells implanted in the brains of mice. [35] A new study at the University of Georgia has found a way to attack cancer cells that is potentially less harmful to the patient. [34]
Category: Physics of Biology

Comparitive Study of Fileless Ransomware

Authors: Krishna B L
Comments: 9 Pages.

A Fileless Ransomware is a new type of ransomware primarily follows the mechanism of both ransomware and fileless malware. Detecting and Defending these kinds of attacks becoming a great obstacle for IT firms. Cybercriminals found a new way of extorting ransom with vicious methods mainly from big organizations, government, Telecom Industry and many more. Traditional AV Engines are not able to defend Fileless Malware. This paper describes the mechanism of both ransomware and fileless malware, the working of fileless ransomware, what are the possible attack vectors of fileless ransomware, variations of fileless ransomware and their instances, Prevention methods and recommendation to defend against Fileless ransomware.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Metastable Bulk Nanobubbles in Water

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 62 Pages.

In a new report, Mohammad Reza Ghaani and a team of researchers in chemistry and bioprocess engineering in Ireland and Canada used a novel approach to explore the surface of electrostatic nanobubble (NB) formation. [41] Researchers at University College Dublin (UCD) have discovered a new energy-efficient method to generate and release substantial volumes of metastable, nano-scale gas bubbles in water, in excess of natural solubility levels. [40] The research is carried out in the Quantum Photonics Group at the Niels Bohr Institute, which is a part of the newly established Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q) [39]
Category: Condensed Matter

Putenikhin P.V., the Twin Paradox in Special, General and Tachyon Theories of Relativity
Путенихин П.В., Парадокс близнецов в специальной, общей и тахионной теориях относительности.

Authors: Putenikhin P.V.
Comments: 230 Pages. ru (рус)

A critical review of traditional and alternative solutions to the twin paradox is given. It is proved that in the special theory of relativity, the twin paradox has a strictly correct solution, contrary to popular belief. It is shown that, depending on the point of view, both the motionless and the traveling twin maybe are older.
The solutions in the formalism the general theory of relativity considered in the book are incomplete and inaccurate.
It is shown that the extension of SRM mathematics to superluminal phenomena is unacceptable. Such phenomena are correctly described by the tachyon theory of relativity, the formalism of which is derived from the relativistic interval in the same way as the formalism of the special theory of relativity. As in SRT, as and in tachyon TO, the twin paradox has a strictly correct solution.
Examples of erroneous interpretation of the provisions of the special theory of relativity are considered.
The book is recommended to leading experts in the field of the theory of relativity, both supporters and critics of the theory of relativity, as well as everyone who is interested in this field of physics
Приведён критический обзор традиционных и альтернативных решений парадокса близнецов. Доказано, что в специальной теории относительности парадокс близнецов имеет строго корректное решение, вопреки распространённому мнению. Показано, что в зависимости от точки зрения старше оказывается как неподвижный, так и путешествующий близнец.
Решения в формализме общей теории относительности, рассмотренные в книге, являются неполными и неточными.
Показано, что расширение математики СТО на сверхсветовые явления недопустимо. Такие явления корректно описываются тахионной теорией относительности, формализм которой выводится из релятивистского интервала точно так же, как и формализм специальной теории относительности. Как и в СТО в тахионной ТО парадокс близнецов имеет строго корректное решение.
Рассмотрены примеры ошибочной трактовки положений специальной теории относительности. Книга рекомендуется ведущим специалистам в области теории относительности, как сторонникам, так и критикам теории относительности, а также всем, кто интересуется этой областью физики.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Quantom Test of Prime Numbers

Authors: Abdallah Chaib Edderraa
Comments: 5 Pages.

we give a new method to for testing whether any positive integer is prime or not using real experiment by throwing neutron into a Plutonium.
Category: Number Theory

Nanomaterials Wipe Out Microbes

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 75 Pages.

In an effort to make highly sensitive sensors to measure sugar and other vital signs of human health, Iowa State University's Sonal Padalkar figured out how to deposit nanomaterials on cloth and paper. [42] Bioengineers can design smart drugs for antibody and nanomaterial-based therapies to optimize drug efficiency for increasingly efficient, early-stage preclinical trials. [41] Many of these products use nanomaterials, but little is known about how these modern materials and their tiny particles interact with the environment and living things. [40] When chemists from the Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw were starting work on a new material designed for the efficient production of nanocrystalline zinc oxide, they didn't expect any surprises. [39] Now writing in Light Science & Applications, Hamidreza Siampour and co-workers have taken a step forward in the field of integrated quantum plasmonics by demonstrating on-chip coupling between a single photon source and plasmonic waveguide. [38] Researchers at University of Utah Health developed a proof-of-concept technology using nanoparticles that could offer a new approach for oral medications. [37] Using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), extremely high resolution imaging of the molecule-covered surface structures of silver nanoparticles is possible, even down to the recognition of individual parts of the molecules protecting the surface. [36] A fiber optic sensing system developed by researchers in China and Canada can peer inside supercapacitors and batteries to observe their state of charge. [35] The idea of using a sound wave in optical fibers initially came from the team's partner researchers at Bar-Ilan University in Israel. Joint research projects should follow. [34] Researchers at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology have constructed a first-of-its-kind optic isolator based on resonance of light waves on a rapidly rotating glass sphere. [33]
Category: Physics of Biology

The Real Nature of Time

Authors: Joseph Palazzo
Comments: 12 Pages.

The notion of time can be a daunting task as philosophers and scientists have been deliberating on its real nature since the dawn of civilization. Unquestionably the time taken to mull over this notion was well spent as a breakthrough occurred when it was realized what should be the answer to the question - how do we measure motion? Surprisingly, the answer is, with motion. The conventional thinking has always been that motion is measured in terms of the ratio distance over time, and consequently time was considered to be a fundamental concept, while motion, a derived one. So a reversal of the conventional thinking was in need to be. Why? Because motion is that which is observed, and time is a mental construct. Because in a universe with no motion, time is a useless concept. From that perspective, a clock is then a device with internal moving parts (IMPs) that conveniently facilitates the measuring of motion. You need motion to measure motion – this was the major breakthrough. Even though a new thinking about time won’t necessarily change any of the fundamental equations of physics already established, it prompts us to revise the old question: is time real or is it an illusion? As Einstein once put it: “The separation between past, present and future is only an illusion, although a convincing one.” As a bonus prize, we demonstrate at a fundamental level that in Special Relativity (SR) time dilation and length contraction are necessarily two sides of the same coin.
Category: Classical Physics

Monitor Alzheimer's Proteins

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 39 Pages.

Physicists at the Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), within the Institute for Basic Science (IBS, South Korea), have reported a new method to identify the aggregation state of amyloid beta (Aβ) proteins in solution. [25] For the first time, scientists have developed a computer simulation of how clumps of defective proteins in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's spread through the brain, much of the time in stealth mode, over as long as 30 years. [24] Now, researchers at Stevens Institute of Technology and colleagues have modeled how these toxic proteins spread throughout the brain to reproduce the telltale patterns of atrophy associated with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS. [23]
Category: Physics of Biology

Sliding Walls for Microfluidic Devices

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 58 Pages.

A research team recently developed "sliding walls" as a new technique for fluid control in microfluidic devices, allowing semi-rigid or rigid walls to slide inside a microfluidic chip. [36] Ashwin Shahani, an assistant professor of materials science and engineering at the University of Michigan, is working to solve the mystery of eutectic solidification, and his research has revealed an intricate and beautiful universe of nanoscale rods, sheets and spirals that form spontaneously in cooling metal alloys. [35] The lab of Cheryl Kerfeld at Michigan State University has created a synthetic nano-sized factory, based on natural ones found in bacteria. [34] Among these different testing systems, there is the Mimotope Variation Analysis (MVA) developed and patented by the Estonian biotechnology company Protobios which has never been used in the framework of biomaterial assessment before. [33] Medical physicist Dr. Aswin Hoffmann and his team from the Institute of Radiooncology-OncoRay at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) have combined magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a proton beam, thus demonstrating for the first time that in principle, this commonly used imaging method can work with particle beam cancer treatments. [32] Washington State University researchers for the first time have shown that they can use electrical fields to gain valuable information about the tiny, floating vesicles that move around in animals and plants and are critically important to many biological functions. [31] Finding a fast and inexpensive way to detect specific strains of bacteria and viruses is critical to food safety, water quality, environmental protection and human health. [30] In the perspective, Gabor and Song collect early examples in electron metamaterials and distil emerging design strategies for electronic control from them. [29] Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) researchers are working to make better electronic devices by delving into the way nanocrystals are arranged inside of them. [28] Self-assembly and crystallisation of nanoparticles (NPs) is generally a complex process, based on the evaporation or precipitation of NP-building blocks. [27]
Category: Condensed Matter

On Some Ramanujan Equations: Mathematical Connections with ϕ, ζ(2), and Various Parameters of Cosmology and Particle Physics. II

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 68 Pages.

In this paper we have described and analyzed some Ramanujan equations. Furthermore, we have obtained various mathematical connections with ϕ, ζ(2), and several parameters of Cosmology and Particle Physics.
Category: Number Theory

2-D Magnets High-Throughput

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 28 Pages.

2-D materials are atomically thin, single-layered films arranged in a crystal structure, which have potential applications in next-generation electronics and optoelectronic devices. [20] Grain boundaries, which consist of periodic arrangement of structural units and are generally recognized as a two-dimensional "phase," can exhibit novel properties that do not exist in the intrinsic bulk crystal. [19] Researchers pushing the limits of magnets as a means to create faster electronics published their proof of concept findings today, April 10, in the journal Science. [18]
Category: Condensed Matter

Nanoscale House Cleaning

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 77 Pages.

A team of scientists at Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) has developed a novel mechanical cleaning method for surfaces on the nanoscale. [43] In an effort to make highly sensitive sensors to measure sugar and other vital signs of human health, Iowa State University's Sonal Padalkar figured out how to deposit nanomaterials on cloth and paper. [42] Bioengineers can design smart drugs for antibody and nanomaterial-based therapies to optimize drug efficiency for increasingly efficient, early-stage preclinical trials. [41] Many of these products use nanomaterials, but little is known about how these modern materials and their tiny particles interact with the environment and living things. [40] When chemists from the Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw were starting work on a new material designed for the efficient production of nanocrystalline zinc oxide, they didn't expect any surprises. [39] Now writing in Light Science & Applications, Hamidreza Siampour and co-workers have taken a step forward in the field of integrated quantum plasmonics by demonstrating on-chip coupling between a single photon source and plasmonic waveguide. [38] Researchers at University of Utah Health developed a proof-of-concept technology using nanoparticles that could offer a new approach for oral medications. [37] Using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), extremely high resolution imaging of the molecule-covered surface structures of silver nanoparticles is possible, even down to the recognition of individual parts of the molecules protecting the surface. [36] A fiber optic sensing system developed by researchers in China and Canada can peer inside supercapacitors and batteries to observe their state of charge. [35] The idea of using a sound wave in optical fibers initially came from the team's partner researchers at Bar-Ilan University in Israel. Joint research projects should follow. [34]
Category: Condensed Matter

Spatial-Temporal Oscillations in Boundary Problems of Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Igor B. Krasnyuk
Comments: 27 Pages.

We consider the Schrodinger equation with nonlinear boundary conditions and ini- tial conditions. It is shown that attractor of the problem contains periodic piecewise constant function with nite, countable or uncountable points of discontinuities on a period. Solutions exists for a special class of initial data which are small perturbations of invariant solutions of dynamical system. The problem is considered with accuracy O(h2), where h is a small parameter of the problem. Applications to optical resonators with nonlinear feedback has been considered.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Atomic Pathway In-Situ Liquid Cell TEM

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 78 Pages.

Recently, platinum-containing core-shell structures with tunable magnetic and catalytic properties have attracted intensive attentions and offered a wide range of applications. [44] A team of scientists at Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) has developed a novel mechanical cleaning method for surfaces on the nanoscale. [43] In an effort to make highly sensitive sensors to measure sugar and other vital signs of human health, Iowa State University's Sonal Padalkar figured out how to deposit nanomaterials on cloth and paper. [42] Bioengineers can design smart drugs for antibody and nanomaterial-based therapies to optimize drug efficiency for increasingly efficient, early-stage preclinical trials. [41]
Category: Condensed Matter

Approximating Percentage of Academic Traffic in the World Wide Web and Rankings of Countries Based on Academic Traffic

Authors: Bahram Kalhor, Mohammad Reza Ghane, Alireza Nikravanshalmani
Comments: 15 Pages.

The paper introduces a novel mechanism for approximating traffic of the academic sites (universities and research institutes) in the World Wide Web based on Alexa’s rankings. Firstly we introduce and discuss new method for calculating score (weight) of each site based on its Alexa’s rank. Secondly we calculate percentage of academic traffic in the World Wide Web. Thirdly we introduce and discuss two new rankings of countries based on academic traffic. Finally we discuss about three indicators and effects of them in traffic of the academic sites. Results indicate that the methodology can be useful for approximating traffic of the academic sites and producing rankings of countries in practice. Keywords
Category: Education and Didactics

The G-Clef (GC) Piano (GCP), GC Harp (GCH) and GC Accordion (Gca) Project (GCP Music Catalog, Including Midi-Mp3 Audio Files)

Authors: Andrei Lucian Dragoi
Comments: (GCP music catalog - version 1.0 - 1.5 A4 pages)

The G-clef (GC) piano/harp/accordion (GCP/GCH/GCA) is a variant of piano/harp/accordion notation in which the left hand (LH) staff uses instead of a standard F-clef (FC), an alternative G-clef (GC), GC 8vb (GC8vb) (aka GC in ”ottava bassa”) or 15mb (GC15mb) (aka GC in ”quindicesima bassa”) which means that LH notes should be played in GC but one or two octaves lower (8vb or 15mb) than written. GCP/GCH/GCA offers a much easier way to learn piano, because GC8vb and GC15mb are both much easier to learn and read than FC in any pedagogical system which initially uses GC to teach all the basic concepts of Western musical notation system. The main article dedicated to GCP/GCH/GCA and GC-based grand staff (GCGS) (together with other GC-based instruments [GCI]) can be accessed here: URL1, URL2, URL3-latest version. • Author's main site: www.dragoii.com; • See also the web page dedicated to all proposed G-clef instruments: www.dragoii.com/gci and www.dragoii.com/gcp • For a full catalog of my music (including non-self music arrangements) see URLs: URL1, URL2 and URL3 (latest version)
Category: Education and Didactics

The Photon Existence Paradox

Authors: Armin Nikkhah Shirazi
Comments: 8 Pages. Improved the proof of the ontic equivalence relation

Special relativity enjoins lightspeed objects from possessing essential characteristics one might naively associate with physically existing objects. Thus, it can be argued, had we not already known of the physical existence of lightspeed objects, such as photons, then we would have interpreted this enjoinment to mean that it is impossible for lightspeed objects to exist. From this perspective, the empirical existence of photons poses a paradox. A recently proved equivalence relation shows how this paradox is properly resolved: it is possible for lightspeed objects to exist, but not in spacetime. The interpretation of the paradox depends on which aspect of special relativity one wishes to emphasize: it can be framed either in terms of the ``error'' of assuming absolute existence, i.e. that physical existence can be specified without reference to a given spacetime, or a ``gap'' in standard special relativity in that it lacks any reference to a physics-based concept of existence in spacetime.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Contribution of Indian Leadership in War Against Covid-19

Authors: T. Radha Krishna, K.R.R. Gandhi, Israr Ali Mohiuddin Shaik
Comments: 7 Pages.

An effort is made about how the various initiatives taken by leaders resulted in forestalling and slowing down of the spread of COVID-19 pandemic India. The different commencements of the Telangana State Govt undertaken periodically by the leadership of Hon’ble CM Sri. KCR, to secure the individuals of State are highlighted. The disease progression factor R0, of other states is discussed with possible mitigating factors.
Category: Social Science

Does Mars Effect on the Earth Moon Motion?

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 14 Pages.

This paper discusses 3 basic points which are: (1st Point) Mars Immigration Theory which explain the Earth Moon Origin (2nd Point) Mars & Earth Moon Motions Interaction – where I claim that – both Motions depend on each other regardless the distance (3rd Point) a deep analysis for the force causes the plant motion – because I claim that- the planet moves by a force more stronger and effective geometrically than th gravity definition as written in the modern physics book Let's remember "Mars Immigration Theory" to pass the point No. 1 -Mars original orbital distance was 84 mkm and Mars had immigrated from it to its new orbital distance 227.9 mkm – Through this Motion from 84 mkm to 227.9 mkm Mars had collided with Venus and then Mars had collided with Earth also -From these Collisions debris Earth Moon is created –also from the debris Mars had found its moons and the rest debris were attracted by Jupiter, creating The Asteroid Belt – -Mars Immgration Theory simply supports "The Giant-impact hypothesis" but there's no another planet caused the collisions – instead Mars itself did by its motion from its orginal point 84 mkm to its current one 227.9 mkm "Mars Immigration Theory" solves The Giant –Impact Hypothesis difficulties -The Lunar Magma Ocean (LMO) Origin– is Venus – because the moon is created by 3 planets debris – that's why the three planets rock are found… -Why Venus Has No Moon? – Because Mars moved from 84 mkm to 227.9 mkm and pushed all debris with its motion direction – far from Venus – but Earth has greater Mass and the debris lost their motion high momentum – so Earth could attrackt some debris and create its moon -Why The Iron Oxide (Feo) of the Moon= (13%)? This also is solved because The rate (13%) is a middle between Mars rate (18%) and the terrestrial mantle (8%). i.e. The Giant-impact hypothesis supports Mars Immigration Theory Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

Aurora

Authors: Nainan K. Varghese
Comments: 7 Pages.

Entire space, outside the most basic 3D matter particles, is filled with an all-encompassing universal medium, structured by quanta of matter. Each of the basic 3D matter particles is accompanied by a separate set of structural distortions in the universal medium that sustains the integrity and movements of its 3D matter-core. The 3D matter-core and the associated structural distortions in the surrounding universal medium, together, constitute a corpuscle of radiation—a photon. Light (and other types of radiation of matter) is a continuous flow of photons (the most basic three-dimensional matter). For the existence of both the photon and the universal medium, it is essential for the universal medium to move the disc-shaped 3D matter-core of a photon at the highest possible linear speed and spin it (about one of its diameters) at a frequency proportional to its 3D matter content, within certain limits. An attempt to increase the linear speed of a photon’s 3D matter-core compels it to assimilate quanta of matter from the surrounding universal medium, thereby increasing the thickness of its disc-core and increasing its spin speed (frequency) correspondingly. In the case of a very high-frequency photon, the increased thickness of its 3D matter-core reduces torque on it and encourages it to discard quanta of matter from its core body. These two opposing phenomena, acting simultaneously, on very high-frequency photons radiated from the sun and passing through the vicinity of the earth (or any other moving macro body), ensure ample supply of free quanta of matter in the universal medium in the region. The universal medium gathers, shapes, and compresses these free quanta of matter to form new photons to be radiated from the region. These radiations of newly created photons appear as auroras to us. This essay very briefly describes the mechanism of creation of photons (corpuscles of light) of varying colours and complexity displayed during aurora borealis (northern lights) and aurora australis (southern lights), as envisaged in an alternative concept presented in the book, ‘MATTER (Re-examined)’. For details, kindly refer to [1].
Category: Classical Physics

Self-Powered X-Ray Detector

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 35 Pages.

A new X-ray detector prototype is on the brink of revolutionizing medical imaging, with dramatic reduction in radiation exposure and the associated health risks, while also boosting resolution in security scanners and research applications, thanks to a collaboration between Los Alamos National Laboratory and Argonne National Laboratory researchers. [21] With an advanced X-ray combination technique, scientists have traced nanocarriers for tuberculosis drugs within cells with very high precision. [20] Now an international team of researchers has found a new way to investigate how Tb bacteria inactivate an important family of antibiotics: They watched the process in action for the first time using an X-ray free-electron laser, or XFEL. [19] A protein complex called facilitates chromatin transcription (FACT) plays a role in DNA packing within a nucleus, as well as in oncogenesis. [18] An LMU team now reveals the inner workings of a molecular motor made of proteins which packs and unpacks DNA. [17] Chemist Ivan Huc finds the inspiration for his work in the molecular principles that underlie biological systems. [16] What makes particles self-assemble into complex biological structures? [15] Scientists from Moscow State University (MSU) working with an international team of researchers have identified the structure of one of the key regions of telomerase-a so-called "cellular immortality" ribonucleoprotein. [14] Researchers from Tokyo Metropolitan University used a light-sensitive iridium-palladium catalyst to make "sequential" polymers, using visible light to change how building blocks are combined into polymer chains. [13] Researchers have fused living and non-living cells for the first time in a way that allows them to work together, paving the way for new applications. [12] UZH researchers have discovered a previously unknown way in which proteins interact with one another and cells organize themselves. [11]
Category: Quantum Physics

Majorana Fermion on a Common Metal

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 55 Pages.

Physicists at MIT and elsewhere have observed evidence of Majorana fermions-particles that are theorized to also be their own antiparticle-on the surface of a common metal: gold. [34] As mysterious as the Italian scientist for which it is named, the Majorana particle is one of the most compelling quests in physics. [33] With their insensitivity to decoherence, Majorana particles could become stable building blocks of quantum computers. [32] A team of researchers at the University of Maryland has found a new way to route photons at the micrometer scale without scattering by building a topological quantum optics interface. [31] Researchers at the University of Bristol's Quantum Engineering Technology Labs have demonstrated a new type of silicon chip that can help building and testing quantum computers and could find their way into your mobile phone to secure information. [30] Theoretical physicists propose to use negative interference to control heat flow in quantum devices. [29] Particle physicists are studying ways to harness the power of the quantum realm to further their research. [28] A fundamental barrier to scaling quantum computing machines is "qubit interference." In new research published in Science Advances, engineers and physicists from Rigetti Computing describe a breakthrough that can expand the size of practical quantum processors by reducing interference. [26] The search and manipulation of novel properties emerging from the quantum nature of matter could lead to next-generation electronics and quantum computers. [25]
Category: Quantum Physics

Scientific Principles of Space, Time, and Perception

Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 11 Pages.

In this paper, the scientific method is brought to task in explaining what is real and can be proven to exist in the real world, time and time again, not what is unreal, not what is stochastic, not what cannot be given any guarantee of measurable reliability in time. Here is defined a common scientific principle for space, time, and perception, to set a complete and consistent foundation for scientific principles of space, time, and perception, based on data that is real; certain scientific principles of space, time, and perception have become obvious through the course of the lead-up papers [1]-[17], and these scientific principles are presented in a consistent and complete manner.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Fascinating Quantum States

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 38 Pages.

Topological materials attract great interest and may provide the basis for a new era in materials development. [23] TU Wien (Vienna) and several research groups from China have now developed new ideas and implemented them in an experiment. [22] Light and high-frequency acoustic sound waves in a tiny glass structure can strongly couple to one another and perform a dance in step. [21] Researchers from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, ETH Zurich, and Argonne National Laboratory, U.S, have described an extended quantum Maxwell's demon, a device locally violating the second law of thermodynamics in a system located one to five meters away from the demon. [20] "We've experimentally confirmed the connection between information in the classical case and the quantum case," Murch said, "and we're seeing this new effect of information loss." [19] It's well-known that when a quantum system is continuously measured, it freezes, i.e., it stops changing, which is due to a phenomenon called the quantum Zeno effect. [18] Physicists have extended one of the most prominent fluctuation theorems of classical stochastic thermodynamics, the Jarzynski equality, to quantum field theory. [17] In 1993, physicist Lucien Hardy proposed an experiment showing that there is a small probability (around 6-9%) of observing a particle and its antiparticle interacting with each other without annihilating-something that is impossible in classical physics. [16] Scientists at the University of Geneva (UNIGE), Switzerland, recently reengineered their data processing, demonstrating that 16 million atoms were entangled in a one-centimetre crystal. [15] The fact that it is possible to retrieve this lost information reveals new insight into the fundamental nature of quantum measurements, mainly by supporting the idea that quantum measurements contain both quantum and classical components. [14]
Category: Quantum Physics

Elastodynamic and Electromagnetic Wave

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 21 Pages.

For the first time, the research employs a unified approach that melds the behavior of elastodynamic (sound) waves with that of electromagnetic (light) waves as they propagate through heterogeneous, or composite, materials. [14] In new research, scientists at the University of Minnesota used a first-of-its-kind device to demonstrate a way to control the direction of the photocurrent without deploying an electric voltage. [13] Brown University researchers have demonstrated for the first time a method of substantially changing the spatial coherence of light. [12] Researchers at the University of Central Florida have generated what is being deemed the fastest light pulse ever developed. [11] Physicists at Chalmers University of Technology and Free University of Brussels have now found a method to significantly enhance optical force. [10] Nature Communications today published research by a team comprising Scottish and South African researchers, demonstrating entanglement swapping and teleportation of orbital angular momentum 'patterns' of light. [9] While physicists are continually looking for ways to unify the theory of relativity, which describes large-scale phenomena, with quantum theory, which describes small-scale phenomena, computer scientists are searching for technologies to build the quantum computer using Quantum Information. In August 2013, the achievement of "fully deterministic" quantum teleportation, using a hybrid technique, was reported. On 29 May 2014, scientists announced a reliable way of transferring data by quantum teleportation. Quantum teleportation of data had been done before but with highly unreliable methods. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the Wave-Particle Duality and the electron's spin also, building the Bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions by the diffraction patterns. The Weak Interaction changes the diffraction patterns by moving the electric charge from one side to the other side of the diffraction pattern, which violates the CP and Time reversal symmetry.
Category: Quantum Physics

Image Reconstruction with a NON–PARALLELISM Constraint

Authors: Antonio Boccuto, Ivan Gerace
Comments: 5 Pages.

We consider the problem of restorating images from blur and noise. We find the minimum of the primal energy function, which has two terms, related to faithfulness to the data, and smoothness constraints, respectively. In general, we do not know and we have to estimate the discontinuities of the ideal image. We require that the obtained images are piecewise continuous and with thin edges. We associate with the primal energy function a dual energy function, which treats discontinuities implicitly. We determine a dual energy function, which is convex and takes into account non-parallelism constraints, in order to have thin edges. The proposed dual energy can be used as initial function in a GNC (Graduated Non-Convexity)-type algorithm, to obtain reconstructed images with Boolean discontinuities. In the experimental results, we show that the formation of parallel lines is inhibited.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

Anyon Evidence Using Tiny Collider

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 46 Pages.

A team of researchers from Sorbonne Université and Université de Paris has reported observational evidence of a quasiparticle called an anyon. [28] Computing the dynamics of many interacting quantum particles accurately is a daunting task. There is however a promising calculation method for such systems: tensor networks, which are being researched in the theory division at the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics. [27] Researchers of the Schliesser Lab at the Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, have pushed the precision of force and position measurements into a new regime. [26]
Category: Quantum Physics

Cold Eyes of Dune

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 75 Pages.

With preparations for the DUNE well under way and the experiment slated to begin generating data by 2027, scientists from many institutions have been hard at work developing electronic prototypes. [42] The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment or DUNE is a U.S.-led international experiment that focuses on neutrinos, subatomic particles that may offer an answer to the lingering mystery of the universe's matter-antimatter imbalance. [41] The Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory has started to assemble a new facility for revolutionary accelerator technologies that could make future accelerators 100 to 1,000 times smaller and boost their capabilities. [40]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Ultrafast Electron Camera in Molecules

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 61 Pages.

High-speed "electron cameras" can detect tiny molecular movements in a material by scattering a powerful beam of electrons off a sample. [40] The tool is an instrument for ultrafast electron diffraction (MeV-UED). It uses a beam of highly energetic electrons to probe matter and is especially useful for understanding atomic processes occurring on timescales as short as about 100 femtoseconds, millionths of a billionth of a second. [39] Princeton researchers have demonstrated a new way of making controllable "quantum wires" in the presence of a magnetic field, according to a new study published in Nature. [38]
Category: Quantum Physics

Magnet Research Giant Leap

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 26 Pages.

Researchers pushing the limits of magnets as a means to create faster electronics published their proof of concept findings today, April 10, in the journal Science. [18] An international team of researchers has identified and proved that adding impurities with a lower concentration of electrons stabilizes the antiferromagnetic state of cuprates, high-temperature superconducting compounds based on copper. [17] The first known superconductor in which spin-3/2 quasiparticles form Cooper pairs has been created by physicists in the US and New Zealand. [16] Now a team of researchers from the University of Maryland (UMD) Department of Physics together with collaborators has seen exotic superconductivity that relies on highly unusual electron interactions. [15] A group of researchers from institutions in Korea and the United States has determined how to employ a type of electron microscopy to cause regions within an iron-based superconductor to flip between superconducting and non-superconducting states. [14] In new research, scientists at the University of Minnesota used a first-of-its-kind device to demonstrate a way to control the direction of the photocurrent without deploying an electric voltage. [13] Brown University researchers have demonstrated for the first time a method of substantially changing the spatial coherence of light. [12] Researchers at the University of Central Florida have generated what is being deemed the fastest light pulse ever developed. [11] Physicists at Chalmers University of Technology and Free University of Brussels have now found a method to significantly enhance optical force. [10] Nature Communications today published research by a team comprising Scottish and South African researchers, demonstrating entanglement swapping and teleportation of orbital angular momentum 'patterns' of light. [9] While physicists are continually looking for ways to unify the theory of relativity, which describes large-scale phenomena, with quantum theory, which describes small-scale phenomena, computer scientists are searching for technologies to build the quantum computer using Quantum Information. In August 2013, the achievement of "fully deterministic" quantum teleportation, using a hybrid technique, was reported. On 29 May 2014, scientists announced a reliable way of transferring data by quantum teleportation. Quantum teleportation of data had been done before but with highly unreliable methods. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the Wave-Particle Duality and the electron's spin also, building the Bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions by the diffraction patterns. The Weak Interaction changes the diffraction patterns by moving the electric charge from one side to the other side of the diffraction pattern, which violates the CP and Time reversal symmetry. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the Relativistic Quantum Theory and making possible to build the Quantum Computer with the help of Quantum Information.
Category: Condensed Matter

Future Optical Transistors

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 34 Pages.

Leading research groups in the field of nanophotonics are working toward developing optical transistors-key components for future optical computers. [25] The world of nanosensors may be physically small, but the demand is large and growing, with little sign of slowing. [24] In a joint research project, scientists from the Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy (MBI), the Technische Universität Berlin (TU) and the University of Rostock have managed for the first time to image free nanoparticles in a laboratory experiment using a highintensity laser source. [23] For the first time, researchers have built a nanolaser that uses only a single molecular layer, placed on a thin silicon beam, which operates at room temperature. [22] A team of engineers at Caltech has discovered how to use computer-chip manufacturing technologies to create the kind of reflective materials that make safety vests, running shoes, and road signs appear shiny in the dark. [21] In the September 23th issue of the Physical Review Letters, Prof. Julien Laurat and his team at Pierre and Marie Curie University in Paris (Laboratoire Kastler Brossel-LKB) report that they have realized an efficient mirror consisting of only 2000 atoms. [20] Physicists at MIT have now cooled a gas of potassium atoms to several nanokelvins-just a hair above absolute zero-and trapped the atoms within a two-dimensional sheet of an optical lattice created by crisscrossing lasers. Using a high-resolution microscope, the researchers took images of the cooled atoms residing in the lattice. [19] Researchers have created quantum states of light whose noise level has been "squeezed" to a record low. [18] An elliptical light beam in a nonlinear optical medium pumped by "twisted light" can rotate like an electron around a magnetic field. [17] Physicists from Trinity College Dublin's School of Physics and the CRANN Institute, Trinity College, have discovered a new form of light, which will impact our understanding of the fundamental nature of light. [16] Light from an optical fiber illuminates the metasurface, is scattered in four different directions, and the intensities are measured by the four detectors. From this measurement the state of polarization of light is detected. [15] Converting a single photon from one color, or frequency, to another is an essential tool in quantum communication, which harnesses the subtle correlations between the subatomic properties of photons (particles of light) to securely store and transmit information.
Category: Quantum Physics

2-D Magnetic Order Strategy

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 27 Pages.

Grain boundaries, which consist of periodic arrangement of structural units and are generally recognized as a two-dimensional "phase," can exhibit novel properties that do not exist in the intrinsic bulk crystal. [19] Researchers pushing the limits of magnets as a means to create faster electronics published their proof of concept findings today, April 10, in the journal Science. [18] An international team of researchers has identified and proved that adding impurities with a lower concentration of electrons stabilizes the antiferromagnetic state of cuprates, high-temperature superconducting compounds based on copper. [17]
Category: Condensed Matter

Las Comillas en la Libertad de Rothbard. el Problema de la Inasunción Biológica en Las Humanidades, II

Authors: Atafrascas Orbinio de la Estigia
Comments: 7 Pages. Spanish language

In addition to the common difficulties in clarifying the basic concepts used in Rothbard's theory of the new freedom, there are those that this author strangely includes in the writing of his book, \textit{For a New Liberty. The Libertarian Manifesto}. These provoke in the reader the suspicion of encountering expressive rhetorical forms that Rothbard is unable to elucidate. In particular, when he deals with the concept of freedom and derivatives, which he sometimes uses and at other times he mentions as if the illumination of it in the aforementioned way leads to the assumption that one knows what the author is talking about or what the author is referring to. I wish to show that, despite Rothbard's insistence, his intellectual hope with his new concept of freedom is spurious and does not detect the setbacks that the environment poses to him.
Category: Social Science

Predicting the Likelihood of Mortality in Confirmed Positive COVID-19 Patients

Authors: Rajdeep Singh
Comments: 3 Pages.

The novel coronavirus - COVID-19 - has evolved into a global pandemic. With that, it is imperative that countries and medical facilities are equipped with the technology and resources to give every person the greatest chance of surviving. With that, even developed nations are beginning to run low on medical supplies such as hospital beds, masks, and respirators. With the growth of cases in the United States, hospitals will continue to run out of supplies. It is imperative that medical supplies get distributed to those who need it the most first. This paper outlines a machine learning approach to predicting patients who are at the most risk of mortality given the confirmed positive diagnosis of coronavirus. The final results were inconclusive enough to be implemented in a real-world scenario.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Comparative Study Of Linux and Windows

Authors: Umaima Khan
Comments: 18 Pages. This article has been originally published at www.ijarbas.com European International Journal, Vol.#2, Issue:2, February 2020.

Windows and Linux both are operating system. Windows is the famous operating system in market but it is not safe than Linux. With growing concern over operating system security, Linux got famous in the familial market place with that safety and efficiency. Lots of companies have been migrated from Windows towards Linux. The shortage of Linux experts has limited the development of Linux. If cost is deliberated than better is Linux than Windows. Windows is suitable for small matrices while Linux is suitable for large matrices. The aim of this paper is to conduct the survey over Linux and Windows. Basically this paper is comparative in this paper we have compared different methodologies related to Windows and Linux that are used in different researches. The results of different experiments related to Windows and Linux have been compared. Different approaches have been presented in previous researches to solve problems related to Windows and Linux. Keywords: Linux; Windows; operating system; virtual memory management; Simulation Windows Synchronization Mechanism,
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

On the Distribution of Addition Chains

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this paper we study the theory of addition chains producing any given number $n\geq 3$. With the goal of estimating the partial sums of an additive chain, we introduce the notion of the determiners and the regulators of an addition chain and prove the following identities\begin{align}\sum \limits_{j=2}^{\delta(n)+1}s_j=2(n-1)+(\delta(n)-1)+\kappa(a_{\delta(n)})-\varrho(r_{\delta(n)+1})+\int \limits_{2}^{\delta(n)-1}\sum \limits_{2\leq j\leq t}\varrho(r_j)dt\nonumber \end{align}where \begin{align}2,s_3=\kappa(a_3)+\varrho(r_3),\ldots,s_{k-1}=\kappa(a_{k-1})+\varrho(r_{k-1}),s_{k}=\kappa(a_{k})+\varrho(r_{k})=n\nonumber \end{align}are the associated generators of the chain $1,2,\ldots,s_{k-1},s_{k}=n$ of length $\delta(n)$. Also we obtain the identity\begin{align}\sum \limits_{j=2}^{\delta(n)+1}\kappa(a_j)=(n-1)+(\delta(n)-1)+\kappa(a_{\delta(n)})-\varrho(r_{\delta(n)+1})+\int \limits_{2}^{\delta(n)-1}\sum \limits_{2\leq j\leq t}\varrho(r_j)dt.\nonumber \end{align}
Category: Number Theory

Elucidating the Ultimate Nature of the Universe and of Existence the Theory of Everything: Origin of the Universe and of Consciousness. Supernatural Creation of the Universe,

Authors: Abed Peerally PhD
Comments: 16 Pages. The paper describes for first time in intellectual, philosophical and scientific history of the humanity the ultimate origin and nature of the universe and of existence.

The present paper summarizes the author’s Theory of Everything and Theory of the Ultimate origin of the universe and of our realities of existence. This second book by the author explains the great mysteries of the universe and of humanity and existence. Once we are acqainted with how the Creation Mechanism occurred, we would come face to face with some profound insights about Supernatural Creation and about the Ultimate Nature of Existence, as follows: •The Ultimate Theory of Everything is equivalent to the Philosophy of Everything + the Physics of Everything. •Based on the Theory of Everything, a scientific concept of the Supernatural Origin of the Universe is proposed. •This scientific concept of the Origin of the Universe and of the Realities of Existence lays out the ultimate nature of Spacetime, Gravitation, Forces, Particles, in a scientific and philosophical manner that enables the integration of Einstein Relativity and Quantum Mechanics, that is currently agreed to be the most elusive mystery of Physics. •As a result of this ultimate integration of the physics and philosophy of the universe and of existence, and based on the Theory of Everythng, we are able to explain several unsolved cosmological phenomena: The ultimate nature of Spacetime, Gravitation, Dark Matter and Dark Energy, the origin and nature of Consciousness and the Accelerated Expansion of the Universe, among others. •Arising from the above, we are able to explain, in an extraordinary manner, why the forces and their particles are the way they are, showing that the Electromagnefic Force, the Weak Force and the Strong Force have to be realities which are, philosophically and scientifically part and parcel of the preconceived Supernatural Strategy that led to the Creation of the Universe, that interestingly is totally compatible with the Theory of Everything, which as said above, is equivalent to the Philosophy of Everything of Existence+ the Physics of Everything of Existence. •Likewise the origin and ultimate nature of Consciousness are described, whereby it becomes evident that Consciousness is one of the most fundamental realities of the universe, capable of unifying the universe in incredible manners, including its possible connections with the beyond, thus pointing to the likelihood that Consciousness is intimately linked to Supernatural Reality. •Employing the same methodology that enabled explaining the Supernatural basis of the Creation of the Universe, it follows suit that the Afterlife Soul Theory is seen to emerge from a certain manner of interpreting the Theory of Everything and the Consciousness Theory in the context of the ultimate nature of existence. •The Theory of Everything and the Concept of the Origin of the Universe explain most of the conundrums of the universe, particularly the mystery of what spacetime and gravity fundamentally are, as well as of why particles occur in three classes, including explaining the extraordinary contrast between the ultimate reality of the atom being composed of positive proton and the negatively charged electron as opposed to negative proton with the positively charged positron.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Harmonology

Authors: Conall McConnell
Comments: 106 Pages.

Harmonology is a religion that exists and, by all known accounts, has existed for eternity, regardless of size or form because, embedded within all histories both present and future, including oral, literary, metaliterary, actual, and semi-actual accounts, is the study of harmony. Although steeped in mystery and confounded by a ubiquitously encompassing prophecy, there is much to gleaned from harmonological teachings, which are thought themselves to be the literary paramount of what was, what is, and what will be; the truth which connects the future histories and historical futures. What You are about to read is a semi- complete compilation of the canonical legends, myths, stories, narratives, vignettes, doctrines, bylaws, edicts, inscriptions, descriptions, translations, commentaries, theses, manuscripts, instruc- tions, schematics, incantations, enchantments, recipes, and addendums henceforth published posthumously by professor of harmonology, Dr. Allan Conroy. It is by the decree of the late professor that this text, written long after his death pertaining to events which happened long before he was ever born, is verifiably the study of harmony which will have already been posited as the true and only path that might lead one to godly ascendance. In theory, the realm of godhood and unification with the essential totality of what we so myopically perceive as the universe is in front of You now. So, it is as it has always been.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

Complex Nonlinear Waves in Autonomous CNNs Having Two Layers of Memristor Couplings

Authors: Makoto Itoh
Comments: 32 Pages.

In this paper, we study the nonlinear waves in autonomous cellular neural networks (CNNs) having double layers of memristor coupling, by using the homotopy method. They can exhibit many interesting nonlinear waves, which are quite different from those in the single-layer autonomous CNNs. That is, the autonomous CNNs with double layers of memristor coupling can exhibit more complex nonlinear waves and more interesting bifurcation phenomena than those in the single layer autonomous CNNs. The above complex behaviors seem to be generated by the interaction with the two nonlinear waves, which are caused by the first layer and the second layer. The most remarkable point in this paper is that the autonomous CNNs with double layers can exhibit complex deformation behaviors of the nonlinear waves, due to the changes in the homotopy parameter. That is, we can generate many complex nonlinear waves by adjusting the homotopy parameter, and thereby we can control the complexity of the nonlinear waves. Furthermore, some autonomous CNNs exhibit the sensitive dependence on the homotopy parameter. That is, a small change in the homotopy parameter can result in large differences in a later state. Thus the homotopy method gives a new approach to the analysis of the complex nonlinear waves in the autonomous CNNs with double layers.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Concept of Electron Propagation in Pilot Wave Theory.

Authors: Durgadas Datta.
Comments: 14 Pages. Pilot wave theory explained slightly differently by a visualization of electron propagation.

Membrane topology from plus infinity to minus infinity on absolute time in lattice pair interaction.
Category: Quantum Physics

One-Way Street for Electrons

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 45 Pages.

Researchers at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill made a one-way street for electrons that may unlock the ability for devices to process ultra-high-speed wireless data and simultaneously harvest energy for power. [28] Imagine trying to figure out how something works when that something takes place in a space smaller than a femtoliter: one quadrillionith of a liter. [27] A new NYU Abu Dhabi study suggests for the first time that actin, which is a cytoskeleton protein found in the cell, is critical to regulating the genome-the genetic material of an organism-during the formation of "neurons" or nerve cells. [26] For the English scientists involved, perhaps the most important fact is that their DNA read was about twice as long as the previous record, held by their Australian rivals. [25] Researchers from the University of Chicago have developed a high-throughput RNA sequencing strategy to study the activity of the gut microbiome. [24] Today a large international consortium of researchers published a complex but important study looking at how DNA works in animals. [23] Asymmetry plays a major role in biology at every scale: think of DNA spirals, the fact that the human heart is positioned on the left, our preference to use our left or right hand ... [22] Scientists reveal how a 'molecular machine' in bacterial cells prevents fatal DNA twisting, which could be crucial in the development of new antibiotic treatments. [21] In new research, Hao Yan of Arizona State University and his colleagues describe an innovative DNA HYPERLINK "https://phys.org/tags/walker/" walker, capable of rapidly traversing a prepared track. [20] Just like any long polymer chain, DNA tends to form knots. Using technology that allows them to stretch DNA molecules and image the behavior of these knots, MIT researchers have discovered, for the first time, the factors that determine whether a knot moves along the strand or "jams" in place. [19]
Category: Quantum Physics

Einstein's General Relativity Test

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 51 Pages.

In the future, the group plans to compare clocks hundreds of kilometers apart to monitor the long-term uplift and depression of the ground, one of the potential applications of ultraprecise clocks. [37] More than 100 years ago, Albert Einstein and Wander Johannes de Haas discovered that when they used a magnetic field to flip the magnetic state of an iron bar dangling from a thread, the bar began to rotate. [36] Researchers at the Max Born Institute have now generated directed currents at terahertz (THz) frequencies, much higher than the clock rates of current electronics. [35] Researchers at Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) have developed a simple yet accurate method for finding defects in the latest generation of silicon carbide transistors. [34] In 2017, University of Utah physicist Valy Vardeny called perovskite a "miracle material" for an emerging field of next-generation electronics, called spintronics, and he's standing by that assertion. [33] Scientists at Tokyo Institute of Technology proposed new quasi-1-D materials for potential spintronic applications, an upcoming technology that exploits the spin of electrons. [32] They do this by using "excitons," electrically neutral quasiparticles that exist in insulators, semiconductors and in some liquids. [31] Researchers at ETH Zurich have now developed a method that makes it possible to couple such a spin qubit strongly to microwave photons. [30] Quantum dots that emit entangled photon pairs on demand could be used in quantum communication networks. [29] Researchers successfully integrated the systems-donor atoms and quantum dots. [28] A team of researchers including U of A engineering and physics faculty has developed a new method of detecting single photons, or light particles, using quantum dots. [27] Recent research from Kumamoto University in Japan has revealed that polyoxometalates (POMs), typically used for catalysis, electrochemistry, and photochemistry, may also be used in a technique for analyzing quantum dot (QD) photoluminescence (PL) emission mechanisms. [26]
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Ordering Atoms Under Pressure

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 55 Pages.

Liquid metals and alloys have exceptional properties that make them suitable for electrical energy storage and generation applications. [35] Researchers at the Center for Nanoscale Materials (CNM), a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science User Facility located at the DOE's Argonne National Laboratory, have invented a machine-learning based algorithm for quantitatively characterizing, in three dimensions, materials with features as small as nanometers. [34] A team of materials scientists from Penn State, Cornell and Argonne National Laboratory have, for the first time, visualized the 3-D atomic and electron density structure of the most complex perovskite crystal structure system decoded to date. [33] Hydrogen-powered electronics, travel, and more may be a step closer thanks to the work of a collaborative team of scientists in Japan. [32] "The realization of such all-optical single-photon devices will be a large step towards deterministic multi-mode entanglement generation as well as high-fidelity photonic quantum gates that are crucial for all-optical quantum information processing," says Tanji-Suzuki. [31] Researchers at ETH have now used attosecond laser pulses to measure the time evolution of this effect in molecules. [30] A new benchmark quantum chemical calculation of C2, Si2, and their hydrides reveals a qualitative difference in the topologies of core electron orbitals of organic molecules and their silicon analogues. [29] A University of Central Florida team has designed a nanostructured optical sensor that for the first time can efficiently detect molecular chirality-a property of molecular spatial twist that defines its biochemical properties. [28] UCLA scientists and engineers have developed a new process for assembling semiconductor devices. [27]
Category: Condensed Matter

Filter Exhaustiveness and Filter Limit Theorems for K-Triangular Lattice Group-Valued Set Functions

Authors: Antonio Boccuto, Xenofon Dimitriou
Comments: 13 Pages.

We give some limit theorems for sequences of lattice group-valued k-triangular set functions, in the setting of filter convergence, and some results about their equivalence. We use the concept of filter exhaustiveness to get uniform (s)-boundedness, uniform continuity and uniform regularity of a suitable subsequence of the given sequence, whose indexes belong to the involved filter.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Relative Uniform Convergence of a Sequence of Functions at a Point and Korovkin-Type Approximation Theorems

Authors: Kamil Demirci, Antonio Boccuto, Sevda Yildiz e Fadime Dirik
Comments: 10 Pages.

We prove a Korovkin-type approximation theorem using the relative uniform convergence of a sequence of functions at a point, which is a method stronger than the classical ones. We give some examples on this new convergence method and we study also rates of convergence.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Innovative Brain-Machine Interface

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 52 Pages.

An international team led by researchers at Stanford University has developed a new device for connecting the brain directly to silicon-based technologies. [34] Brain-machine interfaces provide one way to connect with this puzzling organ system, including the brain. [33] Measuring optical blood flow in the resting human brain to detect spontaneous activity has for the first time been demonstrated by Wright State University imaging researchers, holding out promise for a better way to study people with autism, Alzheimer's and depression. [32]
Category: Mind Science

On Matrix Methods of Convergence of Order Alpha in L-Groups

Authors: Antonio Boccuto, Pratulananda Das
Comments: 13 Pages.

We introduce a concept of convergence of order alpha, which is positive and strictly less than one, with respect to a summability matrix method A for sequences, taking values in lattice groups. Some main properties and dierences with the classical A-convergence are investigated. A Cauchy-type criterion and a closedness result for the space of convergent sequences according our notion is proved.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Quantum Simulations of Nuclear Physics

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 26 Pages.

Now, quantum simulators (which exploit quantum effects like superposition and entanglement) promise to bring their power to bear on many problems that have refused to yield to simulations built atop classical computers-including problems in nuclear physics. [19] "Digital quantum simulation is thus intrinsically much more robust than what one might expect from known error bounds on the global many-body wave function," Heyl says. [18] A new finding by researchers at the University of Chicago promises to improve the speed and reliability of current and next generation quantum computers by as much as ten times. [17] Ph. D candidate Shuntaro Okada and information scientist Masayuki Ohzeki of Japan's Tohoku University collaborated with global automotive components manufacturer Denso Corporation and other colleagues to develop an algorithm that improves the D-Wave quantum annealer's ability to solve combinatorial optimization problems. [16] D-Wave Systems today published a milestone study demonstrating a topological phase transition using its 2048-qubit annealing quantum computer. [15] New quantum theory research, led by academics at the University of St Andrews' School of Physics, could transform the way scientists predict how quantum particles behave. [14] Intel has announced the design and fabrication of a 49-qubit superconducting quantum-processor chip at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas. [13] To improve our understanding of the so-called quantum properties of materials, scientists at the TU Delft investigated thin slices of SrIrO3, a material that belongs to the family of complex oxides. [12] New research carried out by CQT researchers suggest that standard protocols that measure the dimensions of quantum systems may return incorrect numbers. [11] Is entanglement really necessary for describing the physical world, or is it possible to have some post-quantum theory without entanglement? [10] A trio of scientists who defied Einstein by proving the nonlocal nature of quantum entanglement will be honoured with the John Stewart Bell Prize from the University of Toronto (U of T). [9] While physicists are continually looking for ways to unify the theory of relativity, which describes large-scale phenomena, with quantum theory, which describes small-scale phenomena, computer scientists are searching for technologies to build the quantum computer using Quantum Information. In August 2013, the achievement of "fully deterministic" quantum teleportation, using a hybrid technique, was reported. On 29 May 2014, scientists announced a reliable way of transferring data by quantum teleportation. Quantum teleportation of data had been done before but with highly unreliable methods. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the Wave-Particle Duality and the electron's spin also, building the Bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions by the diffraction patterns. The Weak Interaction changes the diffraction patterns by moving the electric charge from one side to the other side of the diffraction pattern, which violates the CP and Time reversal symmetry. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the Relativistic Quantum Theory and making possible to build the Quantum Computer with the help of Quantum Information.
Category: Quantum Physics

Dark Matter Perturbation in Fundamental Constants

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 18 Pages.

Until now, searches for dark matter clumps have relied on the fact that tiny changes in the values of fundamental constants will alter the 'tick rate' of atomic clocks, some of which may be precise enough to pick up this difference. [19] According to a new study, they could also potentially detect dark matter, if dark matter is composed of a particular kind of particle called a "dark photon." [18] A global team of scientists, including two University of Mississippi physicists, has found that the same instruments used in the historic discovery of gravitational waves caused by colliding black holes could help unlock the secrets of dark matter, a mysterious and as-yet-unobserved component of the universe. [17] The lack of so-called "dark photons" in electron-positron collision data rules out scenarios in which these hypothetical particles explain the muon's magnetic moment. [16] By reproducing the complexity of the cosmos through unprecedented simulations, a new study highlights the importance of the possible behaviour of very high-energy photons. In their journey through intergalactic magnetic fields, such photons could be transformed into axions and thus avoid being absorbed. [15] Scientists have detected a mysterious X-ray signal that could be caused by dark matter streaming out of our Sun's core. Hidden photons are predicted in some extensions of the Standard Model of particle physics, and unlike WIMPs they would interact electromagnetically with normal matter. In particle physics and astrophysics, weakly interacting massive particles, or WIMPs, are among the leading hypothetical particle physics candidates for dark matter. The gravitational force attracting the matter, causing concentration of the matter in a small space and leaving much space with low matter concentration: dark matter and energy. There is an asymmetry between the mass of the electric charges, for example proton and electron, can understood by the asymmetrical Planck Distribution Law. This temperature dependent energy distribution is asymmetric around the maximum intensity, where the annihilation of matter and antimatter is a high probability event. The asymmetric sides are creating different frequencies of electromagnetic radiations being in the same intensity level and compensating each other. One of these compensating ratios is the electron-proton mass ratio. The lower energy side has no compensating intensity level, it is the dark energy and the corresponding matter is the dark matter.
Category: Astrophysics

Fine-Tuning Magnetic Spin

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 32 Pages.

Now, a team of researchers at Berkeley Lab and UC Berkeley working in the Center for Novel Pathways to Quantum Coherence in Materials, an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, have developed an antiferromagnetic switch for computer memory and processing applications. [20] EPFL physicists have found a way to reverse electron spins using electric fields for the first time, paving the way for programmable spintronics technologies. [19] Manipulating light in a variety of ways-shrinking its wavelength and allowing it to travel freely in one direction while stopping it cold in another-hyperbolic metamaterials have wide application in optical communications and as nanoparticle sensors. [18] A new way of enhancing the interactions between light and matter, developed by researchers at MIT and Israel's Technion, could someday lead to more efficient solar cells that collect a wider range of light wavelengths, and new kinds of lasers and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) that could have fully tunable color emissions. [17] A team of researchers at the Center for Relativistic Laser Science, within the Institute for Basic Science (IBS) have developed a method to measure the shape of laser pulses in ambient air. [16] Studying the fleeting actions of electrons in organic materials will now be much easier, thanks to a new method for generating fast X-rays. [15] In a laboratory at the University of Rochester, researchers are using lasers to change the surface of metals in incredible ways, such as making them super water-repellent without the use of special coatings, paints, or solvents. [14] The interaction of high-power laser light sources with matter has given rise to numerous applications including; fast ion acceleration; intense X-ray, gamma-ray, positron and neutron generation; and fast-ignition-based laser fusion. [13] Conventional electron accelerators have become an indispensable tool in modern research. [12] An outstanding conundrum on what happens to the laser energy after beams are fired into plasma has been solved in newly-published research at the University of Strathclyde. [11]
Category: Condensed Matter

Future Spintronic Circuits

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 43 Pages.

In their new model, Duine and Rückriegel sandwich a non-magnetic material between two magnetic materials. [32] They do this by using "excitons," electrically neutral quasiparticles that exist in insulators, semiconductors and in some liquids. [31] Researchers at ETH Zurich have now developed a method that makes it possible to couple such a spin qubit strongly to microwave photons. [30] Quantum dots that emit entangled photon pairs on demand could be used in quantum communication networks. [29]
Category: Quantum Physics

Hybrid Photodetector

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 50 Pages.

A hybrid material, developed in Dresden, fulfills both these requirements. Himani Arora, a physics Ph.D. student at Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), demonstrated that this metal-organic framework can be used as a broadband photodetector. [32] "The realization of such all-optical single-photon devices will be a large step towards deterministic multi-mode entanglement generation as well as high-fidelity photonic quantum gates that are crucial for all-optical quantum information processing," says Tanji-Suzuki. [31] Researchers at ETH have now used attosecond laser pulses to measure the time evolution of this effect in molecules. [30] A new benchmark quantum chemical calculation of C2, Si2, and their hydrides reveals a qualitative difference in the topologies of core electron orbitals of organic molecules and their silicon analogues. [29] A University of Central Florida team has designed a nanostructured optical sensor that for the first time can efficiently detect molecular chirality-a property of molecular spatial twist that defines its biochemical properties. [28] UCLA scientists and engineers have developed a new process for assembling semiconductor devices. [27] A new experiment that tests the limit of how large an object can be before it ceases to behave quantum mechanically has been proposed by physicists in the UK and India. [26] Phonons are discrete units of vibrational energy predicted by quantum mechanics that correspond to collective oscillations of atoms inside a molecule or a crystal. [25] This achievement is considered as an important landmark for the realization of practical application of photon upconversion technology. [24] Considerable interest in new single-photon detector technologies has been scaling in this past decade. [23] Engineers develop key mathematical formula for driving quantum experiments. [22]
Category: Quantum Physics

Perovskite-Based Diode

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 32 Pages.

Researchers at Linköping University in Sweden, Shenzhen University and several other universities in China have recently fabricated an efficient diode capable of both emitting and detecting light. [21] Yu-Hwa Lo and colleagues at the University of California in San Diego (UCSD) now report on systematic investigations of how these devices respond to light for frequencies varying over eight orders of magnitude and power ranging from millions to single photons. [20] A new joint Tel Aviv University (TAU) and Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) study published in Nature Communications on February 28 demonstrates remarkable continuous lasing action in devices made from perovskites. [19] Efficient near-infrared (NIR) light-emitting diodes of perovskite have been produced in a laboratory at Linköping University. The external quantum efficiency is 21.6 percent, which is a record. The results have been published in Nature Photonics. [18] Very recently, an NTU team lead by Assoc. Prof. Wang Hong, demonstrated high light extraction efficiency of perovskite photonic crystals fabricated by delicate electron-beam lithography. [17] A quasiparticle is a disturbance or excitation (e.g. spin waves, bubbles, etc.) that behaves as a particle and could therefore be regarded as one. Long-range interactions between quasiparticles can give rise to a 'drag,' which affects the fundamental properties of many systems in condensed matter physics. [16] Researchers have recently been also interested in the utilization of antiferromagnets, which are materials without macroscopic magnetization but with a staggered orientation of their microscopic magnetic moments. [15] A new method that precisely measures the mysterious behavior and magnetic properties of electrons flowing across the surface of quantum materials could open a path to next-generation electronics. [14] The emerging field of spintronics aims to exploit the spin of the electron. [13] In a new study, researchers measure the spin properties of electronic states produced in singlet fission-a process which could have a central role in the future development of solar cells. [12]
Category: Quantum Physics

A New Method for Image Super-Resolution

Authors: Sébastien Lablanche, Gérard Lablanche
Comments: 19 Pages.

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that it is possible to reconstruct coherent human faces from very degraded pixelated images with a very fast algorithm, more faster than compressed sensing (CS) algorithm, easier to compute and without deep learning, so without important information technology resources, i.e. a large database of thousands training images (see https://arxiv.org/pdf/2003.13063.pdf). This technological breakthrough has been patented in 2018 with the demand of french patent FR 1855485 (https://patents.google.com/patent/FR3082980A1). The Face Super-Resolution (FSR) has many interests, in particular in a remote surveillance context which already exists in China but which can be a reality in USA and European countries. Today, deep learning methods and artificial intelligence (AI) appears in this context but these methods are difficult to put in their systems because of the need of important data. The demand of chinese patent CN107563965 and the scientist publication "Pixel Recursive Super Resolution", R. Dahl, M. Norouzi, J. Shlens propose such methods (see https://arxiv.org/pdf/1702.00783.pdf). In this context, this new method could help governments, institutions and enterprises to accelerate the generalisation of automatic facial identification and to earn time for reconstruction process in industrial steps such as terahertz imaging, medical imaging or spatial imaging.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

On Some Ramanujan’s Nested Radicals: Mathematical Connections with ϕ, ζ(2), and Various Parameters of Cosmology and Particle Physics.

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 84 Pages.

In this paper we have described and analyzed some Ramanujan’s Nested Radicals. Furthermore, we have obtained various mathematical connections with ϕ, ζ(2), and several parameters of Cosmology and Particle Physics.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Robust Cryptographic Technique for Improving Data Security in Cloud Computing

Authors: Shouket Ahmad Kouchay
Comments: 6 Pages. RSA, blowfish algorithm, Cloud computing, encryption, decryption, data security

Cloud computing has revolutionized the IT world. Cloud computing is not only beneficial for everyday users but also for large enterprises, as it is capable of sharing large data in different forms and to safeguard that valuable data in secure storage, security management procedures must be implemented. Cloud computing is dynamically flexible as well as sizable and cost-efficient involving important virtual tools. There is not adequate security in usual asymmetric encryption, as single secret key in this algorithm could be hacked by some attackers. So there arises an improved data protection requirement. Different and effective ways to secure cloud computing has been introduced but the data remains at constant threat by security exploits. Secure storage in cloud computing is a fundamental move for the IT world. This research proposes an effective Cryptographic technique for securing the data in Cloud Computing that provides better security and accountability to data in the cloud. The primary analysis of the proposed technique demonstrates better performance results. This research also highlights many security issues in different encryption algorithms.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Decoupling Global and Local Representations via Invertible Generative Flows

Authors: Xuezhe Ma, Xiang Kong, Shanghang Zhang, Eduard Hovy
Comments: 23 Pages. Published in ICLR 2021

In this work, we propose a new generative model that is capable of automatically decoupling global and local representations of images in an entirely unsupervised setting, by embedding a generative flow in the VAE framework to model the decoder. Specifically, the proposed model utilizes the variational auto-encoding framework to learn a (low-dimensional) vector of latent variables to capture the global information of an image, which is fed as a conditional input to a flow-based invertible decoder with architecture borrowed from style transfer literature. Experimental results on standard image benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of our model in terms of density estimation, image generation and unsupervised representation learning. Importantly, this work demonstrates that with only architectural inductive biases, a generative model with a likelihood-based objective is capable of learning decoupled representations, requiring no explicit supervision. The code for our model is available at https://github.com/XuezheMax/wolf.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Multi-Key Homomorphic Encryption based Blockchain Voting System

Authors: Racco Wang
Comments: 6 Pages.

During the pandemic covid-19. More than 70 national elections scheduled for the rest of the year worldwide, the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is putting into question whether some of these elections will happen on time or at all. We proposed a novel solution based on multi-key homomorphic encryption and blockchain technology, which is unhackable,privacy-preserving and decentralized. We first introduce the importance of a feasible voting system in this special era, then we demonstrated how we construct the system. finally, we made a thorough comparison of the possible solutions.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

Putenikhin P.V., Logic of Contradictions.
Путенихин П.В., Логика противоречий.

Authors: Putenikhin P.V.
Comments: 133 Pages.

It is considers the logical contradictions of the interpretation of some phenomena of the theory of relativity (singularity, Black holes, Ehrenfest paradox, tachyons), cosmology (accelerated expansion of the Universe), quantum mechanics (non-locality, quantum teleportation) and mathematics of infinities (equipotentiality and countability of sets, identification) are considered. In particular, is criticizet some methods of Cantor when working with infinities. A solution to the problem of the 5th postulate of Euclid is proposed.
The book is aimed at a reader who is interested in issues of the theory of relativity, cosmology, quantum mechanics, mathematics, geometry and has some ideas about these areas of knowledge.
Рассмотрены логические противоречия интерпретации некоторых явлений теории относительности (сингулярность, Черные дыры, парадокс Эренфеста, тахионы), космологии (ускоренное расширение Вселенной), квантовой механики (нелокальность, квантовая телепортация) и математики бесконечностей (равномощность и счетность множеств, отождествление). В частности, подвергнуты критике некоторые методы Кантора при работе с бесконечностями. Предложено решение проблемы 5-го постулата Евклида.
Книга ориентирована на читателя, интересующегося вопросами теории относительности, космологии, квантовой механики, математики, геометрии и имеющего некоторые представления об этих областях знаний.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Universe Was Created at Planck Wall by Gravitons Which Changed Dark Photons in Photons

Authors: Adrian Ferent
Comments: 526 Pages. © 2014 Adrian Ferent

“The Universe was created at Planck wall by Gravitons which changed Dark photons in Photons” Adrian Ferent “How the Photon was created in Ferent Quantum Gravity: The result of the interaction between Dark photon and Graviton, is the increase in amplitude and the decrease in speed for Dark photon, and the Photon was created” Adrian Ferent “The increase in amplitude from Ferent length to Planck length, from Dark matter to Matter” Adrian Ferent “The result of the interaction between Dark photon and Graviton was like a ‘Compression’ of Dark photon wave” Adrian Ferent “Ferent equation for photon energy, after Dark photon and Graviton interaction: E = a × f E = a × ν - Eg” Adrian Ferent “I discovered Dark photon momentum: p = a / λ” Adrian Ferent “Because the energy of the gravitons Eg is negative, the energy of the Dark photon E after the interaction with a high energy graviton it is much smaller than the initial energy of the Dark photon, E” Adrian Ferent “I am the first who understood and explained Gravitation with faster than light gravitons, with negative Momentum, negative relativistic Mass and negative Energy” Adrian Ferent Dark Photons have zero rest mass. “Ferent equation for Dark photon energy: E= a × ν” Adrian Ferent
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

An Embedding Lemma in Soft Topological Spaces

Authors: Giorgio NORDO
Comments: 7 Pages.

In 1999, Molodtsov initiated the concept of Soft Sets Theory as a new mathematical tool and a completely different approach for dealing with uncertainties in many fields of applied sciences. In 2011, Shabir and Naz introduced and studied the theory of soft topological spaces, also defining and investigating many new soft properties as generalization of the classical ones. In this paper, we introduce the notions of soft separation between soft points and soft closed sets in order to obtain a generalization of the well-known Embedding Lemma for soft topological spaces.
Category: Topology

What Total Axial Angular Momentum Will be For Life Hosting Stars

Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this paper a graph is outlined using the new gyrochronology in the general theory of stellar metamorphosis using a preliminary method for determining if a star is hosting life. As well, it outlines which stages of a star’s evolution life may be occurring inside that star. In effect, stars that have a William’s Number of 1 million down to 300 are in some stage of life hosting/formation.
Category: Astrophysics

Prime Numbers and Composite Numbers Congruent to 1 (Mod 9)

Authors: Zeolla Gabriel Martín
Comments: 7 Pages.

This paper develops a modified an old and well-known expression for calculating and obtaining all prime numbers greater than three and composite numbers divisible by numbers greater than three. This paper develops formulas to break down the prime numbers and the composite numbers in their reductions, these formulas based on equalities allow to regroup them according to congruence characteristics.
Category: Number Theory

Black Hole Bends Light Back

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 25 Pages.

Now, a new study accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal offers evidence that, in fact, not all of the light streaming from a black hole's surrounding disk easily escapes. [11] Now, physicists from MIT and elsewhere have "heard" the ringing of an infant black hole for the first time, and found that the pattern of this ringing does, in fact, predict the black hole's mass and spin—more evidence that Einstein was right all along. [10] Gravitational waves from the merger of a black hole and a neutron star may have been spotted for the first time by the LIGO and Virgo detectors. [9]
Category: Astrophysics

Actin Sheds Light on Cell Function

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 49 Pages.

A tiny chemical modification on one of the most abundant and important proteins in cells, actin, has long been somewhat mysterious, its function not fully understood, but scientists from the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania have now taken a big step towards clearing up the mystery. [27] It's a remarkable choreography. In each of our bodies, more than 37 trillion cells tightly coordinate with other cells to organize into the numerous tissues and organs that make us tick. [26] A Virginia Commonwealth University researcher has developed a procedure for identifying the source of cells present in a forensic biological sample that could change how cell types are identified in samples across numerous industries. [25] In work at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the University of Maryland in College Park, researchers have devised and demonstrated a new way to measure free energy. [24] A novel technique developed by researchers at the ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP) will help shine new light on biological questions by improving the quality and quantity of information that can be extracted in fluorescence microscopy. [23] Micro-computed tomography or "micro-CT" is X-ray imaging in 3-D, by the same method used in hospital CT (or "CAT") scans, but on a small scale with massively increased resolution. [22] A new experimental method permits the X-ray analysis of amyloids, a class of large, filamentous biomolecules which are an important hallmark of diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. [12] Thumb through any old science textbook, and you'll likely find RNA described as little more than a means to an end, a kind of molecular scratch paper used to construct the proteins encoded in DNA. [20]
Category: Physics of Biology

Fertilized Egg Sends Signal

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 49 Pages.

Researchers have discovered the health of the fertilized embryo determines the functional health of the mother, which has implications for healthy aging, stress resilience and suppression of protein damage. [27] It's a remarkable choreography. In each of our bodies, more than 37 trillion cells tightly coordinate with other cells to organize into the numerous tissues and organs that make us tick. [26] A Virginia Commonwealth University researcher has developed a procedure for identifying the source of cells present in a forensic biological sample that could change how cell types are identified in samples across numerous industries. [25] In work at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the University of Maryland in College Park, researchers have devised and demonstrated a new way to measure free energy. [24] A novel technique developed by researchers at the ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP) will help shine new light on biological questions by improving the quality and quantity of information that can be extracted in fluorescence microscopy. [23] Micro-computed tomography or "micro-CT" is X-ray imaging in 3-D, by the same method used in hospital CT (or "CAT") scans, but on a small scale with massively increased resolution. [22] A new experimental method permits the X-ray analysis of amyloids, a class of large, filamentous biomolecules which are an important hallmark of diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. [12] Thumb through any old science textbook, and you'll likely find RNA described as little more than a means to an end, a kind of molecular scratch paper used to construct the proteins encoded in DNA. [20] Just like any long polymer chain, DNA tends to form knots. Using technology that allows them to stretch DNA molecules and image the behavior of these knots, MIT researchers have discovered, for the first time, the factors that determine whether a knot moves along the strand or "jams" in place. [19]
Category: Physics of Biology

The Boundaries of the Theory of Relativity
Границы теории относительности

Authors: Putenikhin P.V.
Comments: 116 Pages.

How substantiated are the claims that it is impossible not only to leave the Black Hole event horizon, but even send out a light or radio signal? Are there rotating black holes? Or with a charge? Is our whole Universe really just a hologram, some information “spread out” over the surface of the Black Hole event horizon? Is the universe expanding fast or slow? And finally, is it expanding at all? The author tried to find reasonable answers to these questions, and the answers he found were completely unexpected.
The book is recommended to leading experts and teachers in the fields of physics and cosmology, as well as to everyone who is interested in these sciences and has some basic knowledge. You should refrain from reading this book to undergraduate and graduate students in preparation for exams in relevant subjects: the arguments presented in the book are largely contrary to official science.
Насколько обоснованы утверждения, что из-под горизонта событий Чёрной дыры нельзя не только уйти, но даже послать наружу световой или радиосигнал? Существуют ли вращающиеся Чёрные дыры? Или с зарядом? Действительно ли вся наша Вселенная – это всего лишь голограмма, некая информация "размазанная" по поверхности горизонта событий Чёрной дыры? Ускоренно или замедленно расширяется Вселенная? И, наконец, расширяется ли она вообще? Автор попытался найти обоснованные ответы на эти вопросы, и найденные им ответы оказались совершенно неожиданными.
Книга рекомендуется ведущим специалистам и преподавателям в областях физики и космологии, а также всем, кто интересуется этими науками и имеет некоторые начальные знания. Следует воздержаться от чтения данной книги студентам и аспирантам при подготовке к экзаменам по соответствующим предметам: изложенные в книге доводы во многом противоречат официальной науке.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Bubble Dynamics

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 56 Pages.

Researchers from the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee discovered how to make bottles empty faster, which has wide-ranging implications for many areas beyond the beverage industry. [39] Organic chemists at The Ohio State University have figured out how to synthesize the most common molecule arrangement in medicine, a scientific discovery that could change the way a number of drugs-including one most commonly used to treat ovarian cancer-are produced. [38] Determining the optimal binding energies for heterogeneous chemical reactions-usually meaning that the reactant is in the gas or liquid phase while the catalyst is a solid-is critical for many aspects of modern society, as we rely on such reactions for processes as diverse as the production of fertilizers and plastics. [37] Among the many techniques being investigated to generate clean energy, water splitting is a very promising one. [36] But now, Shigehisa Akine and colleagues from Kanazawa University have shown that the reversed order is also possible: first, the host undergoes a chemical reaction, after which it recognizes and forms a complex with the guest ion. [35] In batteries, fuel cells or technical coatings, central chemical processes take place on the surface of electrodes which are in contact with liquids. During these processes, atoms move over the surface, but how this exactly happens has hardly been researched. [34] A team of scientists from across the U.S. has found a new way to create molecular interconnections that can give a certain class of materials exciting new properties, including improving their ability to catalyze chemical reactions or harvest energy from light. [33] A team of scientists including Carnegie's Tim Strobel and Venkata Bhadram now report unexpected quantum behavior of hydrogen molecules, H2, trapped within tiny cages made of organic molecules, demonstrating that the structure of the cage influences the behavior of the molecule imprisoned inside it. [32] A potential revolution in device engineering could be underway, thanks to the discovery of functional electronic interfaces in quantum materials that can self-assemble spontaneously. [31]
Category: Condensed Matter

Laser Trapping Rydberg Atoms

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 60 Pages.

Researchers at Laboratoire Kastler Brossel (LKB) have recently achieved a longer 2-D laser trapping time of circular Rydberg atoms of up to 10 ms. [38] Using lasers, U.S. and Austrian physicists have coaxed ultracold strontium atoms into complex structures unlike any previously seen in nature. [37] A team of researchers has now presented this state of matter in the journal Physical Review Letters. The theoretical work was done at TU Wien (Vienna) and Harvard University, the experiment was performed at Rice University in Houston (Texas). [36] The old question, whether quantum systems show recurrences, can finally be answered: Yes, they do-but the concept of recurrence has to be slightly redefined. [35] Researchers at Purdue University have performed the first experimental tests of several fundamental theorems in thermodynamics, verifying the relationship between them and providing a better understanding of how nanoparticles behave under fluctuation. [34] Identifying right-handed and left-handed molecules is a crucial step for many applications in chemistry and pharmaceutics. [33] A team of researchers from several institutions in Japan has described a physical system that can be described as existing above "absolute hot" and also below absolute zero. [32] A silicon-based quantum computing device could be closer than ever due to a new experimental device that demonstrates the potential to use light as a messenger to connect quantum bits of information-known as qubits-that are not immediately adjacent to each other. [31] Researchers at the University of Bristol's Quantum Engineering Technology Labs have demonstrated a new type of silicon chip that can help building and testing quantum computers and could find their way into your mobile phone to secure information. [30] Theoretical physicists propose to use negative interference to control heat flow in quantum devices. [29] Particle physicists are studying ways to harness the power of the quantum realm to further their research. [28]
Category: Quantum Physics

On Some Ramanujan’s Approximations to π: Mathematical Connections with ϕ, ζ(2), and Various Parameters of Particle Physics.

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 77 Pages.

In this paper we have described and analyzed some Ramanujan’s Approximations to π. Furthermore, we have obtained various mathematical connections with ϕ, ζ(2), and several parameters of Particle Physics.
Category: Number Theory

Molecules Nanokelvin Temperatures

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 66 Pages.

For years, scientists have looked for ways to cool molecules down to ultracold temperatures, at which point the molecules should slow to a crawl, allowing scientists to precisely control their quantum behavior. [41] Specifically, the authors model the impact of an incoming photon on electrons and nuclei as the electrons approach an excited state. [40] A team of physicists from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Stanford University and Europe has captured the clearest glimpse yet of a photochemical reaction-the type of light-fueled molecular transformations responsible for photosynthesis, vision and the ozone layer. [39] Researchers at the Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory have recorded the most detailed atomic movie of gold melting after being blasted by laser light. [38] A team at TU Wien now has the proof behind the speculations that water molecules can form complex bridge-like structures when they accumulate on mineral surfaces. [37] Liquid water sustains life on earth, but its physical properties remain mysterious among scientific researchers. [36] Researchers from the University of Houston and the California Institute of Technology have reported an inexpensive hybrid catalyst capable of splitting water to produce hydrogen, suitable for large-scale commercialization. [35]
Category: Quantum Physics

Single Particles Imaging

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 34 Pages.

Using a combination of experimental and computational data, researchers discover paths to optimize pulses from highly intense X-ray beams. [24] Our team at IBM Research made a breakthrough in controlling the quantum behavior of individual atoms, demonstrating a versatile new building block for quantum computation. [23] The team showed that the single-atom magnets can endure relatively high temperatures and strong external magnetic fields. The work could lead to the development of extremely high-density data storage devices. [22] One of these are single-atom magnets: storage devices consisting of individual atoms stuck ("adsorbed") on a surface, each atom able to store a single bit of data that can be written and read using quantum mechanics. [21] Physicists have experimentally demonstrated 18-qubit entanglement, which is the largest entangled state achieved so far with individual control of each qubit. [20] University of Adelaide-led research has moved the world one step closer to reliable, high-performance quantum computing. [19] A team of researchers with members from IBM Research-Zurich and RWTH Aachen University has announced the development of a new PCM (phase change memory) design that offers miniaturized memory cell volume down to three nanometers. [18] Monatomic glassy antimony might be used as a new type of single-element phase change memory. [17] Physicists have designed a 3-D quantum memory that addresses the tradeoff between achieving long storage times and fast readout times, while at the same time maintaining a compact form. [16] Quantum memories are devices that can store quantum information for a later time, which are usually implemented by storing and re-emitting photons with certain quantum states. [15] The researchers engineered diamond strings that can be tuned to quiet a qubit's environment and improve memory from tens to several hundred nanoseconds, enough time to do many operations on a quantum chip. [14]
Category: Quantum Physics

X-Ray Vision Through Water

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 52 Pages.

Physicists at ETH Zurich have developed the first high-repetition-rate laser source that produces coherent soft X-rays spanning the entire "water window." [38] Many of the chemicals used to deter or eliminate disease-carrying mosquitoes can pollute ecosystems and drive the evolution of even more problematic, insecticide-resistant species—but thankfully, we may have better options soon. [37] Now, scientists at the National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II)—a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science User Facility at DOE's Brookhaven National Laboratory—have developed a TXM that can image samples 10 times faster than previously possible. [36]
Category: Quantum Physics

Light-Emitting Silicon

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 57 Pages.

Researchers from Eindhoven University of Technology have now developed an alloy with silicon that can emit light. The results have been published in the journal Nature. [38] The new nanoheterostructure is only 75 nm thick and of particular interest, as it can be used as a source of spin-polarized electrons for the semiconductor silicon substrate. [37] With the advantage of small size and long-lived spins, it is only a matter of time before they cement their spot in the roadmap for quantum technologies. [36]
Category: Condensed Matter

Gold Nanoparticles Attacking Cancer Cells

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 38 Pages.

The unique design of these nanoparticles reduces the side effects of the drugs, potentially improving patients' quality of life. [28] Gene editing is one of the hottest topics in cancer research. A Chinese research team has now developed a gold-nanoparticle-based multifunctional vehicle to transport the "gene scissors" to the tumor cell genome. [27]
Category: Physics of Biology

Increases in the Rate of Growth of Non-Reproductive Population Subsets vs Global Pandemic Timing

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 9 Pages.

Discussions and Figures are presented showing how both an increase in life expectancy and a decrease in birth rates can cause an equivalent maximum growth rate of an older and non-reproducing segment of a population that then theoretically triggers an ecosystem induced, equilibrium returning, pandemic. Nature is presented as a system driven to seek optimized diversity and variation with circuit breaker mechanisms like pandemics to prevent gene pool demographic pyramids from becoming too stagnant or skewed.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Amay's Dimensional Theory of Light

Authors: Amay Mani Tripathi
Comments: 2 Pages.

AMAY’S DIMENSIONAL THEORY OF LIGHT is about the very intrinsic behaviour of light. It explains one of the most hidden property of light or electromagnetic radiations. It says light actually travels in high dimensional space and we get its projection in our dimension as light. It also explains how the electromagnetic force works and what is its origin. It is the foundation for the PTOE, an approach to unify quantum mechanics with relativity or the Theory of Everything. I will submit the PTOE after the approval of this.
Category: Astrophysics

Enhancing the Number of Lab Tests with a “poisoned Wine” Approach

Authors: Usama Kadri
Comments: 3 Pages.

Rapid testing of appropriate specimens from patients suspected for Coronavirus is of a great importance for the disease management and control. We propose complementary approaches to enhance processing large amounts of collected samples. The approaches are based on mixing samples in testing cups as opposed to testing single samples in each cup. As a result, the number of tests can be boosted by factors of magnitude, and the effective testing time can be reduced drastically.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Crafting a Model for the Creation of Dark Matter

Authors: Richard A Peters
Comments: 38 Pages.

The Temporal InertiaI (TI) field model of gravity and inertia is a conjecture of this author. The TI field acts as an intermediary in the transmission of the gravitational force from one object to another. An object comprises one or more matter particles. Particles of the TI field are directly subject to gravity but objects are not. An object is accelerated toward a gravitational body (GB) at the same rate as particles of the TI field. Thus all objects, regardless of their constitution, are accelerated at the same rate toward a GB. As an aggregate of particles of the TI field descends under gravity toward a GB the particles are subject to gravitational compression as the volume they occupy decreases. Absent a counteracting agency the particle density of the TI field would increase. Nature’s management of the particle density of the TI field during gravitational compression underlies the creation of dark matter. The particle density of the TI field also plays a crucial role in the inertia of an object. The inertia of an object is proportional to the particle density of the TI field. As the inertia of an object is constant (relativistic effects notwithstanding) the particle density of the TI field must itself be constant throughout the Universe. To sustain a constant particle density during gravitational compression particles of the TI field must transform into a form with different properties. The properties of the newly created particle that are required to support the proposed model for the creation of dark matter are detailed in this study.
Category: Astrophysics

Doppler Effect In Relativity

Authors: Eric Su
Comments: 3 Pages. Note that the author does not read Disqus comments here, please respond by email. Including a list of publications is also a healthy gesture.

The frequency of sound is always different in a different inertial reference frame. The Doppler effect for sound wave and electromagnetic wave is not identical. The main difference is the transmission medium. The wavelength changes if the rest frame of the wave source is different from the rest frame of the transmission medium. Without the medium, the wavelength is invariant in inertial reference frames. The Doppler effect for sound, water, and electromagnetic wave depends on the transmission medium.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Biological Tissues Communication

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 40 Pages.

Visible light communications (VLC), and optical communications overall, caught professor Marcos Katz's interest when he and his team first demonstrated in 2017 a reconfigurable hybrid wireless network exploiting VLC and radio technologies. [24] A Rutgers-led team has created better biosensor technology that may help lead to safe stem cell therapies for treating Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases and other neurological disorders. [23] Biology encodes information in DNA and RNA, which are complex molecules finely tuned to their functions. [22]
Category: Physics of Biology

AI Predicts Movements of Molecules

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 41 Pages.

A team of researchers at Google's DeepMind has developed an AI system that is able to predict the movement of glass molecules as the material transitions between liquid and solid states. [25] A research team centered at Osaka University, in collaboration with RIKEN, has developed a system that can overcome these difficulties by automatically searching for, focusing on, imaging, and tracking single molecules within living cells. [24] But researchers at Purdue University are working on a solution, combining quantum algorithms with classical computing on small-scale quantum computers to speed up database accessibility. [23] Researchers at the University of Twente, working with colleagues at the Technical Universities of Delft and Eindhoven, have successfully developed a new and interesting building block. [22] Researchers at the Institut d'Optique Graduate School at the CNRS and Université Paris-Saclay in France have used a laser-based technique to rearrange cold atoms one-by-one into fully ordered 3D patterns. [21] Reduced entropy in a three-dimensional lattice of super-cooled, laser-trapped atoms could help speed progress toward creating quantum computers. [20] Under certain conditions, an atom can cause other atoms to emit a flash of light. At TU Wien (Vienna), this quantum effect has now been measured. [19] A recent discovery by William & Mary and University of Michigan researchers transforms our understanding of one of the most important laws of modern physics. [18] Now, a team of physicists from The University of Queensland and the NÉEL Institute has shown that, as far as quantum physics is concerned, the chicken and the egg can both come first. [17]
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Microrobots Deliver Drugs to Cells

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 76 Pages.

Tiny biohybrid robots on the micrometer scale can swim through the body and deliver drugs to tumors or provide other cargo-carrying functions. [50] The hope is that further research into cilia will help untangle the complex relationship between them and cancer, and provide both new insights into some of the drivers of cancer as well as new targets for cancer treatment. [49] Researchers have found that changing the mechanical properties of individual cells disrupts their ability to remain stable, profoundly affecting their health and the health of the tissue that comprises them. [48]
Category: Physics of Biology

Water-Based Graphene Dispersions

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 78 Pages.

Umeå researchers show how activated graphene, activated carbons and other hydrophobic carbons can be dispersed in water in a form of micrometer-sized particles. [50] Physicists from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology and the Institute for High Pressure Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences have used computer modeling to refine the melting curve of graphite that has been studied for over 100 years, with inconsistent findings. [49] Researchers at the University of Manchester have uncovered interesting phenomena when multiple two-dimensional materials are combined into van der Waals heterostructures (layered "sandwiches" of different materials). [48] "The junctions were reproducible over several devices and operated from 20 Kelvin up to room temperature. Our approach represents a simple but powerful strategy for the future integration of molecule-based functions into stable and controllable nanoelectronic devices." [47] The team has turned graphene oxide (GO) into a soft, moldable and kneadable play dough that can be shaped and reshaped into free-standing, three-dimensional structures. [46] A team of researchers based at The University of Manchester have found a low cost method for producing graphene printed electronics, which significantly speeds up and reduces the cost of conductive graphene inks. [45] Graphene-based computer components that can deal in terahertz "could be used, not in a normal Macintosh or PC, but perhaps in very advanced computers with high processing rates," Ozaki says. This 2-D material could also be used to make extremely high-speed nanodevices, he adds. [44] Printed electronics use standard printing techniques to manufacture electronic devices on different substrates like glass, plastic films, and paper. [43] A tiny laser comprising an array of nanoscale semiconductor cylinders (see image) has been made by an all-A*STAR team. [42]
Category: Condensed Matter

Bethe Strings Experimentally

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 28 Pages.

Ninety years ago, the physicist Hans Bethe postulated that unusual patterns, so-called Bethe strings, appear in certain magnetic solids. [18] Scientists using neutron scattering methods to look at the behavior of materials under stress or during phase changes and chemical reactions can view processes from new angles using event-based data. [17] The mineral sample was synthesized by Florida State University graduate student Lianyang Dong. [16] Scientists at the University of Geneva (UNIGE), Switzerland, recently reengineered their data processing, demonstrating that 16 million atoms were entangled in a one-centimetre crystal. [15] The fact that it is possible to retrieve this lost information reveals new insight into the fundamental nature of quantum measurements, mainly by supporting the idea that quantum measurements contain both quantum and classical components. [14] Researchers blur the line between classical and quantum physics by connecting chaos and entanglement. [13] Yale University scientists have reached a milestone in their efforts to extend the durability and dependability of quantum information. [12] Using lasers to make data storage faster than ever. [11] Some three-dimensional materials can exhibit exotic properties that only exist in "lower" dimensions. For example, in one-dimensional chains of atoms that emerge within a bulk sample, electrons can separate into three distinct entities, each carrying information about just one aspect of the electron's identity-spin, charge, or orbit. The spinon, the entity that carries information about electron spin, has been known to control magnetism in certain insulating materials whose electron spins can point in any direction and easily flip direction. Now, a new study just published in Science reveals that spinons are also present in a metallic material in which the orbital movement of electrons around the atomic nucleus is the driving force behind the material's strong magnetism. [10] Currently studying entanglement in condensed matter systems is of great interest. This interest stems from the fact that some behaviors of such systems can only be explained with the aid of entanglement. [9] Researchers from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) and the University of Cambridge in the UK have demonstrated that it is possible to directly generate an electric current in a magnetic material by rotating its magnetization. [8] This paper explains the magnetic effect of the electric current from the observed effects of the accelerating electrons, causing naturally the experienced changes of the electric field potential along the electric wire. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the wave particle duality and the electron's spin also, building the bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The changing acceleration of the electrons explains the created negative electric field of the magnetic induction, the changing relativistic mass and the Gravitational Force, giving a Unified Theory of the physical forces. Taking into account the Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators also, we can explain the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions.
Category: Quantum Physics

On Some Equations Concerning a New Possible Method for the Calculation of the Prime Numbers: Mathematical Connections with Various Expressions of Some Sectors of String Theory and Number Theory

Authors: Roberto Servi, Michele Nardelli
Comments: 22 Pages.

In this paper, in Sections 1 and 2, we have described some equations and theorems concerning and linked to the Riemann zeta function. In the Section 3, we have showed the fundamental equation of the Riemann zeta function and the some equations concerning a new possible method for the calculation of the prime numbers. In conclusion, in the Section 4 we show the possible mathematical connections with various expressions of some sectors of String Theory and Number Theory and finally we suppose as the prime numbers can be identified as possible solutions to the some equations of the string theory (zeta string)
Category: Number Theory

On Some Equations Concerning the M Theory and Topological Strings and the Gopakumar Vafa Formula Applied in Some Sectors of String Theory and Number Theory

Authors: Roberto Servi, Michele Nardelli, Francesco Di Noto
Comments: 39 Pages.

In the present paper we have described in the Chapter 1 some equations concerning the M-Theory, the Topological strings and the Topological Gauge Theory, in the Chapter 2 some equations concerning the Gopakumar-Vafa formula in Type IIA compactification to four dimensions on a Calabi-Yau manifold in terms of a counting of BPS states in M-theory. Finally, in the Chapter 3, we have described some possible methods of factorization and their various possible mathematical connections concerning the solutions for some equations regarding the above sectors of string theory
Category: Number Theory

Report on 3rd Workshop on Sustainable University Development with Focus on Education and Management 22nd Feb. 2020, ICU

Authors: Eckhard Hitzer
Comments: 4 Pages. This report was originally written for Japan ICU Foundation (JICUF), one of the main SUDem2020 workshop sponsors.

As one of the moderators said, he first wondered what might be the relationship between education and management, but by the presentations in this workshop it became clear, that both are well connected. ... This is a report by one of the organizers about the three workshop sessions each with several invited speakers and panel discussions. It briefly summarizes the main content of this Japanese-English bilingual workshop (the third in a series on sustainable university development since 2017) and describes the workshop organization, including the role of volunteers and opportunities for networking. The three sessions were entitled: (1) Universities of tomorrow: sustainably managed providing sustainable education in harmony with God, society and environment. (2) Barriers and path breakers for sustainable university management. Philosophy and practice of sustainable education. (3) Student perspective: Student expectations and challenges for sustainable education and management. Information on program, presentation files, presentation and panel discussion video access, music videos (networking dinner), preprints, etc. is available in English and Japanese via the workshop series blog: https://sudworkshops.wordpress.com/ Note: Financial support by Japan ICU Foundation and the German JSPS Alumni Association is gratefully acknowledged.
Category: Social Science

Bericht über 3. Workshop zu Nachhaltiger Universitätsentwicklung mit Schwerpunkt auf Bildung und Verwaltung (SUDem2020) 22nd Feb. 2020, ICU

Authors: Eckhard Hitzer
Comments: 4 Pages. Preprint submitted for Neues vom JSPS Club (German JSPS Alumni Association), March 2020, 9 images.

Dieser Bericht ist in deutscher Sprache abgefasst. Englisches Abstrakt: As one of the moderators said, he first wondered what might be the relationship between education and management, but by the presentations in this workshop it became clear, that both are well connected. ... This is a report by one of the organizers about the three workshop sessions each with several invited speakers and panel discussions. It briefly summarizes the main content of this Japanese-English bilingual workshop (the third in a series on sustainable university development since 2017) and describes the workshop organization, including the role of volunteers and opportunities for networking. The three sessions were entitled: (1) Universities of tomorrow: sustainably managed providing sustainable education in harmony with God, society and environment. (2) Barriers and path breakers for sustainable university management. Philosophy and practice of sustainable education. (3) Student perspective: Student expectations and challenges for sustainable education and management. Information on program, presentation files, presentation and panel discussion video access, music videos (networking dinner), preprints, etc. is available in English and Japanese via the workshop series blog: https://sudworkshops.wordpress.com/ Note: Financial support by Japan ICU Foundation and the German JSPS Alumni Association is gratefully acknowledged.
Category: Social Science

Microwaves with Simulated Metamaterials

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 49 Pages.

Aerospace engineers at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign simulated a metamaterial formed from plasma structures to demonstrate its potential to tune microwave frequencies. [30] Researchers at Duke University have built the first metal-free, dynamically tunable metamaterial for controlling electromagnetic waves. [29] Magnetic materials that form helical structures-coiled shapes comparable to a spiral staircase or the double helix strands of a DNA molecule-occasionally exhibit exotic behavior that could improve information processing in hard drives and other digital devices. [28] In a new study, researchers have designed "invisible" magnetic sensors-sensors that are magnetically invisible so that they can still detect but do not distort the surrounding magnetic fields. [27] At Carnegie Mellon University, Materials Science and Engineering Professor Mike McHenry and his research group are developing metal amorphous nanocomposite materials (MANC), or magnetic materials whose nanocrystals have been grown out of an amorphous matrix to create a two phase magnetic material that exploits both the attractive magnetic inductions of the nanocrystals and the large electrical resistance of a metallic glass. [26] The search and manipulation of novel properties emerging from the quantum nature of matter could lead to next-generation electronics and quantum computers. [25]
Category: Condensed Matter

第 3 回持続可能な大学の発展 「教育とマネージメント」 ( ワークショップ報告 2020 年 2 月 22 日 )

Authors: Eckhard Hitzer
Comments: 4 Pages. 本報告の翻訳：萩原義久 、木村護郎クリストフ。Japanese translation of report preprint submitted to Neues vom JSPS Club (German JSPS Alumni Association), March 2020, 9 images.

The language of this report is Japanese (日本語). English abstract: As one of the moderators said, he first wondered what might be the relationship between education and management, but by the presentations in this workshop it became clear, that both are well connected. ... This is a report by one of the organizers about the three workshop sessions each with several invited speakers and panel discussions. It briefly summarizes the main content of this Japanese-English bilingual workshop (the third in a series on sustainable university development since 2017) and describes the workshop organization, including the role of volunteers and opportunities for networking. The three sessions were entitled: (1) Universities of tomorrow: sustainably managed providing sustainable education in harmony with God, society and environment. / 明日の大学：神、社会、環境と調和した持続可能な教育を提供する持続可能な管理 (2) Barriers and path breakers for sustainable university management. Philosophy and practice of sustainable education. / 持続可能な大学運営の障壁と指針－持続可能な教育の思想と実践 (3) Student perspective: Student expectations and challenges for sustainable education and management. / 学生の視点：持続可能な教育とマネージメントに対する学生の期待と課題 Information on program, presentation files, presentation and panel discussion video access, music videos (networking dinner), preprints, etc. is available in English and Japanese via the workshop series blog: https://sudworkshops.wordpress.com/ Note: Financial support by Japan ICU Foundation and the German JSPS Alumni Association is gratefully acknowledged. / 協賛：日本ICU財団、ＪＳＰＳ（ドイツ語圏日本学術振興会研究者同窓会）による財政的支援に感謝します。
Category: Social Science

Nanobubbles in Water

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 58 Pages.

Researchers at University College Dublin (UCD) have discovered a new energy-efficient method to generate and release substantial volumes of metastable, nano-scale gas bubbles in water, in excess of natural solubility levels. [40] The research is carried out in the Quantum Photonics Group at the Niels Bohr Institute, which is a part of the newly established Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q) [39] With international collaboration, researchers at Aalto University have now developed a nanosized amplifier to help light signals propagate through microchips. [38]
Category: Condensed Matter

Atomic Microscopy in Bacterial Membrane

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 35 Pages.

Now, Azuma Taoka from Kanazawa University, Nobuhiko Nomura from Tsukuba University and colleagues have addressed this question, and demonstrate a previously unrecognized physical heterogeneity in the membrane vesicles of four types of bacterium. [25] Physicists at Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) have successfully generated controlled electron pulses in the attosecond range. [24] A University of Oklahoma physicist, Alberto M. Marino, is developing quantum-enhanced sensors that could find their way into applications ranging from biomedical to chemical detection. [23]
Category: Physics of Biology

DNA Biosensor Disease Detection

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 66 Pages.

The researchers used nanotechnology in biomedical diagnostics-a process called nanodiagnostics-to create a new, ultrasensitive DNA biosensor. [41] A group of researchers from ITMO University has come up with the concept of a new drug against cancer: a nanorobot made of DNA fragments, which can potentially be used not only to destroy cancer cells, but also to locate them in the body. [40] A team of researchers at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Israel has now made such cascades in the lab by encapsulating three enzymes and enzyme cofactors in nanoreactors made from metal-organic framework nanoparticles. [39] Researchers have developed a new form of nanoparticle and associated imaging technique that can detect multiple disease biomarkers, including those for breast cancer, found in deep-tissue in the body. [38] Researchers at University of Utah Health developed a proof-of-concept technology using nanoparticles that could offer a new approach for oral medications. [37] Using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), extremely high resolution imaging of the molecule-covered surface structures of silver nanoparticles is possible, even down to the recognition of individual parts of the molecules protecting the surface. [36] A fiber optic sensing system developed by researchers in China and Canada can peer inside supercapacitors and batteries to observe their state of charge. [35] The idea of using a sound wave in optical fibers initially came from the team's partner researchers at Bar-Ilan University in Israel. Joint research projects should follow. [34] Researchers at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology have constructed a first-of-its-kind optic isolator based on resonance of light waves on a rapidly rotating glass sphere. [33] The micro-resonator is a two-mirror trap for the light, with the mirrors facing each other within several hundred nanometers. [32]
Category: Physics of Biology

Cern Covid-19 Ventilator

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 68 Pages.

Physics experts are working at Europe's CERN lab to create a basic ventilator for mild coronavirus sufferers and recovering patients, the facility said on Wednesday. [40] When diseases reinforce each other, they rapidly accelerate through the population, then fizzle out as they run out of new hosts. [39] It's no coincidence that some of the worst viral disease outbreaks in recent years-SARS, MERS, Ebola, Marburg and likely the newly arrived 2019-nCoV virus-originated in bats. [38] An interdisciplinary team of researchers at Colorado State University has used computational chemistry, biochemistry and virology to uncover new information on how viruses such as West Nile, dengue and Zika replicate. [37] David Baker, Professor of Biochemistry and Director of the Institute for Protein Design at the University of Washington will speak about how algorithmic processes such as de novo design predict protein structures, protein folding mechanisms, and new protein functions. [36] A research team at Kobe University has developed a method of artificially controlling the anchorage position of target proteins in engineered baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). [35] Scientists have found a new way to home in on the proteins covering a particular cell's surface. The feat offers insight into how brain cells form intricate networks during development. [34]
Category: Physics of Biology

The Dirac Electron Hypertube Revisited Nonlocal Parameters Within Extended Particle Elements

Authors: Richard L Amoroso, Jean-Pierre Vigier
Comments: 69 Pages. Preprint: in RL Amoroso, LH Kauffman, P Rowlands (eds.) Fundamental Physics at The Vigier Centenary: “L'Hérétique de la Physique” Lives On, World Scientific Publishers, London, 2020

Traditionally, elementary particles, by definition are considered zero-dimensional (0D) or point-like elements; strings or branes on the other hand are dimensionally extended entities. Dirac’s electron hypertube model appears to provide insight into this duality. Recent attempts to consider isolated particles and real constitutive wave elements as localized, extended spacetime structures (i.e., moving within time-like hypertubes or M-Theoretic higher dimensional (HD) brane topologies) are developed within a causal extension of the Feynman-Gell-Mann electron model. These extended structures contain real internal motions, (i.e., internal hidden parameters) locally correlated with the "hidden parameters" describing the local collective motions of the corresponding pilot-waves. The Dirac electron hypertube has been missed by the uncertainty principle. Recent experimental evidence and new protocols for supervening uncertainty are discussed.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Ramanujan’s Mathematics and Quantum Theory of Fields: Mathematical Connections with ϕ, ζ(2), and Some Parameters of Particle Physics.

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 86 Pages.

In this paper we have described and analyzed some Ramanujan equations and various formulas of Quantum Theory of Fields. Furthermore, we have obtained mathematical connections with ϕ, ζ(2), and some parameters of Particle Physics.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The $abc$ Conjecture: the Proof of $c

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 9 Pages. Submitted to the journal Annals of Mathematics.

In this note, I present a very elementary proof of the conjecture $c<rad^2(abc)$ that constitutes the key to resolve the $abc$ conjecture. The method concerns the comparison of the number of primes of $c$ and $rad^2(abc)$ for large $a,b,c$ using the prime counting function $\pi(x)$ giving the number of primes $\leq x$. Some numerical examples are given.
Category: Number Theory

Quantum Field Theory as Manifestation of Self-Organized Criticality

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 13 Pages.

Self-organized criticality (SOC) reflects the ability of many complex dynamical systems to self-sustain critical behavior outside equilibrium. Here we provide analytic evidence that quantum field propagators and the probability distribution of SOC share a common foundation. In particular, we find that the formal structure of quantum propagators replicates the finite scaling ansatz (FSS) of SOC, which is a generic paradigm for the emergence of complexity in Nature.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Problem of Rationality of Distances Between a Point on the Plane and the Four Vertices of a Rational Square.

Authors: Stefan Bereza
Comments: 9 Pages.

This seemingly trivial problem has been apparently still unsolved [3]. If a point P is set in a plane's irrational place (be it inside or outside the square), then at least one of the four distances P to vertices must be irrational. If the point P is inside the square and set in a plane's rational place and all four P to vertices distances are assumed rational, then these distances form hypotenuses of Pythagorean triangles. The distances are - at the same time - hypotenuses of other triangles: triangles formed by irrational legs which are "compatible" with the diagonals of the square (and, of course, not measurable with rational units). Calculation shows that these hypotenuses, if assumed rational, must be all even integers. Since primitive Pythagorean triangles must have odd hypotenuses [1], those triangles are not primitive and should be simplified by division by two. After the first (and all subsequent) divisions the situation doesn't change, the hypotenuses remain even integers and thus divisible by two. That infinite divisibility can be considered as reductio ad absurdum - - a kind of a proof of infinite descent introduced by Fermat [2]. For the point on the border the proof is rather trivial; for the (rationally set) point outside the square other sets of triangles are used to disprove by infinite descent the assumption that the distances can be all rational.
Category: Geometry

Die Ordnung Der Sonnenplaneten Zeigt Noch Mehr Rätsel

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 8 Pages.

Abstrakt Warum folgt die Ordnung der Planeten nicht der Gravitationsgesetz?! Wenn die Sonnenmasse ist für alle Planeten konstant - das heißt - sollten die Planeten auf ihrer Massen von der großen Masse zur kleineren Masse geordnet werden. Nach dieser Beschreibung sollte Jupiter der sonnennächste Planet sein Die Abstände von Jupiter und Saturn zur Sonne folgen der Gravitationsgesetz! ((Saturn Große Halbachse)2 / (Jupiter Große Halbachse)2) = (Jupiter Masse/ Saturn Masse) Diese Äquation besagt, dass sowohl Jupiter als auch Saturn der Gravitationsgesetz perfekt folgen und auch die größte Masse näher an der Sonne liegt... Aber keine anderen Planeten folgen ihm!! Die Äquation funktioniert nicht! Warum?! Weil -Die ursprüngliche Große Halbachse von Mars betrug 84 mkm und der Mars war auf seine neue Große Halbachse 227.9 mkm eingewandert - Durch diese Bewegung von 84 mkm auf - -227.9 mkm, war der Mars mit der Venus und danach auch mit der Erde kollidiert -Aus den Trümmern dieser Kollisionen entsteht der Erdmond - aus den Trümmern hatte der Mars seine Monde gefunden und die restlichen Trümmer wurden vom Jupiter angezogen, wodurch der Asteroidengürtel entstand - Diese Theorie löst viele Fragen der "Riesen-Impakts Hypothese". -Der Ursprung des Mondmagma-Ozeans (LMO) - ist die VENUS - denn der Mond wird durch die Trümmer von 3 Planeten erschaffen - deshalb finden sich die drei Planeten Gestein... -Warum hat Die Venus Keinen Mond? auch dies ist gelöst - weil sich der Mars von 84 mkm auf 227.9 mkm bewegt hat und alle Trümmer mit seiner Bewegungsrichtung - weit weg von der Venus - geschoben hat, aber die Erde eine größere Masse hat und die Trümmer ihren hohen Bewegungsimpuls verloren haben - so konnte die Erde einige Trümmer anziehen und ihren Mond erzeugen -Warum das Eisenoxid (Feo) des Mondes= (13%)? Dies ist auch deshalb gelöst, weil die Rate (13%) in der Mitte zwischen der Marsrate (18%) und dem Erdmantel (8%) liegt. i.e. Die Ordnung der Sonnenplaneten beweist die Mars-Einwanderungstheorie Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

Corona Hysteria and Our Cosmic Connection

Authors: Edward J Steele
Comments: 5 Pages.

The Scientific, Economic and Political issues surrounding the origin and global spread of COVID-19 are discussed.
Category: Physics of Biology

On the Various Mathematical Applications and Possible Connections Between Heterotic String Theory E8 X E8 and Some Sectors of Number Theory

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Roberto Servi, Francesco Di Noto
Comments: 46 Pages.

In the present paper we have described some interesting mathematical applications of the Number Theory to the Heterotic String Theory E8 x E8.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Energy Fluctuations in Fluids

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 61 Pages.

The Casimir Force is a well-known effect originating from the quantum fluctuation of electromagnetic fields in a vacuum. Now an international group of researchers have reported a counterpoint to that theory, adding to the understanding of energy fluctuations within fluids. [37] Researchers at the Laboratory of Organic Electronics at Linköping University have developed a method and a material that generate an electrical impulse when the light fluctuates from sunshine to shade and vice versa. [36] Researchers have, for the first time, integrated two technologies widely used in applications such as optical communications, bio-imaging and Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) systems that scan the surroundings of self-driving cars and trucks. [35] The unique platform, which is referred as a 4-D microscope, combines the sensitivity and high time-resolution of phase imaging with the specificity and high spatial resolution of fluorescence microscopy. [34] The experiment relied on a soliton frequency comb generated in a chip-based optical microresonator made from silicon nitride. [33] This scientific achievement toward more precise control and monitoring of light is highly interesting for miniaturizing optical devices for sensing and signal processing. [32] It may seem like such optical behavior would require bending the rules of physics, but in fact, scientists at MIT, Harvard University, and elsewhere have now demonstrated that photons can indeed be made to interact-an accomplishment that could open a path toward using photons in quantum computing, if not in light sabers. [31] Optical highways for light are at the heart of modern communications. But when it comes to guiding individual blips of light called photons, reliable transit is far less common. [30] Theoretical physicists propose to use negative interference to control heat flow in quantum devices. [29] Particle physicists are studying ways to harness the power of the quantum realm to further their research. [28]
Category: Condensed Matter