All Submission Categories

Tidal Locking in Exoplanets (Old Stars)

Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 2 Pages.

Tidal locking is when a star only shows one face to another larger (more than likely younger) star. A few ideas are shared to elaborate this in light of the General Theory of Stellar Metamorphosis.
Category: Astrophysics

Mars Immigration Theory

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 7 Pages.

The Giant-impact hypothesis supports Mars Immigration Theory Mars Immigration Theory Summary: -Mars original orbital distance was 84 mkm but Mars was immigrated from it to its current orbital distance 227.9 mkm -Through Mars Motion from the point 84 mkm to the point 227.9 mkm – Mars had collided with Venus (at first) and then collided also with Earth (at second) -From these collisions debris Earth Moon was created and Mars created its moons and the rest debris were attracted by Jupiter and created the asteroid belt Based on that -Mars was the planet which collided with Earth and Not Theia (Theia impact) as the Giant-Impact Hypothesis suggests The theory answers many questions to improve the Giant –impact hypothesis: (1st Question) Why Venus has no moon spite it had a similar collision? Because Mars was moving from the point (84 mkm) to the point (227.9 mkm) – So Mars pushed all debris to move with it in the same motion direction – Mars had created a wave to push all debris far from Venues toward Mars current orbital distance (227.9 mkm)- for that reason Venus Couldn't Create A Moon – but Earth has A Greater Mass and the Debris Lost Their Motion High Momentum at Earth – so Earth could created its moon from these debris (2nd Question) The Lunar Magma Ocean (LMO) Origin?! The Origin Of This Ocean Is Venus and by that – the mystery is solved easily – the moon rocks are consisted of 3 planets rocks which are Venus – Earth - Mars – and because of that the 3 planets rocks are seen among the moon rocks. (3rd Question) why The Iron Oxide (Feo) of the Moon= (13%)? The rate (13%) is a middle between Mars rate (18%) and the terrestrial mantle (8%) because the moon is created by all of them. Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

Mars-Einwanderungstheorie

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 8 Pages.

Abstrakt "Riesen-Impakts Hypothese" (Giant -Impact-Hypothesis) unterstützt die "Mars-Einwanderungstheorie Mars-Einwanderungstheorie Zusammenfassung: -Die ursprüngliche Entfernung der Marsumlaufbahn betrug 84 Millionen km, aber der Mars wurde von dort bis zu seiner gegenwärtigen Umlaufbahnlänge von 227.9 Millionen km eingewandert. -Durch den Mars Bewegung vom Punkt 84 mkm zum Punkt 227.9 mkm - Mars war zunächst mit der Venus und dann auch mit der Erde kollidiert -Aus diesen Kollisionen entstanden Trümmer des Erdmondes und die 2 Monde des Mars und die restlichen Trümmer wurden vom Jupiter angezogen und schufen den Asteroidengürtel. Auf der Grundlage dieser -Der Mars war der Planet, der mit der Erde kollidierte (nicht Theia wie die Riesen-Impakts Hypothese nahelegt) Mars-Einwanderungstheorie beantwortet viele Fragen zur Verbesserung der "Riesen- Impakts Hypothese" (1. Frage) Warum hat Venus keinen Mond, obwohl sie eine ähnliche Kollision hatte? Weil sich der Mars vom Punkt (84 mkm) zum Punkt (227,9 mkm) bewegte - also der Mars alle Trümmerteile in die gleiche Bewegungsrichtung schob - der Mars eine Welle erzeugt hatte, um alle Trümmer weit vom Ort der Kollision in Richtung der aktuellen Marsbahn (227.9 mkm) zu schieben - aus diesem Grund konnte die Venus keinen Mond erzeugen - aber die Erde hat eine größere Masse und die Trümmerteile verloren ihren Bewegungsimpuls auf der Erde - also konnte die Erde ihren Mond aus diesen Trümmern erzeugen (2. Frage) Der Ursprung des Lunar Magma Ocean (LMO)?! Der Ursprung dieses Ozeans ist die Venus, und dadurch - das Rätsel ist leicht zu lösen - besteht das Mondgestein aus 3 Planetengesteinen, die Venus - Erde - Mars sind, und deshalb sieht man die 3 Planetengesteine zwischen den Mondgesteinen. (3. Frage) warum das Eisenoxid (Feo) des Mondes= (13%)? Die Rate (13%) liegt in der Mitte zwischen der Marsrate (18%) und dem Erdmantel (8%), weil der Mond von allen erzeugt wird. Mr.Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

Dan's Articles About the Hologram World

Authors: Dan Visser
Comments: 2 Pages.

DAN’s articles is an extract of a few of my recent papers, wherein I describe the Hologram World in a popular way for Dutch readers.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Nonuniform Linear Depth Circuits Decide Everything

Authors: Luowen Qian
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this work, we introduce the nonuniform complexity class LD, which stands for linear depth circuit. We also prove that LD = ALL, which is the complexity class that contains all decision languages, and therefore resolving all questions on this new complexity class. No further research is needed [Mun20]. In principle, this shows that anything can be computed via circuits in linear time, despite with (possibly undecidable) pre-computation and very inefficient advice, however, we note that exponential sized advice suffices to achieve ALL.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Initial words LA and AL of Russian

Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 4 Pages. -

Presumably initial words LA and AL of Russian are considered
Category: Linguistics

Optical Cavity Quantum Networks

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 48 Pages.

Engineers at Caltech have shown that atoms in optical cavities-tiny boxes for light-could be foundational to the creation of a quantum internet. [31] An international group of researchers, including UvA physicist Michael Walter, have devised new methods to create interesting input states for quantum computations and simulations. [29] Scientists used spiraling X-rays at the Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) to observe, for the first time, a property that gives handedness to swirling electric patterns-dubbed polar vortices-in a synthetically layered material. [28] To build tomorrow's quantum computers, some researchers are turning to dark excitons, which are bound pairs of an electron and the absence of an electron called a hole. [27] Concerning the development of quantum memories for the realization of global quantum networks, scientists of the Quantum Dynamics Division led by Professor Gerhard Rempe at the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics (MPQ) have now achieved a major breakthrough: they demonstrated the long-lived storage of a photonic qubit on a single atom trapped in an optical resonator. [26] Achieving strong light-matter interaction at the quantum level has always been a central task in quantum physics since the emergence of quantum information and quantum control. [25] Operation at the single-photon level raises the possibility of developing entirely new communication and computing devices, ranging from hardware random number generators to quantum computers. [24] Considerable interest in new single-photon detector technologies has been scaling in this past decade. [23] Engineers develop key mathematical formula for driving quantum experiments. [22] Physicists are developing quantum simulators, to help solve problems that are beyond the reach of conventional computers. [21]
Category: Quantum Physics

About Boundary Conditions for Kinetic Equations in Metal

Authors: Fahriddin Karimov, Alexander Yushkanov
Comments: 3 Pages.

Were analyzed boundary conditions for kinetic equations describing the dynamics of electrons in the metal. Boundary condition of the Fuchs and boundary condition of Soffer are considered. Were taken into account the Andreev conditions for almost tangential moving electrons. It is shown that the Soffer boundary condition does not satisfy this condition. It was proposed the boundary condition that satisfies the Andreev condition. It is shown that this boundary condition in the limiting case passes into the mirror--diffuse Fuchs boundary condition.
Category: Condensed Matter

Relaxation Type Kinetic Equation for Electrons in Polycrystalline Metal

Authors: Lam Thi Nhung, Alexander Yushkanov
Comments: 3 Pages.

The kinetic equation for electrons in polycrystalline metal has been considered. This kinetic equation takes into account, along with collisions of electrons with impurities the collisions of electrons with the boundaries of the grains. We analyze the influence of a scattering of electrons on the boundaries of the grains on his electric properties.
Category: Condensed Matter

The Bremsstrahlung Generated by RLC Circuit

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 6 Pages. original article

The bremsstrahlung is calculated in case that electron current is realized by the RLC circuit. We determine the bremsstrahlung energy caused by the uniform oscillation of the RLC circuit.
Category: Classical Physics

Skyrmions Whirls Promise

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 55 Pages.

UNSW material scientists have shed new light on a promising new way to store and process information in computers and electronic devices that could significantly cut down the energy required to maintain our digital lifestyles. [34] Now a team has succeeded in measuring the dynamics of these skyrmions in detail for the first time using a single-crystal sample of Cu2OSeO3. [33] Skyrmions are formed in magnetic systems via a variety of mechanisms, some of which work together. [32] Unique physical properties of these "magic knots" might help to satisfy demand for IT power and storage using a fraction of the energy. [31] A skyrmion is the magnetic version of a tornado which is obtained by replacing the air parcels that make up the tornado by magnetic spins, and by scaling the system down to the nanometre scale. [30] A new material created by Oregon State University researchers is a key step toward the next generation of supercomputers. [29] Magnetic materials that form helical structures-coiled shapes comparable to a spiral staircase or the double helix strands of a DNA molecule-occasionally exhibit exotic behavior that could improve information processing in hard drives and other digital devices. [28] In a new study, researchers have designed "invisible" magnetic sensors-sensors that are magnetically invisible so that they can still detect but do not distort the surrounding magnetic fields. [27] At Carnegie Mellon University, Materials Science and Engineering Professor Mike McHenry and his research group are developing metal amorphous nanocomposite materials (MANC), or magnetic materials whose nanocrystals have been grown out of an amorphous matrix to create a two phase magnetic material that exploits both the attractive magnetic inductions of the nanocrystals and the large electrical resistance of a metallic glass. [26] The search and manipulation of novel properties emerging from the quantum nature of matter could lead to next-generation electronics and quantum computers. [25]
Category: Quantum Physics

Black Holes Escape their Galaxies

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 22 Pages.

Varma and his fellow researchers have developed a new method using gravitational wave measurements to predict when a final black hole will remain in its host galaxy and when it will be ejected. [23] By the time an international group of scientists stunned the world with the first ever image of a black hole, they were already planning a sequel: a movie showing how massive clouds of gas are forever sucked into the void. [22] We now understand that massive stars and black holes typically segregate into a disk," said Ákos Szölgyén of Eötvös University, Hungary, who led the study that has been published in the journal Physical Review Letters. [21]
Category: Astrophysics

Phase-Contrast Breast Cancer Diagnosis

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 39 Pages.

Phase-contrast imaging, which exploits both the refraction and the absorption of transmitted X-rays, offers potential to overcome the limitations of current breast imaging modalities. [24] The Pt nanoreactor was designed with a controlled core-shell structure and morphology for the visual detection of metabolic biomarkers and direct laser desorption/ionization MS fingerprinting of the native serum. [23] Nuclear technology companies Phoenix and SHINE Medical Technologies have achieved a new world record for a nuclear fusion reaction in a steady-state system, the strongest of its kind ever produced on Earth. [22]
Category: Physics of Biology

The Origin of Heavy Elements

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 44 Pages.

Specifically of interest are the physical processes responsible for producing heavy elements-like gold, platinum and uranium-that are thought to happen during neutron star mergers and explosive stellar events. [28] Leslie Rosenberg, a physicist with the University of Washington has published a paper in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, describing the current state of research that involves investigating the possibility that axions are what make up dark matter. [27] Physicists from MIT and elsewhere have performed the first run of a new experiment to detect axions-hypothetical particles that are predicted to be among the lightest particles in the universe. [26] If they exist, axions, among the candidates for dark matter particles, could interact with the matter comprising the universe, but at a much weaker extent than previously theorized. New, rigorous constraints on the properties of axions have been proposed by an international team of scientists. [25] The intensive, worldwide search for dark matter, the missing mass in the universe, has so far failed to find an abundance of dark, massive stars or scads of strange new weakly interacting particles, but a new candidate is slowly gaining followers and observational support. [24] "We invoke a different theory, the self-interacting dark matter model or SIDM, to show that dark matter self-interactions thermalize the inner halo, which ties ordinary dark matter and dark matter distributions together so that they behave like a collective unit." [23] Technology proposed 30 years ago to search for dark matter is finally seeing the light. [22] They're looking for dark matter-the stuff that theoretically makes up a quarter of our universe. [21]
Category: Astrophysics

Relativity. Exclusively a Speed Problem.

Authors: Osvaldo Domann
Comments: 16 Pages. Copyright. All rights reserved. The content of the present work, its ideas, axioms, postulates, definitions, derivations, results, findings, etc., can be reproduced only by making clear reference to the author.

Special Relativity derived by Einstein is a mathematical approach with the unphysical results of time dilation, length contraction and the invariance of the light speed. This paper presents an approach where the Lorenz transformations are build exclusively on equations with speed variables instead of the mix of space and time variables and, where the interaction with the measuring instrument is taken into consideration. The results are transformation rules between inertial frames that are free of time dilation and length contraction. The equations derived for the momentum, energy and the Doppler effect are the same as those obtained with special relativity. The present work shows the importance of including the characteristics of the measuring equipment in the chain of physical interactions to avoid unphysical results.
Category: Classical Physics

Una Tautologı́a en Hayek. el Problema de la Inasunción Biológica en Las Humanidades, I

Authors: Atafrascas Orbinio de la Estigia
Comments: 5 Pages. Spanish language

The purpose of this brief note is to highlight the use of anthropocentric tautologies at the base of the argumentation of liberal ideology. Some of these authors, like Hayek, seem to consider that they are exempt from the general emptiness to which they are logically subject by the mere expedient of supposing them endowed with social or political meaning, without taking into account that human characteristics are carried by a natural biological entity that evolves, like the rest, by means of natural selection.
Category: Social Science

Collapses of Heat in Plasmas

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 74 Pages.

Motivating the new theory is previous PPPL research that demonstrates how the instability that was thought to lead to magnetic reconnection can, in fact, self-stabilize the plasma. [42] Whether zipping through a star or a fusion device on Earth, the electrically charged particles that make up the fourth state of matter better known as plasma are bound to magnetic field lines like beads on a string. [41] Such plasmonic resonances have significant roles in biosensing with ability to improve the resolution and sensitivity required to detect particles at the scale of the single molecule. [40] A novel quantum effect observed in a carbon nanotube film could lead to the development of unique lasers and other optoelectronic devices, according to scientists at Rice University and Tokyo Metropolitan University. [39] This "piezomagnetic" material changes its magnetic properties when put under mechanical strain. [38] Researchers have developed a new flexible sensor with high sensitivity that is designed to perform variety of chemical and biological analyses in very small spaces. [37] In a new paper published today in Science Advances, researchers under the direction of Columbia Engineering Professors Michal Lipson and Alexander Gaeta (Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics) have miniaturized dual-frequency combs by putting two frequency comb generators on a single millimeter-sized chip. [36] Researchers have, for the first time, integrated two technologies widely used in applications such as optical communications, bio-imaging and Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) systems that scan the surroundings of self-driving cars and trucks. [35] The unique platform, which is referred as a 4-D microscope, combines the sensitivity and high time-resolution of phase imaging with the specificity and high spatial resolution of fluorescence microscopy. [34] The experiment relied on a soliton frequency comb generated in a chip-based optical microresonator made from silicon nitride. [33] This scientific achievement toward more precise control and monitoring of light is highly interesting for miniaturizing optical devices for sensing and signal processing. [32]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

On the Ramanujan’s Elliptic Integrals and BH-Wormholes Equations: Further Mathematical Connections with ϕ, ζ(2), and Several Parameters of High Energy Physics. IV

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 68 Pages.

In this paper we have described some Ramanujan incomplete elliptic integrals and Black Holes-Wormholes formulas. Furthermore, we describe new possible mathematical connections with ϕ, ζ(2), and various parameters of High Energy Physics
Category: Mathematical Physics

Cherenkov Observatory Speed of Light

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 46 Pages.

The High Altitude Water Cherenkov observatory in Puebla, Mexico detected the gamma rays coming from distant galactic sources. [34] A tightly focused, circularly polarized spatially phase-modulated beam of light formed an optical ring trap. [33] Scientists at Tokyo Institute of Technology proposed new quasi-1-D materials for potential spintronic applications, an upcoming technology that exploits the spin of electrons. [32] They do this by using "excitons," electrically neutral quasiparticles that exist in insulators, semiconductors and in some liquids. [31] Researchers at ETH Zurich have now developed a method that makes it possible to couple such a spin qubit strongly to microwave photons. [30] Quantum dots that emit entangled photon pairs on demand could be used in quantum communication networks. [29] Researchers successfully integrated the systems-donor atoms and quantum dots. [28] A team of researchers including U of A engineering and physics faculty has developed a new method of detecting single photons, or light particles, using quantum dots. [27] Recent research from Kumamoto University in Japan has revealed that polyoxometalates (POMs), typically used for catalysis, electrochemistry, and photochemistry, may also be used in a technique for analyzing quantum dot (QD) photoluminescence (PL) emission mechanisms. [26] Researchers have designed a new type of laser called a quantum dot ring laser that emits red, orange, and green light. [25] The world of nanosensors may be physically small, but the demand is large and growing, with little sign of slowing. [24] In a joint research project, scientists from the Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy (MBI), the Technische Universität Berlin (TU) and the University of Rostock have managed for the first time to image free nanoparticles in a laboratory experiment using a highintensity laser source. [23] For the first time, researchers have built a nanolaser that uses only a single molecular layer, placed on a thin silicon beam, which operates at room temperature. [22]
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Axiom Dark Matter Predictions

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 42 Pages.

Du said. "However, we already have some interesting prototypes in place to get around this, such as experiments that use a multi-cavity array to search to axion dark matter." [26] If they exist, axions, among the candidates for dark matter particles, could interact with the matter comprising the universe, but at a much weaker extent than previously theorized. New, rigorous constraints on the properties of axions have been proposed by an international team of scientists. [25] The intensive, worldwide search for dark matter, the missing mass in the universe, has so far failed to find an abundance of dark, massive stars or scads of strange new weakly interacting particles, but a new candidate is slowly gaining followers and observational support. [24] "We invoke a different theory, the self-interacting dark matter model or SIDM, to show that dark matter self-interactions thermalize the inner halo, which ties ordinary dark matter and dark matter distributions together so that they behave like a collective unit." [23] Technology proposed 30 years ago to search for dark matter is finally seeing the light. [22] They're looking for dark matter-the stuff that theoretically makes up a quarter of our universe. [21] Results from its first run indicate that XENON1T is the most sensitive dark matter detector on Earth. [20] Scientists at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (JGU) in Germany have now come up with a new theory on how dark matter may have been formed shortly after the origin of the universe. [19] Map of dark matter made from gravitational lensing measurements of 26 million galaxies in the Dark Energy Survey. [18]
Category: Astrophysics

Electrons Break Law to Go with the Flow

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 59 Pages.

Scientists in the Quantum Dynamics Unit at Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) are looking at something similar, but their research is at a much smaller scale. They're running experiments to see how the motion of electrons is impacted by fluid. [39] Princeton researchers have demonstrated a new way of making controllable "quantum wires" in the presence of a magnetic field, according to a new study published in Nature. [38] Physicists at the Kastler Brossel Laboratory in Paris have reached a milestone in the combination of cold atoms and nanophotonics. [37]
Category: Quantum Physics

Metal Halide Perovskite Solar Cell

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 51 Pages.

In a new report published on Science, Zhenyi Ni and a research team in applied physical sciences, mechanical and materials engineering and computer and energy engineering in the U.S. profiled spatial and energetic distributions of trap states or defects in metal halide perovskite single-crystalline polycrystalline solar cells. [31] Researchers at Tokai University report in Nano Letters a systematic study on the effects that using different forms of titanium oxide in planar perovskite solar cells has on the performance of the devices. [30] KU Leuven researchers from the Roeffaers Lab and the Hofkens Group have now put forward a very promising direct X-ray detector design, based on a rapidly emerging halide perovskite semiconductor, with chemical formula Cs2AgBiBr6. [29] Physicists at Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) have proven that incoming light causes the electrons in warm perovskites to rotate, thus influencing the direction of the flow of electrical current. [28] Self-assembly and crystallisation of nanoparticles (NPs) is generally a complex process, based on the evaporation or precipitation of NP-building blocks. [27] New nanoparticle-based films that are more than 80 times thinner than a human hair may help to fill this need by providing materials that can holographically archive more than 1000 times more data than a DVD in a 10-by-10-centimeter piece of film. [26] Researches of scientists from South Ural State University are implemented within this area. [25] Following three years of extensive research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HU) physicist Dr. Uriel Levy and his team have created technology that will enable computers and all optic communication devices to run 100 times faster through terahertz microchips. [24] When the energy efficiency of electronics poses a challenge, magnetic materials may have a solution. [23] An exotic state of matter that is dazzling scientists with its electrical properties, can also exhibit unusual optical properties, as shown in a theoretical study by researchers at A*STAR. [22]
Category: Condensed Matter

Copycat Of Relativity

Authors: Eric Su
Comments: 2 Pages. Note that the author does not read Disqus comments here, please respond by email. Including a list of publications is also a healthy gesture.

Woldemar Voigt had a theory of covariant wave equation in 1887. The Doppler effect can be applied to establish his theory if the speed of light can be assumed to be invariant in inertial reference frames. Voigt's theory was ignored by Hendrik Antoon Lorentz and the contemporary but was picked up by Albert Einstein. The theory of relativity was finalized in 1905 with a fatal error.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Are Qualia Reducible, Physical Entities?

Authors: Christian Kerskens
Comments: 5 Pages.

Controversial hypotheses to explain consciousness exist in many fields of science, psychology and philosophy. Recent experimental findings in quantum cognition and magnetic resonance imaging have added new controversies to the field, suggesting that the mind may be based on quantum computing. Quantum computers process information in quantum bits (qubits) using quantum gates. At a first glance, it seems unrealistic or impossible that the brain can meet the challenges to provide either of these. Nevertheless, we show here why the brain has the incredible ability to perform quantum computing and how that may be realized.
Category: Physics of Biology

Hybrid Time Theory: Cosmology and Quantum Gravity (I)

Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 26 Pages.

This paper, the first of two by this subject title, details the current status of cosmology, it’s methodology of logic, it’s axioms, and how successful it is in providing proof for those models relevant to our local reality, while then proposing a solution for what current cosmology fails to deliver. In highlighting a number of key issues regarding current cosmology theory, a new basis is forwarded to cast aside the key issues that have no concrete data, and then that new basis is aligned with 16 key preceding papers [1]-[16] that underwrite new proof for that new basis of cosmology theory, the Hybrid Time model, in reaching a pan-theory (a unified field theory, or grand unified theory, or both, whatever the case may be). To bring this new process into effect, to bring into effect all the theory that can capture all relevant data, a key new approach to physics theory must be made.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Can Maxwell's Equations be Reduced to a More General Form

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 8 Pages. 1 figures

The original Maxwell equations consisted of more than a dozen equations, which have been continuously simplified into four current equations. If the existence of virtual space-time is taken into account, the existing Maxwell equations will increase to eight. This article attempts to further simplify Maxwell's equations based on virtual space-time, and finds that four of them can be derived from the other four equations. Therefore, Maxwell's equations based on virtual space-time can be simplified into four more general forms. Using the simplified Maxwell equations, the inverse square relationship of the electrostatic field strength can be derived.
Category: Quantum Physics

Riemann Hypothesis Proof Using Integration

Authors: Shekhar Suman
Comments: 5 Pages.

Riemann zeta
Category: Number Theory

Log(i^(-1))=0

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 1 Page.

This is a break time story.
Category: Number Theory

On Some Incomplete Elliptic Integrals and Black Holes-Wormholes Formulas: New Possible Mathematical Connections with ϕ, ζ(2), and Various Parameters of Particle Physics. III

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 130 Pages.

In this paper we have described some Ramanujan incomplete elliptic integrals and Black Holes-Wormholes formulas. Furthermore, we describe new possible mathematical connections with ϕ, ζ(2), and various parameters of Particle Physics
Category: Mathematical Physics

Photon for Tap-Proof Communication

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 39 Pages.

An international team with the participation of Prof. Dr. Michael Kues from the Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD at Leibniz University Hannover has developed a new method for generating quantum-entangled photons in a spectral range of light that was previously inaccessible. [26] With novel optoelectronic chips and a new partnership with a top silicon-chip manufacturer, MIT spinout Ayar Labs aims to increase speed and reduce energy consumption in computing, starting with data centers. [25] Following three years of extensive research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HU) physicist Dr. Uriel Levy and his team have created technology that will enable computers and all optic communication devices to run 100 times faster through terahertz microchips. [24] When the energy efficiency of electronics poses a challenge, magnetic materials may have a solution. [23]
Category: Quantum Physics

Machine Learning on Spin Models

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 44 Pages.

Researchers from Tokyo Metropolitan University have used machine learning to analyze spin models, which are used in physics to study phase transitions. [26] We are still far off from achieving Quantum Advantage for machine learning-the point at which quantum computers surpass classical computers in their ability to perform AI algorithms. [25] Physicists in the US have used machine learning to determine the phase diagram of a system of 12 idealized quantum particles to a higher precision than ever before. [24] The research group took advantage of a system at SLAC's Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL) that combines machine learning-a form of artificial intelligence where computer algorithms glean knowledge from enormous amounts of data-with experiments that quickly make and screen hundreds of sample materials at a time. [23] Researchers at the UCLA Samueli School of Engineering have demonstrated that deep learning, a powerful form of artificial intelligence, can discern and enhance microscopic details in photos taken by smartphones. [22] Such are the big questions behind one of the new projects underway at the MIT-IBM Watson AI Laboratory, a collaboration for research on the frontiers of artificial intelligence. [21]
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Wi-Fi Signals Usable Power

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 55 Pages.

Now physicists at MIT have come up with a blueprint for a device they believe would be able to convert ambient terahertz waves into a direct current, a form of electricity that powers many household electronics. [35] A pair of researchers, one with the Langevin Institute, the other a company called Greenerwave, both in France, has developed a way to use ordinary Wi-Fi signals to perform analog, wave-based computations. [34] A scientist involved in expanding quantum communication to a network of users, is continuing his work at the University of Bristol. [33] In recent years, nanofabricated mechanical oscillators have emerged as a promising platform for quantum information applications. [32] Quantum communication, which ensures absolute data security, is one of the most advanced branches of the "second quantum revolution". [31] Researchers at the University of Bristol's Quantum Engineering Technology Labs have demonstrated a new type of silicon chip that can help building and testing quantum computers and could find their way into your mobile phone to secure information. [30] Theoretical physicists propose to use negative interference to control heat flow in quantum devices. [29] Particle physicists are studying ways to harness the power of the quantum realm to further their research. [28] A fundamental barrier to scaling quantum computing machines is "qubit interference." In new research published in Science Advances, engineers and physicists from Rigetti Computing describe a breakthrough that can expand the size of practical quantum processors by reducing interference. [26] The search and manipulation of novel properties emerging from the quantum nature of matter could lead to next-generation electronics and quantum computers. [25]
Category: Condensed Matter

Acoustic Cylindrical Shell

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 31 Pages.

Researchers from the Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences developed a compact liquid sensor based on a liquid-filled glass cylindrical shell. [24] University College Cork (UCC) & University of Oxford Professor of Physics, Séamus Davis, has led a team of experimental physicists in the discovery of the magnetic noise generated by a fluid of magnetic monopoles. [23] There are two sound velocities in a Bose-Einstein condensate. In addition to the normal sound propagation there is second sound, which is a quantum phenomenon. [22] Quantum sensors can reach sensitivities that are impossible according to the laws of conventional physics that govern everyday life. [21] An international team of physicists at ETH Zurich, Aalto University, the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, and the Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics in Moscow has demonstrated that algorithms and hardware developed originally in the context of quantum computation can be harnessed for quantum-enhanced sensing of magnetic fields. [20] Scientists at Forschungszentrum Jülich have now discovered another class of particle-like magnetic object that could take the development of data storage devices a significant step forward. [19] A team of researchers with members from IBM Research-Zurich and RWTH Aachen University has announced the development of a new PCM (phase change memory) design that offers miniaturized memory cell volume down to three nanometers. [18] Monatomic glassy antimony might be used as a new type of single-element phase change memory. [17] Physicists have designed a 3-D quantum memory that addresses the tradeoff between achieving long storage times and fast readout times, while at the same time maintaining a compact form. [16] Quantum memories are devices that can store quantum information for a later time, which are usually implemented by storing and re-emitting photons with certain quantum states. [15]
Category: Condensed Matter

Graphene-Iron Filters

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 78 Pages.

UNSW researchers have shown how a new class of low-cost graphene-based membranes-a type of filter used in industry sectors that generate enormous mixed waste gases, such as solid plastic waste, biowaste or wastewater-can be selectively tuned to separate different gases from gaseous mixtures. [49] The wonder-material graphene could hold the key to unlocking the next generation of advanced, early stage lung cancer diagnosis. [48] Now, researchers from Brown University's School of Engineering have explained how the phenomenon works, and that explanation could pave the way for a new type of controlled molecular self-assembly. [47] The team has turned graphene oxide (GO) into a soft, moldable and kneadable play dough that can be shaped and reshaped into free-standing, three-dimensional structures. [46]
Category: Condensed Matter

Four Color Theorem-simplified

Authors: Richard L. Hudson
Comments: 5 Pages.

The conjecture [1] stated that four colors are sufficient for any 2-dimensional plane map so that no two regions with a shared border are the same color. The conjecture is now a theorem [2], the result of a lengthy and complex proof, involving over 1000 classifications of graph objects and over 1000 hours of computer time.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Explaining the Lamb Shift in Classical Terms

Authors: Jean Louis Van Belle
Comments: 21 Pages.

Any realist model of an atom must explain its properties in terms of its parts: the electrons and protons. We, therefore, need a realist model of an electron and a proton. Such model must explain their properties, including their mass, radius and magnetic moment – and the anomaly therein, of course. Indeed, these properties are not to be thought of as mysterious intrinsic properties of a pointlike or dimensionless particle: the model should generate them. We think our ring current model does that rather convincingly. In this paper, we take the next logical step. We relate these models to the four quantum numbers that define electron orbitals. In the process, we also offer the basics of a classical explanation of the Lamb shift. This should complete our realist interpretation of quantum physics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Generalizing the Pythagorean and Euclidean Theorems. Die GDM Hat Ihren Namen Nicht Verdient

Authors: Martin Erik Horn
Comments: 104 Pages. German powerpoint slides of the GDM Online Conference 2020 with a short English summary

Transformations of equations with scalar quantities are a mathematical cornerstone concept of modern algebra. It will be demonstrated in this GDM presentation how transformations of geometrical quantities can form an equivalent mathematical cornerstone concept of modern geometry. Thus variables will not be only scalars, but also vectors, bivectors or other geometric entities. This Geometric Algebra will be discussed and analysed with respect to the Pythagorean and Euclidean theorems.
Category: Geometry

Organic Chemistry in the Nineteenth Century Theory of Radicals to Valency

Authors: Rochelle Forrester
Comments: 6 Pages.

Organic chemistry in the nineteenth century developed with a specific order of discovery, which was the inevitable path by which our knowledge of organic chemistry had to develop. New methods of analysis of organic materials led to new experimental results, which led to new theories about the nature of organic chemistry. Some of those theories were eventually abandoned, but additional experimental results soon resulted in new theories relating to the valency of carbon atoms and the ability of carbon atoms to combine together to form chains of carbon atoms. Even theories which were later abandoned, due to being contradicted by later experimental results, were logical explanations of knowledge acquired by earlier experimental results. Due to this even incorrect theories can be said to have arisen logically from information available at a particular point in time and to have been an inevitable part of the growth in our knowledge of organic chemistry.
Category: Chemistry

Antena Bibanda VHF-UHF Bidipolar

Authors: Carlos Alejandro Chiappini
Comments: 4 Pages.

Con un tamaño de 16 cm, esta antena bibanda para VHF y UHF ofrece un rendimiento bastante interesante. Costo de construcción muy bajo, casi gratis
Category: Classical Physics

Can the Standard Model Predict a Minimum Acceleration that Gets Rid of Dark Matter?

Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 3 Pages.

The standard model is considered to be very bad at predicting galaxy rotation, and this is why the hypothesis of dark matter was introduced in physics in the 20th century. However, in this paper we show that the standard model may not be as far off as previously believed. By taking into account that gravity has an infinite extent in space and assessing the assumed mass in the observable universe, we get a minimum acceleration that gives a much closer match to observed galaxy rotations than would be expected. We will discuss whether or not this is enough to overturn the long-standing perspective on the standard model and if it could indeed provide a possible and adequate explanation of galaxy rotations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Role of Fractals, Standard Deviations Etc in Unifying the Forces and Furthering the Work on Consciousness (See the Work on Consciousness in [17])

Authors: John Peel
Comments: 13 Pages.

The structure of particles (perhaps composed of fractals) and the notion that unifying the forces relies on the same mathematical structure is examined. The role of dimensions and perhaps why space is 3-D is unified.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Some Basic Thoughts on the Cosmological Constant

Authors: John Peel
Comments: 11 Pages.

A simple paper on how the cosmological constant relates to dualities of potential/kinetic energy and force, especially iterations i,j...
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On a Triangle with Two Parallel Sides

Authors: Hiroshi Okumura
Comments: 2 Pages.

We consider the side lengths of a triangle with two parallel sides by division by zero.
Category: Geometry

Mitochondria are Coming for You

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 30 Pages.

Considering all this, it would be a worthwhile pursuit to look more closely at the genetics of these unfortunate individuals to determine if, in fact, the afflicted younger people are genetically predisposed to subclinical mitochondrial deficiencies, and might benefit from some novel interventions as mentioned here. [19] A protein complex called facilitates chromatin transcription (FACT) plays a role in DNA packing within a nucleus, as well as in oncogenesis. [18] An LMU team now reveals the inner workings of a molecular motor made of proteins which packs and unpacks DNA. [17]
Category: Physics of Biology

Genetic Toolkit for Ecofriendly Chemicals

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 30 Pages.

Researchers have developed a triad of innovative tools to engineer low-pH-tolerant yeast Issatchenkia orientalis for production of valuable bioproducts from renewable biomass. [19] It's called gene editing, and University of Alberta researchers have just published a game-changing study that promises to bring the technology much closer to therapeutic reality. [18] An LMU team now reveals the inner workings of a molecular motor made of proteins which packs and unpacks DNA. [17] Chemist Ivan Huc finds the inspiration for his work in the molecular principles that underlie biological systems. [16] What makes particles self-assemble into complex biological structures? [15]
Category: Physics of Biology

Riemann Hypothesis Proof Using Integral Representation

Authors: Shekhar Suman
Comments: 8 Pages.

Riemann zeta function, completed riemann zeta function
Category: Number Theory

Comprehensive Single-Cell Atlas

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 45 Pages.

A large team of researchers affiliated with multiple institutions in and around Hangzhou, China, has taken a very large step toward the creation of a comprehensive human single-cell atlas. [26] A Virginia Commonwealth University researcher has developed a procedure for identifying the source of cells present in a forensic biological sample that could change how cell types are identified in samples across numerous industries. [25] In work at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the University of Maryland in College Park, researchers have devised and demonstrated a new way to measure free energy. [24] A novel technique developed by researchers at the ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP) will help shine new light on biological questions by improving the quality and quantity of information that can be extracted in fluorescence microscopy. [23] Micro-computed tomography or "micro-CT" is X-ray imaging in 3-D, by the same method used in hospital CT (or "CAT") scans, but on a small scale with massively increased resolution. [22] A new experimental method permits the X-ray analysis of amyloids, a class of large, filamentous biomolecules which are an important hallmark of diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. [12] Thumb through any old science textbook, and you'll likely find RNA described as little more than a means to an end, a kind of molecular scratch paper used to construct the proteins encoded in DNA. [20] Just like any long polymer chain, DNA tends to form knots. Using technology that allows them to stretch DNA molecules and image the behavior of these knots, MIT researchers have discovered, for the first time, the factors that determine whether a knot moves along the strand or "jams" in place. [19] Researchers at Delft University of Technology, in collaboration with colleagues at the Autonomous University of Madrid, have created an artificial DNA blueprint for the replication of DNA in a cell-like structure. [18]
Category: Physics of Biology

CRISPR Gene Editing Expanded

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 26 Pages.

Now investigators at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) have modified the system to be nearly free of this requirement, making it possible to potentially target any location across the entire human genome. [14] An ancient group of microbes that contains some of the smallest life forms on Earth also has the smallest CRISPR gene-editing machinery discovered to date. [13] ETH scientists have been able to prove that a protein structure widespread in nature-the amyloid-is theoretically capable of multiplying itself. [12] UZH researchers have discovered a previously unknown way in which proteins interact with one another and cells organize themselves. [11] Dr Martin Sweatman from the University of Edinburgh's School of Engineering has discovered a simple physical principle that might explain how life started on Earth. [10] Nearly 75 years ago, Nobel Prize-winning physicist Erwin Schrödinger wondered if the mysterious world of quantum mechanics played a role in biology. A recent finding by Northwestern University's Prem Kumar adds further evidence that the answer might be yes. [9] A UNSW Australia-led team of researchers has discovered how algae that survive in very low levels of light are able to switch on and off a weird quantum phenomenon that occurs during photosynthesis. [8] This paper contains the review of quantum entanglement investigations in living systems, and in the quantum mechanically modeled photoactive prebiotic kernel systems. [7] The human body is a constant flux of thousands of chemical/biological interactions and processes connecting molecules, cells, organs, and fluids, throughout the brain, body, and nervous system. Up until recently it was thought that all these interactions operated in a linear sequence, passing on information much like a runner passing the baton to the next runner. However, the latest findings in quantum biology and biophysics have discovered that there is in fact a tremendous degree of coherence within all living systems. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the Wave-Particle Duality and the electron's spin also, building the Bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions by the diffraction patterns. The Weak Interaction changes the diffraction patterns by moving the electric charge from one side to the other side of the diffraction pattern, which violates the CP and Time reversal symmetry. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the Relativistic Quantum Theory and making possible to understand the Quantum Biology.
Category: Physics of Biology

CRISPR-Based Diagnostic

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 49 Pages.

Researchers in the Department of Biomedical Engineering— a shared department in the schools of Dental Medicine, Medicine, and Engineering—have been working to develop a new, low-cost, CRISPR-based diagnostic platform to detect infectious diseases, including the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). [30] Using the CRISPR gene editing tool, Nikolay Kandul, Omar Akbari and their colleagues at UC San Diego and UC Berkeley devised a method of altering key genes that control insect sex determination and fertility. [29]
Category: Physics of Biology

On Some Applications of the Volonterio’s Transform: Series Development of Type Nk+M and Mathematical Connections with Some Sectors of the String Theory

Authors: Odoardo Volonterio, Michele Nardelli
Comments: 56 Pages.

In this work we have described a new mathematical application concerning the discrete and the analytic functions: the Volonterio’s Transform (V Transform) and the Volonterio’s Polynomial. We have described various mathematical applications and properties of them, precisely the series development of the type Nk+M. Furthermore, we have showed also various examples and the possible mathematical connections with some sectors of Number Theory and String Theory.
Category: Number Theory

On a New Mathematical Application Concerning the Discrete and the Analytic Functions. Mathematical Connections with Some Sectors of Number Theory and String Theory.

Authors: Odoardo Volonterio, Michele Nardelli, Francesco Di Noto
Comments: 55 Pages.

In this work we have described a new mathematical application concerning the discrete and the analytic functions: the Volonterio’s Transform and the Volonterio’s Polynomial. The Volonterio’s Transform (V Transform), indeed, work from the world of discrete functions to the world of analytic functions. We have described various mathematical applications and properties of them. Furthermore, we have showed also various examples and the possible mathematical connections with some sectors of Number Theory and String Theory.
Category: Number Theory

Animals Keep Viruses in Balance

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 18 Pages.

A variety of sea animals can take up virus particles while filtering seawater for oxygen and food. [10] A research team led by physicist Roya Zandi at the University of California, Riverside, has made progress is solving this mystery. [9] A protein involved in cognition and storing long-term memories looks and acts like a protein from viruses. [8] Discovery of quantum vibrations in 'microtubules' inside brain neurons supports controversial theory of consciousness The human body is a constant flux of thousands of chemical/biological interactions and processes connecting molecules, cells, organs, and fluids, throughout the brain, body, and nervous system. Up until recently it was thought that all these interactions operated in a linear sequence, passing on information much like a runner passing the baton to the next runner. However, the latest findings in quantum biology and biophysics have discovered that there is in fact a tremendous degree of coherence within all living systems. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the Wave-Particle Duality and the electron's spin also, building the Bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions by the diffraction patterns. The Weak Interaction changes the diffraction patterns by moving the electric charge from one side to the other side of the diffraction pattern, which violates the CP and Time reversal symmetry. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the Relativistic Quantum Theory and making possible to understand the Quantum Biology.
Category: Physics of Biology

The Inherent Derivations Derived Theoretically from One-Dimensional Maxwell’s Equations on the Basis of Exact Differential Equation

Authors: Ohki Yasutsugu
Comments: 7 Pages. The first of sequel

This paper proposes inherent derivations theoretically from the one-dimensional equations of Maxwell on the basis of exact partial differential equations in free orthogonal space. Apart from the Lorentz transformations with no absolute perfection to become infinity at a point that any particle with mass to be unattainable to the speed of light and the quantum mechanics with unequivocal explanation for wave-particle duality. With those background, the first theme derived through a classical process, is the so-called wave-particle duality. New duality in this paper means that electromagnetic energy density r(E), momentum r(p) and mass density r(m) in mechanical corpuscular system can be, respectively, described as one-dimensional wave equation form, traveled at the speed of light equal to reciprocal square root of electromagnetic constant, q(0)u(0) product of invariant permittivity q(0) and permeability u(0) in free orthogonal space with homogeneity, isotropy, linearity and differentiable continuity with respect to independent variable space and time on the basis of exact differential equations. The second derived is that the mass density r(m) [unit, kg/Cub(m)], the momentum density r(p) [kgm/s/ Cub(m)], the energy density r(E) [J/Cub(m)], electric flux density D(x) [As/Sq(m)] and magnetic density B(y) [Vs/Sq(m)] is, respectively, able to be expressed as the so-called wave equation function as ∂(∂(g(z, t)/∂z)/∂z = q(0)u(0) ∂(∂(g(z, t)/∂t)/∂t, through each density replaced g(z, t) function into them. So, all of them can travel concurrently at the speed of light in the space: r(m), r(p), r(E) in wave form on root mean square unit are able to be described, respectively, A(m)Exp(4πja)/2, A(p)Exp(4πja)/2, and A(E)Exp(4πja)/2, A(D)Exp(2πja)/Sqrt(2) and A(B)Exp(2πja)/Sqrt(2), where A(m), A(p), A(E), A(D) and A(B) are, respectively, amplitude in wave form. The third derived is that the mass density r(m) equals to the product of the energy density r(E) and q(0)u(0): r(m) = q0)u(0) r(E), using new concept specified as mass beam b(m) [unit: kg], momentum beam and energy beam element assumed from property of the well-known light beam, the mass beam element equals the energy beam element b(E) [J] times q(0)u(0): b(m) = q(0)u(0) b(E), being equivalent to Einstein equation of particle rest mass equivalent to the energy divided by the speed of light. The Forth derived is that an indeterminacy term product of the momentum and indeterminable space interval in mechanical corpuscular system is equivalent to determinable electromagnetic flux in electromagnetic system, so the term is equivalent to the uncertainty principle. From the above-mentioned thought, the Fifth will be able to be postulated that there is an absolute rest free spacetime with orthogonal relationship between a common time and the other spaces with homogeneity, isotropy, linearity and differentiable continuity with respect to independent variable the space and the time on the basis of exact differential equations for the space permits light to travel at invariant speed of light.
Category: Classical Physics

On the Dependence of the Relativistic Angular Momentum of a Uniform Ball on the Radius and Angular Velocity of Rotation

Authors: Sergey G. Fedosin
Comments: 9 Pages. International Frontier Science Letters, Vol. 15, pp. 9-14 (2020). https://doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/IFSL.15.9

In the framework of the special theory of relativity, elementary formulas are used to derive the formula for determining the relativistic angular momentum of a rotating ideal uniform ball. The moment of inertia of such a ball turns out to be a nonlinear function of the angular velocity of rotation. Application of this formula to the neutron star PSR J1614-2230 shows that due to relativistic corrections the angular momentum of the star increases tenfold as compared to the nonrelativistic formula. For the proton and neutron star PSR J1748-2446ad the velocities of their surface’s motion are calculated, which reach the values of the order of 30% and 19% of the speed of light, respectively. Using the formula for the relativistic angular momentum of a uniform ball, it is easy to obtain the formula for the angular momentum of a thin spherical shell depending on its thickness, radius, mass density, and angular velocity of rotation. As a result, considering a spherical body consisting of a set of such shells it becomes possible to accurately determine its angular momentum as the sum of the angular momenta of all the body’s shells. Two expressions are provided for the maximum possible angular momentum of the ball based on the rotation of the ball’s surface at the speed of light and based on the condition of integrity of the gravitationally bound body at the balance of the gravitational and centripetal forces. Comparison with the results of the general theory of relativity shows the difference in angular momentum of the order of 25% for an extremal Kerr black hole.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Antibiotic Resistance Gene

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 27 Pages.

A completely new resistance gene, which is likely to counteract the newest aminoglycoside-drug plazomycin, was recently discovered by scientists in Gothenburg, Sweden. [15] Now investigators at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) have modified the system to be nearly free of this requirement, making it possible to potentially target any location across the entire human genome. [14] An ancient group of microbes that contains some of the smallest life forms on Earth also has the smallest CRISPR gene-editing machinery discovered to date. [13] ETH scientists have been able to prove that a protein structure widespread in nature – the amyloid – is theoretically capable of multiplying itself. [12]
Category: Physics of Biology

Cellular Track on Neurological Disease

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 47 Pages.

A new technique allows researchers to test how the deformation of tiny train track-like cell proteins affects their function. [27] A large team of researchers affiliated with multiple institutions in and around Hangzhou, China, has taken a very large step toward the creation of a comprehensive human single-cell atlas. [26] A Virginia Commonwealth University researcher has developed a procedure for identifying the source of cells present in a forensic biological sample that could change how cell types are identified in samples across numerous industries. [25] In work at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the University of Maryland in College Park, researchers have devised and demonstrated a new way to measure free energy. [24] A novel technique developed by researchers at the ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP) will help shine new light on biological questions by improving the quality and quantity of information that can be extracted in fluorescence microscopy. [23] Micro-computed tomography or "micro-CT" is X-ray imaging in 3-D, by the same method used in hospital CT (or "CAT") scans, but on a small scale with massively increased resolution. [22] A new experimental method permits the X-ray analysis of amyloids, a class of large, filamentous biomolecules which are an important hallmark of diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. [12] Thumb through any old science textbook, and you'll likely find RNA described as little more than a means to an end, a kind of molecular scratch paper used to construct the proteins encoded in DNA. [20] Just like any long polymer chain, DNA tends to form knots. Using technology that allows them to stretch DNA molecules and image the behavior of these knots, MIT researchers have discovered, for the first time, the factors that determine whether a knot moves along the strand or "jams" in place. [19]
Category: Physics of Biology

Cellular Biology Mistakes

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 49 Pages.

Like humans, cells constantly make mistakes. Most of the work within cells is carried out by biomolecules called proteins; without these, cells would not exist. [28] A new technique allows researchers to test how the deformation of tiny train track-like cell proteins affects their function. [27] A large team of researchers affiliated with multiple institutions in and around Hangzhou, China, has taken a very large step toward the creation of a comprehensive human single-cell atlas. [26] A Virginia Commonwealth University researcher has developed a procedure for identifying the source of cells present in a forensic biological sample that could change how cell types are identified in samples across numerous industries. [25] In work at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the University of Maryland in College Park, researchers have devised and demonstrated a new way to measure free energy. [24] A novel technique developed by researchers at the ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP) will help shine new light on biological questions by improving the quality and quantity of information that can be extracted in fluorescence microscopy. [23] Micro-computed tomography or "micro-CT" is X-ray imaging in 3-D, by the same method used in hospital CT (or "CAT") scans, but on a small scale with massively increased resolution. [22] A new experimental method permits the X-ray analysis of amyloids, a class of large, filamentous biomolecules which are an important hallmark of diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. [12] Thumb through any old science textbook, and you'll likely find RNA described as little more than a means to an end, a kind of molecular scratch paper used to construct the proteins encoded in DNA. [20]
Category: Physics of Biology

Making Sense of Cells

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 50 Pages.

Now, scientists at the Biological Physics Theory Unit at Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) and collaborators at City University of New York have created a simple model that is providing some answers. [29] Like humans, cells constantly make mistakes. Most of the work within cells is carried out by biomolecules called proteins; without these, cells would not exist. [28] A new technique allows researchers to test how the deformation of tiny train track-like cell proteins affects their function. [27] A large team of researchers affiliated with multiple institutions in and around Hangzhou, China, has taken a very large step toward the creation of a comprehensive human single-cell atlas. [26] A Virginia Commonwealth University researcher has developed a procedure for identifying the source of cells present in a forensic biological sample that could change how cell types are identified in samples across numerous industries. [25] In work at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the University of Maryland in College Park, researchers have devised and demonstrated a new way to measure free energy. [24] A novel technique developed by researchers at the ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP) will help shine new light on biological questions by improving the quality and quantity of information that can be extracted in fluorescence microscopy. [23] Micro-computed tomography or "micro-CT" is X-ray imaging in 3-D, by the same method used in hospital CT (or "CAT") scans, but on a small scale with massively increased resolution. [22] A new experimental method permits the X-ray analysis of amyloids, a class of large, filamentous biomolecules which are an important hallmark of diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. [12] Thumb through any old science textbook, and you'll likely find RNA described as little more than a means to an end, a kind of molecular scratch paper used to construct the proteins encoded in DNA. [20]
Category: Physics of Biology

Zeta(z)=x(z)-Y(z) a Decomposition of the Riemann Zeta Function for Re(z)≥0, Z≠1

Authors: Pedro Jesus Caceres
Comments: 13 Pages.

In this paper, we define the C-transformation as: C_n {f}= ∑(k=1,n) f(k)- ∫f(n)dn(1) And the C-values as: C{f}=lim(n→∞)⁡C_n {f}(2) And we obtain a new representation for ζ(z) in the form ζ(z) = X(z) – Y(z) applying the C-transformation to the function f(x)=1/x^z for z∈C,Re(z)≥0,z≠1.
Category: Number Theory

Definition+β

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 1 Page.

This is a easy proof of Definition series.
Category: General Mathematics

An Informational Approach of Newton's Law of Gravity by Using the Bekenstein Bound and Predicting a Universe with at Least 5 Spatial Dimensions

Authors: Andrei Lucian Dragoi
Comments: This paper has only aprox. 1.5 A4 pages without references

This paper proposes an informational approach of Newton's law of universal gravitation (NLUG) by using the concept of physical information (including the concept of gravitational signal) as measured by Bekenstein bound (BB): the informational gravity hypothesis (IGH) launched in this paper predicts that our universe has probably at least five spatial dimensions (with the 5th dimension being a large/bulk dimension) as also predicted by Randall-Sundrum models, in the context of string theory and M-theory (which predict up to eleven spatial dimensions). This paper continues (from alternative angles of view) the work of other past articles/preprints of the same author.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Spanish Flu and Covid-19

Authors: H. Dhaliwal
Comments: 1 Page.

There are several published accounts of 100+ year old patients that have recovered from COVID-19. These 100+ year old COVID-19 infected and recovered patients were infants during the 1918 Spanish flu and may have been exposed to the virus. It may be possible that they have developed antibodies to the Spanish Flu which may be effective against COVID-19 or have had an immune response that was able to survive COVID-19. A vaccine or antibodies targeting the Spanish Flu, or any viruses similar to the Spanish Flu such as Swine Flu or H1N1 may be a potential treatment or preventative treatment for COVID-19. Further research is required.
Category: Biochemistry

Mid-Infrared Laser Crystal

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 25 Pages.

A study team has grown an Er3 +-doped lutetium scandium gallium garnet crystal with high doping concentration. [17] For the first time, researchers have fabricated high-performance mid-infrared laser diodes directly on microelectronics-compatible silicon substrates. [16] High-repetition-rate pulsed lasers serve a wide range of applications, from optical communications to microwave photonics and beyond. [15] Researchers have demonstrated a new all-optical technique for creating robust second-order nonlinear effects in materials that don't normally support them. [14] A research team led by physicists at LMU Munich reports a significant advance in laser-driven particle acceleration. [13] And now, physicists at and their collaborators have demonstrated that computers are ready to tackle the universe's greatest mysteries. [12] The Nuclear Physics with Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics Collaboration (NPLQCD), under the umbrella of the U.S. Quantum Chromodynamics Collaboration, performed the first model-independent calculation of the rate for proton-proton fusion directly from the dynamics of quarks and gluons using numerical techniques. [11] Nuclear physicists are now poised to embark on a new journey of discovery into the fundamental building blocks of the nucleus of the atom. [10] The drop of plasma was created in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). It is made up of two types of subatomic particles: quarks and gluons. Quarks are the building blocks of particles like protons and neutrons, while gluons are in charge of the strong interaction force between quarks. The new quark-gluon plasma is the hottest liquid that has ever been created in a laboratory at 4 trillion C (7 trillion F). Fitting for a plasma like the one at the birth of the universe. [9] Taking into account the Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators, we can explain the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions. Lattice QCD gives the same results as the diffraction patterns of the electromagnetic oscillators, explaining the color confinement and the asymptotic freedom of the Strong Interactions.
Category: Quantum Physics

Biomass in Haematococcus

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 80 Pages.

Chinese scientists with Institute of Technical Biology and Agriculture Engineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science applied low-temperature plasma technology to stimulate biomass and astaxanthin accumulation in Haematococcus pluvialis at appropriate conditions. [44] Schematic of a magnetic nozzle rf plasma thruster (helicon plasma thruster) having two open source exits and photographs of the three operation modes in the laboratory test. [43] Researchers at MIT's Plasma Science and Fusion Center (PSFC) have now demonstrated how microwaves can be used to overcome barriers to steady-state tokamak operation. [42] Plasma particle accelerators more powerful than existing machines could help probe some of the outstanding mysteries of our universe, as well as make leaps forward in cancer treatment and security scanning-all in a package that's around a thousandth of the size of current accelerators. [41] The Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory has started to assemble a new facility for revolutionary accelerator technologies that could make future accelerators 100 to 1,000 times smaller and boost their capabilities. [40] The authors designed a mechanism based on the deployment of a transport barrier to confine the particles and prevent them from moving from one region of the accelerator to another. "There is strong experimental evidence that there is indeed some new physics lurking in the lepton sector," Dev said. [38] Now, in a new result unveiled today at the Neutrino 2018 conference in Heidelberg, Germany, the collaboration has announced its first results using antineutrinos, and has seen strong evidence of muon antineutrinos oscillating into electron antineutrinos over long distances, a phenomenon that has never been unambiguously observed. [37]
Category: Physics of Biology

Catch Light in a Funnel

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 66 Pages.

"The light accumulation achieved by the light funnel could be the basis for improving the sensitivity of optical detectors and thus enabling unprecedented optical applications," Thomale explains. [43] A team from the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory has conducted a series of experiments to gain a better understanding of quantum mechanics and pursue advances in quantum networking and quantum computing, which could lead to practical applications in cybersecurity and other areas. [42] Counter to intuition, in a new counterfactual communication protocol published in NPJ Quantum Information, scientists from the University of Vienna, the University of Cambridge and the MIT have experimentally demonstrated that in quantum mechanics this is not always true, thereby contradicting a crucial premise of communication theory. [41] One of these particles of light has the potential to serve as a carrier of the fragile quantum information, the other, as a messenger to provide prior notification of its twin. [40] Physicists at The City College of New York have used atomically thin two-dimensional materials to realize an array of quantum emitters operating at room temperature that can be integrated into next generation quantum communication systems. [39] Research in the quantum optics lab of Prof. Barak Dayan in the Weizmann Institute of Science may be bringing the development of such computers one step closer by providing the "quantum gates" that are required for communication within and between such quantum computers. [38] Calculations of a quantum system's behavior can spiral out of control when they involve more than a handful of particles. [37] Researchers from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill have reached a new milestone on the way to optical computing, or the use of light instead of electricity for computing. [36]
Category: Quantum Physics

Nanoparticle Therapy for Cancer

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 65 Pages.

Now, new research on human and mouse tumors in mice by investigators at the Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center suggests the question is even more complicated. [36] Johns Hopkins researchers report that a type of biodegradable, lab-engineered nanoparticle they fashioned can successfully deliver a "suicide gene" to pediatric brain tumor cells implanted in the brains of mice. [35] A new study at the University of Georgia has found a way to attack cancer cells that is potentially less harmful to the patient. [34]
Category: Physics of Biology

Electronics in Nanoscale Good as Gold

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 41 Pages.

Deep inside computer chips, tiny wires made of gold and other conductive metals carry the electricity used to process data. [32] A RUDN chemist has synthesized an electrocatalyst based on gold nanoparticles with organic ligands that can trigger both hydrogen production reactions and oxygen reduction reactions in fuel cells. [31] Freestanding clusters of 20 gold atoms take the shape of a pyramid, researchers have discovered. [30] The multimodal nanoscience approach to studying quantum physics phenomena is, they say, a "technological leap for how scientists can explore quantum materials to unearth new phenomena and guide future functional engineering of these materials for real-world applications." [29] Researchers have developed a three-dimensional dynamic model of an interaction between light and nanoparticles. [28] Scientists from ITMO University have developed effective nanoscale light sources based on halide perovskite. [27] Physicists have developed a technique based on optical microscopy that can be used to create images of atoms on the nanoscale. [26] Researchers have designed a new type of laser called a quantum dot ring laser that emits red, orange, and green light. [25] The world of nanosensors may be physically small, but the demand is large and growing, with little sign of slowing. [24] In a joint research project, scientists from the Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy (MBI), the Technische Universität Berlin (TU) and the University of Rostock have managed for the first time to image free nanoparticles in a laboratory experiment using a highintensity laser source. [23] For the first time, researchers have built a nanolaser that uses only a single molecular layer, placed on a thin silicon beam, which operates at room temperature. [22]
Category: Quantum Physics

The Rockers Function

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this note we introduce and study the rockers function $\lambda(n)$ on the natural numbers. We establish an asymptotic for the rockers function on the integers and exploit some applications. In particular we show that \begin{align}\lambda(n)\sim \frac{n^{n-{\frac{1}{2n}-\frac{1}{2}}}\sqrt{2\pi}}{e^{n+\Psi(n)-1}}\nonumber \end{align}where \begin{align}\Psi(n):=\int \limits_{1}^{n-1}\frac{\sum \limits_{1\leq j\leq t}\log (n-j)}{(t+1)^2}dt.\nonumber \end{align}
Category: General Mathematics

Bosons Quantum Behave like Fermions

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 62 Pages.

Researchers at Penn State have now experimentally demonstrated that, when bosons expand in one dimension—the line of atoms is allowed spread out to become longer—they can form a Fermi sea. [38] A team led by Austrian experimental physicist Rainer Blatt has succeeded in characterizing the quantum entanglement of two spatially separated atoms by observing their light emission. [37] Researchers have demonstrated the first quantum light-emitting diode (LED) that emits single photons and entangled photon pairs with a wavelength of around 1550 nm, which lies within the standard telecommunications window. [36]
Category: Quantum Physics

Extract Color from Black

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 46 Pages.

Scientists have developed a way of extracting a richer palette of colours from the available spectrum by harnessing disordered patterns inspired by nature that would typically be seen as black. [31] At the heart of his field of nonlinear optics are devices that change light from one color to another-a process important for many technologies within telecommunications, computing and laser-based equipment and science. [30] Researchers from Siberian Federal University and Kirensky Institute of Physics have proposed a new design for a multimode stripline resonator. [29] In addition to helping resolve many of the technical challenges of non-line-of-sight imaging, the technology, Velten notes, can be made to be both inexpensive and compact, meaning real-world applications are just a matter of time. [28] Researchers in the Department of Physics of ETH Zurich have measured how electrons in so-called transition metals get redistributed within a fraction of an optical oscillation cycle. [27] Insights from quantum physics have allowed engineers to incorporate components used in circuit boards, optical fibers, and control systems in new applications ranging from smartphones to advanced microprocessors. [26] In a paper published August 1, 2019 as an Editors' Suggestion in the journal Physical Review Letters, scientists at JQI and Michigan State University suggest that certain materials may experience a spontaneous twisting force if they are hotter than their surroundings. [25] The technology could allow for new capabilities in quantum computing, including modems that link together many quantum computers at different locations. [24] A University of Oklahoma physicist, Alberto M. Marino, is developing quantum-enhanced sensors that could find their way into applications ranging from biomedical to chemical detection. [23] A team of researchers from Shanghai Jiao Tong University and the University of Science and Technology of China has developed a chip that allows for two-dimensional quantum walks of single photons on a physical device. [22]
Category: Quantum Physics

Nanotubes Electro-Optical Advantages

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 69 Pages.

The team suggested its findings may apply to other types of nanotubes, including boron nitride and molybdenum disulfide, on their own or as hybrids with carbon nanotubes. [46] An international team of scientists led by researchers from the Laboratory of Nanomaterials at the Skoltech Center for Photonics and Quantum Materials (CPQM) has shown that the nonlinear optical response of carbon nanotubes can be controlled by electrochemical gating. [45] The ever-more-humble carbon nanotube may be just the device to make solar panels—and anything else that loses energy through heat—far more efficient. [44]
Category: Condensed Matter

Simplest Electromagnetic Felds and Their Sources

Authors: Zafar Turakulov
Comments: 9 Pages. technical report

The problem of generation of plane and evanescent waves by elec- tric charge and current densities on a plane is considered. It is shown that, rst, both ordinary and evanescent waves can be emitted by such a source, second, that source of evanescent wave is perfectly static in an appropriate frame. The source is found as as explicit form of surface charge and current densities on a plane, which satisfy the continuity condition. One of components of retarded potential of the source is calculated. It is shown that the expression derived provides an erroneous representation of the eld.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Breath Test for Diabetes Possible

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 79 Pages.

A research team from Materials Science at Kiel University (CAU) and from Biomedical Engineering at the Technical University of Moldova has now developed a procedure to produce extremely sensitive and energy-efficient sensors using 3-D printing. [52] A team of microbiologists at the University of Bayreuth led by Prof. Dr. Dirk Schüler developed a modular system for the genetic reprogramming of bacteria, thereby turning the organisms into cell factories for multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles that combine various useful functions and properties. [51]
Category: Physics of Biology

Intention not Theory: the Vertigo of Love

Authors: Vincenzo Peluso
Comments: 76 Pages.

A Theory of Everything (TOE) must be based on a principle so simple and powerful that it can explain not only all physics, but provide an answer to all philosophical questions and above all explain consciousness and the self. A principle is in fact all the more powerful the simpler it is, since everything that exists, from the simplest to the most complex, must derive from the nesting and stratification of the same principle. Around the nature of this principle, the candidate par excellence should be Hegel's dialectic. However, although Hegel's dialectic has proved useful in investigating the evolution of human thought and history, it is of little use in all other scientific areas such as in the investigation of natural laws. The principle sought must therefore be even more primitive: it must be the foundation of the whole, even of Hegel's dialectic. The purpose of this article is to present this principle and show how it is the foundation of the whole and how everything literally flows from it. In the Intention Physics, physics is completed, that is, it attains the highest and thereby its conclusion.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

ALMA from Supermassive Black Holes

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 22 Pages.

Astronomers obtained the first resolved image of disturbed gaseous clouds in a galaxy 11 billion light-years away by using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). [28] It is believed that the formation and growth of most galaxies across the history of the universe has been fueled by supermassive black holes growing together with their host galaxy as they collect matter to attain millions of solar masses. [27]
Category: Astrophysics

The Gravitoelectric Nuclear Energy

Authors: Roberto Napolitano
Comments: 32 Pages. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/68fbs

In the present work we assume that in the atomic nucleus the gravitoelectric force (F_ge=GKMm/R^2) acts as responsible for the stability of nucleus and for the nuclear size, and that the potential energy related to this force be given by the ratio F_ge/2πR with R equal to the nuclear radius observed in the electron scattering experiments, obtaining surprising outcomes. The new approach offers an occasion for discussing about the physics and chemistry foundations, in particular about the meaning of the gravitational potential energy and about the nature of the atomic nucleus, which perhaps should be reconsidered in deterministic terms, rather than probabilistic ones.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Unified Field Theory for Gravity and Electromagnetism and Its Explanation for Dark Matter Observations

Authors: Max Gaofei Yan
Comments: 19 Pages.

This paper defines the gravitational field as a medium with elastic properties, and the gravitational force occurs when matter creates a more concentrated region in the gravitational field. Further, this paper explains how electromagnetic waves are changing concentrations in this field. Hence, the gravitational field and electromagnetic field are the same, called the unified field. Based on this understanding of the unified field, there are attractive forces between electromagnetic waves as defined as: F=Y_1 (f_1 f_2)/r^2 There are also attractive forces between electromagnetic waves and matter possessing mass at rest. This force is defined as: F=Y_2 fm/r^2 Dark matter observations support this unified field theory.
Category: Astrophysics

Confirmation of Prediction of Daily Contagions of Covid-19 from February 20 to June 20 in Italy

Authors: Calogero Rinzivillo, Sergio Conte, Elio Conte
Comments: 3 Pages.

We study a fractal model for prediction of Covid-19 contagions from February 20 to June 20 in Italy . We obtain that the model confirms the experimental data obtained in the past seven days . The time of the peak is estimated to be at March 21-26 and the number of contagions will be about 240000 cases.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Photon

Authors: Markos Georgallides
Comments: 40 Pages.

Article [87] is Part of [90] and this because of the CORIN-19 . In Part is analyzed , A...The Objective Reality which is composed of two elements, that of Distance - the Space ds - and that of Motion or else called Energy , and it is the content of all our sciences [32] . B… Euclidean-Geometry describes the Space only but Not the Energy [48] . C…The Solution of all the Unsolved-Ancient-Greek-Problems [50] opened the way to the Material-Geometry [54] which Incorporates the Motion in Space [(+)....(-)] [61] .The Space exists in Energy-Caves as Energy-Quantum-Quantities [39] while Motion or Energy exist inCaves as an Confined-Stationary-wave which is either Static or an moving Energy-Storage or an Energy-Box [68] . The Two Opposites (+) , (-) exist in Nature and are found everywhere from - Zero-Point (0) (+ -) or (+A)+(-A)=0 in E-Geometry and - [0] = [(+)….(-)] = ds , [(+)…ds…(-)] in Material- Geometry, to the aperon , + and - ∞ ,where in The [Space =ds] the motion exist as Vibration [52]. D…The PrimaryMaterial-Point is composed of Infinite-Material-Points in the Two Aperon which consist a Huge-Magnet with Infinite Parallel-lines,where the (+) constituent moves as for Newton-Gravitational-constant G-force Periodically to (-) constituent [82] . E…Gravitational-force G , Acting in the Beyond-Planck - Cave , and on light Velocity Vector c , creates Electron-Charge and the Material-Points -charge while by effecting on the Whole-Planck-Cave creates the Pointy-Gravity- Force as this is the Ocean of Spins , and which Oriented-Spins , Originate the Gravity g and Electron ,e,[72] . F…The Rotation of the Two Elements [(+)|||(-)]Up or Down in the Material-Point-circles Originates the Spins ,1/2, 1 , -1/2, for All-Particles Fermions or Bosons which become from above Three-States of motions , just by Adding the Spins [36] .Linear Motion [(+)…(-)]of Breakage [c.s²] in cave [Stress x FI] in the Great and Small circles of Glue-Bond rotation creates the Three-States of frequencies ,f1/2 ,f1, -f1/2, and energy E = h f , because Angular-Momentum equals Spin . G…When the Unit-Quantum-Energy in Planck-length is equal to the Stress of Gravity g , and enters the minimum-cave ,r, as the Critical-Unit in orbit , then is measured a frequency which is giving the Least-Unit-Energy-cave and that is that of Hydrogen - Cave H . [55] . H…When the Unit-Quantum-Energy in Planck-length is equal to the Stress of Gravity g and frequency becomes from Hydrogen Least-Unit-Energy = πg , then is created the mass of Electron . I…The Rotation around the (+) constituent , of the Confined-Electron constituent in the Potential-Energy of Hydrogen-cave ,which consists a configuration of masses and of Charges ,Originates the Uniform-Magnetic-field of Atom , the Spin of Atom , connected with that of Electron-Spin , and Forms an Harmonic Oscillator with a Natural Frequency with the less Damping-factor by Increasing of Potential Energy in loop due to Nutation-motion J…Constant force G is effecting on Gravity g , and in turn g is acting on Electron ,e, in the Hydrogen-cave , Originates the Nutation-motion in Precession as Cyclotron-Resonance -frequency of cave ,r, and the produced Energy is stored in the Orbit as a New Uniform-Magnetic-field which becomes the Bond between the Atoms to be as Molecules [80]. K…During Nutation of Electron-Spin and because of the Eternal -Varying-Velocity motion in Orbit Precesses , and the Produced-Work of [(+)=Proton , (-)=Electron] is Conserved in the Nucleus-Orbit-Magnet , as the Nucleus-Magnetic-Moment , which is influenced by Any External -Magnetic-field . The continually Conserved Energy is the frequencyResonated to the Electron-Spin , OR to Any Set External-Magnetic-Field-moment . All prior referred happen because Exists an Link between the ----- Gravitational force G and all others ----- This Link is the Photon [Particle and Wave] which as Particle is an [Confined-motion in a Stationary-Wave] and as WAVE an [Propagating Electromagnetic-Wave]. [90] [N] The Articles IN - GOOGLE → Georgallides Markos .
Category: Quantum Physics

The Principles of the Celestial Sphere

Authors: Kim YoungCheol
Comments: 32 Pages. I wrote this paper in Korean and translated to English, and wrote in two language because my English is not so sure.

It is possible to describe the centerless expansion of the universe where homogeneity and isotropy is established for all prime inertial systems by the theory of special relativity. Through observation ellipse technique, the universe observed in each prime inertial system can be analyzed, when the density distribution of the particles in the universe is 1/((1-β^2)^2) (which Milne has discovered first) with constant speed expension, by observers of all prime inertial system, the cosmic density distribution is observed homogenously as 1/8(r/(1-r))^2, the age structure of the universe is observed in sqrt(1-r).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Libertad de Los Electrones

Authors: Jose J. Astorkia
Comments: 29 Pages.

Presentación de hechos con sus evidencias que llevan a afirmar que los electrones son libres e independientes y mas abundantes de lo estimado.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Tools Accelerating Physics Research

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 57 Pages.

The March Meeting of the American Physical was cancelled, but here is an opportunity to learn about companies that would have been exhibiting products in Denver. [32] 'Quantum technologies' utilise the unique phenomena of quantum superposition and entanglement to encode and process information, with potentially profound benefits to a wide range of information technologies from communications to sensing and computing. [31] For the first time, physicists at the University of Basel have succeeded in measuring the magnetic properties of atomically thin van der Waals materials on the nanoscale. [30] Diamonds are prized for their purity, but their flaws might hold the key to a new type of highly secure communications. [29]
Category: Quantum Physics

Dark Matter Close to Home

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 53 Pages.

A new study from the University of Michigan, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) and University of California, Berkeley has ruled out dark matter being responsible for mysterious electromagnetic signals previously observed from nearby galaxies. [30] Astrophysicists from the University of Surrey and the University of Edinburgh have created a new method to measure the amount of dark matter at the centre of tiny "dwarf" galaxies. [29] A research team of multiple institutes, including the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan and University of Tokyo, released an unprecedentedly wide and sharp dark matter map based on the newly obtained imaging data by Hyper Suprime-Cam on the Subaru Telescope. [28]
Category: Astrophysics

Quantum Effect Material Expansion

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 22 Pages.

As described in a paper just published in the journal Physical Review Letters, scientists used x-rays at Brookhaven's National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II)—a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science user facility—and two other synchrotron light sources to explore an unusual metal that expands dramatically at low temperature. [29] The ALPHA collaboration at CERN has reported the first measurements of certain quantum effects in the energy structure of antihydrogen, the antimatter counterpart of hydrogen. [28] Researchers at the CERN particle-physics laboratory in Switzerland used laser spectroscopy to scrutinize the fine structure of antihydrogen, revealing with an uncertainty of a few percent that the tiny difference in energy of states — known as the Lamb shift — is the same as it is in normal hydrogen. [27]
Category: Condensed Matter

Quantum Organic Solar Cells

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 56 Pages.

Researchers at Linköping University have discovered a quantum phenomenon that influences the formation of free charges in organic solar cells. [37] The experiments showed that quantum light can be used to probe enzyme activities in real time without perturbing the sample. [36] The biological technique of 'optogenetics' uses light to control cells within living tissues that have been genetically modified to be light-sensitive. [35] Not much is known about the course of events leading to Alzheimer’s disease, but the formation of toxic β-amyloid plaques and phosphorylated tau proteins have long been described as major hallmarks of the disease. [34]
Category: Quantum Physics

Cameras of Radioactive Materials

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 38 Pages.

Researchers from North Carolina State University have developed a new technique for determining the historical location and distribution of radioactive materials, such as weapons grade plutonium. [23] Scientists at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (NTU Singapore) have developed a technique to observe how radiation damages molecules over time frames of just one quadrillionth of a second—or a femtosecond. [22] DNA forensics is a powerful tool, yet it presents a computational scaling problem when it is improved and expanded for complex samples (those containing DNA from more than one individual) and kinship analysis. [21]
Category: Physics of Biology

Early Detection of Eyesight Problems

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 55 Pages.

EPFL researchers have developed a device that can zoom in on previously invisible cells at the back of the eye. The technology could be extremely useful for ophthalmologists, in particular for detecting age-related macular degeneration early and assessing new treatment options. [33] A research team led by the University of California San Diego has developed a soft robotic lens whose movements are controlled by the eyes—blink twice and the lens zooms in and out; look left, right, up or down and the lens will follow. [32]
Category: Physics of Biology

Broad and High-Efficiency Gratings

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 44 Pages.

Owing to the excellent dispersion ability, diffraction gratings are playing an important role in widespread fields ranging from spectrometers to chirped pulse amplifiers. [30] Researchers have developed a light-based technique for measuring very weak magnetic fields, such as those produced when neurons fire in the brain. [29] Researchers from Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden, and Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia, have demonstrated a 4000 kilometre fibre-optical transmission link using ultra low-noise, phase-sensitive optical amplifiers. [28] Researchers at the University of York have shown that a new quantum-based procedure for distributing secure information along communication lines could be successful in preventing serious security breaches. [27]
Category: Quantum Physics

An Equivalent of the Riemann Hypothesis Using Riemann Xi Function

Authors: Shekhar Suman
Comments: 6 Pages.

The Riemann Zeta function is defined as \\\\ \zeta(s)= $$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} 1/n^{s}$$ ,\ Re(s)$$>$$1 \\\\ In \ this \ article \ we \ prove \ an \ equivalent \ of \ the \ Riemann \ Hypothesis.
Category: Number Theory

Efficiency of Quantum Circuits

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 48 Pages.

Optimizing quantum circuit efficiency is useful in various fields, especially quantum computing. [30] An international group of researchers, including UvA physicist Michael Walter, have devised new methods to create interesting input states for quantum computations and simulations. [29] Scientists used spiraling X-rays at the Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) to observe, for the first time, a property that gives handedness to swirling electric patterns – dubbed polar vortices – in a synthetically layered material. [28]
Category: Quantum Physics

Phosphorus All-Fiber Humidity Sensor

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 45 Pages.

A research group led by Prof. LI Jia and Prof. XU Xuefeng from the Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, along with Prof. YANG Dexing from Northwestern Polytechnical University, developed a highly responsive all-fiber humidity sensor with an ultrafast response time as fast as 7ms. [31] Owing to the excellent dispersion ability, diffraction gratings are playing an important role in widespread fields ranging from spectrometers to chirped pulse amplifiers. [30] Researchers have developed a light-based technique for measuring very weak magnetic fields, such as those produced when neurons fire in the brain. [29]
Category: Condensed Matter

Synchronized Active Spinner Materials

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 49 Pages.

Actuated colloids are excellent model systems to investigate emerging out-of-equilibrium structures, complex collective dynamics and design rules for next-generation materials. [32] A research group led by Prof. LI Jia and Prof. XU Xuefeng from the Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, along with Prof. YANG Dexing from Northwestern Polytechnical University, developed a highly responsive all-fiber humidity sensor with an ultrafast response time as fast as 7ms. [31] Owing to the excellent dispersion ability, diffraction gratings are playing an important role in widespread fields ranging from spectrometers to chirped pulse amplifiers. [30]
Category: Condensed Matter

On Some Integral Equations and Incomplete Elliptic Integrals of the First Kind: New Possible Mathematical Connections with ϕ, ζ(2), and Various Parameters of Particle Physics. II

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 57 Pages.

In this paper we have described some Ramanujan’s integral equations and incomplete elliptic integrals of the first kind. Furthermore, we describe new possible mathematical connections with ϕ, ζ(2), and various parameters of Particle Physics
Category: Number Theory

Holographic Cosmological Model

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 69 Pages.

The expansion of the Universe is considered likely to be related to thermodynamics on its horizon, based on the holographic principle," explains the study's author, Kanazawa University's Nobuyoshi Komatsu. [39] In conventional holography a photographic film can record the interference pattern of monochromatic light scattered from the object to be imaged with a reference beam of un-scattered light. [38]
Category: Astrophysics

Sense Theory. Antiderivative

Authors: Egger Mielberg
Comments: 15 Pages.

Like each neuron of the human brain may be connected to up to 10,000 other neurons, passing signals to each other via as many as 1,000 trillion synaptic connections, in Sense Theory there is a possibility for connecting over 1,000 trillion heterogeneous objects.An object in Sense Theory is like a neuron in the human brain. Properties of the object are like dendrites of the neuron. Changing object in the process of addition or deletion of its properties is like forming a new knowledge in the process of synaptic connections of two or more neurons. In Sense Theory, we introduced a mechanism for determining possible semantic relationships between objects by connecting-disconnecting different properties. This mechanism is Sense Integral.In this article, we describe one of the instruments, sense antiderivative, that sheds light on the nature of forming new knowledge in the field of Artificial Intelligence.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Ring Current Model for Antimatter and Other Questions

Authors: Jean Louis Van Belle
Comments: 21 Pages.

Richard Feynman suggested anti-particles behave like they are traveling back in time. We think that is nonsense: in a ring current model, one distinguishes matter and anti-matter by the direction of travel of the charge inside. That is all. Using (or abusing) Minkowski’s notation, we may say the spacetime signature of an electron (or an antiproton) is + --- while that of a positron (or proton) would be + +++. Indeed, in the ring current model of matter-particles, the magnetic moment alone does not allow one to distinguish between an electron with spin up and a positron with spin down. All we know is that the current that generates the magnetic moment must be different: one carries a negative charge, and the other carries a positive charge – and the direction of the physical current (the motion of the zbw charge) is opposite. The question then becomes: what distinguishes the positive and a negative zbw charge inside the zbw electron and positron? We suggest that the assumption of a (finite) fractal structure, in which the zbw charge itself also spins, may provide a logical answer to that question. The second topic of this paper are ‘other questions’ on the ring current model. Indeed, we all do have a number of philosophical or conceptual questions on the ring current model, which we thought we might, perhaps, insert in this paper – if only because we didn’t quite know where to put them else.
Category: Quantum Physics

Machine Learning in Asset Management—Part 2: Portfolio Construction—Weight Optimization

Authors: Derek Snow
Comments: 8 Pages.

This is the second in a series of articles dealing with machine learning in asset management. This article focuses on portfolio weighting using machine learning. Following from the previous article (Snow 2020), which looked at trading strategies, this article identifies different weight optimization methods for supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning frameworks. In total, seven sub-methods are summarized with the code made available for further exploration.
Category: Economics and Finance

On Some Integrals of Theta-Functions and Incomplete Elliptic Integrals of the First Kind: New Possible Mathematical Connections with ϕ, ζ(2), and Various Parameters of Particle Physics

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 90 Pages.

In this paper we have described some Ramanujan’s integrals of theta-functions and incomplete elliptic integrals of the first kind. Furthermore, we describe new possible mathematical connections with ϕ, ζ(2), and various parameters of Particle Physics
Category: Number Theory

Acceleration of Electromagnetic Radiation

Authors: Eric Su
Comments: 6 Pages. Note that the author does not read Disqus comments here, please respond by email. Including a list of publications is also a healthy gesture.

Experimental evidences together with theoretical proofs are presented in a single paper. The evidences confirm that the speed of light and electromagnetic radiation can be accelerated by a moving reflector. For the first time since 1902, both evidences and proofs are available to remove any doubt that the assumption from the theory of special relativity is invalid in physics. The experimental evidences include radar speed gun, FG5 gravimeter, and spectral shift in astronomy. The theoretical proofs include double-slit interference, conservation of elapsed time, microwave resonance, and Fizeau's cogwheel experiment.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Symmetry of the Lorentz Transformation Equation in Dynamics

Authors: Ella Su
Comments: 3 Pages. 8 equations

Lorentz transformation is a group of coordinate transformations based on the Principle of Special Relativity and the Principle of constant speed of light.By dealing with these basic coordinate transformations and combining with dynamics, we can also get many physical quantity transformations.In the process of derivation of Lorentz transformation, we do not stipulate which reference frames of relative motion is special, so the transformation obtained must also be equal weight.This requires that for the transformation of any physical quantity, the transformation equation of it must satisfy the symmetry, that is, the positive transformation F and the inverse transformation F' must keep the same mathematical form.Based on this principle, the symmetry of the obtained Lorentz transformation dynamics equation will be tested.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Riemann Hypothesis (RH)

Authors: Shekhar Suman
Comments: 3 Pages.

Riemann Hypothesis
Category: Number Theory

Nanoscale Terahertz Waves

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 66 Pages.

Terahertz (THz) waves fall between microwave and infrared radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum, oscillating at frequencies of between 100 billion and 30 trillion cycles per second. [41] This study shows the potential for engineered nanoparticles to magnetically control terahertz beams. [40] A new cancer therapy using nanoparticles to deliver a combination therapy direct to cancer cells could be on the horizon, thanks to research from the University of East Anglia. [39]
Category: Condensed Matter

Particle Therapy Dose Distribution

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 53 Pages.

Precise patient positioning is an essential stage in any radiation treatment, but is particularly critical for particle therapies, which are highly sensitive to range uncertainties. [33] Ion beam radiotherapy offers precision dose deposition, with a low entrance dose increasing to a maximum at the Bragg peak and then falling off sharply. [32] Researchers at Aalto University have discovered a surprising phenomenon that changes how we think about how sound can move particles. [31] Large-scale plasmonic metasurfaces could find use in flat panel displays and other devices that can change colour thanks to recent work by researchers at the University of Cambridge in the UK. [30] Particles in solution can grow, transport, collide, interact, and aggregate into complex shapes and structures. [29] Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) researchers are working to make better electronic devices by delving into the way nanocrystals are arranged inside of them. [28] Self-assembly and crystallisation of nanoparticles (NPs) is generally a complex process, based on the evaporation or precipitation of NP-building blocks. [27] New nanoparticle-based films that are more than 80 times thinner than a human hair may help to fill this need by providing materials that can holographically archive more than 1000 times more data than a DVD in a 10-by-10-centimeter piece of film. [26] Researches of scientists from South Ural State University are implemented within this area. [25] Following three years of extensive research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HU) physicist Dr. Uriel Levy and his team have created technology that will enable computers and all optic communication devices to run 100 times faster through terahertz microchips. [24] When the energy efficiency of electronics poses a challenge, magnetic materials may have a solution. [23]
Category: Physics of Biology

In What Meaning of Life?

Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 3 Pages. -

The question which is often asked by teenagers
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Using the Set of Relative Integers in Order to Find the Upper Bounds for Prime Gaps

Authors: Andrea Berdondini
Comments: 4 Pages.

ABSTRACT. In this article we present a procedure for the determination of the upper bounds for prime gaps different from the most famous and known approaches. The proposed method analyzes the distribution of prime numbers using the set of relative integers ℤ. Using negative numbers too, it becomes intuitive to understand that that the arrangement of 2P+1 consecutive numbers that goes -P to P, is the only arrangement that minimizes the distance between two powers having the same absolute value of the base D, with |��|≤��. This arrangement is considered important because by increasing the number of powers of the prime numbers within a range of consecutive numbers, it is presumed to decrease the overlap between the prime numbers considered. Therefore, by reducing these overlaps, we suppose to obtain an arrangement, in which the prime numbers less than and equal to P and their multiples occupy the greatest possible number of positions within a range of 2P+1 consecutive numbers. Consequently, the maximum gap between two consecutive prime numbers ����+1−���� can never be greater than 2����. If this result could be demonstrated, would imply the resolution of the Legendre’s conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

Nano-Toolkit Biomaterials

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 77 Pages.

A team of microbiologists at the University of Bayreuth led by Prof. Dr. Dirk Schüler developed a modular system for the genetic reprogramming of bacteria, thereby turning the organisms into cell factories for multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles that combine various useful functions and properties. [51] Researchers at the Advanced Science Research Center at The Graduate Center, CUNY (CUNY ASRC) and Northwestern University have created a 4-D printer capable of constructing patterned surfaces that recreate the complexity of cell surfaces. [50] In a recent study, researchers at the NASA Ames Research Center have demonstrated that nanoscale vacuum channel transistors can be fabricated on silicon carbide wafers. [49]
Category: Physics of Biology

Solitonics in Molecular Wires

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 43 Pages.

So far, the researchers' calculations do not extend to the behavior of a zero-charge polyacetylene soliton that carries spin, but they expect that it should be possible to manipulate this with a magnetic field gradient. [28] Researchers have developed the first materials that can permanently change from solid to liquid, or vice versa, when exposed to light at room temperature, and remain in the new phase even after the light is removed. [27]
Category: Condensed Matter

Whiskey Webs' Coffee Ring Effect

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 49 Pages.

This "coffee ring effect" has fascinated scientists for decades, but now a team says they have uncovered the mechanism behind an even more striking, web-like pattern that forms when drops of American whiskey dry up. [32] Scientists from ITMO University have developed and applied a new method for analyzing the electromagnetic field inside ion traps. [31] For the first time, physicists at the University of Basel have succeeded in measuring the magnetic properties of atomically thin van der Waals materials on the nanoscale. [30] Diamonds are prized for their purity, but their flaws might hold the key to a new type of highly secure communications. [29] Researchers from Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden, and Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia, have demonstrated a 4000 kilometre fibre-optical transmission link using ultra low-noise, phase-sensitive optical amplifiers. [28] Researchers at the University of York have shown that a new quantum-based procedure for distributing secure information along communication lines could be successful in preventing serious security breaches. [27] In the new study, Bomantara and Gong have developed a method for harnessing the unique properties of time crystals for quantum computing that is based on braiding. [26] An Aalto University study has provided new evidence that time crystals can physically exist-a claim currently under hot debate. [25] Yale physicists have uncovered hints of a time crystal-a form of matter that "ticks" when exposed to an electromagnetic pulse-in the last place they expected: a crystal you might find in a child's toy. [24] The research shows that concentrated electrolytes in solution affect hydrogen bonding, ion interactions, and coordination geometries in currently unpredictable ways. [23]
Category: Condensed Matter

High-Repetition-Rate Laser Pulses

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 23 Pages.

High-repetition-rate pulsed lasers serve a wide range of applications, from optical communications to microwave photonics and beyond. [15] Researchers have demonstrated a new all-optical technique for creating robust second-order nonlinear effects in materials that don't normally support them. [14] A research team led by physicists at LMU Munich reports a significant advance in laser-driven particle acceleration. [13]
Category: Quantum Physics

Light-Matter Interaction at Atomic Size

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 61 Pages.

This work proposes a novel methodology for the characterization of light-matter interaction at atomic size, and may have important technological implications for the development of chemical sensors of single molecules, new sources of single or interlaced photons or nanolasers that are active at extremely low pumping powers. [37] Researchers from Würzburg and London have succeeded in controlling the coupling of light and matter at room temperature. [36] Researchers have, for the first time, integrated two technologies widely used in applications such as optical communications, bio-imaging and Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) systems that scan the surroundings of self-driving cars and trucks. [35] The unique platform, which is referred as a 4-D microscope, combines the sensitivity and high time-resolution of phase imaging with the specificity and high spatial resolution of fluorescence microscopy. [34] The experiment relied on a soliton frequency comb generated in a chip-based optical microresonator made from silicon nitride. [33] This scientific achievement toward more precise control and monitoring of light is highly interesting for miniaturizing optical devices for sensing and signal processing. [32] It may seem like such optical behavior would require bending the rules of physics, but in fact, scientists at MIT, Harvard University, and elsewhere have now demonstrated that photons can indeed be made to interact-an accomplishment that could open a path toward using photons in quantum computing, if not in light sabers. [31] Optical highways for light are at the heart of modern communications. But when it comes to guiding individual blips of light called photons, reliable transit is far less common. [30] Theoretical physicists propose to use negative interference to control heat flow in quantum devices. [29] Particle physicists are studying ways to harness the power of the quantum realm to further their research. [28]
Category: Quantum Physics

Artificial Intelligence in the Lab

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 51 Pages.

An Australian-German collaboration has demonstrated fully-autonomous SPM operation, applying artificial intelligence and deep learning to remove the need for constant human supervision. [30] Now, researchers have tested the first artificial intelligence model to identify and rank many causes in real-world problems without time-sequenced data, using a multi-nodal causal structure and Directed Acyclic Graphs. [29] A country that thinks its adversaries have or will get AI weapons will want to get them too. Wide use of AI-powered cyberattacks may still be some time away. [28] Following the old saying that "knowledge is power", companies are seeking to infer increasingly intimate properties about their customers as a way to gain an edge over their competitors. [27] Researchers from Human Longevity, Inc. (HLI) have published a study in which individual faces and other physical traits were predicted using whole genome sequencing data and machine learning. [26] Artificial intelligence can improve health care by analyzing data from apps, smartphones and wearable technology. [25] Now, researchers at Google's DeepMind have developed a simple algorithm to handle such reasoning-and it has already beaten humans at a complex image comprehension test. [24] A marimba-playing robot with four arms and eight sticks is writing and playing its own compositions in a lab at the Georgia Institute of Technology. The pieces are generated using artificial intelligence and deep learning. [23] Now, a team of researchers at MIT and elsewhere has developed a new approach to such computations, using light instead of electricity, which they say could vastly improve the speed and efficiency of certain deep learning computations. [22] Physicists have found that the structure of certain types of quantum learning algorithms is very similar to their classical counterparts-a finding that will help scientists further develop the quantum versions. [21] We should remain optimistic that quantum computing and AI will continue to improve our lives, but we also should continue to hold companies, organizations, and governments accountable for how our private data is used, as well as the technology's impact on the environment. [20]
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Mid-Infrared Laser for Sensing

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 24 Pages.

For the first time, researchers have fabricated high-performance mid-infrared laser diodes directly on microelectronics-compatible silicon substrates. [16] High-repetition-rate pulsed lasers serve a wide range of applications, from optical communications to microwave photonics and beyond. [15] Researchers have demonstrated a new all-optical technique for creating robust second-order nonlinear effects in materials that don't normally support them. [14] A research team led by physicists at LMU Munich reports a significant advance in laser-driven particle acceleration. [13] And now, physicists at and their collaborators have demonstrated that computers are ready to tackle the universe's greatest mysteries. [12] The Nuclear Physics with Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics Collaboration (NPLQCD), under the umbrella of the U.S. Quantum Chromodynamics Collaboration, performed the first model-independent calculation of the rate for proton-proton fusion directly from the dynamics of quarks and gluons using numerical techniques. [11] Nuclear physicists are now poised to embark on a new journey of discovery into the fundamental building blocks of the nucleus of the atom. [10] The drop of plasma was created in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). It is made up of two types of subatomic particles: quarks and gluons. Quarks are the building blocks of particles like protons and neutrons, while gluons are in charge of the strong interaction force between quarks. The new quark-gluon plasma is the hottest liquid that has ever been created in a laboratory at 4 trillion C (7 trillion F). Fitting for a plasma like the one at the birth of the universe. [9] Taking into account the Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators, we can explain the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions. Lattice QCD gives the same results as the diffraction patterns of the electromagnetic oscillators, explaining the color confinement and the asymptotic freedom of the Strong Interactions.
Category: Quantum Physics

Bengali Language, Romanisation and Onsager Core

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 21 Pages.

We continue to study Chalantika, a bengali to bengali dictionary. We romanise the bengali alphabet via wikipedia scheme. We reduce the romanised alphabet to English alphabet i.e. the alphabet which appears in an English dictionary. In the reduced alphabet scheme, we draw the natural logarithm of the number of words, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised( unnormalised). We observe that behind the words of the dictionary of the bengali language, in the reduced alphabet scheme, the magnetisation curve is BP(4,$\beta H=0.08$), in the Bethe-Peierls approximation of Ising model with four nearest neighbours, in presence of liitle external magnetic fields, $\beta H=0.08$. Moreover, words of the bengali language in the reduced alphabet scheme, nearly go over to Onsager solution, on few successive normalisations. $\beta$ is $\frac{1}{k_{B}T}$ where, T is temperature, H is external magnetic field and $k_{B}$ is tiny Boltzmann constant.
Category: Linguistics

Definition+α

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 1 Page.

This is the proof of Definition series.
Category: General Mathematics

Analyzing Some Ramanujan’s Differential Equations: New Possible Mathematical Connections with ϕ, ζ(2), and Various Parameters of Particle Physics

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 83 Pages.

In this paper we have described some Ramanujan’s differential equations: new possible mathematical connections with ϕ, ζ(2), and various parameters of Particle Physics
Category: Number Theory

The Effects of Quantum Entanglement on Chromatin and Gene Expression

Authors: Michael Harney
Comments: 5 Pages.

Quantum entanglement has recently been demonstrated in macroscopic structures at the scale of microns. The densely-packed chromatin that efficiently stores DNA strands may allow for gene expression through epigenetic modifiers within the close proximity of nearby strands and may also experience gene expression through quantum entanglement of epigenetic modifiers. Such an approach may have an evolutionary advantage in the densely packed realm of chromatin.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Rule of 69.3 and Real Estate Investment (How to Estimate the Recouping Time of an Assumed Invested Capital in Real Estate Investment Together with an Estimated Periodic Rental Review)

Authors: Betasha Felix Chawaza
Comments: 4 Pages.

Estate valuers, investors, developers, and financiers might want to have a quick idea on the duration an investment will take to regenerate it’s invested capital. This method integrates an assumed rental review through the use of logarithm of number (Ln) “2” which is equivalent to 69.3 in percentage.
Category: Social Science

Covid-19 :Statistical Exploration

Authors: Ayoub Abraich
Comments: 4 Pages. Code : https://github.com/abraich/COVID-19

In this article we present a naive model for the prediction of the number of COVID-19 infections, with illustrations of real data on the evolution of COVID-19 in France.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Sunqm-4: Using Full-QM Deduction and {N,n} QM’s Non-Born Probability Density 3D Map to Build a Complete Solar System with Orbital Movement

Authors: Yi Cao
Comments: 25 Pages.

In SunQM-3 series, we studied Solar {N,n} QM within the boundary of the traditional Schrodinger equation/solution and Born’s rule. In SunQM-4 series, we start to relax that boundary. In the current paper, for a planet in nLL QM state doing circular orbital movement, we deduced out (a full-QM deduced) |Φ(φ)|^2 * |T(t)|^2 for a planet’s time-dependent probability density in φ-dimension. To satisfy the well-known QM rule that a matter wave’s group velocity equals to 2x of its phase velocity, we have to define a non-Born calculation as |T(t)|^2 ∝ [exp(-i * ω(n,ph) * t)]^2 where ω(n,ph) is the phase angular frequency of a planet’s matter wave in φ-dimension. To obtain a physical meaningful |Φ(φ)|^2 * |T(t)|^2, we have to define a non-Born probability (NBP) density calculation as |Φ(φ)|^2 ∝ Φ(φ), or its φ-dimensional probability density function is directly proportional to its matter wave function. Combining with SunQM-3s11’s result, we built a complete Solar system with time-dependent circular orbital movement using the full-QM deduced non-Born probability density 3D map. This 3D probability density described a Solar system not only at planet’s Eigen description level, but also at any level of resolution (down to proton level, or up to the whole universe level). Therefore, we propose that “Simultaneous-Multi-Eigen-Description (SMED)” is one of many nature attributes of QM. We believe that by adding the non-Born calculation to Born calculation, the QM will become more self-consistent and more complete.
Category: Quantum Physics

Tendency of Motion Generating Gravity

Authors: Mihai Grumazescu
Comments: 6 Pages.

The author’s opinion is that gravity originates from a peculiar quantum property of matter called tendency of motion. Continuous motion is an innate property of mass, as Brownian motion shows. Nucleons are thought to be self-propelled particles constantly changing direction due to gravitational information called G-information. Mach’s principle can be viewed as a form of entanglement of all masses in the Universe exchanging G-information. Further, in the Earth’s reference system, gravity disruptors such as surrounding celestial bodies, forces other than gravity imparting acceleration to test bodies and thermogravity are discussed. Objects on Earth are lighter during high tides, when horizontally accelerated and when their temperature increases.
Category: Astrophysics

Early Evaluation and Effectiveness of Social Distancing Measures for Controlling COVID-19 Outbreaks

Authors: Vincenzo Nardozza
Comments: 8 Pages.

Based on real data, we study the effectiveness and we propose an early evaluation method for COVID-19 social distancing measures. Version v2 posted on 26/03/20. Version v3 posted on 26/04/20. In version v3 sections 7 and 8 have been added leaving unchanged previous sections.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Tunable Surface Plasmon Wave Plates

Authors: Amir Djalalian-Assl
Comments: 20 Pages.

The highest resonant transmission through an array of holes perforated in metallic screens occurs when the dielectric constant of the substrate, the superstrate and the hole are the same. Changes in the refractive index of the homogenous environment also produce the largest shift in resonances per refractive index unit. In this report, we first propose and apply a technique in realization of free standing bi-periodic array of holes perforated in a silver film. We then show both numerically and experimentally that shifts in (1,0) and (0,1) modes in response to changes in the refractive index of the surrounding dielectric provide a mechanism for realization of a miniaturized tunable quarter waveplate that operates in extraordinary optical transmission mode with a high throughput and a near unity state of circularly polarized light.
Category: Classical Physics

World Government Draft Constitution

Authors: Salvatore Gerard Micheal
Comments: 2 Pages.

a very brief document describing a world government and basic human rights
Category: General Science and Philosophy

The Feit-Thompson Conjecture and Cyclotomic Polynomials

Authors: Kaoru Motose
Comments: 2 Pages. Maybe the last replacement (7th): on 1 July 2020 in Japanease time.

We can see that Feit-Thompson conjecture is true using factorizations of cyclotomic polynomials on the finite prime fields.
Category: Number Theory

Electrons, Electric Fields and Currents: Houston, we have a Problem

Authors: David Lindsay Johnson
Comments: 13 pages, Figures 16 & 17 labeling correction made.

There are many of the unknowns, problems and inconsistencies related to electric charge, electric fields and electric currents, and that well-known Apollo 13 movie quote ‘Houston, we have a problem’ seems appropriate. This paper explores how a change of model for the electron can redress many of these problems so that Jack Swigert’s original assertion: ‘Houston, we’ve had a problem here’, indicating the problem has been resolved, can be used.
Category: Classical Physics

Dark Matter Axion Hunting Results

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 41 Pages.

Researchers at the Center for Axion and Precision Physics Research (CAPP), within the Institute for Basic Science (IBS, South Korea), have reported the first results of their search of axions, elusive, ultra-lightweight particles that are considered dark matter candidates. [27] The team found signatures of axion particles composed of Weyl-type electrons (Weyl fermions) in the correlated Weyl semimetal (TaSe4)2I. [26] If they exist, axions, among the candidates for dark matter particles, could interact with the matter comprising the universe, but at a much weaker extent than previously theorized. New, rigorous constraints on the properties of axions have been proposed by an international team of scientists. [25] The intensive, worldwide search for dark matter, the missing mass in the universe, has so far failed to find an abundance of dark, massive stars or scads of strange new weakly interacting particles, but a new candidate is slowly gaining followers and observational support. [24] "We invoke a different theory, the self-interacting dark matter model or SIDM, to show that dark matter self-interactions thermalize the inner halo, which ties ordinary dark matter and dark matter distributions together so that they behave like a collective unit." [23] Technology proposed 30 years ago to search for dark matter is finally seeing the light. [22] They're looking for dark matter-the stuff that theoretically makes up a quarter of our universe. [21] Results from its first run indicate that XENON1T is the most sensitive dark matter detector on Earth. [20] Scientists at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (JGU) in Germany have now come up with a new theory on how dark matter may have been formed shortly after the origin of the universe. [19]
Category: Astrophysics

On the Boltzmann Equation Applied in Various Sectors of String Theory and the Black Hole Entropy in Canonical Quantum Gravity and Superstring Theory

Authors: Michele Nardelli
Comments: 81 Pages.

In this paper we have showed the various applications of the Boltzmann equation in string theory and related topics
Category: Mathematical Physics

On the Lebesgue Integral and the Lebesgue Measure: Mathematical Applications in Some Sectors of Chern-Simons Theory and Yang-Mills Gauge Theory and Mathematical Connections with Some Sectors of String Theory and Number Theory

Authors: Michele Nardelli
Comments: 46 Pages.

In this paper, in the Section 1, we have described some equations and theorems concerning the Lebesgue integral and the Lebesgue measure. In the Section 2, we have described the possible mathematical applications, of Lebesgue integration, in some equations concerning various sectors of Chern-Simons theory and Yang-Mills gauge theory, precisely the two dimensional quantum Yang-Mills theory. In conclusion, in the Section 3, we have described also the possible mathematical connections with some sectors of String Theory and Number Theory, principally with some equations concerning the Ramanujan’s modular equations that are related to the physical vibrations of the bosonic strings and of the superstrings, some Ramanujan’s identities concerning π and the zeta strings.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Spin Memory Loss Interfaces

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 45 Pages.

Researchers at the University of Twente and Beijing Normal University have recently conducted a study investigating the parameter known as spin memory loss (SML) for a variety of different interfaces, using a combination of theoretical and computational methods. [32] They do this by using "excitons," electrically neutral quasiparticles that exist in insulators, semiconductors and in some liquids. [31] Researchers at ETH Zurich have now developed a method that makes it possible to couple such a spin qubit strongly to microwave photons. [30] Quantum dots that emit entangled photon pairs on demand could be used in quantum communication networks. [29] Researchers successfully integrated the systems-donor atoms and quantum dots. [28] A team of researchers including U of A engineering and physics faculty has developed a new method of detecting single photons, or light particles, using quantum dots. [27] Recent research from Kumamoto University in Japan has revealed that polyoxometalates (POMs), typically used for catalysis, electrochemistry, and photochemistry, may also be used in a technique for analyzing quantum dot (QD) photoluminescence (PL) emission mechanisms. [26] Researchers have designed a new type of laser called a quantum dot ring laser that emits red, orange, and green light. [25] The world of nanosensors may be physically small, but the demand is large and growing, with little sign of slowing. [24] In a joint research project, scientists from the Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy (MBI), the Technische Universität Berlin (TU) and the University of Rostock have managed for the first time to image free nanoparticles in a laboratory experiment using a highintensity laser source. [23] For the first time, researchers have built a nanolaser that uses only a single molecular layer, placed on a thin silicon beam, which operates at room temperature. [22] A team of engineers at Caltech has discovered how to use computer-chip manufacturing technologies to create the kind of reflective materials that make safety vests, running shoes, and road signs appear shiny in the dark. [21]
Category: Quantum Physics

Sensing Internal Organ Temperature

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 56 Pages.

A cheap, biocompatible white powder that luminesces when heated could be used for non-invasively monitoring the temperature of specific organs within the body. [37] The Internet of Things (IoT) is a technology classification that includes home appliances and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and actuators that connect and exchange data. One key IoT technology is optical fiber sensing. [36] In a pilot study, researchers from North Carolina State University and Haverford College have used naturally arising acoustic vibrations—or sound waves—to monitor the state of granular materials. [35]
Category: Physics of Biology

Perovskite Photodetectors Imaging

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 49 Pages.

Hence, state-of-the-art OIHP photodetectors can accelerate the translation of solution-processed photodetector applications from the laboratory to the imaging market. [31] University of California, Berkeley, scientists have created a blue light-emitting diode (LED) from a trendy new semiconductor material, halide perovskite, overcoming a major barrier to employing these cheap, easy-to-make materials in electronic devices. [30] KU Leuven researchers from the Roeffaers Lab and the Hofkens Group have now put forward a very promising direct X-ray detector design, based on a rapidly emerging halide perovskite semiconductor, with chemical formula Cs2AgBiBr6. [29] Physicists at Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) have proven that incoming light causes the electrons in warm perovskites to rotate, thus influencing the direction of the flow of electrical current. [28] Self-assembly and crystallisation of nanoparticles (NPs) is generally a complex process, based on the evaporation or precipitation of NP-building blocks. [27] New nanoparticle-based films that are more than 80 times thinner than a human hair may help to fill this need by providing materials that can holographically archive more than 1000 times more data than a DVD in a 10-by-10-centimeter piece of film. [26] Researches of scientists from South Ural State University are implemented within this area. [25] Following three years of extensive research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HU) physicist Dr. Uriel Levy and his team have created technology that will enable computers and all optic communication devices to run 100 times faster through terahertz microchips. [24] When the energy efficiency of electronics poses a challenge, magnetic materials may have a solution. [23]
Category: Quantum Physics

Nanoelectronics Quantum Processors

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 49 Pages.

Scientists of Far Eastern Federal University (FEFU, Vladivostok, Russia) together with colleagues from the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Beijing) have designed a platinum-cobalt-magnesium oxide microstructure coated by platinum that is capable of operating in three-valued logic mode (true/false/don't know). [29] Two research groups from ETH Zurich have developed a method that can simulate nanoelectronics devices and their properties realistically, quickly and efficiently. [28] Dispersible electrodes based on gold-coated magnetic nanoparticles modified with DNA can detect microRNA in unprocessed blood samples at extremely low concentrations and over a broad range-a first for sensors of this kind. [27] Engineers at the University of California San Diego have developed neutrophil "nanosponges" that can safely absorb and neutralize a variety of proteins that play a role in the progression of rheumatoid arthritis. [26] An international team of researchers has determined the function of a new family of proteins associated with cancer and autism. [25] In 2016, when we inaugurated our new IBM Research lab in Johannesburg, we took on this challenge and are reporting our first promising results at Health Day at the KDD Data Science Conference in London this month. [24] The research group took advantage of a system at SLAC's Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL) that combines machine learning-a form of artificial intelligence where computer algorithms glean knowledge from enormous amounts of data-with experiments that quickly make and screen hundreds of sample materials at a time. [23] Researchers at the UCLA Samueli School of Engineering have demonstrated that deep learning, a powerful form of artificial intelligence, can discern and enhance microscopic details in photos taken by smartphones. [22] Such are the big questions behind one of the new projects underway at the MIT-IBM Watson AI Laboratory, a collaboration for research on the frontiers of artificial intelligence. [21] The possibility of cognitive nuclear-spin processing came to Fisher in part through studies performed in the 1980s that reported a remarkable lithium isotope dependence on the behavior of mother rats. [20]
Category: Quantum Physics

How do I ... Develop an Online Research Seminar?

Authors: Henry Adams
Comments: 4 Pages.

Developing an online research seminar requires work, trial and error, and the willingness to experiment with something new. There are multiple benefits to running a seminar online: an online seminar is accessible to a more diverse audience, does not negatively impact climate change, and brings together members of a community who otherwise might not interact. This article gives my tips for running an online research seminar, describes an online seminar that I co-direct, and links to other online seminars and resources.
Category: Education and Didactics

Quantum Entanglement Nonlocality

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 72 Pages.

In quantum mechanics, the result of the interaction is entanglement—the appearance of non-classical correlations in the system. It seems that quantum theory allows entanglement of independent particles without any contact. [44] A German-Austrian research team is now presenting the largest entangled quantum register of individually controllable systems to date, consisting of a total of 20 quantum bits. [43]
Category: Quantum Physics

Relativistic Expansion of the Universe, Versus the Big Bang

Authors: Michael Singer
Comments: 2 Pages.

This paper looks at Einstein’s 1917 paper on the field equations for general relativity, in particular the equations’ prediction that the Universe is expanding, made years before the Universe was actually found to be expanding. We examine the real-world consequences of these equations. Next, we look at the theory of the development of the “Big Bang” hypothesis as the origin of the expanding Universe. Finally, we compare the two theories with current measurement.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Supplement: The Hologram World

Authors: Dan Visser
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this article some extra ‘in-views’ are explained related to my article “the Hologram World” and former of my articles. Version 1 is overruled by version 2.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Synchronization Sensing Oscillators

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 60 Pages.

Engineers at the Tokyo Tech have found a new approach to taking a measurement over an extended area. The technique is based on coupled chaotic oscillators, which are highly sensitive electronic circuits that can interact wirelessly through low-frequency, low-power electromagnetic coupling. [38] A cheap, biocompatible white powder that luminesces when heated could be used for non-invasively monitoring the temperature of specific organs within the body. [37] The Internet of Things (IoT) is a technology classification that includes home appliances and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and actuators that connect and exchange data. One key IoT technology is optical fiber sensing. [36] In a pilot study, researchers from North Carolina State University and Haverford College have used naturally arising acoustic vibrations-or sound waves-to monitor the state of granular materials. [35]
Category: Quantum Physics

Gravitons from Ferent wall Created the Universe; Gravitons from Black holes Destroy the Universe

Authors: Adrian Ferent
Comments: 510 Pages. © 2014 Adrian Ferent

“Gravitons from Ferent wall Created the Universe; Gravitons from Black holes Destroy the Universe” Adrian Ferent “The Universe began at Planck wall from Dark Matter” Adrian Ferent “6 years ago I was the first who went beyond the Planck wall and I discovered the Ferent wall and Dark Matter” Adrian Ferent “Gravitons from Ferent wall Created the Universe” Adrian Ferent “Gravitons from Black holes Destroy the Universe” Adrian Ferent “The Big Bang and Big Crunch oscillation, from Ferent wall not from Planck wall” Adrian Ferent
Category: Astrophysics

Differential Equations for Conic Section. Revision 5

Authors: Viktor Strohm
Comments: 9 Pages.

: The movement of a point along an ellipse under the action of a generalized force is studied. A well-known differential equation of second-order curves with respect to the focus is derived. Similar arguments are made for the differential equation of second-order curves with respect to the center. Received constant linear velocity for the motion along the ellipse. A comparison is made with the constant of Kepler's third law.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Exciting Excitons in Phosphorene

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 46 Pages.

Now, scientists from the Femtosecond Spectroscopy Unit at the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) have shed light on how excitons—an excited state of matter at the core of optoelectronics—move and interact within phosphorene. Researchers at ANU recently proved a novel method for generating orbital angular momentum states (vortices), with a topological charge that is ensured by an exceptional point. [29] To build tomorrow's quantum computers, some researchers are turning to dark excitons, which are bound pairs of an electron and the absence of an electron called a hole. [27] Concerning the development of quantum memories for the realization of global quantum networks, scientists of the Quantum Dynamics Division led by Professor Gerhard Rempe at the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics (MPQ) have now achieved a major breakthrough: they demonstrated the long-lived storage of a photonic qubit on a single atom trapped in an optical resonator. [26] Achieving strong light-matter interaction at the quantum level has always been a central task in quantum physics since the emergence of quantum information and quantum control. [25] Operation at the single-photon level raises the possibility of developing entirely new communication and computing devices, ranging from hardware random number generators to quantum computers. [24] Considerable interest in new single-photon detector technologies has been scaling in this past decade. [23] Engineers develop key mathematical formula for driving quantum experiments. [22] Physicists are developing quantum simulators, to help solve problems that are beyond the reach of conventional computers. [21] Engineers at Australia's University of New South Wales have invented a radical new architecture for quantum computing, based on novel 'flip-flop qubits', that promises to make the large-scale manufacture of quantum chips dramatically cheaper-and easier-than thought possible. [20]
Category: Condensed Matter

Magnetic Field using Laser Pulses

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 22 Pages.

A combined team of researchers from the University of Ottawa and National Research Council Canada has developed a new way to generate rapid strong magnetic fields using laser pulses. [13] Conventional electron accelerators have become an indispensable tool in modern research. [12] An outstanding conundrum on what happens to the laser energy after beams are fired into plasma has been solved in newly-published research at the University of Strathclyde. [11]
Category: Quantum Physics

Tiny Optical Microscope

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 52 Pages.

Imagine shrinking a microscope, integrating it with a chip and using it to observe inside living cells in real time. [33] Optical scintillation imaging is proving feasible as a quality assurance (QA) tool for small static beams and for pre-treatment verification of radiosurgery and volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans. [32] Tweaking the design of microring sensors enhances their sensitivity without adding more implementation complexity. [31] Large-scale plasmonic metasurfaces could find use in flat panel displays and other devices that can change colour thanks to recent work by researchers at the University of Cambridge in the UK. [30] Particles in solution can grow, transport, collide, interact, and aggregate into complex shapes and structures. [29] Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) researchers are working to make better electronic devices by delving into the way nanocrystals are arranged inside of them. [28] Self-assembly and crystallisation of nanoparticles (NPs) is generally a complex process, based on the evaporation or precipitation of NP-building blocks. [27] New nanoparticle-based films that are more than 80 times thinner than a human hair may help to fill this need by providing materials that can holographically archive more than 1000 times more data than a DVD in a 10-by-10-centimeter piece of film. [26] Researches of scientists from South Ural State University are implemented within this area. [25] Following three years of extensive research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HU) physicist Dr. Uriel Levy and his team have created technology that will enable computers and all optic communication devices to run 100 times faster through terahertz microchips. [24] When the energy efficiency of electronics poses a challenge, magnetic materials may have a solution. [23]
Category: Quantum Physics

Абсолютная Система Отсчёта и Специальная теория относительности. Статья 2. /// the Absolute Reference System and Special Relativity. Article 2. (Ru)

Authors: A.V. Antipin
Comments: 16 Pages. Это статья на РУССКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

Эта статья является второй из планируемых трёх статей. В данной статье, СТРОГО в рамках формализма Специальной теории относительности, вводится физически выделенная, Абсолютная Система Отсчёта, которой является Вселенная без каких-либо изъятий. Эта гипотеза предложена для возвращения в Науку понятия Времени, которое «исчезает», если строго следовать современной трактовке СТО (см. Статью 1 [А20]). При указанном подходе Квантовая механика и Общая теория относительности могут считаться логическими потомками Специальной теории относительности. /// This article is the second of three planned articles. In this article, STRICTLY within the framework of the formalism of Special relativity, we introduce a physically specified, Absolute Reference System, which is the Universe without any exceptions. This hypothesis is proposed for the return to Science of the concept of Time, which "disappears" if strictly follow the modern interpretation of Special relativity (see Article 1 [A20]). With the approach of Quantum mechanics and General relativity can be considered as the logical descendants of the Special theory of relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Some Ramanujan Equations: Further Possible Mathematical Connections with ϕ, ζ(2), Several Equations of Highly Effective Actions and Modular Invariance in Superstring Theory from N = 4 Super-Yang Mills

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 136 Pages.

In this paper we have described some Ramanujan equations and obtained new possible mathematical connections with ϕ, ζ(2), several equations of Highly Effective Actions and Modular Invariance in Superstring Theory From N = 4 Super Yang Mills
Category: Mathematical Physics

Coronavirus Propagación en Argentina

Authors: Carlos Alejabdro Chiappini
Comments: 3 Pages.

Un cálculo breve, que permite tomar conciencia precisa respecto al avance feroz del Coronavirus.
Category: Education and Didactics

On The Fragility of Empires and Paradigms

Authors: N Chandra Wickramasinghe, Edward J Steele, Reginald M Gorczynski, Robert Temple, Gensuke Tokoro, Daryl H. Wallis, Brig Klyce
Comments: 2 Pages.

Letter to Editor: On the fragility of empires and paradigms with particular reference to the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic
Category: Physics of Biology

Why? the Big Bang? Decisions? the Infinite and Mathematical Induction? the Relationship Between Black Holes and Logic

Authors: John Peel
Comments: 20 Pages.

The role of densities in connection to logic in previous papers is examined. The structure of equations and logical structure of black holes is expounded. There may be a way of experimentally testing.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Giant-Impact Hypothesis Supports "Mars Immigration Theory" (Iii)

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 19 Pages.

The Giant-impact hypothesis suggests that, The Earth Moon is formed from the ejects of a collision between the proto-Earth and a Mars-sized planet…etc I suggest the following theory: -Mars itself had collided The Earth and not another planet. how that is happened? -Mars original orbital distance =84 mkm, and Mars had to move from it to its new orbital distance =227.9 mkm – i.e. - Mars had to move from 84 mk to 227.9 mk. -Through Mars motion – Mars had collided Venus (at first) and Earth (at Second) -Mars had moved pushing by a strong force from 84 mkm to 227.9 mkm and that caused the collisions debris (and ejects) to move with Mars in the same motion – -Venus has no Moon –because the debris had to move with Mars in the same motion, But because Earth Mass is greater than Venus & Mars and because the debris lost their high motion momentum, Earth could controlled some of these debris and created its moon by them – the rest debris still moved with Mars -Mars could attract its 2 small moons from these debris How to prove this story? By 3 following questions: (1st question) Was Mars Original Orbital Distance = 84 mkm really? how to prove? (2nd question) Is Mars Motion from (84 mkm) to (227.9 mkm) an unique motion? (3rd question) What are the results which prove this motion occurrence? These questions will be discussed– but let's summarize the (3rd question) Answer: Mars Immigration Results: 1- Mars Diameter Decreasing 2- The Asteroid Belt Creation. Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

Energy-Efficient Quantum Electronics

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 29 Pages.

Scientists have made a breakthrough in the development of a new generation of electronics that will require less power and generate less heat. [22] UCLA researchers and colleagues have designed a new device that creates electricity from falling snow. [21] Two-dimensional (2-D) semiconductors are promising for quantum computing and future electronics. Now, researchers can convert metallic gold into semiconductor and customize the material atom-by-atom on boron nitride nanotubes. [20] U.S. Naval Research Laboratory scientists have developed and patented the fabrication of transparent, luminescent material they say could give smartphone and television screens flexible, stretchable, and shatterproof properties. [19]
Category: Quantum Physics

Liquid Surface Tension. Forms of Hanging and Sitting Drops

Authors: Oleg G. Verin
Comments: 19 Pages.

The surface tension of a liquid is associated with many effects such as capillary forces, meniscus formation at walls of a vessel containing liquid, shaping of drops of liquid, etc. In a basis of these physical phenomena are interatomic and intermolecular forces both inside of a liquid and on the surfaces of contact of a liquid with environment and solid substances. It is confirmed by the evident and well-known interrelation of surface tension with vaporation heat of liquids. Researches of apparently quite clear physical phenomena in liquids with the purpose to get more exact and detailed knowledge are caused by requirements of modern techniques and technologies development. It concerns in full with studying of liquids properties in a drop state. In given article the solution method of a problem on the form of a drop of liquid in the gravitational field, convenient for the numerical solution on modern computers, specifically is presented. Examples of this problem solution are offered and some characteristic results are shown.
Category: Condensed Matter

On the Possible Math Connections Between the H-Hawking no Boundary Proposal Concerning the Randall-Sundrum Cosmological Scenario, H-H W-Function in the Mini-Superspace Sector of Superstring Theory, P-Adic H-H W-Function and Some Sectors of Number Theory

Authors: Michele Nardelli
Comments: 58 Pages.

In this paper we have described the Hartle-Hawking no boundary proposal concerning the Randall- Sundrum cosmological scenario, nonlocal braneworld action in the two-brane Randall-Sundrum model, Hartle-Hawking wave-function in the mini-superspace sector of physical superstring theory, p-adic models in the Hartle-Hawking proposal and p-adic and adelic wave functions of the universe. Furthermore, we have showed some possible mathematical connections between some equations of these arguments and, in conclusion, we have also described some mathematical connections between some equations of arguments above mentioned and some equations concerning the Riemann zeta function, the Ramanujan’s modular equations and the Palumbo-Nardelli model
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Mathematical Theory of Black Holes. Mathematical Connections with Some Sectors of String Theory and Number Theory

Authors: Michele Nardelli
Comments: 30 Pages.

In this paper we have described in the Section 1, some equations concerning the stellar evolution and their stability. In the Section 2, we have described some equations concerning the perturbations of Schwarschild black-hole, the Reissner-Nordstrom solution and the Schwarzschild geometry in D = d + 1 dimensions. Furthermore, in these sections, we have showed the mathematical connections with some sectors of Number Theory, principally with the Ramanujan’s modular equations and the aurea ratio (or golden ratio)
Category: Mathematical Physics

Graphite Nanoplatelets Kill Bacteria

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 72 Pages.

Graphite nanoplatelets integrated into plastic medical surfaces can prevent infections, killing 99.99 per cent of bacteria which try to attach—a cheap and viable potential solution to a problem which affects millions, costs huge amounts of time and money, and accelerates antibiotic resistance. [43] Researchers at The University of Manchester in the UK, led by Dr. Artem Mishchenko, Prof Volodya Fal'ko and Prof Andre Geim, have discovered the quantum Hall effect in bulk graphite—a layered crystal consisting of stacked graphene layers. [42] Light particles normally do not "feel" each other because there is no interaction acting between them. Researchers at ETH have now succeeded in manipulating photons inside a semiconductor material in such a way as to make them repel each other nevertheless. [41]
Category: Physics of Biology

Antibody Mimetics

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 43 Pages.

Antibodies are proteins that act as recognition molecules for pathogens, like viruses and bacteria, and are the workhorses of the body's immune system. [27] According to the World Health Organization, one of the biggest health threats around the world is antibiotic-resistant bacteria. [26] Researchers at the University of Illinois at Chicago have identified a molecular switch that causes immune cells called macrophages to clean up cellular debris caused by infections instead of contributing to inflammation and tissue injury. [25]
Category: Physics of Biology

Graphene Cancer DNA Detector

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 68 Pages.

Graphene-based biosensors could usher in an era of liquid biopsy, detecting DNA cancer markers circulating in a patient's blood or serum. [37] What we learned in this study is extremely useful in designing new drugs because it tells us which areas to target to block the checkpoint protein's function." [36] Now, in a watershed advance, engineers at the University of California, Riverside, in collaboration with researchers at City of Hope National Medical Center, have invented a device that holds potential for mass-producing engineered cells at lower cost, a tipping point for these lifesaving therapies. [35]
Category: Physics of Biology

Bacteria Carry Microscopic Cargo

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 27 Pages.

In a paper published in Nature Physics, researchers at the Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, in collaboration with groups in U.S. and U.K., have now reported doing just that. They have found a way to control bacteria to transport microscopic cargo. [16] Biochemists at the University of Illinois have isolated a protein supercomplex from a bacterial membrane that, like a battery, generates a voltage across the bacterial membrane. [15] Scientists from Moscow State University (MSU) working with an international team of researchers have identified the structure of one of the key regions of telomerase-a so-called "cellular immortality" ribonucleoprotein. [14] Researchers from Tokyo Metropolitan University used a light-sensitive iridium-palladium catalyst to make "sequential" polymers, using visible light to change how building blocks are combined into polymer chains. [13] Researchers have fused living and non-living cells for the first time in a way that allows them to work together, paving the way for new applications. [12] UZH researchers have discovered a previously unknown way in which proteins interact with one another and cells organize themselves. [11] Dr Martin Sweatman from the University of Edinburgh's School of Engineering has discovered a simple physical principle that might explain how life started on Earth. [10] Nearly 75 years ago, Nobel Prize-winning physicist Erwin Schrödinger wondered if the mysterious world of quantum mechanics played a role in biology. A recent finding by Northwestern University's Prem Kumar adds further evidence that the answer might be yes. [9] A UNSW Australia-led team of researchers has discovered how algae that survive in very low levels of light are able to switch on and off a weird quantum phenomenon that occurs during photosynthesis. [8] This paper contains the review of quantum entanglement investigations in living systems, and in the quantum mechanically modeled photoactive prebiotic kernel systems. [7] The human body is a constant flux of thousands of chemical/biological interactions and processes connecting molecules, cells, organs, and fluids, throughout the brain, body, and nervous system. Up until recently it was thought that all these interactions operated in a linear sequence, passing on information much like a runner passing the baton to the next runner. However, the latest findings in quantum biology and biophysics have discovered that there is in fact a tremendous degree of coherence within all living systems. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the Wave-Particle Duality and the electron's spin also, building the Bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions by the diffraction patterns. The Weak Interaction changes the diffraction patterns by moving the electric charge from one side to the other side of the diffraction pattern, which violates the CP and Time reversal symmetry. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the Relativistic Quantum Theory and making possible to understand the Quantum Biology.
Category: Physics of Biology

Wireless Smartphone Communications

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 87 Pages.

Researchers at Los Alamos National Laboratory are reinventing the mirror, at least for microwaves, potentially replacing the familiar 3-D dishes and microwave horns we see on rooftops and cell towers with flat panels that are compact, versatile, and better adapted for modern communication technologies. [52] Researchers from the University of Tokyo developed a new system to charge electronic devices such as smartphones and smartwatches wirelessly. [51] The ultrathin digital camera offers a wide field of view and high resolution in a slimmer body compared to existing imaging systems. [50] The special feature of the Kiel system is its extremely high temporal resolution of 13 femtoseconds. [49] Physical systems with discrete energy levels are ubiquitous in nature and form fundamental building blocks of quantum technology. [48] In a similar vein, scientists are working to create twisting helical electromagnetic waves whose curvature allows more accurate imaging of the magnetic properties of different materials at the atomic level and could possibly lead to the development of future devices. [47] In a recent study, materials scientists Guojin Liang and his coworkers at the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, have developed a self-healing, electroluminescent (EL) device that can repair or heal itself after damage. [46] A team of researchers based at The University of Manchester have found a low cost method for producing graphene printed electronics, which significantly speeds up and reduces the cost of conductive graphene inks. [45] Graphene-based computer components that can deal in terahertz "could be used, not in a normal Macintosh or PC, but perhaps in very advanced computers with high processing rates," Ozaki says. This 2-D material could also be used to make extremely high-speed nanodevices, he adds. [44] Printed electronics use standard printing techniques to manufacture electronic devices on different substrates like glass, plastic films, and paper. [43]
Category: Quantum Physics

Nanoscale Device Mimic Human Brain

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 52 Pages.

In a paper published in Nature Nanotechnology on 23 March 2020, the researchers from the NUS Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Initiative (NUSNNI) reported the invention of a nanoscale device based on a unique material platform that can achieve optimal digital in-memory computing while being extremely energy efficient. [35] University of Central Florida researchers are helping to close the gap separating human and machine minds. [34] Brain-machine interfaces provide one way to connect with this puzzling organ system, including the brain. [33]
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Brain-Mimicking Processing Systems

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 34 Pages.

This pioneering work on neuromorphic electronic circuits inspired researchers in Germany and Switzerland to explore the possibility of reproducing the physics of real neural circuits by using the physics of silicon. [22] A computer built to mimic the brain's neural networks produces similar results to that of the best brain-simulation supercomputer software currently used for neural-signaling research, finds a new study published in the open-access journal Frontiers in Neuroscience. [21]
Category: Digital Signal Processing

Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 60 Pages.

Biohydrogels—biomaterials composed of polymer chains dispersed in water—have been studied closely by researchers for their potential use in biomedical applications, such as in tissue repair, as surgical sealants, and in 3-D biofabrication. [33] It will enable Australian researchers to do more ambitious research despite the increasing radio-frequency interference from radio transmitters, make more discoveries, and perhaps understand some more of the mysteries of the universe. [32]
Category: Physics of Biology

Dark Matter Search with Gravitational Lensing and Gamma Rays

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 20 Pages.

A comparison of data from gravitational lensing and gamma-ray observations has revealed that regions of the sky with greater concentrations of matter emit more gamma rays. [19] According to a new study, they could also potentially detect dark matter, if dark matter is composed of a particular kind of particle called a "dark photon." [18] A global team of scientists, including two University of Mississippi physicists, has found that the same instruments used in the historic discovery of gravitational waves caused by colliding black holes could help unlock the secrets of dark matter, a mysterious and as-yet-unobserved component of the universe. [17] The lack of so-called "dark photons" in electron-positron collision data rules out scenarios in which these hypothetical particles explain the muon's magnetic moment. [16] By reproducing the complexity of the cosmos through unprecedented simulations, a new study highlights the importance of the possible behaviour of very high-energy photons. In their journey through intergalactic magnetic fields, such photons could be transformed into axions and thus avoid being absorbed. [15] Scientists have detected a mysterious X-ray signal that could be caused by dark matter streaming out of our Sun's core. Hidden photons are predicted in some extensions of the Standard Model of particle physics, and unlike WIMPs they would interact electromagnetically with normal matter. In particle physics and astrophysics, weakly interacting massive particles, or WIMPs, are among the leading hypothetical particle physics candidates for dark matter. The gravitational force attracting the matter, causing concentration of the matter in a small space and leaving much space with low matter concentration: dark matter and energy. There is an asymmetry between the mass of the electric charges, for example proton and electron, can understood by the asymmetrical Planck Distribution Law. This temperature dependent energy distribution is asymmetric around the maximum intensity, where the annihilation of matter and antimatter is a high probability event. The asymmetric sides are creating different frequencies of electromagnetic radiations being in the same intensity level and compensating each other. One of these compensating ratios is the electron-proton mass ratio. The lower energy side has no compensating intensity level, it is the dark energy and the corresponding matter is the dark matter.
Category: Astrophysics

Superconductivity in Meteorites

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 35 Pages.

"We invoke a different theory, the self-interacting dark matter model or SIDM, to show that dark matter self-interactions thermalize the inner halo, which ties ordinary dark matter and dark matter distributions together so that they behave like a collective unit." [23] Technology proposed 30 years ago to search for dark matter is finally seeing the light. [22] They're looking for dark matter-the stuff that theoretically makes up a quarter of our universe. [21] Results from its first run indicate that XENON1T is the most sensitive dark matter detector on Earth. [20] Scientists at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (JGU) in Germany have now come up with a new theory on how dark matter may have been formed shortly after the origin of the universe. [19] Map of dark matter made from gravitational lensing measurements of 26 million galaxies in the Dark Energy Survey. [18] CfA astronomers Annalisa Pillepich and Lars Hernquist and their colleagues compared gravitationally distorted Hubble images of the galaxy cluster Abell 2744 and two other clusters with the results of computer simulations of dark matter haloes. [17] In a paper published July 20 in the journal Physical Review Letters, an international team of cosmologists uses data from the intergalactic medium-the vast, largely empty space between galaxies-to narrow down what dark matter could be. [16] But a new hypothesis might have gotten us closer to figuring out its identity, because physicists now suspect that dark matter has been changing forms this whole time-from ghostly particles in the Universe's biggest structures, to a strange, superfluid state at smaller scales. And we might soon have the tools to confirm it. [15] Superfluids may exist inside neutron stars, and some researchers have speculated that space-time itself may be a superfluid. So why shouldn't dark matter have a superfluid phase, too? [14] "The best result on dark matter so far-and we just got started." This is how scientists behind XENON1T, now the most sensitive dark matter experiment worldwide , commented on their first result from a short 30-day run presented today to the scientific community. [13] The gravitational force attracting the matter, causing concentration of the matter in a small space and leaving much space with low matter concentration: dark matter and energy. There is an asymmetry between the mass of the electric charges, for example proton and electron, can understood by the asymmetrical Planck Distribution Law. This temperature dependent energy distribution is asymmetric around the maximum intensity, where the annihilation of matter and antimatter is a high probability event. The asymmetric sides are creating different frequencies of electromagnetic radiations being in the same intensity level and compensating each other. One of these compensating ratios is the electron-proton mass ratio. The lower energy side has no compensating intensity level, it is the dark energy and the corresponding matter is the dark matter. SIMPs would resolve certain discrepancies between simulations of the distribution of dark matter, like this one, and the observed properties of the galaxies. In particle physics and astrophysics, weakly interacting massive particles, or WIMPs, are among the leading hypothetical particle physics candidates for dark matter.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Link Between the Structure of a-Branes Observed in the Homological Mirror Symmetry and the Classical Theory of Automorphic Forms: Mathematical Connections with the Modular Elliptic Curves, P-Adic and Adelic Numbers and P-Adic and Adelic Strings.

Authors: Michele Nardelli
Comments: 64 Pages.

This paper is a review of some interesting results that has been obtained in the study of the categories of A-branes on the dual Hitchin fibers and some interesting phenomena associated with the endoscopy in the geometric Langlands correspondence of various authoritative theoretical physicists and mathematicians. The geometric Langlands correspondence has been interpreted as the mirror symmetry of the Hitchin fibrations for two dual reductive groups. This mirror symmetry reduces to T-duality on the generic Hitchin fibers. Also from this work we’ve showed that can be obtained interesting and new mathematical connections with some sectors of Number Theory and String Theory, principally with the modular elliptic curves, p-adic and adelic numbers and p-adic and adelic strings.
Category: Mathematical Physics

On Some Mathematical Connections Concerning 3-D Pure Quantum Gravity with Negative Cosmological Constant, Selberg Zeta-Function, 10-D Anomaly Cancellations, Vanishing of Cosmological Constant and Some Sectors of String Theory and Number Theory

Authors: Michele Nardelli
Comments: 81 Pages.

This paper is a review of some interesting results that has been obtained in the study of the quantum gravity partition functions in three-dimensions, in the Selberg zeta function, in the vanishing of cosmological constant and in the ten-dimensional anomaly cancellations.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Superconductor Time-Reversal Symmetry

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 20 Pages.

Researchers at the University of Notre Dame and Northwestern University, however, recently set out to gather new evidence for the chiral superconductivity of the material UPt3, moving beyond surface measurements at conditions with a zero magnetic field. [32] Researchers from Tokyo Metropolitan University have found that crystals of a recently discovered superconducting material, a layered bismuth chalcogenide with a four-fold symmetric structure, shows only two-fold symmetry in its superconductivity. [31]
Category: Quantum Physics

Linshipxd: Our Future on the Moon and Beyond

Authors: Anhelina Kharchenko, Neel Adwani, Catherine Simpson, Subham Barik, Salome Urien
Comments: 14 Pages.

Locating and mining resources is vital for sustaining human life on the moon. Without oxygen, water, food and, materials, astronauts would not be able to stay in orbit for long periods of time. Successfully gaining these resources is vital for sustaining human presence on the Moon and exploration. Unless human beings go into space with the ability to independently manufacture infrastructure, robots etc., they won’t be self sufficient. They will rely on these items being launched into space from earth which is both expensive and damaging to the environment. Building safe and fit for purpose infrastructure is paramount for human life on the Moon. Infrastructure must be able to withstand environmental hazards and enable astronauts to undertake everything from daily menial tasks to complex science experiments. Finally, ensuring that all our proposed solutions are sustainable on both the earth and the moon is important to us. We want future generations to have the same access to resources or better than we have now.
Category: Astrophysics

Prediction of Daily Contagions of Covid-19 from March 03 to June 01 in Sicily , a Region of Italy

Authors: Calogero Rinzivillo, Sergio Conte, Elio Conte
Comments: 2 Pages.

We study a fractal model for prediction of Covid-19 contagions from March 03 to June 01 in Sicily, a region of Italy . We obtain that the time of the peak is estimated to be at March 20-25 and the number of contagions will be about 3130 cases
Category: Quantitative Biology

Antena Bibanda VHF-UHF Alto Rendimiento Tamaño 33 cm

Authors: Carlos Alejandro Chiappini
Comments: 6 Pages.

Con un tamaño de 33 cm y muy bajo costo de construcción, esta antena alcanza en ciudad plena y densa 10 Km en línea recta para potencia de 1 Watt, ofreciendo una buena calidad de transmisión y de recepción . Con 5 Watt el alcance se amplía a 20 Km en línea recta, manteniendo la buena calidad de comunicación. Es apta para ambos usos, con un handy y como antena fija de una estación.
Category: Classical Physics

Ultrafast Processes of Single Molecules

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 32 Pages.

Markus Koch, head of the research group Femtosecond Dynamics at the Institute of Experimental Physics at TU Graz, and his team develop new methods for time-resolved femtosecond laser spectroscopy to investigate ultrafast processes in molecular systems. [21] Each individual molecule can conduct electrons. This phenomenon is interesting because the conducting molecules produce unique quantum properties that could potentially be useful in electronics such as transistors, superconducting switches and gas sensors. [20] Thermoelectric materials can use thermal differences to generate electricity. Now there is an inexpensive and environmentally friendly way of producing them with the simplest tools: a pencil, photocopy paper, and conductive paint. [19] A team of researchers with the University of California and SRI International has developed a new type of cooling device that is both portable and efficient. [18] Thermal conductivity is one of the most crucial physical properties of matter when it comes to understanding heat transport, hydrodynamic evolution and energy balance in systems ranging from astrophysical objects to fusion plasmas. [17] Researchers from the Theory Department of the MPSD have realized the control of thermal and electrical currents in nanoscale devices by means of quantum local observations. [16] Physicists have proposed a new type of Maxwell's demon-the hypothetical agent that extracts work from a system by decreasing the system's entropy-in which the demon can extract work just by making a measurement, by taking advantage of quantum fluctuations and quantum superposition. [15] Pioneering research offers a fascinating view into the inner workings of the mind of 'Maxwell's Demon', a famous thought experiment in physics. [14] For more than a century and a half of physics, the Second Law of Thermodynamics, which states that entropy always increases, has been as close to inviolable as any law we know. In this universe, chaos reigns supreme. [13] Physicists have shown that the three main types of engines (four-stroke, twostroke, and continuous) are thermodynamically equivalent in a certain quantum regime, but not at the classical level. [12]
Category: Quantum Physics

The Area Method and Applications

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 12 Pages.

In this paper we develop a general method for estimating correlations of the forms \begin{align}\sum \limits_{n\leq x}G(n)G(x-n),\nonumber \end{align}and \begin{align}\sum \limits_{n\leq x}G(n)G(n+l)\nonumber \end{align}for a fixed $1\leq l\leq x$ and where $G:\mathbb{N}\longrightarrow \mathbb{R}^{+}$. To distinguish between the two types of correlations, we call the first \textbf{type} $2$ correlation and the second \textbf{type} $1$ correlation. As an application we estimate the lower bound for the \textbf{type} $2$ correlation of the master function given by \begin{align}\sum \limits_{n\leq x}\Upsilon(n)\Upsilon(n+l_0)\geq (1+o(1))\frac{x}{2\mathcal{C}(l_0)}\log \log ^2x,\nonumber \end{align}provided $\Upsilon(n)\Upsilon(n+l_0)>0$. We also use this method to provide a first proof of the twin prime conjecture by showing that \begin{align}\sum \limits_{n\leq x}\Lambda(n)\Lambda(n+2)\geq (1+o(1))\frac{x}{2\mathcal{C}(2)}\nonumber \end{align}for some $\mathcal{C}:=\mathcal{C}(2)>0$.
Category: Number Theory

Possible Treatment of Corona-Virus and Other Viruses by Stable Isotopes and Electromagnetic Fields and Waves

Authors: Reginald B. Little
Comments: 16 Pages.

A new theory is introduced for selectively inactivating viruses in particular the corona viruses on the basis of feeding the viruses nonprimordial isotopes of 13C, 15N, 17O, 25Mg and 33S and some other nonprimordial isotopes of essential elements with also 1H and 14N and 31P for isotopically sensitizing the RNAs and proteins of the viruses (by the resulting nonzero nuclear magnetic moments) for stimulating the sensitized viruses by external static magnetic fields and electric fields and dynamic magnetic fields and electric fields for rotating and shaking the viral RNAs and proteins to cause inactivation of the viruses and to induce and control mutations in the viruses via the external and internal magnetic fields and waves.
Category: Physics of Biology

Missing Link for Quantum Internet

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 42 Pages.

Now, Harvard and MIT researchers have found a way to correct for signal loss with a prototype quantum node that can catch, store and entangle bits of quantum information. [28] This proposal represents a new step towards quantum information networks, since it sets a solid theoretical framework on what is physically possible in the field of automated classification and distribution of quantum information. [27] Researchers from QuTech have achieved a world's first in quantum internet technology. [26] The achievement represents a major step towards a "quantum internet," in which future computers can rapidly and securely send and receive quantum information. [25] Scientists have used precisely tuned pulses of laser light to film the ultrafast rotation of a molecule. [24] Recently, researchers have been investigating how these quantum fingerprints might one day be used as an inexpensive form of ID to protect users' personal information for technologies in the emerging network of internet-connected devices known as the Internet of Things. [23]
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Lorentz Covariance of Conservation Law for Moving System.

Authors: Ella Su
Comments: 18 Pages. Lots of equations,2 figures and 1 table.

The generalized conservation law is given by Noether's theorem, the conservation law of momentum is given based on the symmetry of space translation, the conservation law of energy is given based on the symmetry of time translation, and the conservation law of angular momentum is given based on the isotropy of space.However, we all know that in the Lorentz transformation, the space-time between two frames of reference of relative uniform motion is not equivalent conversion, which means that the conservation law maybe not meet the precondition of symmetry of translation.In this paper, by establishing the Lorentz transformation equations of work and impulse between reference frames,I deduce some physical quantities cannot keep their symmetry in Lorentz transformation, and discuss the conditions for the law of conservation of dynamics is covariant. By applying the equations of the Lorentz transformation, a new Lorentz covariate is obtained.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Organism Rides on a Pattern of Waves

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 46 Pages.

Now MIT scientists have taken a detailed look at the pattern of these waves, produced on the surface of starfish eggs. [34] A new way of detecting chemicals secreted by stem cells as they differentiate into bone cells could make it possible to electrically monitor the differentiation process in real time. [33] University of Groningen scientists, led by Associate Professor of Chemical Biology Giovanni Maglia, have designed a nanopore system that is capable of measuring different metabolites simultaneously in a variety of biological fluids, all in a matter of seconds. [32]
Category: Physics of Biology

The Role of Fourier Analysis in Decisions Fitting the Standard Normal to Resonance the Author Believes Decisions Are Crucial.

Authors: John Peel
Comments: 20 Pages. see previoous papers for further "information"

Relativity and consciousness may be closely aligned - The author attempts, in a simple, layman way to show that time is a non - linear construct but coinicides with the gamma function in relativity - the author apologises for any algebra mistakes etc but believes physics is as much about philosophy as mathematics --
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Random Thoughts on Neural Networks from the Views of Data Space Transformation and Ensemble Classification

Authors: Qing Tian, Guangjun Tian
Comments: 4 Pages. In Chinese

This manuscript sketch first describes neural networks’ effect from the perspective of data space transformation, which is transforming data in a complicated raw space into an easily (e.g. linearly) separable space. We use a simple paper wrapping example to illustrate this point. In addition, this sketch also discusses some similarities between neural networks and ensemble classification.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

On the Distance Between the Incenter and the Circumcenter of a Triangle

Authors: Kaoru Motose
Comments: An error ST on line 13 from the top of page 2 in the old preprint changed to correct letters SJ at 2020/03/26 by the author.

In this paper, using mainly the distance in the title, we present an alternative proof of Feuerbach's theorem and some remarks.
Category: Geometry

Theory of Another Universe

Authors: Azadvinder Singh
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper, we will study about, is there any another universe exists. If this is possible, how another universe look like.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Super-Planckian Material Heated

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 46 Pages.

Lin has been working to establish this advance for 17 years, since he created the first all-metallic photonic crystal in 2002, and the two papers represent the most rigorous tests he has conducted. [29] This interference is important for everything from fundamental tests of quantum physics to the speedy calculations of quantum computers, but creating it requires exquisite control over particles that are indistinguishable. [28] Scientists from the Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, in collaboration with the University of Oxford and NIST, have shown that quantum interference enables processing of large sets of data faster and more accurately than with standard methods. [27] Over the last few decades, the exponential increase in computer power and accompanying increase in the quality of algorithms has enabled theoretical and particle physicists to perform more complex and precise simulations of fundamental particles and their interactions. [26] A collaboration of scientists from five of the world's most advanced x-ray sources in Europe, Japan and the US, has succeeded in verifying a basic prediction of the quantum-mechanical behavior of resonant systems. [25] This achievement is considered as an important landmark for the realization of practical application of photon upconversion technology. [24] Considerable interest in new single-photon detector technologies has been scaling in this past decade. [23] Engineers develop key mathematical formula for driving quantum experiments. [22] Physicists are developing quantum simulators, to help solve problems that are beyond the reach of conventional computers. [21] Engineers at Australia's University of New South Wales have invented a radical new architecture for quantum computing, based on novel 'flip-flop qubits', that promises to make the large-scale manufacture of quantum chips dramatically cheaper-and easier-than thought possible. [20]
Category: Quantum Physics

Covid 19 Marks 72 Years After the Corona/roswell-Ufo Crash

Authors: Leon Elshout
Comments: 1 Page.

what has Covid 19 to do with ufo's?
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

X-ray Imaging Insight

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 49 Pages.

Many of the chemicals used to deter or eliminate disease-carrying mosquitoes can pollute ecosystems and drive the evolution of even more problematic, insecticide-resistant species—but thankfully, we may have better options soon. [37] Now, scientists at the National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II)—a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science User Facility at DOE's Brookhaven National Laboratory—have developed a TXM that can image samples 10 times faster than previously possible. [36] In a new study published Aug. 17 in Nature Communications, Nemsak, Fadley, Schneider and colleagues demonstrate the use of new techniques in X-ray spectroscopy to illuminate the internal structure of manganese-doped gallium arsenide. [35]
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Parameters of SMBH 87 and Primordial Black Holes in String Theory and Inflation: New Possible Mathematical Connections with Some Ramanujan Equations, ϕ, ζ(2) and Hausdorff Dimension Values

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 75 Pages.

In this paper we have described the parameters of SMBH 87 and some formulas concerning Primordial Black Holes in String Theory and Inflation. We described also new possible mathematical connections with some Ramanujan equations, ϕ, ζ(2) and Hausdorff dimension values
Category: Number Theory

One-Photon Transition in Electron

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 39 Pages.

Physicists at ETH Zurich have now measured such interplay in its arguably purest form-by recording the attosecond-scale time delays associated with one-photon transitions in an unbound electron. [25] This achievement is considered as an important landmark for the realization of practical application of photon upconversion technology. [24] Considerable interest in new single-photon detector technologies has been scaling in this past decade. [23] Engineers develop key mathematical formula for driving quantum experiments. [22] Physicists are developing quantum simulators, to help solve problems that are beyond the reach of conventional computers. [21] Engineers at Australia's University of New South Wales have invented a radical new architecture for quantum computing, based on novel 'flip-flop qubits', that promises to make the large-scale manufacture of quantum chips dramatically cheaper-and easier-than thought possible. [20]
Category: Quantum Physics

Ultrasound Cancer Therapy

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 52 Pages.

Mayo Clinic have leveraged new ultrasound tracking technology to reveal the hypoxic status of tumours. [34] Using the latest advances in imaging and computing, Johns Hopkins Medicine researchers have developed a framework that's able to reveal the structural and functional changes in the blood vessel network required for growth of a tumour. [33] Medical physicist Dr. Aswin Hoffmann and his team from the Institute of Radiooncology-OncoRay at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) have combined magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a proton beam, thus demonstrating for the first time that in principle, this commonly used imaging method can work with particle beam cancer treatments. [32] Washington State University researchers for the first time have shown that they can use electrical fields to gain valuable information about the tiny, floating vesicles that move around in animals and plants and are critically important to many biological functions. [31] Finding a fast and inexpensive way to detect specific strains of bacteria and viruses is critical to food safety, water quality, environmental protection and human health. [30] In the perspective, Gabor and Song collect early examples in electron metamaterials and distil emerging design strategies for electronic control from them. [29] Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) researchers are working to make better electronic devices by delving into the way nanocrystals are arranged inside of them. [28] Self-assembly and crystallisation of nanoparticles (NPs) is generally a complex process, based on the evaporation or precipitation of NP-building blocks. [27] New nanoparticle-based films that are more than 80 times thinner than a human hair may help to fill this need by providing materials that can holographically archive more than 1000 times more data than a DVD in a 10-by-10-centimeter piece of film. [26] Researches of scientists from South Ural State University are implemented within this area. [25]
Category: Physics of Biology

Kagome Spin Ice Compound

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 31 Pages.

Exotic phases of matter known as spin ices are defined by frustrated spins that obey local "ice rules"-similar to electric dipoles in water ice. [20] Nuclear techniques at ANSTO have helped to confirm a quantum spin phenomena, a Haldane phase, in a magnetic material, that has potential to be used as a measurement model for quantum computation. [19] Lithium-ion batteries could be under threat after the development of polymer materials by the Universities of Surrey and Bristol, along with Superdielectrics Ltd, that could challenge the dominance of these traditional batteries. [18] Researchers from Umeå University and Linköping University in Sweden have developed light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) that emit strong light at high efficiency. As such, the thin, flexible and lightweight LEC promises future and improved applications within home diagnostics, signage, illumination and healthcare. [17] Physicists from the ATLAS experiment at CERN have found the first direct evidence of high energy light-by-light scattering, a very rare process in which two photons-particles of light-interact and change direction. [16] In materials research, chemistry, biology, and medicine, chemical bonds, and especially their dynamic behavior, determine the properties of a system. These can be examined very closely using terahertz radiation and short pulses. [15] An international collaborative of scientists has devised a method to control the number of optical solitons in microresonators, which underlie modern photonics. [14] Solitary waves called solitons are one of nature's great curiosities: Unlike other waves, these lone wolf waves keep their energy and shape as they travel, instead of dissipating or dispersing as most other waves do. In a new paper in Physical Review Letters (PRL), a team of mathematicians, physicists and engineers tackles a famous, 50-year-old problem tied to these enigmatic entities. [13] Theoretical physicists studying the behavior of ultra-cold atoms have discovered a new source of friction, dispensing with a century-old paradox in the process. Their prediction, which experimenters may soon try to verify, was reported recently in Physical Review Letters. [12] Solitons are localized wave disturbances that propagate without changing shape, a result of a nonlinear interaction that compensates for wave packet dispersion.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Mathematical Connections Between Some Equations Concerning the Calculation of the Eigenfunctions of Atoms with the TF Method, Some Sectors of Number Theory, the Modes of Physical Vibrations of Superstrings, P-Adic and Adelic Particles and Strings

Authors: Michele Nardelli
Comments: 25 Pages.

In this work we give the preference to the statistical method, because in any case it provides the basis for more approximate numerical calculations. Furthermore, we describe the mathematical connections that we have obtained between certain solutions concerning the calculation of any eigenfunctions of atoms with this method, the Aurea ratio, the Fibonacci’s numbers, the Ramanujan modular equations, the modes corresponding to the physical vibrations of strings, the p-adic and Adelic free relativistic particle and p-adic and adelic strings
Category: Mathematical Physics

On Some Mathematical Connections Between the Cyclic Universe, Inflationary Universe, P-Adic Inflation, P-Adic Cosmology and Various Sectors of Number Theory. Further New Hypothesis and New Mathematical and Physical Aspects Concerning the Brane Collision.

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Marciano
Comments: 99 Pages.

This paper is a further review of some interesting results that has been obtained in various researches concerning the “brane collisions in string and M-theory” (Cyclic Universe), p-adic inflation and p-adic cosmology.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Riemann Hypothesis An easy proof

Authors: Shekhar Suman
Comments: 4 Pages.

Riemann Xi function as hadamard product
Category: Number Theory

On Some Mathematical Connections Between the Cyclic Universe, Inflationary Universe, P-Adic Inflation, P-Adic Cosmology and Various Sectors of Number Theory

Authors: Michele Nardelli
Comments: 92 Pages.

This paper is a review, a thesis, of some interesting results that has been obtained in various researches concerning the “brane collisions in string and M-theory” (Cyclic Universe), p-adic inflation and p-adic cosmology.
Category: Mathematical Physics

On Physical Interpretation of the Zeta Function, Rigid Surface Operators in Gauge Theory, Adeles and Ideles Groups Applied to Various Formulae of Riemann Zeta, Selberg Formula, P-Adic Cosmology and Zeta Strings. Connections with Strings and Number Theory

Authors: Michele Nardelli
Comments: 73 Pages.

This paper is a review of some interesting results that has been obtained in the study of the physical interpretation of the Riemann zeta function as a FZZT Brane Partition Function associated with a matrix/gravity correspondence and some aspects of the Rigid Surface Operators in Gauge Theory. Furthermore, we describe the Mathematical connections with some sectors of String Theory (p-adic and adelic strings, p-adic cosmology) and Number Theory.
Category: Mathematical Physics

On Minority Reports

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 13 Pages.

An informal presentation of alternate theories, speculative ideas, and thought experiments are shared in short passages including the topics of: Sunlight, skin color, and academic performance in the United States. Gaps in traditional systems ignored prima facie. Carrying capacity, coronavirus, and the appearance of costs in Nature. Why genders? Circularity and the depth of knowledge.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Elementary Particles, Dark Matter, and Dark Energy: Descriptions that Explain Aspects of Dark Matter to Ordinary Matter Ratios, Inflation, Early Galaxies, and Expansion of the Universe

Authors: Thomas J. Buckholtz
Comments: 85 pages

Physics theory has yet to settle on specific descriptions for new elementary particles, for dark matter, and for dark energy forces. Our work extrapolates from the known elementary particles. The work suggests well-specified candidate descriptions for new elementary particles, dark matter, and dark energy forces. This part of the work does not depend on theories of motion. This work embraces symmetries that correlate with motion-centric conservation laws. The candidate descriptions seem to explain data that prior physics theory seems not to explain. Some of that data pertains to elementary particles. Our theory suggests relationships between masses of elementary particles. Our theory suggests a relationship between the strengths of electromagnetism and gravity. Some of that data pertains to astrophysics. Our theory seems to explain ratios of dark matter effects to ordinary matter effects. Our theory seems to explain aspects of galaxy formation. Some of that data pertains to cosmology. Our theory suggests bases for inflation and for changes in the rate of expansion of the universe. Generally, our work proposes extensions to theory in three fields. The fields are elementary particles, astrophysics, and cosmology. Our work suggests new elementary particles and seems to explain otherwise unexplained data.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Representation of Energy in High Energy Physics

Authors: Eric Su
Comments: 2 Pages. Note that the author does not read Disqus comments here, please respond by email. Including a list of publications is also a healthy gesture.

The charged particle beam in accelerator such as LHC at CERN is subject to Lorentz force until beam collision or extraction. The magnetic force in the transverse direction keeps the beam in a curved path. The gravitational force in the downward direction puts the particle of the beam into projectile motion. Conservation of momentum is expected in the longitudinal direction for all forces are in the transverse direction. However, a rigorous examination proves the discrepancy. The representation of energy and momentum can not uphold the law of conservation of momentum.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Phase Retrieval at Low Photons Counts

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 46 Pages.

The retrieval of phase of electromagnetic fields is one of the most important problems in optics as it allows the shape of transparent objects, including cells, to be quantified using visible light. [29] This interference is important for everything from fundamental tests of quantum physics to the speedy calculations of quantum computers, but creating it requires exquisite control over particles that are indistinguishable. [28] Scientists from the Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, in collaboration with the University of Oxford and NIST, have shown that quantum interference enables processing of large sets of data faster and more accurately than with standard methods. [27] Over the last few decades, the exponential increase in computer power and accompanying increase in the quality of algorithms has enabled theoretical and particle physicists to perform more complex and precise simulations of fundamental particles and their interactions. [26] A collaboration of scientists from five of the world's most advanced x-ray sources in Europe, Japan and the US, has succeeded in verifying a basic prediction of the quantum-mechanical behavior of resonant systems. [25] This achievement is considered as an important landmark for the realization of practical application of photon upconversion technology. [24] Considerable interest in new single-photon detector technologies has been scaling in this past decade. [23] Engineers develop key mathematical formula for driving quantum experiments. [22] Physicists are developing quantum simulators, to help solve problems that are beyond the reach of conventional computers. [21] Engineers at Australia's University of New South Wales have invented a radical new architecture for quantum computing, based on novel 'flip-flop qubits', that promises to make the large-scale manufacture of quantum chips dramatically cheaper-and easier-than thought possible. [20]
Category: Quantum Physics

Optical Gain in Two-Dimension

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 47 Pages.

Optical gain is a prerequisite for signal amplification in an optical amplifier or laser. It typically requires high levels of current injection in conventional semiconductors. [29] This interference is important for everything from fundamental tests of quantum physics to the speedy calculations of quantum computers, but creating it requires exquisite control over particles that are indistinguishable. [28] Scientists from the Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, in collaboration with the University of Oxford and NIST, have shown that quantum interference enables processing of large sets of data faster and more accurately than with standard methods. [27]
Category: Quantum Physics

Heterostructure and Q-Factor Engineering

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 46 Pages.

This high yield is critical for industrial integration of this new structure. [29] This interference is important for everything from fundamental tests of quantum physics to the speedy calculations of quantum computers, but creating it requires exquisite control over particles that are indistinguishable. [28] Scientists from the Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, in collaboration with the University of Oxford and NIST, have shown that quantum interference enables processing of large sets of data faster and more accurately than with standard methods. [27] Over the last few decades, the exponential increase in computer power and accompanying increase in the quality of algorithms has enabled theoretical and particle physicists to perform more complex and precise simulations of fundamental particles and their interactions. [26] A collaboration of scientists from five of the world's most advanced x-ray sources in Europe, Japan and the US, has succeeded in verifying a basic prediction of the quantum-mechanical behavior of resonant systems. [25] This achievement is considered as an important landmark for the realization of practical application of photon upconversion technology. [24] Considerable interest in new single-photon detector technologies has been scaling in this past decade. [23] Engineers develop key mathematical formula for driving quantum experiments. [22] Physicists are developing quantum simulators, to help solve problems that are beyond the reach of conventional computers. [21] Engineers at Australia's University of New South Wales have invented a radical new architecture for quantum computing, based on novel 'flip-flop qubits', that promises to make the large-scale manufacture of quantum chips dramatically cheaper-and easier-than thought possible. [20]
Category: Quantum Physics

Canonical Quantum Gravity

Authors: Domenico Oricchio
Comments: 3 Pages.

I write the classical Hamiltonian for a stationary gravitational field. So that it is possible, for me, the quantization of the gravity. The equation is for the vacuum. I write the relativistic quantum equation for the stationary black hole.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Advancing Plasma Science

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 78 Pages.

Creating and controlling on Earth the fusion energy that powers the sun and stars is a key goal of scientists around the world. [43] Researchers at MIT's Plasma Science and Fusion Center (PSFC) have now demonstrated how microwaves can be used to overcome barriers to steady-state tokamak operation. [42] Plasma particle accelerators more powerful than existing machines could help probe some of the outstanding mysteries of our universe, as well as make leaps forward in cancer treatment and security scanning-all in a package that's around a thousandth of the size of current accelerators. [41] The Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory has started to assemble a new facility for revolutionary accelerator technologies that could make future accelerators 100 to 1,000 times smaller and boost their capabilities. [40] The authors designed a mechanism based on the deployment of a transport barrier to confine the particles and prevent them from moving from one region of the accelerator to another. "There is strong experimental evidence that there is indeed some new physics lurking in the lepton sector," Dev said. [38] Now, in a new result unveiled today at the Neutrino 2018 conference in Heidelberg, Germany, the collaboration has announced its first results using antineutrinos, and has seen strong evidence of muon antineutrinos oscillating into electron antineutrinos over long distances, a phenomenon that has never been unambiguously observed. [37] The Precision Reactor Oscillation and Spectrum Experiment (PROSPECT) has completed the installation of a novel antineutrino detector that will probe the possible existence of a new form of matter. [36] The MINERvA collaboration analyzed data from the interactions of an antineutrino-the antimatter partner of a neutrino-with a nucleus. [35]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Single-Mode Nanowire Laser

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 63 Pages.

In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the integration of active nanowires with on-chip planar waveguides for on-chip light sources. [39] Femtosecond lasers are capable of processing any solid material with high quality and high precision using their ultrafast and ultra-intense characteristics. [38] To create the flying microlaser, the researchers launched laser light into a water-filled hollow core fiber to optically trap the microparticle. Like the materials used to make traditional lasers, the microparticle incorporates a gain medium. [37]
Category: Quantum Physics

Project Genomed

Authors: Neel Adwani, Salomé Urien, Vijay B., Jullianne B., Veronica Donato
Comments: 15 Pages.

The genetic conditions are affecting 1 American over 10, and a total of 350 million people around the world. 80% of those are caused by faulty genes. First we plan to track each person genetic path by using big data. When the newborn will be declared, a sample of blood will be preleved to analyse his DNA and all the informations about his genome will be transferred to a global network. An informatic program will identify where anomalies are on the molecule and create an algorithm to signalize where a modification need to occur and which one. With the algorithm the nanotubes will identify the exact place and fix the nitrogenous base to form the right nucleotide when the DNA is duplicating.
Category: Biochemistry

Compressible Flow Around a Circular Cylinder

Authors: A.Dowgialo
Comments: 5 Pages.

Exact solutions of the Navier-Stokes equation are given which represents steady compressible flow of a viscous fluid past a cylinder. Numerical discussions of the relevant functions as well as the structure of the flow field are made.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Who is to Blame for the Death of Schrodinger's Cat?

Authors: A. V. Kaminsky
Comments: Pages.

Reflections on the theme of the famous thought experiment "Schrödinger's Cat", demonstrating the relativity of life and death and contributing to understanding the nature of consciousness.
Category: Quantum Physics

First Evidence of Aether ―Newton’s Gravitational Law

Authors: Cameron Wong
Comments: 13 Pages.

As far as we know, the equation presenting Newton’s gravitation law still remains as an empirical equation. The nature of the force predicted and described by this law continues hiding in heavy fog in our understanding. However, some down to Earth experiment that anyone can perform appears able to provide us with highly potential key to unlock the secret of this law and its equation. The behavior shown by two objects submerged in a fluid shows high parallelism to the behavior shown by two heavenly objects under gravitational influence. This similarity leads to an inference that all heavenly objects in the universe are submerged in a fluid. Calculation led by the gravitational data reveals to us that this fluid has insanely high intrinsic pressure. Then, it is this high pressure that makes the gravitational "attractive" force inevitable. Indeed, more accurately, gravitational attractive force should be called gravitational pushing force. As such, gravitational force existing between all heavenly objects becomes the evidence of a fluid that is omnipresent. This fluid is called Aether in this article. Of course, as it is omnipresent, light must interact with this fluid everywhere. Its frequency-shift interaction with light is confirmed by Ives-Stilwell experiment. Then, Ives-Stilwell experiment becomes the second evidence of the existence of this fluid. We will discuss the second evidence in another article.
Category: Classical Physics

The Giant-Impact Hypothesis Supports "Mars Immigration Theory" (Ii)

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 11 Pages.

-Mars original orbital distance was 84 mkm from the sun and Mars had a force pushed it to change its original orbital distance to it’s a new one 227.9 mkm. -Means Mars had moved from (84 mkm) to (227.9 mkm) from the sun -Mars during its motion from the point (84 mkm) to (227.9mkm)– Mars had collided with Venus (at First) and then collided with Earth (at second) -These collisions caused some debris – and Mars had moved to complete its journey to its new orbital distance at point 227.9 mkm from the sun under the same force which caused its motion. -Because of Mars Motion Direction, the debris can't stay around Venus and that explains why Venus has no moon – but because Earth has a greater Mass than Mars and because the debris lost their high momentum of motion – Earth could attracted some of these debris and created the Earth Moon -This story is proved by Mars Motion Direction where this motion direction is the same direction of the solar system basic energy Motion which we have analyzed under the title "Jupiter Energy" -Now because Mars Motion and Jupiter Energy Motion, Both are in the same direction – for that reason both are truth -So the motion direction is from the point (84 mkm) to (227.9 mkm) to the sun- and that shows the direction of Motion. -Now the collisions debris moved with Mars in the same direction and Earth could use some debris to created its moon but the rest of debris are attracted by Jupiter itself by which Jupiter created some of Jupiter rings or Asteroid belt Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

Time-Space, Probability and Physics

Authors: Gunn Quznetsov
Comments: 199 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to confirm with the requirements on the Replacement Form]

In this book the Gentzen variant of the propositional logic is used to substantiate the space-time relations, including the Lorentz transformations, irreversible unidirectional time and metric space. The logical foundations of probability theory, including Jacob Bernulli’s Big Numbers Law and the statistical definition of probability, are also derived from this logic. All concepts and statements of the Standard Model (except for the Higgs) are obtained as concepts and theorems of probability theory. The masses, spins, moments, energies of fermions are the parameters of the distribution of such a probability. The masses of the W and Z bosons are the results of the interaction of the probability flows into space-time. Quark-gluon relations, including the phenomena of confinement and asymptotic freedom, are also a consequence of the properties of this probability. The phenomenon of gravity with dark matter and dark energy is a continuation of these quark-gyonic relations. For understanding of the maintenance of this book elementary knowledge in the field of linear algebra and the mathematical analysis is sufficient.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

One-Kilometer Quantum Entanglement

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 92 Pages.

A team led by Prof. Guo Guangcan from University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and collaborators first realized distribution of high-dimensional orbital angular momentum entanglement over a 1 km few-mode fiber. [56] A happy accident in the laboratory has led to a breakthrough discovery that not only solved a problem that stood for more than half a century, but has major implications for the development of quantum computers and sensors. [55] Significant technical and financial issues remain towards building a large, fault-tolerant quantum computer and one is unlikely to be built within the coming decade. [54] Chemists at Friedrich Schiller University in Jena (Germany) have now synthesised a molecule that can perform the function of a computing unit in a quantum computer. [53] The research team developed the first optical microchip to generate, manipulate and detect a particular state of light called squeezed vacuum, which is essential for HYPERLINK "https://phys.org/tags/quantum/" quantum computation. [52] Australian scientists have investigated new directions to scale up qubits-utilising the spin-orbit coupling of atom qubits-adding a new suite of tools to the armory. [51] A team of international researchers led by engineers from the National University of Singapore (NUS) have invented a new magnetic device to manipulate digital information 20 times more efficiently and with 10 times more stability than commercial spintronic digital memories. [50] Working in the lab of Mikhail Lukin, the George Vasmer Leverett Professor of Physics and co-director of the Quantum Science and Engineering Initiative, Evans is lead author of a study, described in the journal Science, that demonstrates a method for engineering an interaction between two qubits using photons. [49] Researchers with the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory have demonstrated a new level of control over photons encoded with quantum information. [48] Researchers from Intel Corp. and the University of California, Berkeley, are looking beyond current transistor technology and preparing the way for a new type of memory and logic circuit that could someday be in every computer on the planet. [47]
Category: Quantum Physics

Honeywell Release Quantum Computer

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 59 Pages.

Honeywell says that it will release the world's most powerful commercial quantum computer by mid-2020. [36] US manufacturing and technology group Honeywell said Tuesday it will bring to market "the world's most powerful quantum computer" aimed at tackling complex scientific and business challenges. [35] New research gives insight into a recent experiment that was able to manipulate an unprecedented number of atoms through a quantum simulator. This new theory could provide another step on the path to creating the elusive quantum computers. [34] Chinese scientists Xianmin Jin and his colleagues from Shanghai Jiao Tong University have successfully fabricated the largest-scaled quantum chip and demonstrated the first two-dimensional quantum walks of single photons in real spatial space, which may provide a powerful platform to boost analog quantum computing for quantum supremacy. [33] To address this technology gap, a team of engineers from the National University of Singapore (NUS) has developed an innovative microchip, named BATLESS, that can continue to operate even when the battery runs out of energy. [32] Stanford researchers have developed a water-based battery that could provide a cheap way to store wind or solar energy generated when the sun is shining and wind is blowing so it can be fed back into the electric grid and be redistributed when demand is high. [31] Researchers at AMOLF and the University of Texas have circumvented this problem with a vibrating glass ring that interacts with light. They thus created a microscale circulator that directionally routes light on an optical chip without using magnets. [30] Researchers have discovered three distinct variants of magnetic domain walls in the helimagnet iron germanium (FeGe). [29] Magnetic materials that form helical structures-coiled shapes comparable to a spiral staircase or the double helix strands of a DNA molecule-occasionally exhibit exotic behavior that could improve information processing in hard drives and other digital devices. [28]
Category: Quantum Physics

Three Options Against Sars-Cov-2: Pediatric Sera, Mithridatization, Dewetting Antibodies

Authors: Arturo Tozzi
Comments: 8 Pages.

Here we suggest three feasible options that could be useful in COVID-19 medical management.
Category: Biochemistry

Tiny Double Accelerator

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 80 Pages.

A team of DESY scientists has built a miniature double particle accelerator that can recycle some of the laser energy fed into the system to boost the energy of the accelerated electrons a second time. [45] As an alternative cost-cutting option to accelerate particles more efficiently, the wakefield accelerator has been suggested. Physicists send a beam of either electrons, protons, or a laser through a plasma. [44] A KAIST research team successfully identified the underlying principles behind electron heating, which is one of the most important phenomena in plasmas. [43] Researchers at MIT's Plasma Science and Fusion Center (PSFC) have now demonstrated how microwaves can be used to overcome barriers to steady-state tokamak operation. [42] Plasma particle accelerators more powerful than existing machines could help probe some of the outstanding mysteries of our universe, as well as make leaps forward in cancer treatment and security scanning-all in a package that's around a thousandth of the size of current accelerators. [41] The Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory has started to assemble a new facility for revolutionary accelerator technologies that could make future accelerators 100 to 1,000 times smaller and boost their capabilities. [40] The authors designed a mechanism based on the deployment of a transport barrier to confine the particles and prevent them from moving from one region of the accelerator to another. "There is strong experimental evidence that there is indeed some new physics lurking in the lepton sector," Dev said. [38] Now, in a new result unveiled today at the Neutrino 2018 conference in Heidelberg, Germany, the collaboration has announced its first results using antineutrinos, and has seen strong evidence of muon antineutrinos oscillating into electron antineutrinos over long distances, a phenomenon that has never been unambiguously observed. [37]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Magnets in Particle Accelerators

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 86 Pages.

It's surprising to think that the humble magnet is our gateway to some of the universe's deepest mysteries, but then again, that's the power of attraction. [46] A team of DESY scientists has built a miniature double particle accelerator that can recycle some of the laser energy fed into the system to boost the energy of the accelerated electrons a second time. [45] As an alternative cost-cutting option to accelerate particles more efficiently, the wakefield accelerator has been suggested. Physicists send a beam of either electrons, protons, or a laser through a plasma. [44]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Dirac Phononic Crystals

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 46 Pages.

The dispersion around the Dirac point is isotropic, and thus, our macroscopic system serves as a good platform to simulate relativistic Dirac physics," the scientists forecast. [31] Lattice thermal conductivity strongly affects the applications of materials related to thermal functionality, such as thermal management, thermal barrier coatings and thermoelectrics. [30] A team of researchers from the Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin (HZB) and the University of Potsdam has investigated heat transport in a model system comprising nanometre-thin metallic and magnetic layers. [29]
Category: Condensed Matter

On Some Mathematical Connections Between Fermat’s Last Theorem, Modular Functions, Modular Elliptic Curves and Some Sector of String Theory

Authors: Michele Nardelli
Comments: 86 Pages. Introduction and summary in Italian

This paper is fundamentally a review, a thesis, of principal results obtained in some sectors of Number Theory and String Theory of various authoritative theoretical physicists and mathematicians. Precisely, we have described some mathematical results regarding the Fermat’s Last Theorem, the Mellin transform, the Riemann zeta function, the Ramanujan’s modular equations, how primes and adeles are related to the Riemann zeta functions and the p-adic and adelic string theory. Furthermore, we show that also the fundamental relationship concerning the Palumbo-Nardelli model (a general relationship that links bosonic string action and superstring action, i.e. bosonic and fermionic strings in all natural systems), can be related with some equations regarding the p-adic (adelic) string sector. Thence, in conclusion, we have described some new interesting connections that are been obtained between String Theory and Number Theory, with regard the arguments above mentioned.
Category: Number Theory

Nanosheets for Near Infrared Imaging

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 70 Pages.

"The potential for state-of-the-art microscopy from this material means that new findings in biomedical research can be expected in the future," says Kruss. [44] Researchers at Tokyo Institute of Technology, University of Tsukuba, and colleagues in Japan have reported a promising hydrogen carrier in the form of hydrogen boride nanosheets. [43] So-called nanoenzymes are hot candidates for treatments called catalytic immunotherapy. [42] A recent study, affiliated with South Korea's Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) has introduced a novel targeted drug delivery system in the fight against cancer. [41]
Category: Physics of Biology

Grain Boundaries Transform in Metal

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 54 Pages.

Grain boundaries are one of the most prominent defects in engineering materials separating different crystallites, which determine their strength, corrosion resistance and failure. [34] Ferroelectric materials have a spontaneous dipole moment which can point up or down. [33] Researchers have successfully demonstrated that hypothetical particles that were proposed by Franz Preisach in 1935 actually exist. [32] Scientists from the Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have demonstrated a surprisingly simple way of flipping a material from one state into another, and then back again, with single flashes of laser light. [31] Materials scientists at Duke University computationally predicted the electrical and optical properties of semiconductors made from extended organic molecules sandwiched by inorganic structures. [30] KU Leuven researchers from the Roeffaers Lab and the Hofkens Group have now put forward a very promising direct X-ray detector design, based on a rapidly emerging halide perovskite semiconductor, with chemical formula Cs2AgBiBr6. [29] Physicists at Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) have proven that incoming light causes the electrons in warm perovskites to rotate, thus influencing the direction of the flow of electrical current. [28] Self-assembly and crystallisation of nanoparticles (NPs) is generally a complex process, based on the evaporation or precipitation of NP-building blocks. [27] New nanoparticle-based films that are more than 80 times thinner than a human hair may help to fill this need by providing materials that can holographically archive more than 1000 times more data than a DVD in a 10-by-10-centimeter piece of film. [26] Researches of scientists from South Ural State University are implemented within this area. [25]
Category: Condensed Matter

Riemann Hypothesis Proved

Authors: Shekhar Suman
Comments: 4 Pages.

Analytic continuation as Riemann Xi function
Category: Number Theory

Promise of All-Solid-State Batteries

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 58 Pages.

When it comes to batteries, there are always areas for improvement: the race is on to develop batteries that are cheaper, safer, longer lasting, more energy dense, and easily recyclable. [35] Grain boundaries are one of the most prominent defects in engineering materials separating different crystallites, which determine their strength, corrosion resistance and failure. [34] Ferroelectric materials have a spontaneous dipole moment which can point up or down. [33] Researchers have successfully demonstrated that hypothetical particles that were proposed by Franz Preisach in 1935 actually exist. [32] Scientists from the Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have demonstrated a surprisingly simple way of flipping a material from one state into another, and then back again, with single flashes of laser light. [31] Materials scientists at Duke University computationally predicted the electrical and optical properties of semiconductors made from extended organic molecules sandwiched by inorganic structures. [30] KU Leuven researchers from the Roeffaers Lab and the Hofkens Group have now put forward a very promising direct X-ray detector design, based on a rapidly emerging halide perovskite semiconductor, with chemical formula Cs2AgBiBr6. [29] Physicists at Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) have proven that incoming light causes the electrons in warm perovskites to rotate, thus influencing the direction of the flow of electrical current. [28] Self-assembly and crystallisation of nanoparticles (NPs) is generally a complex process, based on the evaporation or precipitation of NP-building blocks. [27] New nanoparticle-based films that are more than 80 times thinner than a human hair may help to fill this need by providing materials that can holographically archive more than 1000 times more data than a DVD in a 10-by-10-centimeter piece of film. [26]
Category: Condensed Matter

Metal Ion Detection Devices

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 63 Pages.

Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (µPADs) are a promising concept with rapid development in recent years. [36] When it comes to batteries, there are always areas for improvement: the race is on to develop batteries that are cheaper, safer, longer lasting, more energy dense, and easily recyclable. [35] Grain boundaries are one of the most prominent defects in engineering materials separating different crystallites, which determine their strength, corrosion resistance and failure. [34] Ferroelectric materials have a spontaneous dipole moment which can point up or down. [33] Researchers have successfully demonstrated that hypothetical particles that were proposed by Franz Preisach in 1935 actually exist. [32] Scientists from the Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have demonstrated a surprisingly simple way of flipping a material from one state into another, and then back again, with single flashes of laser light. [31] Materials scientists at Duke University computationally predicted the electrical and optical properties of semiconductors made from extended organic molecules sandwiched by inorganic structures. [30] KU Leuven researchers from the Roeffaers Lab and the Hofkens Group have now put forward a very promising direct X-ray detector design, based on a rapidly emerging halide perovskite semiconductor, with chemical formula Cs2AgBiBr6. [29] Physicists at Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) have proven that incoming light causes the electrons in warm perovskites to rotate, thus influencing the direction of the flow of electrical current. [28] Self-assembly and crystallisation of nanoparticles (NPs) is generally a complex process, based on the evaporation or precipitation of NP-building blocks. [27]
Category: Condensed Matter

Impermeable Graphene

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 65 Pages.

New experiments by researchers at The University of Manchester have placed the best limits yet on impermeability of graphene and other two-dimensional materials to gases and liquids. [37] Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (µPADs) are a promising concept with rapid development in recent years. [36] When it comes to batteries, there are always areas for improvement: the race is on to develop batteries that are cheaper, safer, longer lasting, more energy dense, and easily recyclable. [35] Grain boundaries are one of the most prominent defects in engineering materials separating different crystallites, which determine their strength, corrosion resistance and failure. [34] Ferroelectric materials have a spontaneous dipole moment which can point up or down. [33] Researchers have successfully demonstrated that hypothetical particles that were proposed by Franz Preisach in 1935 actually exist. [32] Scientists from the Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have demonstrated a surprisingly simple way of flipping a material from one state into another, and then back again, with single flashes of laser light. [31] Materials scientists at Duke University computationally predicted the electrical and optical properties of semiconductors made from extended organic molecules sandwiched by inorganic structures. [30] KU Leuven researchers from the Roeffaers Lab and the Hofkens Group have now put forward a very promising direct X-ray detector design, based on a rapidly emerging halide perovskite semiconductor, with chemical formula Cs2AgBiBr6. [29] Physicists at Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) have proven that incoming light causes the electrons in warm perovskites to rotate, thus influencing the direction of the flow of electrical current. [28]
Category: Condensed Matter

Giant-Impact Hypothesis Supports "Mars Immigration Theory"

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 6 Pages.

The Giant- impact hypothesis supports my theory of "Mars Immigration" Shortly -Mars Orbital Distance was 84 mkm, and because of an earthquake in the solar system Mars had immigrated from it to its new orbital distance 227.9 mkm And during this motion -Mars had collided With Venus At First And Then With Earth At End -Mars passed after the collision and didn't adhered with the Earth -instead – Mars collisions caused some debris to be thrown only -The main point here is that – Mars motion direction was from the Point 84 mkm to the point 227.9 mkm – Mars in this motion was impacted by a great force that means all Mars collisions occurred during this motion caused its debris to be thrown In The Same Motion Direction and because of that the debris followed Mars to its new orbital distance but because Earth Mass is Greater than Mars the debris moved around Earth creating the Earth Moon. Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

Blended Fuselage Aircraft

Authors: Salome Urien, Catherine JS, Michael Pastore, Neel Adwani, Alannah, Haritha
Comments: 14 Pages.

“Will a blended fuselage and delta wing design improve the aerodynamics and durability of an aircraft compared to that of a standard design?” We will aim to alter the body shape of the aircraft to improve its efficiency. Moreover, add other features to the craft to make it more sustainable and viable for future generations.
Category: Classical Physics

On Some Equations Concerning Fivebranes and Knots, Wilson Loops in Chern-Simons Theory, Cusp Anomaly and Integrability from String Theory .Mathematical Connections with Some Sectors of Number Theory

Authors: Michele Nardelli
Comments: 91 Pages.

The present paper is a review, a thesis of some very important contributes of E. Witten, C. Beasley, R. Ricci, B. Basso et al. regarding various applications concerning the Jones polynomials, the Wilson loops and the cusp anomaly and integrability from string theory.
Category: Number Theory

The Theory of String: A Candidate for a Generalized Unification Model

Authors: Michele Nardelli
Comments: 56 Pages. Summary in Italian

In this paper we have described the mathematics concerning the String Theory, candidate Theory of Everything. In particular the Bosonic String and Superstring Actions, the Naked Singularity and Palumbo-Nardelli Model
Category: Number Theory

On the Possible Applications of Some Theorems Concerning the Number Theory to the Various Mathematical Aspects and Sectors of String Theory I

Authors: Michele Nardelli
Comments: 54 Pages.

The aim of this paper is that of show the further and possible connections between the p-adic and adelic strings and Lagrangians with Riemann zeta function with some problems, equations and theorems in Number Theory.
Category: Number Theory

General Relativity Light Speed Limit to Escape Velocity

Authors: David Grant Taylor
Comments: 12 Pages.

Classic General Relativity [GR] equations define distortion from an undistorted observation Perspective. Time distortion||Boson Slowdown from the Relativistic Perspective [RP] would reduce Time for any event, including movement, so the RP velocity would be distorted upward. Current interpretation of the Classic GR Time equation is incomplete. It presumes no limit to escape velocity. Even though escape velocities higher than c mean the distortion would be imaginary because it was the square root of a negative number. Imaginary Time is both incompletely defined and has no confirmable laboratory or observational evidence. This paper reasons equations that add logic||mathematic arguments for GR that do not predict imaginary distortions. The equations have been table confirmed to the originals to 2000 decimal places for velocities ranging from |1.000~000E-500m/s| to |(c-(1.000~000E-50))m/s|. The rephrased GR Time distortion equation argues Gravity Boson slowdown limits REAL escape velocity to c so there are never imaginary Time distortions. It also reasons additional equations show what that RP velocity would be in Real values. The c limit would mean Schwarzschild Objects never reach an imaginary state. The Singularity model defined in current in current Cosmological Theory would not deny fundamentals in General Relativity Theory.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Essential Spaces

Authors: Vincenzo Nardozza
Comments: 2 Pages.

We introduce the idea of an Essential Spaces for 2-dimensional compact manifolds. We raise the question whether essential spaces do exist also for 3-dimensional manifolds.
Category: Topology

Can Geometry Produce Work?

Authors: D. Chakalov
Comments: 41 Pages. Comments welcome.

Can non-tensorial Christoffel symbols produce work? Consider two kitchen scales, A and B, on a table at rest, and two apples on them, with different weight, say, an apple with 200g on scale A, and another apple with 400g on scale B. Can we relate their “geodesics” in 4D spacetime, due to non-tensorial Christoffel symbols, to the fact that the former will produce different weight? Obviously, the apple with weight 400g will (i) resist acceleration harder than the one with 200g. Obviously, something is doing work (ii) by simultaneously pressing the scales A and B on the table. Obviously, (i) = (ii), but what is it? Perhaps the answer to this question will be the cornerstone of quantum gravity and physical theology. To that end, I propose two-day conference GRAVITY 21, 26-27 March 2021 in Munich, EU (p. 13). Notice also my video presentation at YouTube on 21 September 2020 (p. 27ff).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Review of Major Role of Vitamin D3 in Human Immune System and its Possible Use for Novel Corona Virus Treatment

Authors: Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 7 Pages. This paper has been accepted and published by EC Microbiology Vol. 16.6 (2020). Your comments are welcome

e evidences showing major role of Vitamin D3 in human immune system and its potential use for novel corona virus treatment. Our argument is based on research finding that corona virus has viral envelope glycoproteins. In this regard, Vitamin D3 proves to offer various beneficial effects, including immunomodulatory effect, in order to break the glycoproteins envelope of the virus. One of the greatest benefit of vitamin D3 is the fact that it is easy to get 10,000 - 20,000 IU of daily intake requirement, by sunbathing for more or less twenty minutes. Such a method is likely applicable in many tropical countries.
Category: Physics of Biology

Quantum Sensors Frequency Spectrum

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 29 Pages.

In the future, Army scientists will investigate methods to continue to improve the sensitivity to detect even weaker signals and expand detection protocols for more complicated waveforms. A team of researchers with members from IBM Research-Zurich and RWTH Aachen University has announced the development of a new PCM (phase change memory) design that offers miniaturized memory cell volume down to three nanometers. [18] Monatomic glassy antimony might be used as a new type of single-element phase change memory. [17] Physicists have designed a 3-D quantum memory that addresses the tradeoff between achieving long storage times and fast readout times, while at the same time maintaining a compact form. [16] Quantum memories are devices that can store quantum information for a later time, which are usually implemented by storing and re-emitting photons with certain quantum states. [15] The researchers engineered diamond strings that can be tuned to quiet a qubit's environment and improve memory from tens to several hundred nanoseconds, enough time to do many operations on a quantum chip. [14] Intel has announced the design and fabrication of a 49-qubit superconducting quantum-processor chip at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas.
Category: Quantum Physics

Equivalent of The Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Shekhar Suman
Comments: 5 Pages.

Riemann Zeta function
Category: Number Theory

Coronavirus Testing Kits Developed

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 70 Pages.

University researchers will use their pioneering imaging technology-called Mango, for its bright colour-to develop coronavirus testing kits. [41] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, common human coronaviruses usually cause mild to moderate upper-respiratory tract illnesses, like the common cold. [40] When diseases reinforce each other, they rapidly accelerate through the population, then fizzle out as they run out of new hosts. [39] It's no coincidence that some of the worst viral disease outbreaks in recent years-SARS, MERS, Ebola, Marburg and likely the newly arrived 2019-nCoV virus-originated in bats. [38] An interdisciplinary team of researchers at Colorado State University has used computational chemistry, biochemistry and virology to uncover new information on how viruses such as West Nile, dengue and Zika replicate. [37] David Baker, Professor of Biochemistry and Director of the Institute for Protein Design at the University of Washington will speak about how algorithmic processes such as de novo design predict protein structures, protein folding mechanisms, and new protein functions. [36] A research team at Kobe University has developed a method of artificially controlling the anchorage position of target proteins in engineered baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). [35] Scientists have found a new way to home in on the proteins covering a particular cell's surface. The feat offers insight into how brain cells form intricate networks during development. [34] In a recent report, Mengke Yang and colleagues at and the U.K. developed a new technique named the multiarea two-photon real-time in vitro explorer (MATRIEX). [33] Measuring optical blood flow in the resting human brain to detect spontaneous activity has for the first time been demonstrated by Wright State University imaging researchers,
Category: Physics of Biology

AI Enhance Accuracy of CT Scans

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 51 Pages.

After testing prototype AI software on over 140 patients, a multinational team of researchers found that the algorithm showed very strong correlation with traditional pulmonary function tests. [32] A new artificial-intelligence tool captures strategies used by top players of an internet-based videogame to design new RNA molecules. [31] A team of EPFL scientists has now written a machine-learning program that can predict, in record time, how atoms will respond to an applied magnetic field. [30] Researchers from the University of Luxembourg, Technische Universität Berlin, and the Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society have combined machine learning and quantum mechanics to predict the dynamics and atomic interactions in molecules. [29] For the first time, physicists have demonstrated that machine learning can reconstruct a quantum system based on relatively few experimental measurements. [28] AlphaZero plays very unusually; not like a human, but also not like a typical computer. Instead, it plays with "real artificial" intelligence. [27] Predictions for an AI-dominated future are increasingly common, but Antoine Blondeau has experience in reading, and arguably manipulating, the runes-he helped develop technology that evolved into predictive texting and Apple's Siri. [26] Artificial intelligence can improve health care by analyzing data from apps, smartphones and wearable technology. [25] Now, researchers at Google's DeepMind have developed a simple algorithm to handle such reasoning-and it has already beaten humans at a complex image comprehension test. [24] A marimba-playing robot with four arms and eight sticks is writing and playing its own compositions in a lab at the Georgia Institute of Technology. The pieces are generated using artificial intelligence and deep learning. [23] Now, a team of researchers at MIT and elsewhere has developed a new approach to such computations, using light instead of electricity, which they say could vastly improve the speed and efficiency of certain deep learning computations. [22] Physicists have found that the structure of certain types of quantum learning algorithms is very similar to their classical counterparts-a finding that will help scientists further develop the quantum versions. [21]
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Massive Galaxies and Dark Matter

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 22 Pages.

The results open a new window for exploring how massive galaxies form and evolve over cosmic time. [22] Today, an international group of researchers, including Carnegie Mellon University's Rachel Mandelbaum, released the deepest wide field map of the three-dimensional distribution of matter in the universe ever made and increased the precision of constraints for dark energy with the Hyper Suprime-Cam survey (HSC). [21] Scientists are hoping to understand one of the most enduring mysteries in cosmology by simulating its effect on the clustering of galaxies. [20] The U.S. Department of Energy has approved nearly $1 million in funding for the research team, which has been tasked with leveraging large-scale computer simulations and developing new statistical methods to help us better understand these fundamental forces. [19] According to a new study, they could also potentially detect dark matter, if dark matter is composed of a particular kind of particle called a "dark photon." [18] A global team of scientists, including two University of Mississippi physicists, has found that the same instruments used in the historic discovery of gravitational waves caused by colliding black holes could help unlock the secrets of dark matter, a mysterious and as-yet-unobserved component of the universe. [17] The lack of so-called "dark photons" in electron-positron collision data rules out scenarios in which these hypothetical particles explain the muon's magnetic moment. [16] By reproducing the complexity of the cosmos through unprecedented simulations, a new study highlights the importance of the possible behaviour of very high-energy photons. In their journey through intergalactic magnetic fields, such photons could be transformed into axions and thus avoid being absorbed. [15] Scientists have detected a mysterious X-ray signal that could be caused by dark matter streaming out of our Sun's core. Hidden photons are predicted in some extensions of the Standard Model of particle physics, and unlike WIMPs they would interact electromagnetically with normal matter. In particle physics and astrophysics, weakly interacting massive particles, or WIMPs, are among the leading hypothetical particle physics candidates for dark matter. The gravitational force attracting the matter, causing concentration of the matter in a small space and leaving much space with low matter concentration: dark matter and energy. There is an asymmetry between the mass of the electric charges, for example proton and electron, can understood by the asymmetrical Planck Distribution Law. This temperature dependent energy distribution is asymmetric around the maximum intensity, where the annihilation of matter and antimatter is a high probability event. The asymmetric sides are creating different frequencies of electromagnetic radiations being in the same intensity level and compensating each other. One of these compensating ratios is the electron-proton mass ratio. The lower energy side has no compensating intensity level, it is the dark energy and the corresponding matter is the dark matter.
Category: Astrophysics

On Some Ramanujan Equations: New Possible Mathematical Connections with ϕ, ζ(2), Hausdorff Dimension Values, Several Equations of D-Branes, Strings and Higher-Spins

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 60 Pages.

In this paper we have described some Ramanujan equations and obtained new possible mathematical connections with ϕ, ζ(2), Hausdorff dimension values, several equations of D-branes, Strings and Higher-Spins
Category: Mathematical Physics

Compact Beam Steering Studies

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 48 Pages.

While beam steering systems have been used for many years for applications such as imaging, display, and optical trapping, they require bulky mechanical mirrors and are overly sensitive to vibrations. [28] Researchers at Tel Aviv University have for the first time demonstrated the backflow of optical light propagating forward. [27] Bendable light beams have significant applications in optical manipulation, optical imaging, routing, micromachining and nonlinear optics. [26] Karimi's team has successfully built and operated the first-ever quantum simulator designed specifically for simulating cyclic (ringed-shaped) systems. [25] A new Tel Aviv University study explores the generation and propagation of excitons in 2D materials within an unprecedented small time frame and at an extraordinarily high spatial resolution. [24] An international team of researchers led out of Macquarie University has demonstrated a new approach for converting ordinary laser light into genuine quantum light. [23] Beyond the beauty of this phenomenon, which connects heating processes to topology through an elegant quantization law, the results reported in this work designate heating measurements as a powerful and universal probe for exotic states of matter. [22]
Category: Quantum Physics

Jupiter Effect On Pluto Motion

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 18 Pages.

Paper Basic Question Why do we analyze Jupiter Data and effect on different Planets? Because I try to prove that, -The planets motions are light motions but we see them motions in planets motions form -It's a light beam which causes the planets to move in front of us in the sky -There's no gravity from the sun, there's no Big Bang theory – No more imaginations -It's A Light Beam Motion Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

Reprogrammable Photonic Circuits

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 44 Pages.

And finally to better understand the cause of the reversible refractive index changes, the researchers examined variations in the structure of a 1-dimensional membrane where the main contributor to the switching states of the MRR device is shown to be metastable volumetric expansion. [33] Researchers have created a silicon carbide (SiC) photonic integrated chip that can be thermally tuned by applying an electric signal. [32] Compact quantum devices could be incorporated into laptops and mobile phones, thanks in part to small devices called quantum optical micro-combs. [31] Taking their name from an intricate Japanese basket pattern, kagome magnets are thought to have electronic properties that could be valuable for future quantum devices and applications. [30] A team of Cambridge researchers have found a way to control the sea of nuclei in semiconductor quantum dots so they can operate as a quantum memory device. [29] Researchers successfully integrated the systems-donor atoms and quantum dots. [28] A team of researchers including U of A engineering and physics faculty has developed a new method of detecting single photons, or light particles, using quantum dots. [27] Recent research from Kumamoto University in Japan has revealed that polyoxometalates (POMs), typically used for catalysis, electrochemistry, and photochemistry, may also be used in a technique for analyzing quantum dot (QD) photoluminescence (PL) emission mechanisms. [26] Researchers have designed a new type of laser called a quantum dot ring laser that emits red, orange, and green light. [25] The world of nanosensors may be physically small, but the demand is large and growing, with little sign of slowing. [24] In a joint research project, scientists from the Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy (MBI), the Technische Universität Berlin (TU) and the University of Rostock have managed for the first time to image free nanoparticles in a laboratory experiment using a highintensity laser source. [23] For the first time, researchers have built a nanolaser that uses only a single molecular layer, placed on a thin silicon beam, which operates at room temperature. [22]
Category: Quantum Physics

Way to Peptide-Based Therapeutics

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 44 Pages.

Chemists at Texas A&M University are taking a p[h]age from bacteria's playbook in order to beat viruses at their own game and develop new drugs to fight cancer and a host of other human diseases in the process. [27] Researchers at Western University have developed a new way to deliver the DNA-editing tool CRISPR-Cas9 into microorganisms in the lab, providing a way to efficiently launch a targeted attack on specific bacteria. [26] The work reflects a growing trend at both the Salk Institute and elsewhere toward integrating computational approaches into biology research. [25] That's only a smattering of what scientists will be able to examine with the new microscope-an atomic force-Raman microscope, to be exact-now housed in the University of Delaware's Lammot du Pont Laboratory. [24] The Pt nanoreactor was designed with a controlled core-shell structure and morphology for the visual detection of metabolic biomarkers and direct laser desorption/ionization MS fingerprinting of the native serum. [23] Nuclear technology companies Phoenix and SHINE Medical Technologies have achieved a new world record for a nuclear fusion reaction in a steady-state system, the strongest of its kind ever produced on Earth. [22] Bacterial systems are some of the simplest and most effective platforms for the expression of recombinant proteins. [21] Now, in a new paper published in Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, Mayo researchers have determined how one DNA repair protein gets to the site of DNA damage. [20] A microscopic thread of DNA evidence in a public genealogy database led California authorities to declare this spring they had caught the Golden State Killer, the rapist and murderer who had eluded authorities for decades. [19] Researchers at Delft University of Technology, in collaboration with colleagues at the Autonomous University of Madrid, have created an artificial DNA blueprint for the replication of DNA in a cell-like structure. [18]
Category: Physics of Biology

Graphene Identify Bacteria

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 46 Pages.

Graphene Identify Bacteria Using a single atom-thick sheet of graphene to track the electronic signals inherent in biological structures, a team led by Boston College researchers has developed a platform to selectively identify deadly strains of bacteria, an advance that could lead to more accurate targeting of infections with appropriate antibiotics, the team reported in the journal Biosensors and Bioelectronics. [28] Chemists at Texas A&M University are taking a p[h]age from bacteria's playbook in order to beat viruses at their own game and develop new drugs to fight cancer and a host of other human diseases in the process. [27] Researchers at Western University have developed a new way to deliver the DNA-editing tool CRISPR-Cas9 into microorganisms in the lab, providing a way to efficiently launch a targeted attack on specific bacteria. [26] The work reflects a growing trend at both the Salk Institute and elsewhere toward integrating computational approaches into biology research. [25] That's only a smattering of what scientists will be able to examine with the new microscope-an atomic force-Raman microscope, to be exact-now housed in the University of Delaware's Lammot du Pont Laboratory. [24] The Pt nanoreactor was designed with a controlled core-shell structure and morphology for the visual detection of metabolic biomarkers and direct laser desorption/ionization MS fingerprinting of the native serum. [23] Nuclear technology companies Phoenix and SHINE Medical Technologies have achieved a new world record for a nuclear fusion reaction in a steady-state system, the strongest of its kind ever produced on Earth. [22] Bacterial systems are some of the simplest and most effective platforms for the expression of recombinant proteins. [21] Now, in a new paper published in Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, Mayo researchers have determined how one DNA repair protein gets to the site of DNA damage. [20]
Category: Physics of Biology

Quasar Tsunamis Preventing Stars Forming

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 24 Pages.

Using the unique capabilities of NASA's Hubble Space Telescope, a team of astronomers led by Virginia Tech's Nahum Arav has discovered the most energetic outflows ever witnessed in the universe. [23] The results open a new window for exploring how massive galaxies form and evolve over cosmic time. [22] Today, an international group of researchers, including Carnegie Mellon University's Rachel Mandelbaum, released the deepest wide field map of the three-dimensional distribution of matter in the universe ever made and increased the precision of constraints for dark energy with the Hyper Suprime-Cam survey (HSC). [21] Scientists are hoping to understand one of the most enduring mysteries in cosmology by simulating its effect on the clustering of galaxies. [20] The U.S. Department of Energy has approved nearly $1 million in funding for the research team, which has been tasked with leveraging large-scale computer simulations and developing new statistical methods to help us better understand these fundamental forces. [19] According to a new study, they could also potentially detect dark matter, if dark matter is composed of a particular kind of particle called a "dark photon." [18] A global team of scientists, including two University of Mississippi physicists, has found that the same instruments used in the historic discovery of gravitational waves caused by colliding black holes could help unlock the secrets of dark matter, a mysterious and as-yet-unobserved component of the universe. [17] The lack of so-called "dark photons" in electron-positron collision data rules out scenarios in which these hypothetical particles explain the muon's magnetic moment. [16] By reproducing the complexity of the cosmos through unprecedented simulations, a new study highlights the importance of the possible behaviour of very high-energy photons. In their journey through intergalactic magnetic fields, such photons could be transformed into axions and thus avoid being absorbed. [15] Scientists have detected a mysterious X-ray signal that could be caused by dark matter streaming out of our Sun's core. Hidden photons are predicted in some extensions of the Standard Model of particle physics, and unlike WIMPs they would interact electromagnetically with normal matter. In particle physics and astrophysics, weakly interacting massive particles, or WIMPs, are among the leading hypothetical particle physics candidates for dark matter. The gravitational force attracting the matter, causing concentration of the matter in a small space and leaving much space with low matter concentration: dark matter and energy. There is an asymmetry between the mass of the electric charges, for example proton and electron, can understood by the asymmetrical Planck Distribution Law. This temperature dependent energy distribution is asymmetric around the maximum intensity, where the annihilation of matter and antimatter is a high probability event. The asymmetric sides are creating different frequencies of electromagnetic radiations being in the same intensity level and compensating each other. One of these compensating ratios is the electron-proton mass ratio. The lower energy side has no compensating intensity level, it is the dark energy and the corresponding matter is the dark matter.
Category: Astrophysics

Antineutrino Detectors Aid Nuclear Nonproliferation

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 58 Pages.

Patrick Huber, a professor in the Virginia Tech Department of Physics, has co-authored an article that describes the potential uses and limitations of antineutrino detectors for nuclear security applications related to reactor, spent fuel, and explosion monitoring. [21] Technology to measure the flow of subatomic particles known as antineutrinos from nuclear reactors could allow continuous remote monitoring designed to detect fueling changes that might indicate the diversion of nuclear materials. [20] Ereditato even dreams of replacing the design of one of the four massive DUNE far detector modules with a pixelated version. [19]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Chip-Based Quantum-Secured Communication

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 70 Pages.

They will then use the fiber-optic network in place around the city of Bristol to create a demonstration metropolitan network with many users. [44] Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) is an important branch of quantum communication, based on the principles of quantum mechanics for the direct transmission of classified information. [43] The deluge of cyberattacks sweeping across the world has governments and companies thinking about new ways to protect their digital systems, and the corporate and state secrets stored within. [42] The Pentagon on Friday said there has been a cyber breach of Defense Department travel records that compromised the personal information and credit card data of U.S. military and civilian personnel. [41] Quantum secure direct communication transmits secret information directly without encryption. [40] Physicists at The City College of New York have used atomically thin two-dimensional materials to realize an array of quantum emitters operating at room temperature that can be integrated into next generation quantum communication systems. [39] Research in the quantum optics lab of Prof. Barak Dayan in the Weizmann Institute of Science may be bringing the development of such computers one step closer by providing the "quantum gates" that are required for communication within and between such quantum computers. [38] Calculations of a quantum system's behavior can spiral out of control when they involve more than a handful of particles. [37] Researchers from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill have reached a new milestone on the way to optical computing, or the use of light instead of electricity for computing. [36]
Category: Quantum Physics

Record Magnetic Field for Accelerator

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 85 Pages.

We need to make the machines for the future generations, and with this technology, obviously what we can enable for the future generation is a lot." [45] As an alternative cost-cutting option to accelerate particles more efficiently, the wakefield accelerator has been suggested. Physicists send a beam of either electrons, protons, or a laser through a plasma. [44] A KAIST research team successfully identified the underlying principles behind electron heating, which is one of the most important phenomena in plasmas. [43] Researchers at MIT's Plasma Science and Fusion Center (PSFC) have now demonstrated how microwaves can be used to overcome barriers to steady-state tokamak operation. [42] Plasma particle accelerators more powerful than existing machines could help probe some of the outstanding mysteries of our universe, as well as make leaps forward in cancer treatment and security scanning-all in a package that's around a thousandth of the size of current accelerators. [41] The Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory has started to assemble a new facility for revolutionary accelerator technologies that could make future accelerators 100 to 1,000 times smaller and boost their capabilities. [40] The authors designed a mechanism based on the deployment of a transport barrier to confine the particles and prevent them from moving from one region of the accelerator to another. "There is strong experimental evidence that there is indeed some new physics lurking in the lepton sector," Dev said. [38] Now, in a new result unveiled today at the Neutrino 2018 conference in Heidelberg, Germany, the collaboration has announced its first results using antineutrinos, and has seen strong evidence of muon antineutrinos oscillating into electron antineutrinos over long distances, a phenomenon that has never been unambiguously observed. [37]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Nanoimaging Aid Drug Development

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 42 Pages.

Chemotherapeutics are key players in the clinical setting to fight most types of cancer, and novel chemicals could facilitate new and unique intracellular interactions that modulate the cell machinery and destroy the tumor cells. [32] Researchers at The University of Texas at Austin have developed new guidelines for fabricating nanoscale gel materials, or nanogels, that can deliver numerous therapeutic treatments to treat cancer in a precise manner. In addition to enabling the delivery of drugs in response to tumors, their nanogels can target malignant cells (or biomarkers), degrade into nontoxic components and execute multiple clinical functions. [31] A revolutionary, cutting-edge technology, developed by researchers at Bar-Ilan University's Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA), has the potential to provide a new alternative to eyeglasses, contact lenses, and laser correction for refractive errors. [30] Electrons in graphene-an atomically thin, flexible and incredibly strong substance that has captured the imagination of materials scientists and physicists alike-move at the speed of light, and behave like they have no mass. [29] In a series of exciting experiments, Cambridge researchers experienced weightlessness testing graphene's application in space. [28] Scientists from ITMO University have developed effective nanoscale light sources based on halide perovskite. [27] Physicists have developed a technique based on optical microscopy that can be used to create images of atoms on the nanoscale. [26] Researchers have designed a new type of laser called a quantum dot ring laser that emits red, orange, and green light. [25] The world of nanosensors may be physically small, but the demand is large and growing, with little sign of slowing. [24] In a joint research project, scientists from the Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy (MBI), the Technische Universität Berlin (TU) and the University of Rostock have managed for the first time to image free nanoparticles in a laboratory experiment using a highintensity laser source. [23] For the first time, researchers have built a nanolaser that uses only a single molecular layer, placed on a thin silicon beam, which operates at room temperature. [22]
Category: Physics of Biology

Molecules Self-Assemble Superstructures

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 47 Pages.

The researchers deposited triangular molecules (methyltrioxatriangulenium) on gold and silver surfaces and observed their self-assembly into honeycomb superstructures using a scanning tunneling microscope. [30] The researchers observed that molecules with the capacity to encode information are produced in systems called Weyl semimetals when time-reversal symmetry is broken. [29] Researchers have developed a way to enhance the imaging speed of two-photon microscopy up to five times without compromising resolution. [28]
Category: Condensed Matter

Абсолютная Система Отсчёта и Специальная теория относительности. Статья 1
The Absolute Reference System and Special Relativity. Article 1. (Ru)

Authors: A. V. Antipin
Comments: 18 Pages. Это статья на РУССКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ.

В статье, строго в рамках современной интерпретации Специальной теории относительности применяется принцип «относительности одновременности». Следствием такого применения оказывается однозначный вывод об отсутствии во Вселенной Времени, как явления, что влечёт за собой острейший мировоззренческий парадокс Наблюдателя. Данная статья является первой из планируемых трёх статей.

Gravitational Wave Detectors Sensitivity

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 22 Pages.

Researchers have developed a new type of deformable mirror that could increase the sensitivity of ground-based gravitational wave detectors such as the Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO). [20] The improvement will see the twin observatories-located near Hanford, Washington and Livingston, Louisiana in the US-double their sensitivity to gravitational waves. [19] A group of scientists from the Niels Bohr Institute (NBI) at the University of Copenhagen will soon start developing a new line of technical equipment in order to dramatically improve gravitational wave detectors. [18] A global team of scientists, including two University of Mississippi physicists, has found that the same instruments used in the historic discovery of gravitational waves caused by colliding black holes could help unlock the secrets of dark matter, a mysterious and as-yet-unobserved component of the universe. [17] The lack of so-called "dark photons" in electron-positron collision data rules out scenarios in which these hypothetical particles explain the muon's magnetic moment. [16] By reproducing the complexity of the cosmos through unprecedented simulations, a new study highlights the importance of the possible behaviour of very high-energy photons. In their journey through intergalactic magnetic fields, such photons could be transformed into axions and thus avoid being absorbed. [15] Scientists have detected a mysterious X-ray signal that could be caused by dark matter streaming out of our Sun's core. Hidden photons are predicted in some extensions of the Standard Model of particle physics, and unlike WIMPs they would interact electromagnetically with normal matter. In particle physics and astrophysics, weakly interacting massive particles, or WIMPs, are among the leading hypothetical particle physics candidates for dark matter. The gravitational force attracting the matter, causing concentration of the matter in a small space and leaving much space with low matter concentration: dark matter and energy. There is an asymmetry between the mass of the electric charges, for example proton and electron, can understood by the asymmetrical Planck Distribution Law. This temperature dependent energy distribution is asymmetric around the maximum intensity, where the annihilation of matter and antimatter is a high probability event. The asymmetric sides are creating different frequencies of electromagnetic radiations being in the same intensity level and compensating each other. One of these compensating ratios is the electron-proton mass ratio. The lower energy side has no compensating intensity level, it is the dark energy and the corresponding matter is the dark matter.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Mainstream Optical Fiber

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 57 Pages.

Researchers from the Zepler Institute for Photonics and Nanoelectronics at the University of Southampton have demonstrated a new leap in hollow-core fiber performance, underlining the technology's potential to soon eclipse current optical fibers. [36] A fiber optic sensing system developed by researchers in China and Canada can peer inside supercapacitors and batteries to observe their state of charge. [35] The idea of using a sound wave in optical fibers initially came from the team's partner researchers at Bar-Ilan University in Israel. Joint research projects should follow. [34] Researchers at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology have constructed a first-of-its-kind optic isolator based on resonance of light waves on a rapidly rotating glass sphere. [33] The micro-resonator is a two-mirror trap for the light, with the mirrors facing each other within several hundred nanometers. [32] "The realization of such all-optical single-photon devices will be a large step towards deterministic multi-mode entanglement generation as well as high-fidelity photonic quantum gates that are crucial for all-optical quantum information processing," says Tanji-Suzuki. [31] Researchers at ETH have now used attosecond laser pulses to measure the time evolution of this effect in molecules. [30] A new benchmark quantum chemical calculation of C2, Si2, and their hydrides reveals a qualitative difference in the topologies of core electron orbitals of organic molecules and their silicon analogues. [29] A University of Central Florida team has designed a nanostructured optical sensor that for the first time can efficiently detect molecular chirality-a property of molecular spatial twist that defines its biochemical properties. [28] UCLA scientists and engineers have developed a new process for assembling semiconductor devices. [27]
Category: Quantum Physics

Complex Physics Phenomena

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 51 Pages.

To understand the behavior of quantum particles, imagine a pinball game-but rather than one metal ball, there are billions or more, all ricocheting off each other and their surroundings. [30] In quantum physics, some of the most interesting effects are the result of interferences. [29] When Nebraska's Herman Batelaan and colleagues recently submitted a research paper that makes the case for the existence of a non-Newtonian, quantum force, the journal asked that they place "force" firmly within quotes. [28]
Category: Quantum Physics

Discovery of Planck Particle

Authors: Azadvinder Singh
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper, Planck particle is finally discovered.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Molecules Respond to Two Photons

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 64 Pages.

Over the past few years, scientists have developed amazing tools-"cameras" that use X-rays or electrons instead of ordinary light ¬-to take rapid-fire snapshots of molecules in motion and string them into molecular movies. [39] A research team from ITMO University, with the help of colleagues from MIPT (Russia) and Politecnico di Torino (Italy), has predicted a novel type of topological quantum state of two photons. [38] A team led by Austrian experimental physicist Rainer Blatt has succeeded in characterizing the quantum entanglement of two spatially separated atoms by observing their light emission. [37] Researchers have demonstrated the first quantum light-emitting diode (LED) that emits single photons and entangled photon pairs with a wavelength of around 1550 nm, which lies within the standard telecommunications window. [36] JILA scientists have invented a new imaging technique that produces rapid, precise measurements of quantum behavior in an atomic clock in the form of near-instant visual art. [35] The unique platform, which is referred as a 4-D microscope, combines the sensitivity and high time-resolution of phase imaging with the specificity and high spatial resolution of fluorescence microscopy. [34] The experiment relied on a soliton frequency comb generated in a chip-based optical microresonator made from silicon nitride. [33] This scientific achievement toward more precise control and monitoring of light is highly interesting for miniaturizing optical devices for sensing and signal processing. [32] It may seem like such optical behavior would require bending the rules of physics, but in fact, scientists at MIT, Harvard University, and elsewhere have now demonstrated that photons can indeed be made to interact-an accomplishment that could open a path toward using photons in quantum computing, if not in light sabers. [31] Optical highways for light are at the heart of modern communications. But when it comes to guiding individual blips of light called photons, reliable transit is far less common. [30] Theoretical physicists propose to use negative interference to control heat flow in quantum devices. [29]
Category: Quantum Physics

Telescope Capture Celestial Objects

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 49 Pages.

The enhanced telescope design holds the potential to obtain extremely high-resolution images of objects outside our solar system, such as planets, pulsars, globular clusters and distant galaxies. [35] With teamwork and interferometry, we can now study one of the most mysterious and extreme objects in the universe. [34] In a study published online in Nature Methods, Prof. Compact quantum devices could be incorporated into laptops and mobile phones, thanks in part to small devices called quantum optical micro-combs. [31] Taking their name from an intricate Japanese basket pattern, kagome magnets are thought to have electronic properties that could be valuable for future quantum devices and applications. [30] A team of Cambridge researchers have found a way to control the sea of nuclei in semiconductor quantum dots so they can operate as a quantum memory device. [29] Researchers successfully integrated the systems-donor atoms and quantum dots. [28] A team of researchers including U of A engineering and physics faculty has developed a new method of detecting single photons, or light particles, using quantum dots. [27] Recent research from Kumamoto University in Japan has revealed that polyoxometalates (POMs), typically used for catalysis, electrochemistry, and photochemistry, may also be used in a technique for analyzing quantum dot (QD) photoluminescence (PL) emission mechanisms. [26] Researchers have designed a new type of laser called a quantum dot ring laser that emits red, orange, and green light. [25]
Category: Astrophysics

Solving the Problem of Natural Units of Mass, Length and Time (Решение проблемы естественных единиц массы, длины и времени)

Authors: Robert Yusupov
Comments: 18 Pages. In Russian (please learn Russian) Robert Yusupov <©> Solving the problem of natural units of mass, length and time Mar 19, 2020

This article discusses the problem of natural units, such as mass, length, and time. The author offers his own solution to this problem. The article concludes with defining formulas for physical quantities that are natural (elementary) units of mass, length, and time. The article also concludes with numerical values of these physical quantities. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ В настоящей статье рассматривается проблема естественных единиц, таких как масса, длина и время. Автор предлагает своё решение этой проблемы. В заключение статьи приводятся определяющие формулы для физических величин, являющихся естественными (элементарными) единицами массы, длины и времени. В заключении статьи также приводятся числовые значения этих физических величин.
Category: Classical Physics

Compressible Flow Around a Sphere.

Authors: A .Dowgialo
Comments: 5 Pages.

Exact solutions of the Navier-Stokes equation are given which represents steady compressible flow of a viscous fluid past a sphere. Numerical discussions of the relevant functions as well as the structure of the flow field are made.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Terahertz Quantum Sensing

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 26 Pages.

Quantum physicists rely on quantum sensing as a highly attractive method to access spectral regions and detect photons (tiny packets of light) that are generally technically challenging. [17] Electrical and optical engineers in Australia have designed a novel platform that could tailor telecommunication and optical transmissions. [16] Researchers at the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, together with collaborators from the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science at Columbia University, have developed a system to convert one wavelength of light into another without the need to phase match. [15]
Category: Quantum Physics

Detecting Cancer in Blood

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 52 Pages.

They did this by developing a method, using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy nanotags, that simultaneously detects three known pancreatic cancer biomarkers in blood. [34] Using the latest advances in imaging and computing, Johns Hopkins Medicine researchers have developed a framework that's able to reveal the structural and functional changes in the blood vessel network required for growth of a tumour. [33] Medical physicist Dr. Aswin Hoffmann and his team from the Institute of Radiooncology-OncoRay at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) have combined magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a proton beam, thus demonstrating for the first time that in principle, this commonly used imaging method can work with particle beam cancer treatments. [32] Washington State University researchers for the first time have shown that they can use electrical fields to gain valuable information about the tiny, floating vesicles that move around in animals and plants and are critically important to many biological functions. [31] Finding a fast and inexpensive way to detect specific strains of bacteria and viruses is critical to food safety, water quality, environmental protection and human health. [30] In the perspective, Gabor and Song collect early examples in electron metamaterials and distil emerging design strategies for electronic control from them. [29] Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) researchers are working to make better electronic devices by delving into the way nanocrystals are arranged inside of them. [28] Self-assembly and crystallisation of nanoparticles (NPs) is generally a complex process, based on the evaporation or precipitation of NP-building blocks. [27] New nanoparticle-based films that are more than 80 times thinner than a human hair may help to fill this need by providing materials that can holographically archive more than 1000 times more data than a DVD in a 10-by-10-centimeter piece of film. [26] Researches of scientists from South Ural State University are implemented within this area. [25]
Category: Physics of Biology

Nano-Fiber Filtered Face Masks

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 70 Pages.

Wearing a face mask is a common sight in Korea during the COVID-19 outbreak. [41] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, common human coronaviruses usually cause mild to moderate upper-respiratory tract illnesses, like the common cold. [40] When diseases reinforce each other, they rapidly accelerate through the population, then fizzle out as they run out of new hosts. [39] It's no coincidence that some of the worst viral disease outbreaks in recent years—SARS, MERS, Ebola, Marburg and likely the newly arrived 2019-nCoV virus—originated in bats. [38]
Category: Physics of Biology

On the Zeros of Riemann Ξ-Function

Authors: Wiroj Homsup
Comments: 2 Pages.

Based on functional equations of the Riemann Ξ-function and an application of the L’Hopital rule, it is shown that the Riemann Ξ-function has only real zeros.
Category: General Mathematics

On Some Ramanujan Equations: New Possible Mathematical Connections with ϕ, ζ(2), Hausdorff Dimension Values, Several Equations of Teleparallel Cosmology and Higher-Spin Interactions in String Theory

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 65 Pages.

In this paper we have described some Ramanujan equations and obtained new possible mathematical connections with ϕ, ζ(2), Hausdorff dimension values, several equations of Teleparallel Cosmology and Higher-Spin Interactions in String Theory
Category: Mathematical Physics

On the Collapse of the System-Wide Nearest-Neighbour Edge Length Histogram

Authors: Shawn Halayka
Comments: 4 Pages.

The collapse of the system-wide nearest-neighbour edge length histogram is considered.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

From Neutron and Quark Stars to Black Holes

Authors: Wanpeng Tan
Comments: 15 Pages. See arXiv:1902.01837 for dark matter & n-lifetime; arXiv:1904.03835 for baryon asymmetry; arXiv:1906.10262 for CKM and tests; arXiv:1902.03685 for stars; arXiv:1908.11838 for dark energy; https://osf.io/8qawc/ and arXiv:2003.04687 for SUSY mirror models

New physics and models for the most compact astronomical objects - neutron / quark stars and black holes are proposed. Under the new supersymmetric mirror models, neutron stars at least heavy ones could be born from hot deconfined quark matter in the core with a mass limit less than $2.5 M_\odot$. Even heavier cores will inevitably collapse into black holes as quark matter with more deconfined quark flavors becomes ever softer during the staged restoration of flavor symmetry. With new understanding of gravity as mean field theories emergent from the underlying quantum theories for providing the smooth background spacetime geometry for quantum particles, the black hole interior can be described well as a perfect fluid of free massless Majorana fermions and gauge bosons under the new genuine 2-d model. In particular, the conformal invariance on a 2-d torus for the black hole gives rise to desired consistent results for the interior microphysics and structures including its temperature, density, and entropy. Conjectures for further studies of the black hole and the early universe are also discussed in the new framework.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Pair of Congruent Circles in Tenzan Tebikigusa Furoku

Authors: Hiroshi Okumura
Comments: 8 Pages.

We generalize non-Archimedean congruent circles appeared in Samp\=o Tenzan Tebikigusa Furoku to the collinear arbelos.
Category: Geometry

AI Prevent Disruption in Fusion Devices

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 51 Pages.

This capability will be crucial for ITER, the large international tokamak under construction in France to demonstrate the practicality of fusion energy. [32] An artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm can transform low-dose CT (LDCT) scans into high-quality exams that radiologists may even prefer over LDCT studies produced via commercial iterative reconstruction techniques. [31] A team of EPFL scientists has now written a machine-learning program that can predict, in record time, how atoms will respond to an applied magnetic field. [30] Researchers from the University of Luxembourg, Technische Universität Berlin, and the Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society have combined machine learning and quantum mechanics to predict the dynamics and atomic interactions in molecules. [29] For the first time, physicists have demonstrated that machine learning can reconstruct a quantum system based on relatively few experimental measurements. [28] AlphaZero plays very unusually; not like a human, but also not like a typical computer. Instead, it plays with "real artificial" intelligence. [27] Predictions for an AI-dominated future are increasingly common, but Antoine Blondeau has experience in reading, and arguably manipulating, the runes-he helped develop technology that evolved into predictive texting and Apple's Siri. [26] Artificial intelligence can improve health care by analyzing data from apps, smartphones and wearable technology. [25] Now, researchers at Google's DeepMind have developed a simple algorithm to handle such reasoning-and it has already beaten humans at a complex image comprehension test. [24] A marimba-playing robot with four arms and eight sticks is writing and playing its own compositions in a lab at the Georgia Institute of Technology. The pieces are generated using artificial intelligence and deep learning. [23] Now, a team of researchers at MIT and elsewhere has developed a new approach to such computations, using light instead of electricity, which they say could vastly improve the speed and efficiency of certain deep learning computations. [22] Physicists have found that the structure of certain types of quantum learning algorithms is very similar to their classical counterparts-a finding that will help scientists further develop the quantum versions. [21]
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Predictions of the Growth of Covid19 (Part 2 for the Usa). v2

Authors: Dongchan Lee
Comments: 3 Pages.

This is the summary of Lee’s predictions about COVID-19’s infection population in the United States of America. It is the second part of the series. Unless the U.S. government and CDC take actions aggressively nationwide to cut the rampant growth of the virus, at least 0.1 Million Americans will catch COVID-19 by March and at least 10 million infected Americans by sometime April, and almost 100 Millions infected by sometime May 2020. We corrected the error for the prediction for the 10,000 infections from the version 1 (from the context, it is obvious to see the writing error.) In this second version, we included when the U.S. death tolls reach 1 thousand, 10 thousand, 100 thousand, and 1 Million.
Category: Quantitative Biology

The Predictions of the Growth of Covid19 (Part 3 for Italy)

Authors: Dongchan Lee
Comments: 1 Page.

In this part 4, I predicted the total global infections and the total death tolls of the COVID-19 , adding some more to those predicted in the part 1.
Category: Quantitative Biology

The Predictions of the Growth of Covid19 (Part 4 for the Global Explosions)

Authors: Dongchan Lee
Comments: 1 Page.

In this part 4, I predicted the total global infections and the total death tolls of the COVID-19 , adding some more to those predicted in the part 1.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Infrared Microscope Cancer Diagnostics

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 61 Pages.

A novel hybrid microscope delivers the same information as standard optical microscopy without the need for detrimental tissue staining, while also providing molecular insight into tissue biopsies [38] A new system capable of probing microscopic environments inside cells has been installed at the University of Exeter's Bioimaging Centre. [37] "We put the optical microscope under a microscope to achieve accuracy near the atomic scale," said NIST's Samuel Stavis, who served as the project leader for these efforts. [36] Researchers have designed an interferometer that works with magnetic quasiparticles called magnons, rather than photons as in conventional interferometers. [35] A technique to manipulate electrons with light could bring quantum computing up to room temperature. [34] The USTC Microcavity Research Group in the Key Laboratory of Quantum Information has perfected a 4-port, all-optically controlled non-reciprocal multifunctional photonic device based on a magnetic-field-free optomechanical resonator. [33] To address this technology gap, a team of engineers from the National University of Singapore (NUS) has developed an innovative microchip, named BATLESS, that can continue to operate even when the battery runs out of energy. [32] Stanford researchers have developed a water-based battery that could provide a cheap way to store wind or solar energy generated when the sun is shining and wind is blowing so it can be fed back into the electric grid and be redistributed when demand is high. [31] Researchers at AMOLF and the University of Texas have circumvented this problem with a vibrating glass ring that interacts with light. They thus created a microscale circulator that directionally routes light on an optical chip without using magnets. [30] Researchers have discovered three distinct variants of magnetic domain walls in the helimagnet iron germanium (FeGe). [29] Magnetic materials that form helical structures-coiled shapes comparable to a spiral staircase or the double helix strands of a DNA molecule-occasionally exhibit exotic behavior that could improve information processing in hard drives and other digital devices. [28]
Category: Physics of Biology

Machines Learn Chemistry

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 37 Pages.

Models based on artificial intelligence can significantly change the way we approach chemical syntheses. But we are still at the very beginning." [26] A new tool is drastically changing the face of chemical research-artificial intelligence. In a new paper published in Nature, researchers review the rapid progress in machine learning for the chemical sciences. [25] A new type of artificial-intelligence-driven chemistry could revolutionise the way molecules are discovered, scientists claim. [24] Tired of writing your own boring code for new software? Finally, there's an AI that can do it for you. [23] Welcome to Move Mirror, where you move in front of your webcam. [22] Understanding how a robot will react under different conditions is essential to guaranteeing its safe operation. [21] Marculescu, along with ECE Ph.D. student Chieh Lo, has developed a machine learning algorithm-called MPLasso-that uses data to infer associations and interactions between microbes in the GI microbiome. [20] A team of researchers from the University of Muenster in Germany has now demonstrated that this combination is extremely well suited to planning chemical syntheses-so-called retrosyntheses-with unprecedented efficiency. [19] Two physicists at ETH Zurich and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem have developed a novel machine-learning algorithm that analyses large data sets describing a physical system and extract from them the essential information needed to understand the underlying physics. [18]
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Memory Inheritance with DNA Replication

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 35 Pages.

The joint research groups of The Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Yokohama City University, and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) have clarified new mechanism for controlling DNA methylation in cells. [22] Histones are proteins that regulate the unwinding of DNA in the cell nucleus and the expression of genes based on chemical modifications or "marks" that are placed on their tails. [21]
Category: Physics of Biology

Composing Proteins with AI

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 60 Pages.

In this week's APL Bioengineering, researchers in the United States and Taiwan explore how to create new proteins by using machine learning to translate protein structures into musical scores, presenting an unusual way to translate physics concepts across disparate domains. [37] David Baker, Professor of Biochemistry and Director of the Institute for Protein Design at the University of Washington will speak about how algorithmic processes such as de novo design predict protein structures, protein folding mechanisms, and new protein functions. [36] A research team at Kobe University has developed a method of artificially controlling the anchorage position of target proteins in engineered baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). [35] Scientists have found a new way to home in on the proteins covering a particular cell's surface. The feat offers insight into how brain cells form intricate networks during development. [34]
Category: Physics of Biology

Symbol and Symbolism

Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 14 Pages.

Probable etymology of these two words. The translation of article from Russian into English is enclosed.
Category: Linguistics

Proof of the Beale’s Conjecture (Russian Version)

Authors: Andrey B. Skrypnik
Comments: 27 Pages.

The Proof of the Beale Conjecture confirms the P versus NP problem
Category: Number Theory

Proof of the Beale’s Conjecture

Authors: Andrey B. Skrypnik
Comments: 15 Pages.

The Proof of the Beale Conjecture confirms the P versus NP problem
Category: Number Theory

An Introduction to Multivariate Expansion

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 8 Pages.

We introduce the notion of an expansion in a specified and mixed directions. This is a piece of an extension program of \textbf{single~variable~expansivity~theory} developed by the author.
Category: Algebra

Archetypal Quantum Kagome

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 48 Pages.

A renowned phenomenon through which this happens is ferromagnetism, occurring when all elementary moments or spins interact at the atomic scale (i.e., the so-called Heisenberg interaction) and align in one direction. [28] Computing the dynamics of many interacting quantum particles accurately is a daunting task. There is however a promising calculation method for such systems: tensor networks, which are being researched in the theory division at the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics. [27]
Category: Quantum Physics

Optical Communication Method

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 56 Pages.

Optical multiplexing and demultiplexing utilizing the intrinsic physical properties of light has played a crucial role in high-capacity data storage and high-speed communications. [37] Researchers from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill have reached a new milestone on the way to optical computing, or the use of light instead of electricity for computing. [36] The key technical novelty of this work is the creation of semantic embeddings out of structured event data. [35] The researchers have focussed on a complex quantum property known as entanglement, which is a vital ingredient in the quest to protect sensitive data. [34] Cryptography is a science of data encryption providing its confidentiality and integrity. [33] Researchers at the University of Sheffield have solved a key puzzle in quantum physics that could help to make data transfer totally secure. [32] "The realization of such all-optical single-photon devices will be a large step towards deterministic multi-mode entanglement generation as well as high-fidelity photonic quantum gates that are crucial for all-optical quantum information processing," says Tanji-Suzuki. [31] Researchers at ETH have now used attosecond laser pulses to measure the time evolution of this effect in molecules. [30] A new benchmark quantum chemical calculation of C2, Si2, and their hydrides reveals a qualitative difference in the topologies of core electron orbitals of organic molecules and their silicon analogues. [29] A University of Central Florida team has designed a nanostructured optical sensor that for the first time can efficiently detect molecular chirality-a property of molecular spatial twist that defines its biochemical properties. [28]
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Computability of the Cosmic Dark Matter Density from First Principles

Authors: Shawn Halayka
Comments: 2 Pages. FQXi submission

The tetrahedral tessellation of space is considered for the 3-sphere. It is found that there is a dark matter density $\Omega_{DM} = 0.284$ associated with the curvature of the 3-sphere.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Quantum State of Entangled Photons

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 61 Pages.

A research team from ITMO University, with the help of colleagues from MIPT (Russia) and Politecnico di Torino (Italy), has predicted a novel type of topological quantum state of two photons. [38] A team led by Austrian experimental physicist Rainer Blatt has succeeded in characterizing the quantum entanglement of two spatially separated atoms by observing their light emission. [37] Researchers have demonstrated the first quantum light-emitting diode (LED) that emits single photons and entangled photon pairs with a wavelength of around 1550 nm, which lies within the standard telecommunications window. [36] JILA scientists have invented a new imaging technique that produces rapid, precise measurements of quantum behavior in an atomic clock in the form of near-instant visual art. [35] The unique platform, which is referred as a 4-D microscope, combines the sensitivity and high time-resolution of phase imaging with the specificity and high spatial resolution of fluorescence microscopy. [34] The experiment relied on a soliton frequency comb generated in a chip-based optical microresonator made from silicon nitride. [33] This scientific achievement toward more precise control and monitoring of light is highly interesting for miniaturizing optical devices for sensing and signal processing. [32] It may seem like such optical behavior would require bending the rules of physics, but in fact, scientists at MIT, Harvard University, and elsewhere have now demonstrated that photons can indeed be made to interact-an accomplishment that could open a path toward using photons in quantum computing, if not in light sabers. [31] Optical highways for light are at the heart of modern communications. But when it comes to guiding individual blips of light called photons, reliable transit is far less common. [30] Theoretical physicists propose to use negative interference to control heat flow in quantum devices. [29] Particle physicists are studying ways to harness the power of the quantum realm to further their research. [28]
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Computing Achievement

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 96 Pages.

"We will be able to test the output of quantum computers against these calculations," said Krishnamoorthy. "If quantum computers can produce results close to these results, we will know they work." [57] We all learn quantum physics as physics students, but in recent years this field has taken on a whole new life. It's not an esoteric theory anymore, something that only describes tiny effects in extreme forms of matter. It's going to form the basis for a whole new type of technology. So I think that, because physicists have a bit of a leg up in this area, they should go all-in. [56] Scientists from the University of Bath, working with a colleague at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, have devised an ingenious method of controlling the vapour by coating the interior of containers with nanoscopic gold particles 300,000 times smaller than a pinhead. [55] Significant technical and financial issues remain towards building a large, fault-tolerant quantum computer and one is unlikely to be built within the coming decade. [54] Chemists at Friedrich Schiller University in Jena (Germany) have now synthesised a molecule that can perform the function of a computing unit in a quantum computer. [53] The research team developed the first optical microchip to generate, manipulate and detect a particular state of light called squeezed vacuum, which is essential for HYPERLINK "https://phys.org/tags/quantum/" quantum computation. [52] Australian scientists have investigated new directions to scale up qubits-utilising the spin-orbit coupling of atom qubits-adding a new suite of tools to the armory. [51]
Category: Quantum Physics

Solutions of Systems of Linear Diophantine Equations and Prime Numbers

Authors: Claude Henri Raymond Dequatre
Comments: 53 Pages.

A large number of systems of diophantine equations have been generated, paying particular attention to the solutions identified as prime numbers. A statistical approach was taken to create such systems with random terms and coefficients. This paper gives a detailed view of the work carried out and the analysis of these solutions which are part of the set of prime numbers. Data, observations and an analysis of results allowed to evaluate the frequency of prime number solutions, identify some structures in prime number solution scatter plots and some relationships between the number of prime solutions and the number of primes and finally establish two conjectures on the number of prime solutions generated by these linear diophantine equation systems.
Category: Number Theory

Network of Optical Clocks

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 35 Pages.

The researchers are now preparing optical lattice clocks to demonstrate a clock network using this fiber link and are working to make electrical components of the system more practical. [21] Researchers at Northwestern University, the University of Bath, and the University of Sydney have developed a new network approach to topic models, machine learning strategies that can discover abstract topics and semantic structures within text documents. [20] To achieve remarkable results in computer vision tasks, deep learning algorithms need to be trained on large-scale annotated datasets that include extensive informationabout every image. [19] Brian Mitchell and Linda Petzold, two researchers at the University of California, have recently applied model-free deep reinforcement learning to models of neural dynamics, achieving very promising results. [18]
Category: Quantum Physics

Unconventional Superconductivity

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 46 Pages.

The results suggest the higher Tc in CuxBi2Se3 could be further achieved by gating-technique or high pressure technique, as realized in iron-selenides superconductors. [29] A superconductor can switch the magnetic moment of a single-molecule magnet placed on top of it. [28] Discovered more than 100 years ago, superconductivity continues to captivate scientists who seek to develop components for highly efficient energy transmission, ultrafast electronics or quantum bits for next-generation computation. [27] One of the greatest mysteries in condensed matter physics is the exact relationship between charge order and superconductivity in cuprate superconductors. [26] Cuprates hold the record high superconducting temperature at ambient pressure so far, but understanding their superconducting mechanism remains one of the great challenges of physical sciences listed as one of 125 quests announced by Science. [25] Now, scientists at Tokyo Institute of Technology (Tokyo Tech), the University of Tokyo and Tohoku University report curious multi-state transitions of these superconductors in which they change from superconductor to special metal and then to insulator. [24] Researchers at the Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute and the Southern Scientific Center of RAS, in Russia, have recently fabricated quasi-2-D superconductors at the interface between a ferroelectric Ba0.8Sr0.2TiO3 film and an insulating parent compound of La2CuO4. [23] Scientists seeking to understand the mechanism underlying superconductivity in "stripe-ordered" cuprates-copper-oxide materials with alternating areas of electric charge and magnetism-discovered an unusual metallic state when attempting to turn superconductivity off. [22] This discovery makes it clear that in order to understand the mechanism behind the enigmatic high temperature superconductivity of the cuprates, this exotic PDW state needs to be taken into account, and therefore opens a new frontier in cuprate research. [21] High-temperature (Tc) superconductivity typically develops from antiferromagnetic insulators, and superconductivity and ferromagnetism are always mutually exclusive. [20]
Category: Quantum Physics

Jupiter And Venus Motions Interaction

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 25 Pages.

The Paper Argument 1-The 3 inner Planets (Mercury – Venus & Earth) were created by Jupiter effect 2-Mars Is Exceptional In Its Creation 3-Jupiter orbital circumference is created based on the inner planets orbital circumferences (i.e. there's a mutual effect between Jupiter and the inner planets) 4-The inner planets & Jupiter can't define the sun position in the sky relative to their orbital circumferences 5-Jupiter and the inner planets depend on Saturn to define the sun position relative to their orbital circumferences (Through Mars Effect) 6-Saturn depends on Uranus to define the sun position in the sky 7-Uranus Is The First Planet Created Relative To The Sun 8-The Basic Connection Between Jupiter And The Inner Planets depends On Venus, Where Jupiter Venus Relationship shows an effect on the sun creation. Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

Relationship Between Numbers with 3 Prime Factors and Triangular Numbers

Authors: Pedro Hugo García Peláez
Comments: 5 Pages.

Numbers with prime factors a * b * c * d where a = 2 and b = 3 And they also fulfill that (a * d) - (b * c) = 1 or -1 Are triangular numbers.
Category: Number Theory

Einstein’s Cosmos: a Theoretical Framework of the Oscillating Universe

Authors: Dong-Yih Bau
Comments: 11 Pages.

Since the time of the ancient Greeks, the pursuit of a theory of the universe has remained an unfinished task, even as humanity has entered the twenty-first century. Few know that, to lead this development, Einstein defined a scientific task called Einstein’s cosmos and offered a methodical approach called principle theory. Indeed, it is astounding in this scientific golden era that this is not more well known. We have previously promoted some of Einstein’s work in this area. Herein, as an extension of our previous literature, we apply principle theory to develop a theoretical framework of our oscillating universe and use this framework to examine research practices concerning the universe, elementary particle physics, and cosmology critically. This paper has two goals: first, to promote Einstein’s cosmos and principle theory, to restore his scientific thoughts to their deserved place in the precious pursuit of a final theory of the universe; second, to invite elementary particle physicists and cosmologists to pursue Einstein’s cosmos collectively under this theoretical framework of the oscillating universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Origins of Building Blocks of Life

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 53 Pages.

Rutgers researchers have discovered the origins of the protein structures responsible for metabolism: simple molecules that powered early life on Earth and serve as chemical signals that NASA could use to search for life on other planets. [38] Researchers in Dana-Farber's cBio Center have now demonstrated a powerful 'experimental evolution' method to discover details of protein shape and function, and the method may find uses across a very broad spectrum of biomedical research. [37] The discovery, published in Nature Communications, could help uncover treatments for age-related conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease, which are often caused by accumulation of misfolded proteins. [36] Korean researchers have used light to control the binding of two separate and inactive antibody fragments and generate a specific, timely immune response to antigens. [35] A new Empa study recently published in Nature Communications shows how this amazing behavior can be improved-and even used to treat injuries and tissue damage. [34] Scientists at Johns Hopkins Medicine report they have created a tiny, nanosize container that can slip inside cells and deliver protein-based medicines and gene therapies of any size-even hefty ones attached to the gene-editing tool called CRISPR. [33] Protocells-artificial cells-that are active and mimic living cells by moving independently and that are biocompatible and enzymatically active are now possible using an improved method developed by Penn State researchers. [32] Pioneering new research into the way in which cells communicate with each other could hold the key to unlocking new, improved treatment for life-threatening diseases, including cancer. [31] Researchers at the University of Illinois at Chicago have demonstrated that magnetic nanoparticles can be used to ferry chemotherapy drugs into the spinal cord to treat hard-to-reach spinal tumors in an animal model. [30] Small vessel vasculitis-inflammation of the small blood vessels-appears as a stain of tiny, red dots covering the skin that, depending on the severity, can evolve into painful pustules or ulcers. [29]
Category: Physics of Biology

A Case of Remission of Childhood-Onset Fluency by Paroxetine

Authors: Toshiro Takami
Comments: 10 Pages.

When I was about 4 or 5 years old, I was aware of childhood onset fluency. He was treated by a speech therapist in elementary school, but was discontinued after one year with no effect. Personality is serious, honest and friendly. It is a character that is liked by people. He was a medium-thick man and did not perform very well in school. He was suffering from childhood-onset fluency during elementary school and junior high school. After graduating from high school, a local parent found a job at a small car repair shop, which was a distant relative. I've been working for two years without any problems (no "bullying" due to small repair shop). At the age of 20, he visited the hospital after seeing a statement on the Internet that childhood-onset fluency was cured by SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor). Start with Escitalopram 10mg / day. This dose was taken for one month and the symptoms were slightly reduced, but the case was changed to sertraline 3,5) in hope of a more effective drug. However, sertraline did not work at all, and there was a tendency to worsen. Drug modified to paroxetine. This has been effective, and the disease has continued to be milder and can be said to be in remission. Because she tends to relapse when she stops taking the drug, she continues to take 10 mg / day (currently about 1 year and 8 months after the first dose). Now he is so mild that he cannot feel any fluency at all.
Category: Mind Science

On Some Ramanujan Expressions and Partition Formulas: Mathematical Connections with ϕ, ζ(2), Various Fractal Hausdorff Dimensions Values and Several Equations of Teleparallel Cosmology. III

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 83 Pages.

In this paper we have described some Ramanujan expressions and Partition formulas. We have obtained mathematical connections with ϕ, ζ(2), various Fractal Hausdorff Dimensions values and several equations of Teleparallel Cosmology
Category: Mathematical Physics

CRISPR Technology Target Coronavirus

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 69 Pages.

CRISPR-based genetic screens have helped scientists identify genes that are key players in sickle-cell anemia, cancer immunotherapy, lung cancer metastasis, and many other diseases. [40] When diseases reinforce each other, they rapidly accelerate through the population, then fizzle out as they run out of new hosts. [39] It's no coincidence that some of the worst viral disease outbreaks in recent years-SARS, MERS, Ebola, Marburg and likely the newly arrived 2019-nCoV virus-originated in bats. [38] An interdisciplinary team of researchers at Colorado State University has used computational chemistry, biochemistry and virology to uncover new information on how viruses such as West Nile, dengue and Zika replicate. [37] David Baker, Professor of Biochemistry and Director of the Institute for Protein Design at the University of Washington will speak about how algorithmic processes such as de novo design predict protein structures, protein folding mechanisms, and new protein functions. [36] A research team at Kobe University has developed a method of artificially controlling the anchorage position of target proteins in engineered baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). [35] Scientists have found a new way to home in on the proteins covering a particular cell's surface. The feat offers insight into how brain cells form intricate networks during development. [34]
Category: Physics of Biology

Transmitter for Terahertz Waves

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 62 Pages.

The new methods, developed in Dresden-Rossendorf, could help to make environmental sensors like this much cheaper in the future. [38] A team of researchers at Durham University has found a way to use long-wavelength terahertz radiation to produce video with a high frame rate. [37] A new terahertz imaging technique could help slow the spread of these infestations by detecting insect damage inside wood before it becomes visible on the outside. [36]
Category: Quantum Physics

Selective Killing of Cancer Cells

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 53 Pages.

A team of researchers from the Center for Soft and Living Matter, within the Institute of Basic Science (IBS, South Korea) and affiliated with Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) has discovered a novel approach to selectively target and kill several types of cancer cells. [34] Using the latest advances in imaging and computing, Johns Hopkins Medicine researchers have developed a framework that’s able to reveal the structural and functional changes in the blood vessel network required for growth of a tumour. [33]
Category: Physics of Biology

Seismic Imaging Inside the Brain

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 39 Pages.

A computational technique developed to process seismic images of the Earth’s subsurface could allow for high-resolution human brain imaging, reports a new study by researchers from Imperial College London. [25] A team of researchers at the University of California's Department of Neurological Surgery and the Center for Integrative Neuroscience in San Francisco has taken another step toward the development of a device able to read a person's mind. [24] Professor Thomas Hills from the Department of Psychology set out to bridge the gap between the philosophical arguments for free will and the neurocognitive realities. [23] Researchers at the University of Twente have designed a tiny needle in which micro-channels can be used for extracting small liquid samples from a local area of the brain. [22]
Category: Physics of Biology

Prediction of Daily Contagions of Covid-19 from March 01 to May 19 in Italy

Authors: Calogero Rinzivillo, Sergio Conte, Elio Conte
Comments: 3 Pages.

We study a fractal model for prediction of Covid-19 contagions from March 01 to May 19 in Italy . We obtain that the time of the peak is estimated to be at March 22-23 and the number of contagions will be about 110000 cases
Category: Quantitative Biology

Onsager Core of Abor-Miri and Mising Languages

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 44 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study an Abor-Miri to English dictionary and a Mising to English dictionary. We count words one by one. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of words, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised( unnormalised). We observe that the graphs are closer to the curves of reduced magnetisation vs reduced temperature for various approximations of the Ising model.We find that behind the words of Abor-Miri language, the magnetisation curve is BP(4,βH = 0.08), in the Bethe-Peierls approximation of Ising model with four nearest neighbours, in presence of liitle external magnetic field, βH = 0.08; behind the words of Mising language the magnetisation curve is BW(c=0.005), in the Bragg-Williams approximation of Ising model in the presenceof external magnetic field, H, with c =H/γε= 0.005. Neverthless, once the Mising alphabet is reduced to that of Abor-Miri, the magnetisation curve behind the Mising language is BP(4,βH = 0.08). Both seem to underlie the same type of magnetisation curve in the Spin-Glass phase in the presence of external magnetic field. Moreover, words of both Abor-Miri language and the Mising language in the reduced alphabet scheme, go over to Onsager solution, on few successive normalisations. β is 1/(k_B T) where, T is temperature and k_B is the Boltzmann constant.
Category: Condensed Matter

Machine Learning Quantum Computer

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 47 Pages.

This work shows how machine learning techniques such as developed in this work could play a crucial role in this aspect of the realization of a full-scale fault-tolerant universal quantum computer-the ultimate goal of the global research effort. [26] A Cornell-led team has developed a way to use machine learning to analyze the data generated by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM)-a technique that produces subatomic scale images of electronic motions in material surfaces at varying energies, providing information unattainable by any other method. [25] Physicists in the US have used machine learning to determine the phase diagram of a system of 12 idealized quantum particles to a higher precision than ever before. [24] The research group took advantage of a system at SLAC's Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL) that combines machine learning-a form of artificial intelligence where computer algorithms glean knowledge from enormous amounts of data-with experiments that quickly make and screen hundreds of sample materials at a time. [23] Researchers at the UCLA Samueli School of Engineering have demonstrated that deep learning, a powerful form of artificial intelligence, can discern and enhance microscopic details in photos taken by smartphones. [22] Such are the big questions behind one of the new projects underway at the MIT-IBM Watson AI Laboratory, a collaboration for research on the frontiers of artificial intelligence. [21]
Category: Quantum Physics

Qubits at Room Temperature

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 80 Pages.

Scientists from NUST MISIS (Russia) together with colleagues from Sweden, Hungary and U.S., found a way to manufacture stable qubits that operate at room temperature, in contrast to the majority of existing analogues. [49] A group of physicists in Utrecht, San Sebastián and Pennsylvania have created a new artificial molecule that is insulating inside but has electronic states localized in its corners. [48] In a recent study, researchers at the University of Colorado have resolved phonon Fock states in the spectrum of a superconducting qubit coupled to a multimode acoustic cavity. [47] "Our bacterially produced graphene material will lead to far better suitability for product development," Meyer says. [46] Physicists at the University of Innsbruck are proposing a new model that could demonstrate the supremacy of quantum computers over classical supercomputers in solving optimization problems. [45] Using data from the CMS experiment there, the researchers studied the entropy resulting from entanglement within the proton. [44] A German-Austrian research team is now presenting the largest entangled quantum register of individually controllable systems to date, consisting of a total of 20 quantum bits. [43] Neill is lead author of the group's new paper, "A blueprint for demonstrating quantum supremacy with superconducting qubits," now published in the journal Science. [42] Physicists at ETH Zurich have now demonstrated an elegant way to relax this intrinsic incompatibility using a mechanical oscillator formed by a single trapped ion, opening up a route for fundamental studies and practical uses alike. [41] Physical experiments were performed by Schiffer's team at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and were funded by the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science. [40] Novel insight comes now from experiments and simulations performed by a team led by ETH physicists who have studied electronic transport properties in a one-dimensional quantum wire containing a mesoscopic lattice. [39]
Category: Quantum Physics

Modeling and Projecting Offensive Value Using Combined Hit-Tracking and Speed Measurements

Authors: Glenn Healey
Comments: 20 Pages.

Outcome-based statistics for representing batter and pitcher skill have been shown to have a low degree of repeatability due to the effects of multiple confounding variables such as the defense, weather, and ballpark. Statistics derived from pitch and hit-tracking data acquired by the Statcast system have been shown to provide greater repeatability and predictive value than outcome-based statistics. The wOBA cube representation uses three-dimensional hit-tracking data to compute intrinsic batted ball statistics for batters and pitchers. While providing more reliable measures than outcome-based statistics, this representation also revealed that running speed is an important determinant of batter success. We address this issue by building a four-dimensional model for a batted ball's value as a function of its physical contact parameters and the batter's time-to-first speed.
Category: Statistics

Three-Dimensional Flow Impinging Obliquely on a Rigid Cylinder

Authors: A.Dowgialo
Comments: 3 Pages.

An exact solution of the Navier-Stokes equation is given which represents steady three-dimensional flow of a viscous fluid impinging on Rigid Cylinder obliquely. Numerical discussions of the relevant functions as well as the structure of the flow field are made. A comparison with an existing theory is also given.
Category: Mathematical Physics

An Interference Experiment to Verify the Correctness of the Non-Dualistic Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics

Authors: N Gurappa
Comments: 5 pages, 1 figure

According to `the wave-particle non-dualistic interpretation of quantum mechanics at a single-quantum level’ (NI), the SchrÖdinger wave function is proposed/shown to be an instantaneous resonant spatial mode in which a quantum moves. To verify this key proposal, a modified Mach-Zehnder interferometer experiment with a single-particle source is proposed. A negative result of this experiment simply implies that the NI is wrong.
Category: Quantum Physics

Antigravitational Toe

Authors: Adham ahmed Mohamed ahmed
Comments: 2 Pages. Ty

as discused in the previous paper energy theory masses tend to get more energy other than its eat mass energy in the form of kinetic energy let's assume that the two masses would repel Now imagine have two big masses one on the far right and the other on the far left what happens is that they would repel but imagine putting two small other masses between the two big masses what would happen is that the two small masses would come near each other because of the the two big masses on the outside pushing them towards each other giving the illusion of gravity which is hence the anti gravitational toe Let's start with wave particle duality by De broglie: The reason why photons have the speed of light but different energies is because It's that the photons move in one direction after being pushed by electrons and as they are being pushed forwards the are also pushed backwards by masses in front of it This makes the photon oscillate to the right and left up and down to it's forward direction it's just a mass getting bullied by every mass relativity by einstein: If you go faster you get bullied more by masses in front of you Your wave like vibration increases energy increases you do more actions and you do more at the same time and that explains time dilation in special relativity now in general relativity the masses are blue shifted when going towards a large mass because of the push increasing as well(increased bullying) quantum physics: The single slit model have not much variation in the positioning of electrons due to the fact that when you shoot an electron through one slit it's bullied by the two sides of the slit but then it's not enough to make it change course But when you add two slits after the first slit The crescendo of bullying magnifies And it starts to go far places from the middle
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Relación Entre Números Con 3 Factores Primos Y Los Números Triangulares

Authors: Pedro Hugo García Peláez
Comments: 5 Pages.

Los números con factores primos a*b*c*d donde a=2 y b=3 Y que Además cumplen que (a*d)-(b*c)= 1 o -1 Son números triangulares
Category: Number Theory

Tabular Islamic Calendar

Authors: Wenceslao Segura González
Comments: 39 Pages.

We describe the arithmetic or computational Islamic calendar of medieval Muslim astronomers. We classify the different calendars of this type, also called tabular, finding the possible intercalation criteria. With the chronological Julian day, we obtain precise rules to convert this tabular calendar to the Julian or Gregorian calendar and vice versa. The Islamic tabular calendar is, on average, very close to astronomical reality; however, there is an error that is accumulative and that we determine precisely. This paper analyzes the Islamic era and its relationship with the pre-Islamic calendar that existed in Arabia before the arrival of Islam.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Three-Dimensional Flow Impinging Obliquely on a Plane Wall

Authors: A . Dowgialo
Comments: 4 Pages.

An exact solution of the Navier-Stokes equation is given which represents steady three-dimensional flow of a viscous fluid impinging on a plane wall obliquely. Numerical discussions of the relevant functions as well as the structure of the flow field are made. A comparison with an existing theory is also given.
Category: Mathematical Physics

ORNL Neutrons for Magnetic Materials

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 38 Pages.

Two of the world's most powerful sources for neutron scattering at the US Department of Energy's (DOE's) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) are getting upgrades. [23] Direct observations of the structure and catalytic mechanism of a prototypical kinase enzyme—protein kinase A or PKA—will provide researchers and drug developers with significantly enhanced abilities to understand and treat fatal diseases and neurological disorders such as cancer, diabetes, and cystic fibrosis. [22] The ability to grow large protein crystals is the single biggest bottleneck that limits the use of neutron protein crystallography in structural biology. [21]
Category: Condensed Matter

One Kg

Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 2 Pages.

In this paper, we summarize a series of known and less-known things about one Kg.
Category: Quantum Physics

Controllable Nonlinear Dielectrics

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 43 Pages.

This breakthrough will provide a promising path for future applications of mechanically tunable technology. [24] Two of the world's most powerful sources for neutron scattering at the US Department of Energy's (DOE's) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) are getting upgrades. [23]
Category: Condensed Matter

Dual-Topology Insulator

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 48 Pages.

Finally, the combination of the experimental evidence, first-principles simulations and theoretical models on 3-D jacutingaite supports THEOS's earlier prediction that 2-D jacutingaite is a Kane-Mele (graphene-like) quantum spin Hall insulator. [28] The topological QPC, first implemented at JMU Würzburg, offers an exciting perspective in this respect. [27] A certain kind of material, called a topological insulator, acts partially like one and partially like the other-it behaves like a conductor at its surface and an insulator in its interior. [26] Topological insulators (TIs) host exotic physics that could shed new light on the fundamental laws of nature. [25] A new study by scientists from the University of Bristol brings us a significant step closer to unleashing the revolutionary potential of quantum computing by harnessing silicon fabrication technology to build complex on-chip quantum optical circuits. [24] Two teams of scientists from the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology have collaborated to conduct groundbreaking research leading to the development of a new and innovative scientific field: Quantum Metamaterials. [23] An international team consisting of Russian and German scientists has made a breakthrough in the creation of seemingly impossible materials. They have created the world's first quantum metamaterial that can be used as a control element in superconducting electrical circuits. [22] ETH physicists have developed a silicon wafer that behaves like a topological insulator when stimulated using ultrasound. They have thereby succeeded in turning an abstract theoretical concept into a macroscopic product. [21] Cheng Chin, professor in the Department of Physics, and his team looked at an experimental setup of tens of thousands of atoms cooled down to near absolute zero. As the system crossed a quantum phase transition, they measured its behavior with an extremely sensitive imaging system. [20]
Category: Quantum Physics

Cool Technology Quantum Computing

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 72 Pages.

"Cryogenics should not be an obstacle that stops anyone from doing an experiment or developing an application; the measurement infrastructure should be readily available so researchers can focus on making their experiment." [43] But with a team of researchers from the UK and France, we have demonstrated that it may well be possible to build a quantum computer from conventional silicon-based electronic components. [42] Physicists at ETH Zurich have now demonstrated an elegant way to relax this intrinsic incompatibility using a mechanical oscillator formed by a single trapped ion, opening up a route for fundamental studies and practical uses alike. [41] Physical experiments were performed by Schiffer's team at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and were funded by the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science. [40] Novel insight comes now from experiments and simulations performed by a team led by ETH physicists who have studied electronic transport properties in a one-dimensional quantum wire containing a mesoscopic lattice. [39] Femtosecond lasers are capable of processing any solid material with high quality and high precision using their ultrafast and ultra-intense characteristics. [38] To create the flying microlaser, the researchers launched laser light into a water-filled hollow core fiber to optically trap the microparticle. Like the materials used to make traditional lasers, the microparticle incorporates a gain medium. [37] Lasers that emit ultrashort pulses of light are critical components of technologies, including communications and industrial processing, and have been central to fundamental Nobel Prize-winning research in physics. [36] A newly developed laser technology has enabled physicists in the Laboratory for Attosecond Physics (jointly run by LMU Munich and the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics) to generate attosecond bursts of high-energy photons of unprecedented intensity. [35] The unique platform, which is referred as a 4-D microscope, combines the sensitivity and high time-resolution of phase imaging with the specificity and high spatial resolution of fluorescence microscopy. [34]
Category: Quantum Physics

Nanostructured Material Replace Human Tissue

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 39 Pages.

Researchers from Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden, have created a new, rubber-like material with a unique set of properties that could act as a replacement for human tissue in medical procedures. [29] Gold nanoparticles possess unique optical properties that are used in nanomedicine for anti-cancer therapy and imaging. [28] Gene editing is one of the hottest topics in cancer research. A Chinese research team has now developed a gold-nanoparticle-based multifunctional vehicle to transport the "gene scissors" to the tumor cell genome. [27]
Category: Physics of Biology

On Some Ramanujan Partition Congruences: Mathematical Connections with ϕ, ζ(2) and Various Fractal Hausdorff Dimensions Values. II

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 50 Pages.

In this paper we have described some Ramanujan Partition Congruences, and obtained several mathematical connections with ϕ, ζ(2) and various Fractal Hausdorff Dimensions values
Category: Number Theory

Predicting the Future Trajectory of COVID-19

Authors: N Chandra Wickramasinghe, Edward J Steele, Reginald M Gorczynski, Robert Temple, Gensuke Tokoro, Alexander Kondakov, Daryl H. Wallis, Brig Klyce, D T Wickramasinghe
Comments: 6 Pages.

We argue that the new coronavirus COVID-19 was probably linked to the arrival of a pure culture of the virus in cometary debris that was deposited in the stratosphere, and first came down in the Hubei province of China. The subsequent worldwide spread of the virus has taken place by a combination of two effects: the deposition of further large quantities of virus at several locations – Iran, North Italy, South Korea – combined with much slower spread through person-to-person infection (itself largely by contaminated surfaces and personal affects). The location of the foci outside China all lie close to latitude 40 degrees N, consistent with the transport of aerosols by cyclonic winds in the stratosphere. It is also remarkably consistent with observations in the 1960’s of the fall-out of radioactive dust deposited in the stratosphere in the last of the atmospheric atom bomb tests. On this basis, we conclude that a stratospheric loading of the Coronavirus that happened in October/November 2019 could take a few winter seasons to be fully drained. A clearer understanding of the causal events that led to the COVID-19 pandemic could help planning future strategy.
Category: Physics of Biology

That in Regard to Mathematical Continuity the Structure of Particles and Their Mass Spectrum is Defined.

Authors: John Peel
Comments: 12 Pages. See previous papers

Using a generalised operator version of a lagrangian, we can analyse the structure of the connection between mass spectrums and logic - there are also further implications.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Division by Zero Calculus in Ford Circles

Authors: Saburou Saitoh
Comments: 10 Pages. I am writing a book on the division by zero calculus and for its purpose, I am collecting the related materials. Please kindly give me your kind information.

We will refer to an application of the division by zero calculus in Ford circles that have the relations to some criteria of irrational numbers as covering problems and to the Farey sequence $F_n$ for any positive integer $n$. Division by zero, division by zero calculus, $1/0=0/0=z/0=\tan(\pi/2) =0, [(z^n)/n]_{n=0} = \log z$, $[e^{(1/z)}]_{z=0} = 1$, Ford circle, Farey series, Farey intermediate number, packing by circle, criteria of irrational number.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Electron’s Motion in Hydrogen – Old Quantum Theory

Authors: Daehyeon KANG
Comments: 5 Pages.

The movement of electrons in hydrogen atoms is described in a new way. Not the Bohr-Zommerfeld method. Considering the wave of matter, the orbital angular momentum was redefined in old quantum theory. this energylevel formula corresponding to the relativistic Schrodinger equation was induced.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Bilayer Graphene Double Quantum Dots

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 38 Pages.

The first demonstration of graphene double quantum dots in which it is possible to control the number of electrons down to zero has been reported in Nano Letters. [29] Researchers successfully integrated the systems—donor atoms and quantum dots. [28] A team of researchers including U of A engineering and physics faculty has developed a new method of detecting single photons, or light particles, using quantum dots. [27] Recent research from Kumamoto University in Japan has revealed that polyoxometalates (POMs), typically used for catalysis, electrochemistry, and photochemistry, may also be used in a technique for analyzing quantum dot (QD) photoluminescence (PL) emission mechanisms. [26]
Category: Quantum Physics

Gold Nanoparticles Amyloid Fibrils

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 39 Pages.

EPFL scientists have developed powerful tools to unmask the diversity of amyloid fibrils, which are associated with Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. [29] Gold nanoparticles possess unique optical properties that are used in nanomedicine for anti-cancer therapy and imaging. [28] Gene editing is one of the hottest topics in cancer research. A Chinese research team has now developed a gold-nanoparticle-based multifunctional vehicle to transport the "gene scissors" to the tumor cell genome. [27]
Category: Physics of Biology

Graphene Solar Heating Film

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 76 Pages.

Atomaterials have developed a highly efficient solar absorbing film that absorbs sunlight with minimal heat loss and rapidly heats up to 83°C in an open environment. [48] "The junctions were reproducible over several devices and operated from 20 Kelvin up to room temperature. Our approach represents a simple but powerful strategy for the future integration of molecule-based functions into stable and controllable nanoelectronic devices." [47] The team has turned graphene oxide (GO) into a soft, moldable and kneadable play dough that can be shaped and reshaped into free-standing, three-dimensional structures. [46] A team of researchers based at The University of Manchester have found a low cost method for producing graphene printed electronics, which significantly speeds up and reduces the cost of conductive graphene inks. [45] Graphene-based computer components that can deal in terahertz "could be used, not in a normal Macintosh or PC, but perhaps in very advanced computers with high processing rates," Ozaki says. This 2-D material could also be used to make extremely high-speed nanodevices, he adds. [44] Printed electronics use standard printing techniques to manufacture electronic devices on different substrates like glass, plastic films, and paper. [43] A tiny laser comprising an array of nanoscale semiconductor cylinders (see image) has been made by an all-A*STAR team. [42] A new instrument lets researchers use multiple laser beams and a microscope to trap and move cells and then analyze them in real-time with a sensitive analysis technique known as Raman spectroscopy. [41]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Carbon Nanotube Ion Channels

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 69 Pages.

A novel technology, capable of analyzing nanomaterials in our daily lives with the use of common 'salt' has been developed. [47] The Lyding Group recently developed a technique that can be used to build carbon-nanotube-based fibers by creating chemical crosslinks. [46] Swansea University scientists have reported a new approach to measuring the conductivity between identical carbon nanotubes which could be used to help improve the efficiency of electrical power cables in the future. [45] By using nanocapsules, scientists and industrial partners are developing innovative garments and skin products that provide thermal comfort, and anti-aging and antimicrobial properties. [44] In a new study, researchers at the University of Illinois and the Missouri University of Science and Technology modeled a method to manipulate nanoparticles as an alternative mode of propulsion for tiny spacecraft that require very small levels of thrust. [43] As if they were bubbles expanding in a just-opened bottle of champagne, tiny circular regions of magnetism can be rapidly enlarged to provide a precise method of measuring the magnetic properties of nanoparticles. [42] Antennas made of carbon nanotube films are just as efficient as copper for wireless applications, according to researchers at Rice University's Brown School of Engineering. [41] The device is a high-efficiency round-trip light tunnel that squeezes visible light to the very tip of the condenser to interact with molecules locally and send back information that can decipher and visualize the elusive nanoworld. [40] "Smart glass," an energy-efficiency product found in newer windows of cars, buildings and airplanes, slowly changes between transparent and tinted at the flip of a switch. [39] With international collaboration, researchers at Aalto University have now developed a nanosized amplifier to help light signals propagate through microchips. [38] Physicists at the Kastler Brossel Laboratory in Paris have reached a milestone in the combination of cold atoms and nanophotonics. [37] The universal laws governing the dynamics of interacting quantum particles are yet to be fully revealed to the scientific community. [36]
Category: Condensed Matter

Nanostructured Carbon Dioxide

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 69 Pages.

KAIST researchers developed a three-dimensional (3-D) hierarchically porous nanostructured catalyst with carbon dioxide (CO2) to carbon monoxide (CO) conversion rate up to 3.96 times higher than that of conventional nanoporous gold catalysts. [47] The Lyding Group recently developed a technique that can be used to build carbon-nanotube-based fibers by creating chemical crosslinks. [46] Swansea University scientists have reported a new approach to measuring the conductivity between identical carbon nanotubes which could be used to help improve the efficiency of electrical power cables in the future. [45] By using nanocapsules, scientists and industrial partners are developing innovative garments and skin products that provide thermal comfort, and anti-aging and antimicrobial properties. [44] In a new study, researchers at the University of Illinois and the Missouri University of Science and Technology modeled a method to manipulate nanoparticles as an alternative mode of propulsion for tiny spacecraft that require very small levels of thrust. [43] As if they were bubbles expanding in a just-opened bottle of champagne, tiny circular regions of magnetism can be rapidly enlarged to provide a precise method of measuring the magnetic properties of nanoparticles. [42] Antennas made of carbon nanotube films are just as efficient as copper for wireless applications, according to researchers at Rice University's Brown School of Engineering. [41] The device is a high-efficiency round-trip light tunnel that squeezes visible light to the very tip of the condenser to interact with molecules locally and send back information that can decipher and visualize the elusive nanoworld. [40] "Smart glass," an energy-efficiency product found in newer windows of cars, buildings and airplanes, slowly changes between transparent and tinted at the flip of a switch. [39] With international collaboration, researchers at Aalto University have now developed a nanosized amplifier to help light signals propagate through microchips. [38] Physicists at the Kastler Brossel Laboratory in Paris have reached a milestone in the combination of cold atoms and nanophotonics. [37]
Category: Condensed Matter

Integrating the Speed of Gravity in Newton's Gravitational Law, We're it Probably… Belongs: the Universal Gravitational Constant is Very Plausibly not a True Constant, But Only a Composite Quasi-Constant Depending on a Slightly Variable Speed of Gravity

Authors: Andrei Lucian Dragoi
Comments: (EGRV - version 1.0 - 4.03.2020 - 5.5 A4 pages excluding references)

This paper proposes a new definition of the Newtonian/ universal gravitational constant (aka “big G”) which is stated to be very plausibly not a true constant, but only a composite quasi-constant depending on a slightly variable speed of gravity (which is stated to be very close to the speed of light in vacuum [c] defined as the maximum speed limit of any elementary particle allowed in our universe), to which big G is directly proportional) and a very high energetic/massic linear density of vacuum produced by evanescent/off shell virtual particle-antiparticle pairs (to which G is inversely-proportional): this redefinition brings a natural solution of integrating speed of gravity in the big G scalar. This paper also proposes a variable (energy/length scale-dependent) electro-gravitational resistivity of vacuum (EGRV) determining both a variable (energy/length scale-dependent) quantum big G and the known running coupling constant of the electromagnetic field. In conclusion, this article offers a "patch" for Einstein's General relativity (EGR), Newtonian gravitational theory (NGT) and quantum gravity theory (QGT) which all use the classical empirical big G as a kind of gravitational coupling constant in their equations. This paper continues (from alternative angles of view!) the work of other past articles/preprints of the same author.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Method for Solving Solvable Conditions of Restricted Three-Body Problems.

Authors: Ella Su
Comments: 5 Pages.

In the classical mechanics, the problem of many body gravitation has always been a hot topic.But in addition to the early two-body gravity problem, three-body and more than three-body can not provide analytical solutions.Because in three-dimensional space, only 10 algebraic equations can be obtained after the vector is decomposed(Three equations can be obtained from centroid,three equations can be obtained from the law of conservation of momentum,three equations can be obtained from the law of conservation of angular momentum,and the last can be obtained from the law of conservation of energy).We can't get enough algebraic equations to relate the differential equations of three-body motion problems,so it can't be solved accurately.But not all cases are unsolved. By simplifying some conditions, we can still get the analytical solution of some three-body problems, which are called restricted three-body problems.In this paper, a theorem is introduced and proved, which can provide a new way to solve the solvable condition of restricted three body problem.
Category: Classical Physics

Facts and Figures of Bosso Local Government Area

Authors: Chawaza Foundation Worldwide
Comments: 12 Pages. This research titled “Facts and Figures Of Bosso Local Government Area Of Niger State, Nigeria” was carried out by Chawaza Foundation worldwide in line with the Instruction dated 11 th of February 2020 (REF:CFW/0001/NT) by the chairman of Bosso local gov

This is a research carried out in accordance with section (1a) as provided by the Fourth schedule 1999 constitution which states one of the function of the local government council as; the consideration and making of recommendations to a state commission on economic planning. three aspects of the economic where look into and recommendations where made based on those three aspects. These are; population growth rate (indigenous and non-indigenous) and housing figures of Bosso local government, employment status and the average annual educational enrollments from Bosso LGA. From the findings; population of the indigenous and the housing population of the local government grows in arithmetic order while the population of the non indigenous grows in geometric progression. In the aspect of employment status, there is high rare of unemployment in the local government area which self employment is recommended as the trending solution to it. The findings also shows that there is high illiteracy rate in the local government area, higher percentage of the population of the local government are not into any educational system.
Category: Social Science

A Short & Simple Technical Communication on Algorithms Design Using Python Based [ Applied Physics+AI+Imaging Mathematics+Data Bases ] → Image Processing Software R&D.

Authors: Nirmal Tej Kumar
Comments: 7 Pages. Short Communication

A Short & Simple Technical Communication on Algorithms Design Using Python Based [ Applied Physics+AI+Imaging Mathematics+Data Bases ] → Image Processing Software R&D.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Ingenious Proof of Fermat's Last Theorem

Authors: A. A. Frempong
Comments: 9 Pages. Copyright © by A. A. Frempong

An ingenious proof of Fermat's Last theorem has been covered in this paper. Fermat's Last theorem states that if A, B, C, n are positive integers; A, B, and C are coprime, and n > 2, then the equation A^n + B^n = C^n, has no solutions. The principles applied in the proof are based on the properties of the factored Beal equations. However, the proof is by contradiction. The main principle for obtaining relationships between the prime factors on the left side of the equation and the prime factor on the right side of the equation is that the greatest common power of the prime factors on the left side of the equation is the same as a power of the prime factor on the right side of the equation. High school students can learn and prove this theorem as a bonus question on a final class exam.
Category: Number Theory

Quantum Defect and Common Fractions

Authors: Oleg G. Verin
Comments: 11 Pages.

The common fractions N1/N2, where N1 and N2 – the small integers, quite often are used at the quantum-mechanical consideration of microcosm objects (for example, fractional charges of quarks and some quantum characteristics, such as particles spin). Recently the fractional quantum Hall effect was discovered, and common fractions have considerably expanded their presence in microcosm physics. The theory of the fractional quantum Hall effect has appeared nontrivial, so the Nobel Prize on physics in 1998 was awarded not only for discovery of the effect in 1982 (Daniel Tsui and Horst Stӧrmer) but also for the theory creation in 1983 (Robert Laughlin). And now one more sensational discovery: common fractions were «detected» at the analysis of experimental characteristics of hydrogen-like atoms and ions (with only one electron on an outer shell). It has appeared, that the effective main quantum number of outer shell electron, that is, subject to quantum defect (Rydberg correction), can be expressed in common fractions.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Silicon-Graphene Photodetectors

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 19 Pages.

Silicon photonics are known as a key technology for modern optical communications at the near infrared wavelength-band, i.e., 1.31/1.55 μm. [31] Physicists of the University of Basel, the Paul Scherrer Institute and ABB explain what prevents the use of this combination of silicon and carbon in the scientific journal Applied Physics Letters. [30] A potentially useful material for building quantum computers has been unearthed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), whose scientists have found a superconductor that could sidestep one of the primary obstacles standing in the way of effective quantum logic circuits. [29] Important challenges in creating practical quantum computers have been addressed by two independent teams of physicists in the US. [28] Physicists have shown that superconducting circuits-circuits that have zero electrical resistance-can function as piston-like mechanical quantum engines. The new perspective may help researchers design quantum computers and other devices with improved efficiencies. [27] This paper explains the magnetic effect of the superconductive current from the observed effects of the accelerating electrons, causing naturally the experienced changes of the electric field potential along the electric wire. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the wave particle duality and the electron's spin also, building the bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The changing acceleration of the electrons explains the created negative electric field of the magnetic induction, the Higgs Field, the changing Relativistic Mass and the Gravitational Force, giving a Unified Theory of the physical forces. Taking into account the Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators also, we can explain the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions. Since the superconductivity is basically a quantum mechanical phenomenon and some entangled particles give this opportunity to specific matters, like Cooper Pairs or other entanglements, as strongly correlated materials and Exciton-mediated electron pairing, we can say that the secret of superconductivity is the quantum entanglement.
Category: Quantum Physics

Liquid Helium-Free Cavities

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 39 Pages.

The building blocks of superconducting accelerators are superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) cavities made primarily from niobium that are combined in a vessel and bathed in liquid helium to reach superconducting temperatures. [26] At the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Cracow, a method has been presented that for the first time makes it possible to estimate the amount of negative pressure in spatially limited liquid crystal systems. [25] The term "superfluid quasicrystal" sounds like something a comic-book villain might use to carry out his dastardly plans. [24]
Category: Condensed Matter

Quantum Simulators Cooling

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 72 Pages.

Simulating computationally complex many-body problems on a quantum simulator has great potential to deliver insights into physical, chemical and biological systems. [43] In a cooperative project, theorists from the the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics in Garching anf the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) have now developed a new toolbox for quantum simulators and published it in Science Advances. [42] An international team headed up by Alexander Holleitner and Jonathan Finley, physicists at the Technical University of Munich (TUM), has succeeded in placing light sources in atomically thin material layers with an accuracy of just a few nanometers. [41] The physicists, Brian Skinner at MIT, Jonathan Ruhman at MIT and Bar-Ilan University, and Adam Nahum at Oxford University, have published their paper on the phase transition for entanglement in a recent issue of Physical Review X. [40]
Category: Quantum Physics

Lower Bound on a Special Type of Cyclic Sums

Authors: Juan Moreno Borrallo
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper it is proved a lower bound for a general type of cyclic sums.
Category: Algebra

Discrete Time Crystal

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 37 Pages.

Recently, studies focusing on systems outside of thermal equilibrium have led to the discovery of new phases in periodically driven quantum systems, the most well-known of which is the discrete time crystal (DTC) phase. [25] Yale physicists have uncovered hints of a time crystal—a form of matter that "ticks" when exposed to an electromagnetic pulse—in the last place they expected: a crystal you might find in a child's toy. [24] The research shows that concentrated electrolytes in solution affect hydrogen bonding, ion interactions, and coordination geometries in currently unpredictable ways. [23] An exotic state of matter that is dazzling scientists with its electrical properties, can also exhibit unusual optical properties, as shown in a theoretical study by researchers at A*STAR. [22]
Category: Quantum Physics

One-Dimensional Line Defect

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 40 Pages.

Professor Wang Ziqiang's group at Boston College proposed a possible theoretical explanation by extending the band theory of the Shockley surface state to the case of superconductors. [26] Recently, studies focusing on systems outside of thermal equilibrium have led to the discovery of new phases in periodically driven quantum systems, the most well-known of which is the discrete time crystal (DTC) phase. [25] Yale physicists have uncovered hints of a time crystal—a form of matter that "ticks" when exposed to an electromagnetic pulse—in the last place they expected: a crystal you might find in a child's toy. [24]
Category: Quantum Physics

The Compton Wavelength and the Relativistic Compton Wavelength Derived from Collision-Space-Time

Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this paper, we show how one can find the Compton scattering formula and thereby also the Compton wavelength based on new concepts from collision-space time. This gives us the standard Compton wavelength, but we go one step forward and show how to find the relativistic Compton wavelength from Compton scattering as well. (That is, when the electron is also moving initially.) The original Compton formula only gives the electron’s rest-mass Compton wavelength, or we could call it the standing electron’s Compton wave.
Category: Quantum Physics

Notes on a Uniformitarian Hypothesis of the Microcosm

Authors: James C. Decandole
Comments: 65 Pages.

The problem with mathematical theoretical physics is anthropocentrism. The mental activities of observation, recording, calculation, and manipulation are not relevant in the microcosm. An alternative method of natural philosophy is to neglect the human experience and describe the phenomena of nature from the point of view of the center of a fundamental particle. The smallest, simplest particle and form of motion, called an oscillon, is assumed here to be the sole constituent of space, matter, light, and neutrinos. The oscillon is visualized as a self-generating, self-measuring, and oscillating physical system of a point of tangency moving relative to a constant center point. The interactions of pairs of oscillons vary from complex to simple, according to the dimensionality of their relativity. When the spatial relations of interacting oscillons are three-dimensional, they form matter. When their relativity is two-dimensional, they form light. When they interact in one dimension, they form neutrinos.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

On Some Asymptotic Formulas and Ramanujan Identities: Mathematical Connections with ϕ, ζ(2) and Various Fractal Hausdorff Dimensions Values. I

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 86 Pages.

In this paper we have described some Asymptotic Formulas and Ramanujan Identities, and obtained several mathematical connections with ϕ, ζ(2) and various Fractal Hausdorff Dimensions values
Category: Number Theory

The Rest Mass Value of the Earth and the Moon

Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 2 Pages.

Here we will look at the value of the entire Earth if it is viewed simply as a form of rest-mass energy that theoretically could be extracted. However, as it would not be sensible to use our own planet (our only home at this time) as a form of energy, a better alternative would be to sell the Moon to aliens. So, we will calculate what the value of the Earth, the Moon, and other planets might be from an energy perspective. Of course, if advanced aliens ever do visit us, they might just look at the Earth as a clump of fuel; if they were sympathetic to human beings, they could pay us for it and let us keep the Moon, or even better, they could let us keep the Earth and they would pay for the Moon instead. On the surface, this is just an entertaining thought experiment, but there are deeper implications on valuation, energy forms, and negotiations within this story.
Category: Economics and Finance

Cosmology in Crisis

Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 7 Pages.

The value of the Hubble constant depends strongly on the models we use and ranges from 40 to 100. Most often we get a value of about 70, but recent measurements (November 2019) suggest a value of 50-58, suggesting a possible crisis for cosmology. On the other hand, the Scale-Symmetric Theory leads to a result of 44-45 and shows that the erroneous assumption about the invariance of speed of light in vacuum leads to a result of about 68-71. Here we also calculated the critical density from the properties of the initial inflation field and we described the origin of the baryon-antibaryon asymmetry.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Absorption of Spin of a Plane Circularly Polarized Wave

Authors: Radi I. Khrapko
Comments: 4 Pages. Optik https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.164527

The use of the electrodynamics spin tensor in parallel with the energy-momentum tensor proves absorption of spin and energy of a plane circularly polarized electromagnetic wave and so confirms the absorption, which was calculated in a previous paper by the dynamical way, i.e. by the use of the concept of mechanical torque.
Category: Classical Physics

Inferences from the Taylor Series

Authors: Anamitra Palit
Comments: 14 Pages.

The Taylor series is an important tool in mathematical analysis and it has wide ranging applications .Nevertheless there are inconsistent features related to it. The article intends to demonstrate such features.
Category: Mathematical Physics

On Some Ramanujan Expressions: Mathematical Connections with ϕ and Various Equations Regarding the String Theory, in Particular Open Strings.

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 69 Pages.

In this paper we have described some Ramanujan equations and obtained some mathematical connections with ϕ and various expressions inherent the String Theory, in particular Open strings.
Category: Number Theory

Short Note on the Universe Mass Divided by Universe Radius and the Planck Mass Divided by the Planck Length

Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 1 Page.

Short Note on the Universe Mass divided by Universe Radius and the Planck Mass divided by the Planck Length
Category: Quantum Physics

The New Matrix Multiplication

Authors: Orgest ZAKA
Comments: 11 Pages.

In this article, we are giving the meaning of a ’New Multiplication’ for the matrices. I have studied the properties of this multiplication in two cases, in the case of 2-D matrices and in the case of 3-D matrices, with elements from over whatever field $F$.
Category: General Mathematics

Electromagnetic Duality From Biot-Savart Law

Authors: Eric Su
Comments: 4 Pages. Note that the author does not read Disqus comments here, please respond by email. Including a list of publications is also a healthy gesture.

A stationary charge distribution in one inertial reference frame becomes a charge current in another inertial reference frame. The magnetic field described by Biot-Savart Law becomes a representation of the relative velocity between two inertial reference frames and the electric field described by Coulomb's law. The charge current in dielectric medium exhibits property similar to the light in the vacuum. Both are characterized by a pair of electric field and magnetic field in the transverse direction. The electromagnetic duality from Maxwell's equations is indeed a representation of Biot-Savart law.
Category: Classical Physics

Riemann Hypothesis using Hadamard Product Formula

Authors: Shekhar Suman
Comments: 4 Pages.

The proof involves the Riemann Xi function as a Hadamard product over its zeros.
Category: Number Theory

The Uncertain Future of Physics and Computing

Authors: Alan M. Kadin
Comments: 12 Pages. Submitted to Foundational Questions Institute Essay Contest https://fqxi.org/community/forum/topic/3443

In the 20th century, physics became dominated by abstract mathematics, with a fundamental role for uncertainty. In contrast, computing was built on a foundation of mathematical certainty. John von Neumann was a primary source for both these foundations. I argue that both are misleading, and should be revised to reflect microscopic determinism with varying degrees of macroscopic uncertainty. I predict a future neoclassical physics without quantum entanglement, but no “theory of everything”. Future computing will involve neural networks that can embody consciousness, but no quantum computing. Formal mathematical proofs of undecidability or uncomputability will have little practical impact on either computing or physics, but absolute knowledge will remain unattainable. All future predictions should be regarded with skepticism.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Excircles of a Triangle with Two Parallel Sides

Authors: Hiroshi Okumura
Comments: 2 Pages.

For a triangle $ABC$, the radius of the excircle touching $CA$ from the side opposite to $B$ equals $0$ if $BC$ and $CA$ are parallel.
Category: Geometry

Beal Conjecture Proved in a Page Margin

Authors: A. A. Frempong
Comments: 9 Pages. Copyright © by A. A. Frempong

In a page margin, the author proves directly the original Beal conjecture that if A^x + B^y = C^z where A, B, C, x. y, z are positive integers and x, y, z > 2, then A, B, and C have a common prime factor. The principles applied in the proof are based on the properties of the factored Beal equation. The main principle for obtaining relationships between the prime factors on the left side of the equation and the prime factor on the right side of the equation is that the greatest common power of the prime factors on the left side of the equation is the same as a power of the prime factor on the right side of the equation.
Category: Number Theory

Low-Dose CT Doesn’t Damage DNA

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 39 Pages.

To investigate whether exposure to low-dose CT could increase the risk of radiation-induced cancers, a Japanese research team compared the number of DNA double-strand breaks and chromosome aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes following low-dose and standard-dose chest CT. [23] Biology encodes information in DNA and RNA, which are complex molecules finely tuned to their functions. [22] When cells suffer DNA damage, they send out an SOS signal. When the repair crew arrives, the emergency signal is cancelled as it is no longer needed. [21]
Category: Physics of Biology

3D Nano-Vortices View

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 51 Pages.

The researchers visualized two main types of magnetization dynamics in their experiments: the 3D motion of magnetic vortices moving back and forth; and the precession of the magnetization vector. [28] Scientists at Princeton University in the US have discovered that a material known as a Weaire-Phelan foam can act as an optical filter. [27] Using X-ray laser technology, a team led by researchers of the Paul Scherrer Institute PSI has recorded one of the fastest processes in biology. [26] A Virginia Commonwealth University researcher has developed a procedure for identifying the source of cells present in a forensic biological sample that could change how cell types are identified in samples across numerous industries. [25] In work at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the University of Maryland in College Park, researchers have devised and demonstrated a new way to measure free energy. [24] A novel technique developed by researchers at the ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP) will help shine new light on biological questions by improving the quality and quantity of information that can be extracted in fluorescence microscopy. [23] Micro-computed tomography or "micro-CT" is X-ray imaging in 3-D, by the same method used in hospital CT (or "CAT") scans, but on a small scale with massively increased resolution. [22] A new experimental method permits the X-ray analysis of amyloids, a class of large, filamentous biomolecules which are an important hallmark of diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. [12] Thumb through any old science textbook, and you'll likely find RNA described as little more than a means to an end, a kind of molecular scratch paper used to construct the proteins encoded in DNA. [20]
Category: Condensed Matter

Iron Rain on Exoplanet

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 73 Pages.

It could be raining molten iron on some exoplanets, according to David Ehrenreich at the University of Geneva and an international team of astronomers. [38] The terahertz range has been barely exploited compared to the rest of the electromagnetic spectrum. [37] A new terahertz imaging technique could help slow the spread of these infestations by detecting insect damage inside wood before it becomes visible on the outside. [36]
Category: Astrophysics

High-Temperature Superconducting with Nickelate Materials

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 43 Pages.

The hunt for high-temperature superconductors could be aided by calculations by RIKEN physicists that have revealed the behavior of electrons in a nickel oxide material. [26] Researchers from the University of Houston have reported a new way to raise the transition temperature of superconducting materials, boosting the temperature at which the superconductors are able to operate. [25] Some iron-based superconductors could benefit from a tuneup, according to two studies by Rice University physicists and collaborators. [24] Two teams of scientists from the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology have collaborated to conduct groundbreaking research leading to the development of a new and innovative scientific field: Quantum Metamaterials. [23] An international team consisting of Russian and German scientists has made a breakthrough in the creation of seemingly impossible materials. They have created the world's first quantum metamaterial that can be used as a control element in superconducting electrical circuits. [22] ETH physicists have developed a silicon wafer that behaves like a topological insulator when stimulated using ultrasound. They have thereby succeeded in turning an abstract theoretical concept into a macroscopic product. [21] Cheng Chin, professor in the Department of Physics, and his team looked at an experimental setup of tens of thousands of atoms cooled down to near absolute zero. As the system crossed a quantum phase transition, they measured its behavior with an extremely sensitive imaging system. [20] Scientists from three UK universities are to test one of the fundamental laws of physics as part of a major Europe-wide project awarded more than £3m in funding. ]19] A team of researchers has devised a simple way to tune a hallmark quantum effect in graphene-the material formed from a single layer of carbon atoms-by bathing it in light. [18]
Category: Quantum Physics

Perturbation-free Single Molecules

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 24 Pages.

Researchers of the University of Basel have developed a new method with which individual isolated molecules can be studied precisely-without destroying the molecule or even influencing its quantum state. [18] The researchers have generated femtosecond laser pulses, with tailor-made, temporally varying polarizations, which are themselves chiral. [17] The scientists identified a shortlist, a kind of "periodic table" of the most designable knot types, i.e. those knots that could easily self-assemble under appropriate physical and chemical conditions. [16] Scientists have now observed for the first time how diamonds grow from seed at an atomic level, and discovered just how big the seeds need to be to kick the crystal growing process into overdrive. [15] The researchers engineered diamond strings that can be tuned to quiet a qubit's environment and improve memory from tens to several hundred nanoseconds, enough time to do many operations on a quantum chip. [14] Intel has announced the design and fabrication of a 49-qubit superconducting quantum-processor chip at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas. To improve our understanding of the so-called quantum properties of materials, scientists at the TU Delft investigated thin slices of SrIrO3, a material that belongs to the family of complex oxides. [12] New research carried out by CQT researchers suggest that standard protocols that measure the dimensions of quantum systems may return incorrect numbers. [11] Is entanglement really necessary for describing the physical world, or is it possible to have some post-quantum theory without entanglement? [10] A trio of scientists who defied Einstein by proving the nonlocal nature of quantum entanglement will be honoured with the John Stewart Bell Prize from the University of Toronto (U of T). [9] While physicists are continually looking for ways to unify the theory of relativity, which describes large-scale phenomena, with quantum theory, which describes small-scale phenomena, computer scientists are searching for technologies to build the quantum computer using Quantum Information. In August 2013, the achievement of "fully deterministic" quantum teleportation, using a hybrid technique, was reported. On 29 May 2014, scientists announced a reliable way of transferring data by quantum teleportation. Quantum teleportation of data had been done before but with highly unreliable methods. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the Wave-Particle Duality and the electron's spin also, building the Bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions by the diffraction patterns. The Weak Interaction changes the diffraction patterns by moving the electric charge from one side to the other side of the diffraction pattern, which violates the CP and Time reversal symmetry. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the Relativistic Quantum Theory and making possible to build the Quantum Computer with the help of Quantum Information.
Category: Quantum Physics

Asymmetric Microcavity Design

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 61 Pages.

The researchers found that the asymmetric microcavity structure can effectively suppress the visible light component, thereby affording narrow-band pure UV emission with tunable wavelength from 366 nm to 400 nm and full width at half maximum (FWHM) of from 9.95 to15.2 nm. [37] Silica optical microcavities are mainstay photonic devices, valued for their intrinsically ultra-low loss in the broadband spectra and mature fabrication processes, but unfortunately, they suffer from low second-and third-order optical nonlinearity. [36] Researchers have, for the first time, integrated two technologies widely used in applications such as optical communications, bio-imaging and Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) systems that scan the surroundings of self-driving cars and trucks. [35] The unique platform, which is referred as a 4-D microscope, combines the sensitivity and high time-resolution of phase imaging with the specificity and high spatial resolution of fluorescence microscopy. [34] The experiment relied on a soliton frequency comb generated in a chip-based optical microresonator made from silicon nitride. [33] This scientific achievement toward more precise control and monitoring of light is highly interesting for miniaturizing optical devices for sensing and signal processing. [32] It may seem like such optical behavior would require bending the rules of physics, but in fact, scientists at MIT, Harvard University, and elsewhere have now demonstrated that photons can indeed be made to interact-an accomplishment that could open a path toward using photons in quantum computing, if not in light sabers. [31] Optical highways for light are at the heart of modern communications. But when it comes to guiding individual blips of light called photons, reliable transit is far less common. [30] Theoretical physicists propose to use negative interference to control heat flow in quantum devices. [29] Particle physicists are studying ways to harness the power of the quantum realm to further their research. [28]
Category: Condensed Matter

Nuclear Diagnostics Confinement Fusion

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 80 Pages.

To help meet that challenge, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and its partner laboratories and universities have designed and built an extensive suite of more than a dozen nuclear diagnostics, with more on the way. [43] Scientists seeking to capture and control on Earth fusion energy, the process that powers the sun and stars, face the risk of disruptions-sudden events that can halt fusion reactions and damage facilities called tokamaks that house them. [42] Plasma particle accelerators more powerful than existing machines could help probe some of the outstanding mysteries of our universe, as well as make leaps forward in cancer treatment and security scanning-all in a package that's around a thousandth of the size of current accelerators. [41] The Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory has started to assemble a new facility for revolutionary accelerator technologies that could make future accelerators 100 to 1,000 times smaller and boost their capabilities. [40] The authors designed a mechanism based on the deployment of a transport barrier to confine the particles and prevent them from moving from one region of the HYPERLINK "https://phys.org/tags/accelerator/" accelerator to another. "There is strong experimental evidence that there is indeed some HYPERLINK "https://phys.org/tags/new+physics/" new physics lurking in the lepton sector," Dev said. [38] Now, in a new result unveiled today at the Neutrino 2018 conference in Heidelberg, Germany, the collaboration has announced its first results using antineutrinos, and has seen strong evidence of muon antineutrinos oscillating into electron antineutrinos over long distances, a phenomenon that has never been unambiguously observed. [37] The Precision Reactor Oscillation and Spectrum Experiment (PROSPECT) has completed the installation of a novel antineutrino detector that will probe the possible existence of a new form of matter. [36]
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Spooky Action at a Distance .

Authors: Durgadas Datta.
Comments: 14 Pages. Are we failing to understand the ENTANGLEMENT ? ...SPACE AND LOCALITY CONCEPTS.

Einstein was troubled by quantum physics though he was the founder and we have seen how the thoughts of superposition, collapse or even entanglement can destroy the commonsense so that Feynman once remarked that nobody understands Quantum Physics in the year he got Nobel prize. ...Some thoughts to understand the double slit experiment and REALITY......
Category: Quantum Physics

Superluminal Wormhole Transport by the Phi-Based Solution to the Schrodinger Equation, Theorem of Residues and Cauchy Integral

Authors: Richard L Amoroso, Salvatore Giandinoto
Comments: 27 Pages. Preprint. Proceedings of the 1st International Unified Theories Symposium, Budapest, Hungary, 2007, Noetic Press 2011.

We demonstrate the transportation of high energy subatomic particles through wormholes at superluminal speeds through an ‘elastic’ wormhole effect which adjusts its diameter based upon the kinetic energy of the subatomic particle. This is demonstrated by the use of the Phi-based solution to the Schrödinger wave equation, the theorem of residues and the Cauchy integral formula of complex analysis. Furthermore, it will be shown that a possible new gravitational constant may shed light on the structure of the spin-2 graviton. It will be shown that the mathematical description of simple isolated singularities (poles) may be used to describe wormholes and their characteristics at the center of their corresponding black holes. It will also be shown that the expansion of the universe at the Planck time occurred with a kinetic energy of approximately 4.14 x 1029 eV.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Quantum Computing Breakthrough

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 91 Pages.

A happy accident in the laboratory has led to a breakthrough discovery that not only solved a problem that stood for more than half a century, but has major implications for the development of quantum computers and sensors. [55] Significant technical and financial issues remain towards building a large, fault-tolerant quantum computer and one is unlikely to be built within the coming decade. [54] Chemists at Friedrich Schiller University in Jena (Germany) have now synthesised a molecule that can perform the function of a computing unit in a quantum computer. [53] The research team developed the first optical microchip to generate, manipulate and detect a particular state of light called squeezed vacuum, which is essential for HYPERLINK "https://phys.org/tags/quantum/" quantum computation. [52] Australian scientists have investigated new directions to scale up qubits-utilising the spin-orbit coupling of atom qubits-adding a new suite of tools to the armory. [51] A team of international researchers led by engineers from the National University of Singapore (NUS) have invented a new magnetic device to manipulate digital information 20 times more efficiently and with 10 times more stability than commercial spintronic digital memories. [50] Working in the lab of Mikhail Lukin, the George Vasmer Leverett Professor of Physics and co-director of the Quantum Science and Engineering Initiative, Evans is lead author of a study, described in the journal Science, that demonstrates a method for engineering an interaction between two qubits using photons. [49] Researchers with the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory have demonstrated a new level of control over photons encoded with quantum information. [48] Researchers from Intel Corp. and the University of California, Berkeley, are looking beyond current transistor technology and preparing the way for a new type of memory and logic circuit that could someday be in every computer on the planet. [47]
Category: Quantum Physics

Rural Money or How to Make Rural Economies Effective

Authors: I. Oskembekov
Comments: 18 Pages.

The reality is that the village is a weak link in the state economy. Meanwhile, it has great potential. The village is capable of being an effective system. Moreover, it can become the locomotive of the entire economy of the state. What determines such opportunities for the village? How to reveal this? How does the economic fate of not only the village, but also the state, and even the world economy depend on this? The article attempts to answer these and other questions.
Category: Economics and Finance

Magnets Delivering Fusion Energy

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 83 Pages.

Permanent magnets akin to those used on refrigerators could speed the development of fusion energy-the same energy produced by the sun and stars. [45] A class exercise at MIT, aided by industry researchers, has led to an innovative solution to one of the longstanding challenges facing the development of practical fusion power plants: how to get rid of excess heat that would cause structural damage to the plant. [44] Schematic of a magnetic nozzle rf plasma thruster (helicon plasma thruster) having two open source exits and photographs of the three operation modes in the laboratory test. [43] Researchers at MIT's Plasma Science and Fusion Center (PSFC) have now demonstrated how microwaves can be used to overcome barriers to steady-state tokamak operation. [42] Plasma particle accelerators more powerful than existing machines could help probe some of the outstanding mysteries of our universe, as well as make leaps forward in cancer treatment and security scanning-all in a package that's around a thousandth of the size of current accelerators. [41] The Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory has started to assemble a new facility for revolutionary accelerator technologies that could make future accelerators 100 to 1,000 times smaller and boost their capabilities. [40] The authors designed a mechanism based on the deployment of a transport barrier to confine the particles and prevent them from moving from one region of the accelerator to another. "There is strong experimental evidence that there is indeed some new physics lurking in the lepton sector," Dev said. [38]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Portable Diagnostic for Fusion Experiments

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 83 Pages.

The techniques Theodore Biewer and his colleagues are using to measure whether plasma has the right conditions to create fusion have been around awhile. [45] A class exercise at MIT, aided by industry researchers, has led to an innovative solution to one of the longstanding challenges facing the development of practical fusion power plants: how to get rid of excess heat that would cause structural damage to the plant. [44] Schematic of a magnetic nozzle rf plasma thruster (helicon plasma thruster) having two open source exits and photographs of the three operation modes in the laboratory test. [43] Researchers at MIT's Plasma Science and Fusion Center (PSFC) have now demonstrated how microwaves can be used to overcome barriers to steady-state tokamak operation. [42] Plasma particle accelerators more powerful than existing machines could help probe some of the outstanding mysteries of our universe, as well as make leaps forward in cancer treatment and security scanning-all in a package that's around a thousandth of the size of current accelerators. [41] The Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory has started to assemble a new facility for revolutionary accelerator technologies that could make future accelerators 100 to 1,000 times smaller and boost their capabilities. [40] The authors designed a mechanism based on the deployment of a transport barrier to confine the particles and prevent them from moving from one region of the accelerator to another. "There is strong experimental evidence that there is indeed some new physics lurking in the lepton sector," Dev said. [38]
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Electrons Spins and Orbitals in Crystal

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 66 Pages.

A joint research group from Osaka University and the University of Tokyo uncovered the mechanism of the glass transition that electrons can experience in pyrochlore oxide crystals. [41] A team of researchers from the University of Regensburg and Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich has developed a way to measure the dependence of an atom's chemical reactivity on its chemical bonds. [40] In a first for quantum physics, University of Otago researchers have "held" individual atoms in place and observed previously unseen complex atomic interactions. [39] Experiments with ultra-cold atoms at the TU Wien have shown surprising results: coupled atom clouds synchronize within milliseconds. This effect cannot be explained by standard theories. [38] Scientists forged quantum connections between separate regions within clouds of ultracold atoms, demonstrating entanglement between thousands of particles in two different locations. [37] Researchers have demonstrated the first quantum light-emitting diode (LED) that emits single photons and entangled photon pairs with a wavelength of around 1550 nm, which lies within the standard telecommunications window. [36] JILA scientists have invented a new imaging technique that produces rapid, precise measurements of quantum behavior in an atomic clock in the form of near-instant visual art. [35] The unique platform, which is referred as a 4-D microscope, combines the sensitivity and high time-resolution of phase imaging with the specificity and high spatial resolution of fluorescence microscopy. [34] The experiment relied on a soliton frequency comb generated in a chip-based optical microresonator made from silicon nitride. [33] This scientific achievement toward more precise control and monitoring of light is highly interesting for miniaturizing optical devices for sensing and signal processing. [32]
Category: Quantum Physics

Plasmonic Near-Infrared Spectrometers

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 84 Pages.

Near-infrared spectroscopy provides absorption spectrum unique to substances so that discrimination of gas species becomes possible. [46] The techniques Theodore Biewer and his colleagues are using to measure whether plasma has the right conditions to create fusion have been around awhile. [45] A class exercise at MIT, aided by industry researchers, has led to an innovative solution to one of the longstanding challenges facing the development of practical fusion power plants: how to get rid of excess heat that would cause structural damage to the plant. [44]
Category: Quantum Physics

About Presumptions of Physics

Authors: Ilgaitis Prūsis, Peteris Prūsis
Comments: 10 pages

There are many essential presumptions in modern physics without sufficient reasoning untested by scientific processes. Some of them are presupposed for consistency of a particular theory. Some theories are based only on presumptions. In some cases the successful particular theory is converted to a general theory by using additional presumptions. This leads to inexplicable paradoxes. The article discloses an analysis of basic presumptions and their alternatives allowing to avoid the paradoxes.
Category: Classical Physics

On Some Ramanujan Equations: Mathematical Connections with ϕ, Particle Physics Parameters and Various Expressions Regarding Anti-de-Sitter Charged Black Holes in F(T) Gravity. V

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 78 Pages.

In this paper we have described some Ramanujan equations and obtained several mathematical connections with ϕ, Particle Physics parameters and various expressions inherent Anti-de-Sitter charged black holes in f(T) gravity
Category: Mathematical Physics

Galileo's Experiment is Still Undone

Authors: Richard Benish
Comments: 8 Pages. Second upload includes improved wording in Section 3.

Galileo’s classic thought experiment, in which he envisions a cannonball falling through the Earth, has been doable as a scaled-down real experiment for decades. This fact was the subject of an essay submitted to this Foundation five years ago. [1, 2] The apparatus needed for the experiment—a very simple thing, in principle—may be called a Small Low-Energy Non-Collider. Sadly, the experiment remains undone. Presently, I will more emphatically argue that the standard prediction for the experiment could be wrong. The reasons for not filling this gap in our empirical knowledge of gravity have little to do with physics and a lot to do with sociology. The most operative influence is our primitive concept of an unmoving Earth, whose modern incarnation is embodied by Einstein’s relativistic principles. Inspiration to question prevailing dogma is found in the perspective of an imaginary alien civilization.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Frozen Electron Waves in Magnetite

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 51 Pages.

For example, when the temperature is lowered below 125 kelvins, magnetite changes from a metal to an insulator, its atoms shift to a new lattice structure, and its charges form a complicated ordered pattern. [36]
Category: Condensed Matter

All-Electric Magnetic Logic Gates

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 64 Pages.

A team of researchers from ETH Zurich and the Paul Scherrer Institute has developed a way to build an all-electric magnetic logic gate. [40] Novel insight comes now from experiments and simulations performed by a team led by ETH physicists who have studied electronic transport properties in a one-dimensional quantum wire containing a mesoscopic lattice. [39] Femtosecond lasers are capable of processing any solid material with high quality and high precision using their ultrafast and ultra-intense characteristics. [38]
Category: Digital Signal Processing

Rules Underpinning Brain Growth

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 38 Pages.

Stanford researchers have discovered a pattern that governs the growth of brain cells or neurons. [25] A team of researchers at the University of California's Department of Neurological Surgery and the Center for Integrative Neuroscience in San Francisco has taken another step toward the development of a device able to read a person's mind. [24] Professor Thomas Hills from the Department of Psychology set out to bridge the gap between the philosophical arguments for free will and the neurocognitive realities. [23]
Category: Physics of Biology

On the Distribution of the NT Zeros of Zeta

Authors: Pedro Jesus Caceres
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this paper, we will prove that the distribution of the nontrivial zeros of the Riemann Zeta function in the critical line (Re(z)=1/2) is not random. There is a relationship between the values of those zeros and the Harmonic function that leads to an algebraic relationship between any two zeros. We will also show a simple code to obtain zeros based on the Harmonic function.
Category: Number Theory

Proof of the Riemann Hypothesis Using the Decomposition ζ(z) = X(z)-Y(z)

Authors: Pedro Jesus Caceres
Comments: 17 Pages.

The Riemann Zeta function or Euler–Riemann Zeta function, ζ(s), is a function of a complex variable z that analytically continues the sum of the Dirichlet series: [1] ζ(z)=∑(k=1,∞) k^(-z) The Riemann zeta function is a meromorphic function on the whole complex z-plane, which is holomorphic everywhere except for a simple pole at z = 1 with residue 1. One of the most important advance in the study of Prime numbers was the paper by Bernhard Riemann in November 1859 called “Ueber die Anzahl der Primzahlen unter einer gegebenen Grösse” (On the number of primes less than a given quantity). In this paper, Riemann gave a formula for the number of primes less than x in terms the integral of 1/log(x), and also provided insights into the roots (zeros) of the zeta function, formulating a conjecture about the location of the zeros of ζ(z) in the critical line Re(z)=1/2. [2]Riemann Hypothesis: All nontrivial zeros lie on the critical line, or Re(z) = 1/2. In this paper, we use the decomposition of the Riemann Zeta function in the form: [3]ζ(z) = X(z) - Y(z)
Category: Number Theory

The Predictions of the Growth of Covid-19 for the United States of America (Part 2)

Authors: Dongchan Lee
Comments: 2 Pages. version 1

This is the summary of Lee’s predictions about COVID-19’s infection population in the United States of America. It is the second part of the series. Unless the U.S. government and CDC take actions aggressively nationwide to cut the rampant growth of the virus, at least 0.1 Million Americans will catch COVID-19 by March and at least 10 million infected Americans by sometime April, and almost 100 Millions infected by sometime May 2020.
Category: Quantitative Biology

3-D Images of 2-D Materials

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 66 Pages.

A UCLA-led research team has produced in unprecedented detail experimental three-dimensional maps of the atoms in a so-called 2-D material-matter that isn't truly two-dimensional but is nearly flat because it's arranged in extremely thin layers, no more than a few atoms thick. [41]
Category: Quantum Physics

Carbon Membrane Generates Power

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 61 Pages.

Leiden chemists have created a new ultrathin membrane only one molecule thick. The membrane can produce a hundred times more power from seawater than the best membranes used today. [39] Scientists at Texas Heart Institute (THI) and Rice University have used biocompatible fibres made of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as electrical bridges to restore conductivity to damaged hearts. [38] A team of researchers from China, the U.S. and Japan has developed a way to strengthen graphene-based membranes intended for use in desalination projects-by fortifying them with nanotubes. [37] The team arrived at their results by imaging gold nanoparticles, with diameters ranging from 2 to 5 nanometres, via aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscope. [36] Nanoparticles of less than 100 nanometres in size are used to engineer new materials and nanotechnologies across a variety of sectors. [35] For years, researchers have been trying to find ways to grow an optimal nanowire, using crystals with perfectly aligned layers all along the wire. [34] Ferroelectric materials have a spontaneous dipole moment which can point up or down. [33] Researchers have successfully demonstrated that hypothetical particles that were proposed by Franz Preisach in 1935 actually exist. [32] Scientists from the Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have demonstrated a surprisingly simple way of flipping a material from one state into another, and then back again, with single flashes of laser light. [31] Materials scientists at Duke University computationally predicted the electrical and optical properties of semiconductors made from extended organic molecules sandwiched by inorganic structures. [30]
Category: Condensed Matter

Two-Dimensional Metals

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 17 Pages.

An atomically thin materials platform developed by Penn State researchers in conjunction with Lawrence Berkeley National Lab and Oak Ridge National Lab will open a wide range of new applications in biomolecular sensing, quantum phenomena, catalysis and nonlinear optics. [13] To improve our understanding of the so-called quantum properties of materials, scientists at the TU Delft investigated thin slices of SrIrO3, a material that belongs to the family of complex oxides. [12] New research carried out by CQT researchers suggest that standard protocols that measure the dimensions of quantum systems may return incorrect numbers. [11] Is entanglement really necessary for describing the physical world, or is it possible to have some post-quantum theory without entanglement? [10] A trio of scientists who defied Einstein by proving the nonlocal nature of quantum entanglement will be honoured with the John Stewart Bell Prize from the University of Toronto (U of T). [9] While physicists are continually looking for ways to unify the theory of relativity, which describes large-scale phenomena, with quantum theory, which describes small-scale phenomena, computer scientists are searching for technologies to build the quantum computer using Quantum Information. In August 2013, the achievement of "fully deterministic" quantum teleportation, using a hybrid technique, was reported. On 29 May 2014, scientists announced a reliable way of transferring data by quantum teleportation. Quantum teleportation of data had been done before but with highly unreliable methods. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the Wave-Particle Duality and the electron's spin also, building the Bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions by the diffraction patterns. The Weak Interaction changes the diffraction patterns by moving the electric charge from one side to the other side of the diffraction pattern, which violates the CP and Time reversal symmetry. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the Relativistic Quantum Theory and making possible to build the Quantum Computer with the help of Quantum Information.
Category: Condensed Matter

Antenna Model of the Atom

Authors: Viktar Yatskevich
Comments: 21 Pages.

Quantum-mechanical model of the atom describes very well all known phenomena associated with atomic structure. This model provides excellent quantitative and predictive framework for understanding atomic behavior. However, it does not provide adequate physical interpretation of the observed behavior of the atom. In this article, we propose a new physical interpretation of the atomic structure based on atom’s behavior as a miniature antenna. We propose and show that atom is formed from a system of binary virtual emitters of E-type and H-types, forming coherent closed electromagnetic field with zero energy emission in the far zone and continuous energy redistribution in the near zone. This important observation provides physical explanation to atomic stability. Additionally, we show that many other fundamental properties of the atom could be physically adequately explained using the new antenna model of the atom.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Ultra-Black Materials Butterfly

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 46 Pages.

Set against a piece of black construction paper, the wings of the male cattleheart butterfly look even blacker than black. [24] Scientists have designed and synthesized chains of molecules with a precise sequence and length to efficiently protect 3-D DNA nanostructures from structural degradation under a variety of biomedically relevant conditions. [23] Utrecht scientists have succeeded in measuring the mass of individual molecules. By modifying an existing mass spectrometer and developing special software, the researchers succeeded in making ultra-sensitive measurements. [22] In a new study that supports the trend of DNA-based information carriers, scientists have engineered a DNA navigator system that can perform single-molecule, parallel, depth-first search operations on a two-dimensional origami platform. [21] In new research, Hao Yan of Arizona State University and his colleagues describe an innovative DNA walker, capable of rapidly traversing a prepared track. [20] Just like any long polymer chain, DNA tends to form knots. Using technology that allows them to stretch DNA molecules and image the behavior of these knots, MIT researchers have discovered, for the first time, the factors that determine whether a knot moves along the strand or "jams" in place. [19] Researchers at Delft University of Technology, in collaboration with colleagues at the Autonomous University of Madrid, have created an artificial DNA blueprint for the replication of DNA in a cell-like structure. [18] An LMU team now reveals the inner workings of a molecular motor made of proteins which packs and unpacks DNA. [17] Chemist Ivan Huc finds the inspiration for his work in the molecular principles that underlie biological systems. [16] What makes particles self-assemble into complex biological structures? [15] Scientists from Moscow State University (MSU) working with an international team of researchers have identified the structure of one of the key regions of telomerase-a so-called "cellular immortality" ribonucleoprotein. [14]
Category: Physics of Biology

Nanophotonic Structures

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 55 Pages.

Stanford University researchers created an inverse design codebase called SPINS that can help researchers explore different design methodologies to find fabricable optical and nanophotonic structures. [32] Vacuum fluctuations just a few nanometres from the surface of a material can cause a passing beam of relativistic electrons to emit X-rays and other high-frequency electromagnetic radiation-according to calculations done by scientists in the US, Israel and Singapore. [31] A simple, passive photonic structure made only of glass and air bubbles could perform artificial neural computing for applications in areas like facial recognition. [30] Most artificial intelligence (AI) systems try to replicate biological mechanisms and behaviors observed in nature. [29] "We basically combined advances in neural networks and machine-learning with quantum Monte Carlo tools," says Savona, referring to a large toolkit of computational methods that physicists use to study complex quantum systems. [28] As cosmologists and astrophysicists delve deeper into the darkest recesses of the universe, their need for increasingly powerful observational and computational tools has expanded exponentially. [27] Now, a team of scientists at MIT and elsewhere has developed a neural network, a form of artificial intelligence (AI), that can do much the same thing, at least to a limited extent: It can read scientific papersand render a plain-English summary in a sentence or two. [26] To address this gap in the existing literature, a team of researchers at SRI International has created a human-AI image guessing game inspired by the popular game 20 Questions (20Q), which can be used to evaluate the helpfulness of machine explanations. [25]
Category: Condensed Matter

On the Roots of Simplexes

Authors: Heritier Ifoma Nsombo
Comments: 2 Pages.

I present a general method for computation of rough estimates for “roots" of simplexes (polytopes). This method gives a hope of potentially refining the algorithm to compute the exact roots.
Category: Geometry

Interpreting Quantum Mechanics in Terms of Facts About the Universe

Authors: Andrew Knight
Comments: 12 Pages.

A potentially new interpretation of quantum mechanics posits the state of the universe as a consistent set of facts, such that the relationships between objects in the universe are the information storing and instantiating those facts. A fact (or event) occurs exactly when the number or density of future possibilities decreases, and a quantum superposition exists if and only if the facts of the universe are consistent with the superposition. An example is analyzed in which the number of possibilities of N distinguishable classical objects in a discretized phase space is reduced by the introduction of chronological facts consisting of repelling impacts. It is shown how some facts have the effect of rendering impossible certain measurement outcomes of an object, independently of measurement outcomes of other objects, while some facts have the effect of correlating measurement outcomes of one object to those of another. The potential for further analysis through numerical simulation is discussed, particularly whether quantum uncertainty emerges from the specification of sufficient facts. Implications of and objections to the interpretation are briefly discussed, including the extent to which identity of objects must be preserved, the extent to which entanglement among objects must be universal, and whether this interpretation conflicts with special relativity. This interpretation may show that quantum mechanics, Planck’s constant, and the discretization of spacetime are emergent phenomena that successfully and very accurately approximate a more fundamental ontology.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Magic Twist Angles of Graphene Sheets

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 62 Pages.

Researchers at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign recently uncovered more properties of graphene sheets that can benefit industry. [40] Leiden chemists have created a new ultrathin membrane only one molecule thick. The membrane can produce a hundred times more power from seawater than the best membranes used today. [39] Scientists at Texas Heart Institute (THI) and Rice University have used biocompatible fibres made of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as electrical bridges to restore conductivity to damaged hearts. [38]
Category: Condensed Matter

Large-Scale Ultrathin Graphene

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 64 Pages.

A research team at Delft University of Technology (TU Delft, The Netherlands) has now developed a mathematical model that can be used to guide the large-scale production of these ultrathin layers of carbon. [41] Researchers at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign recently uncovered more properties of graphene sheets that can benefit industry. [40] Leiden chemists have created a new ultrathin membrane only one molecule thick. The membrane can produce a hundred times more power from seawater than the best membranes used today. [39] Scientists at Texas Heart Institute (THI) and Rice University have used biocompatible fibres made of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as electrical bridges to restore conductivity to damaged hearts. [38] A team of researchers from China, the U.S. and Japan has developed a way to strengthen graphene-based membranes intended for use in desalination projects-by fortifying them with nanotubes. [37] The team arrived at their results by imaging gold nanoparticles, with diameters ranging from 2 to 5 nanometres, via aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscope. [36] Nanoparticles of less than 100 nanometres in size are used to engineer new materials and nanotechnologies across a variety of sectors. [35] For years, researchers have been trying to find ways to grow an optimal nanowire, using crystals with perfectly aligned layers all along the wire. [34] Ferroelectric materials have a spontaneous dipole moment which can point up or down. [33] Researchers have successfully demonstrated that hypothetical particles that were proposed by Franz Preisach in 1935 actually exist. [32] Scientists from the Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have demonstrated a surprisingly simple way of flipping a material from one state into another, and then back again, with single flashes of laser light. [31]
Category: Condensed Matter

Smart Biomedical Sensors

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 41 Pages.

IKBFU Physicists have successfully tested the new magnetic micro wire-based concept of "smart" composites production. [26] Researchers at the UPV/EHU-University of the Basque Country have developed a biomedical device for cell immune-isolation (microcapsules) with luminescence for in vivo tracking. [25] Using x-rays to reveal the atomic-scale 3-D structures of proteins has led to countless advances in understanding how these molecules work in bacteria, viruses, plants, and humans—and has guided the development of precision drugs to combat diseases such as cancer and AIDS. [24]
Category: Physics of Biology

Error-Correction in Quantum Computers

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 48 Pages.

Scientists in Australia have developed a new approach to reducing the errors that plague experimental quantum computers; a step that could remove a critical roadblock preventing them scaling up to full working machines. [32] These findings raise some fundamental questions-and they're polarising experts. [31] Researchers at the RUDN University have developed a mathematical method to solve the quantum Coulomb three-body problem for bound states with high accuracy. [30] Ant-Man knows the quantum realm holds shocking revelations and irrational solutions. [29] A new uncertainty relation, linking the precision with which temperature can be measured and quantum mechanics, has been discovered at the University of Exeter. [28] Physicists have demonstrated that energy quantization can improve the efficiency of a single-atom heat engine to exceed the performance of its classical counterpart. [27] A solid can serve as a medium for heat and sound wave interactions just like a fluid does for thermoacoustic engines and refrigerators-resulting in leak-free machines that can stay operating longer. [26] Like watchmakers choosing superior materials to build a fine timepiece, physicists at the Centre for Quantum Technologies (CQT) at the National University of Singapore have singled out an atom that could allow them to build better atomic clocks. [25] Yale physicists have uncovered hints of a time crystal-a form of matter that "ticks" when exposed to an electromagnetic pulse-in the last place they expected: a crystal you might find in a child's toy. [24] The research shows that concentrated electrolytes in solution affect hydrogen bonding, ion interactions, and coordination geometries in currently unpredictable ways. [23]
Category: Quantum Physics

Atom's Chemical Reactivity

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 65 Pages.

A team of researchers from the University of Regensburg and Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich has developed a way to measure the dependence of an atom's chemical reactivity on its chemical bonds. [40] In a first for quantum physics, University of Otago researchers have "held" individual atoms in place and observed previously unseen complex atomic interactions. [39] Experiments with ultra-cold atoms at the TU Wien have shown surprising results: coupled atom clouds synchronize within milliseconds. This effect cannot be explained by standard theories. [38] Scientists forged quantum connections between separate regions within clouds of ultracold atoms, demonstrating entanglement between thousands of particles in two different locations. [37] Researchers have demonstrated the first quantum light-emitting diode (LED) that emits single photons and entangled photon pairs with a wavelength of around 1550 nm, which lies within the standard telecommunications window. [36] JILA scientists have invented a new imaging technique that produces rapid, precise measurements of quantum behavior in an atomic clock in the form of near-instant visual art. [35] The unique platform, which is referred as a 4-D microscope, combines the sensitivity and high time-resolution of phase imaging with the specificity and high spatial resolution of fluorescence microscopy. [34] The experiment relied on a soliton frequency comb generated in a chip-based optical microresonator made from silicon nitride. [33] This scientific achievement toward more precise control and monitoring of light is highly interesting for miniaturizing optical devices for sensing and signal processing. [32] It may seem like such optical behavior would require bending the rules of physics, but in fact, scientists at MIT, Harvard University, and elsewhere have now demonstrated that photons can indeed be made to interact-an accomplishment that could open a path toward using photons in quantum computing, if not in light sabers. [31] Optical highways for light are at the heart of modern communications. But when it comes to guiding individual blips of light called photons, reliable transit is far less common. [30]
Category: Quantum Physics

Infant Universe and Origin of Matter

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 59 Pages.

A new study, conducted to better understand the origin of the universe, has provided insight into some of the most enduring questions in fundamental physics: How can the Standard Model of particle physics be extended to explain the cosmological excess of matter over antimatter? [35] The universe consists of a massive imbalance between matter and antimatter. [34] Our universe could be the mirror image of an antimatter universe extending backwards in time before the Big Bang. [33] "As you celebrate New Year's Day, cast an eye upward and think for a moment about the amazing things our country and our species can do when we set our minds to it," Stern wrote in the New York Times on Monday. [32] Our senses are stuck in the past. There's a flash of lightning, and then seconds pass until we hear the rumble of distant thunder. We hear the past. [31] ESA's technical centre in the Netherlands has begun running a pulsar-based clock. The "PulChron' system measures the passing of time using millisecond-frequency radio pulses from multiple fast-spinning neutron stars. [30] VR is an almost perfect avenue for this approach, since it has been surging in popularity as both entertainment and an educational tool. [29] Using MAGIC telescopes and NASA's Fermi spacecraft, an international team of astronomers has discovered a new source of very high energy gamma-ray emission around the supernova remnant (SNR) G24.7+0.6. [28] In 1973, Russian physicist A.B. Migdal predicted the phenomenon of pion condensation above a critical, extremely high-several times higher than that for normal matter-nuclear density. [27] Our first glimpses into the physics that exist near the center of a black hole are being made possible using "loop quantum gravity"-a theory that uses quantum mechanics to extend gravitational physics beyond Einstein's theory of general relativity. [26] In the shadowy regions of black holes two fundamental theories describing our world collide. Can these problems be resolved and do black holes really exist? First, we may have to see one and scientists are trying to do just this. [25]
Category: Astrophysics

LHCb Analysis Intriguing Results

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 68 Pages.

At a seminar today at CERN, the LHCb collaboration presented a new analysis of data from a specific transformation, or "decay," that a particle called B0 meson can undergo. [41] The LHCb collaboration has reported an intriguing new result in its quest to test a key principle of the Standard Model called lepton universality. [40] Do the anomalies observed in the LHCb experiment in the decay of B mesons hide hitherto unknown particles from outside the currently valid and well-tested Standard Model? [39] "There is strong experimental evidence that there is indeed some new physics lurking in the lepton sector," Dev said. [38] Now, in a new result unveiled today at the Neutrino 2018 conference in Heidelberg, Germany, the collaboration has announced its first results using antineutrinos, and has seen strong evidence of muon antineutrinos oscillating into electron antineutrinos over long distances, a phenomenon that has never been unambiguously observed. [37] The Precision Reactor Oscillation and Spectrum Experiment (PROSPECT) has completed the installation of a novel antineutrino detector that will probe the possible existence of a new form of matter. [36] The MINERvA collaboration analyzed data from the interactions of an antineutrino-the antimatter partner of a neutrino-with a nucleus. [35] The inclusion of short-range interactions in models of neutrinoless double-beta decay could impact the interpretation of experimental searches for the elusive decay. [34] The occasional decay of neutrons into dark matter particles could solve a long-standing discrepancy in neutron decay experiments. [33] The U.S. Department of Energy has approved funding and start of construction for the SuperCDMS SNOLAB experiment, which will begin operations in the early 2020s to hunt for hypothetical dark matter particles called weakly interacting massive particles, or WIMPs. [32]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Electrical Power from Radiative Thermal Sources

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 25 Pages.

Moderate-temperature thermal sources often radiate waste heat as a by-product of mechanical work, chemical or nuclear reactions, or information processing. [14] In new research, scientists at the University of Minnesota used a first-of-its-kind device to demonstrate a way to control the direction of the photocurrent without deploying an electric voltage. [13] Brown University researchers have demonstrated for the first time a method of substantially changing the spatial coherence of light. [12] Researchers at the University of Central Florida have generated what is being deemed the fastest light pulse ever developed. [11] Physicists at Chalmers University of Technology and Free University of Brussels have now found a method to significantly enhance optical force. [10] Nature Communications today published research by a team comprising Scottish and South African researchers, demonstrating entanglement swapping and teleportation of orbital angular momentum 'patterns' of light. [9] While physicists are continually looking for ways to unify the theory of relativity, which describes large-scale phenomena, with quantum theory, which describes small-scale phenomena, computer scientists are searching for technologies to build the quantum computer using Quantum Information. In August 2013, the achievement of "fully deterministic" quantum teleportation, using a hybrid technique, was reported. On 29 May 2014, scientists announced a reliable way of transferring data by quantum teleportation. Quantum teleportation of data had been done before but with highly unreliable methods. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the Wave-Particle Duality and the electron's spin also, building the Bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions by the diffraction patterns. The Weak Interaction changes the diffraction patterns by moving the electric charge from one side to the other side of the diffraction pattern, which violates the CP and Time reversal symmetry. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the Relativistic Quantum Theory and making possible to build the Quantum Computer with the help of Quantum Information.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

A Theory of Twin Prime Generators

Authors: Berndt Gensel
Comments: 29 Pages.

It’s well known that every prime number $p \geq 5$ has the form $6k-1$ or $6k+1$. We’ll call $k$ the generator of $p$. Twin primes are distinghuished due to a common generator for each pair. Therefore it makes sense to search for the twin primes on the level of their generators. The present paper developes a sieve method to extract all twin primes on the level of their generators. On this basis important properties of the set of the twin prime generators will be studied. Finally the Twin Prime Conjecture is proved based on the studied properties.
Category: General Mathematics

Supercapacitor Captures Charging

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 19 Pages.

A new model that predicts the charging timescales of supercapacitors much more accurately than had been previously possible has been unveiled by researchers in the Netherlands and China. [31] Now, Sadashige Matsuo of the RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science and colleagues have created a device called a Josephson junction, which can efficiently split these Cooper pairs as they travel from a superconductor into two one-dimensional normal conductors. [30] Using a clever technique that causes unruly crystals of iron selenide to snap into alignment, Rice University physicists have drawn a detailed map that reveals the "rules of the road" for electrons both in normal conditions and in the critical moments just before the material transforms into a superconductor. [29] Superconducting quantum microwave circuits can function as qubits, the building blocks of a future quantum computer. [28] Physicists have shown that superconducting circuits-circuits that have zero electrical resistance-can function as piston-like mechanical quantum engines. The new perspective may help researchers design quantum computers and other devices with improved efficiencies. [27] This paper explains the magnetic effect of the superconductive current from the observed effects of the accelerating electrons, causing naturally the experienced changes of the electric field potential along the electric wire. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the wave particle duality and the electron's spin also, building the bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The changing acceleration of the electrons explains the created negative electric field of the magnetic induction, the Higgs Field, the changing Relativistic Mass and the Gravitational Force, giving a Unified Theory of the physical forces. Taking into account the Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators also, we can explain the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions. Since the superconductivity is basically a quantum mechanical phenomenon and some entangled particles give this opportunity to specific matters, like Cooper Pairs or other entanglements, as strongly correlated materials and Exciton-mediated electron pairing, we can say that the secret of superconductivity is the quantum entanglement.
Category: Quantum Physics

Navigating Terahertz Gap

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 72 Pages.

The terahertz range has been barely exploited compared to the rest of the electromagnetic spectrum. [37] A new terahertz imaging technique could help slow the spread of these infestations by detecting insect damage inside wood before it becomes visible on the outside. [36] A research team led by Osaka University showed how multiple overlapping laser beams are better at accelerating electrons to incredibly fast speeds, as compared with a single laser. [35]
Category: Astrophysics

On the Ramanujan’s Mathematics Applications: Connections with ϕ and Various Equations Regarding Teleparallel Equivalent of General Relativity. IV

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 96 Pages.

In this paper we have described some applications of Ramanujan’s mathematics and obtained some connections with ϕ and various expressions inherent Teleparallel Equivalent of General Relativity
Category: Mathematical Physics

Using Yara Tags to Build a Heuristic Scanner

Authors: Jason Reaves
Comments: 9 Pages.

YARA is a tool that has been pretty heavily adopted within the Cyber Security community, it was built to aid malware researchers with identifying and classifying malicious objects[1]. Instead of approaching this problem with a purely good or bad mindset in detecting malicious objects, we can utilize added functionality of YARA, namely tags, to approach the problem of judging how malicious or suspicious an object is by looking at the problem in smaller sets. This concept is commonly used in heuristic engines used by antiviruses and sandboxes where you can give a weight of maliciousness to an object. The aim of this paper is to introduce a method for such an engine to be built by an organization utilizing existing software.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Electron Motion in Atoms-Classical Quantum Theory

Authors: Daehyeon KANG
Comments: 4 Pages.

We attempts to show what electron motion looks like in the S orbital of hydrogen atoms. by Classical quantum theory S-orbital is the case without angular momentum, which is natural in Schrödinger's equation but difficult to explain in classical quantum theory. Classical quantum theory is still valid even now, when quantum mechanics flourished.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Yukawa Potential and Extended Klein-Gordon Equation in Rindler Space-Time

Authors: Sangwha Yi
Comments: 4 Pages. Thank you for reading

Yukawa potential satisfy Proca equation or Klein-Gordon equation. If we represent Yukawa potential in Rindler space-time, this Yukawa potential satisfy the extended Klein-Gordon equation in Rindler space-time. We understand Yukawa force in Rindler space-time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Theoretical Framework Concerning the Motivations of the Mathematical Connections Between Various Formulas of Ramanujan's Mathematics and Different Parameters of Theoretical Physics and Cosmology: Further Observations. II

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 59 Pages.

In this paper, we have analyzed a fundamental modular equation for an initial theoretical framework concerning the motivations of the mathematical connections that are obtained between various formulas of Ramanujan's mathematics and different parameters of Theoretical Physics and Cosmology: further observations.
Category: Mathematical Physics

CMOSpacetime: Geometric/Algebraic Complex Analysis of Intelligence/Quantum Entanglement/Convergent Evolution

Authors: Yang Zhang
Comments: 12 Pages.

No truth is truly true, the more we reveal the more we revere nature on our voyage of unprecedented discovery. We argue that the soul or anti-soul of Complex Multiscale Orbifold Spacetime (CMOSpacetime) in higher dimensional Non-Euclidean geometry, is the origin of intelligence, and the metric of metrizable intelligence is the sectional curvature's absolute value of CMOSpacetime's soul or anti-soul. We also argue that the intersecting souls and/or anti-souls , when their sectional curvatures approaching positive infinity and/or negative infinity as singularity, is the origin of quantum entanglement. We further argue that the sectional curvatures of CMOSpacetime's intersecting souls and/or anti-souls , is the origin of convergent evolution through conformal transformation. We derive CMOSpacetime, a N-dimensional orbifold $\mathbb{O}=\mathbb{M}/\mathbb{F_g}$ ($\mathbb {M}$ as manifold)/degree N projective algebraic variety $\mathbb X$ over $\mathbb{C}^{N}$ defined by degree N non-linear polynomial function $\mathbb{F_g}(X_1, ..., X_N) = \sum_{i,j=1}^N(w_iX_i^j+b_i)$ in hypercomplex number system with $X = x_1 + \sum_{m=2}^{N}(x_mi_m)$ on Non-Abelian quotient group \begin{math} SO(\frac{N}{2}, \frac{N}{2}) \end{math} (\begin{math} 8 \leq N \to \infty, N = 2^n \end{math}), neural networks by correlating general relativity and quantum mechanics based on mutual extensions from 3+1 dimensional spacetime $\mathbb{R}^{4}$ to N-dimensional CMOSpacetime $\mathbb{C}^{N}$. CMOSpacetime addresses both singularity and non-linearity as common issues faced by physics, AI and biology, and enables curvature-based second order optimization in orbifold-equivalent neural networks beyond gradient-based first order optimization in manifold-approximated a adopted in AI. We build CMOSpacetime theoretical framework based on General equivalence principle, a combination of Poincar\'{e} conjecture, Fermat's last theorem, Galois theory, Hodge conjecture, BSD conjecture, Riemann hypothesis, universal approximation theorem, and soul theorem. We also propose experiments on measuring intelligence of convolutional neural networks and transformers, as well as new ways of conducting Young's double-slit interference experiment. We believe that CMOSpacetime acting as a universal PDE, not only qualitatively and quantitatively tackles the black box puzzle in AI, quantum entanglement and convergent evolution, but also paves the way for CMOSpacetime synthesis to achieve true singularity.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Kantowski-Sachs Cosmology, Weyl Geometry and Asymptotic Safety in Quantum Gravity

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 29 Pages.

A brief review of the essentials of Asymptotic Safety and the Renormalization Group (RG) improvement of the Schwarzschild Black Hole that removes the $ r = 0$ singularity is presented. It is followed with a RG-improvement of the Kantowski-Sachs metric associated with a Schwarzschild black hole interior and such that there is $no$ singularity at $ t = 0$ due to the running Newtonian coupling $ G ( t )$ (vanishing at $ t = 0$). Two temporal horizons at $ t _- \simeq t_P$ and $ t_+ \simeq t_H$ are found. For times below the Planck scale $ t < t_P$, and above the Hubble time $ t > t_H$, the components of the Kantowski-Sachs metric exhibit a key sign $change$, so the roles of the spatial $z$ and temporal $t$ coordinates are $exchanged$, and one recovers a $repulsive$ inflationary de Sitter-like core around $ z = 0$, and a Schwarzschild-like metric in the exterior region $ z > R_H = 2 G_o M $. The inclusion of a running cosmological constant $ \Lambda (t) $ follows. We proceed with the study of a dilaton-gravity (scalar-tensor theory) system within the context of Weyl's geometry that permits to single out the expression for the $classical$ potential $ V (\phi ) = \kappa\phi^4$, instead of being introduced by hand, and find a family of metric solutions which are conformally equivalent to the (Anti) de Sitter metric. To conclude, an ansatz for the truncated effective average action of ordinary dilaton-gravity in Riemannian geometry is introduced, and a RG-improved Cosmology based on the Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) metric is explored where instead of recurring to the cutoff identification $ k = k ( t ) = \xi H ( t ) $, based on the Hubble function $ H (t)$, with $ \xi $ a positive constant, one has now $ k = k ( t ) = \xi \phi ( t ) $, when $ \phi $ is a positive-definite dilaton scalar field which is monotonically decreasing with time.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Double Slit Experiment.

Authors: Durgadas Datta.
Comments: 12 Pages. Measurement problem

Double slit experiment is the key to quantum reality.
Category: Quantum Physics

Calculation of Exact Value of the Higgs Boson Mass

Authors: Miroslav Súkeník, Jozef Šima
Comments: 2 Pages.

The existence of the Higgs boson produced by the quantum excitation of the Higgs field was predicted in 1964. Since this year, efforts of particle physicists have focused on theoretical predictions and experimental determination of the boson mass. Several values of the mass have been published, gradually approaching 125 GeV. Applying the fundamentals of our Expansive Nondecelerative Universe model we calculated the Higgs boson’s mass as 125.39 GeV and published this result as early as May 2012. The latest evaluation (March 2020) of the data obtained at the Large Hadron Collider led to 125.38 GeV.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

DNA Origami Anti-Cancer Drug

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 43 Pages.

Scientists have designed and synthesized chains of molecules with a precise sequence and length to efficiently protect 3-D DNA nanostructures from structural degradation under a variety of biomedically relevant conditions. [23] Utrecht scientists have succeeded in measuring the mass of individual molecules. By modifying an existing mass spectrometer and developing special software, the researchers succeeded in making ultra-sensitive measurements. [22] In a new study that supports the trend of DNA-based information carriers, scientists have engineered a DNA navigator system that can perform single-molecule, parallel, depth-first search operations on a two-dimensional origami platform. [21] In new research, Hao Yan of Arizona State University and his colleagues describe an innovative DNA walker, capable of rapidly traversing a prepared track. [20] Just like any long polymer chain, DNA tends to form knots. Using technology that allows them to stretch DNA molecules and image the behavior of these knots, MIT researchers have discovered, for the first time, the factors that determine whether a knot moves along the strand or "jams" in place. [19] Researchers at Delft University of Technology, in collaboration with colleagues at the Autonomous University of Madrid, have created an artificial DNA blueprint for the replication of DNA in a cell-like structure. [18] An LMU team now reveals the inner workings of a molecular motor made of proteins which packs and unpacks DNA. [17] Chemist Ivan Huc finds the inspiration for his work in the molecular principles that underlie biological systems. [16] What makes particles self-assemble into complex biological structures? [15] Scientists from Moscow State University (MSU) working with an international team of researchers have identified the structure of one of the key regions of telomerase-a so-called "cellular immortality" ribonucleoprotein. [14]
Category: Physics of Biology

Dynamics of Active Matter Systems

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 38 Pages.

Flocks of starlings that produce dazzling patterns across the sky are natural examples of active matter-groups of individual agents coming together to create collective dynamics. [26] A research team led by the University of Leeds, in collaboration with colleagues at the Sorbonne University in Paris, France, have shown for the first time that it is possible to develop a diagnostic technique loosely related to the idea of a tuning fork. [25] Physicists at Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) have successfully generated controlled electron pulses in the attosecond range. [24] A University of Oklahoma physicist, Alberto M. Marino, is developing quantum-enhanced sensors that could find their way into applications ranging from biomedical to chemical detection. Researchers from Queen Mary University of London have developed a mathematical model for the emergence of innovations. [17] Quantum computers can be made to utilize effects such as quantum coherence and entanglement to accelerate machine learning. [16]
Category: Condensed Matter

Light-Operated Hard Drives

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 22 Pages.

EPFL physicist László Forró and his team pave the way for the future of data storage. [16] Researchers from the University of Toronto Engineering and King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) have overcome a key obstacle in combining the emerging solar-harvesting technology of perovskites with the commercial gold standard-silicon solar cells. [15] Researchers from the Theory Department of the MPSD in Hamburg and North Carolina State University in the US have demonstrated that the long-sought magnetic Weyl semi-metallic state can be induced by ultrafast laser pulses in a three-dimensional class of magnetic materials dubbed pyrochlore iridates. [14] At TU Wien recently, particles known as 'Weyl fermions' were discovered in materials with strong interaction between electrons. Just like light particles, they have no mass but nonetheless they move extremely slowly. [13] Quantum behavior plays a crucial role in novel and emergent material properties, such as superconductivity and magnetism. [12] A source of single photons that meets three important criteria for use in quantum information systems has been unveiled in China by an international team of physicists. Based on a quantum dot, the device is an efficient source of photons that emerge as solo particles that are indistinguishable from each other. The researchers are now trying to use the source to create a quantum computer based on "boson sampling". [11] With the help of a semiconductor quantum dot, physicists at the University of Basel have developed a new type of light source that emits single photons. For the first time, the researchers have managed to create a stream of identical photons. [10] Optical photons would be ideal carriers to transfer quantum information over large distances. Researchers envisage a network where information is processed in certain nodes and transferred between them via photons. [9] While physicists are continually looking for ways to unify the theory of relativity, which describes large-scale phenomena, with quantum theory, which describes small-scale phenomena, computer scientists are searching for technologies to build the quantum computer using Quantum Information. In August 2013, the achievement of "fully deterministic" quantum teleportation, using a hybrid technique, was reported. On 29 May 2014, scientists announced a reliable way of transferring data by quantum teleportation. Quantum teleportation of data had been done before but with highly unreliable methods. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the Wave-Particle Duality and the electron's spin also, building the Bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions by the diffraction patterns. The Weak Interaction changes the diffraction patterns by moving the electric charge from one side to the other side of the diffraction pattern, which violates the CP and Time reversal symmetry. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the Relativistic Quantum Theory and making possible to build the Quantum Computer with the help of Quantum Information.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

QKD Transmission Distance Record

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 24 Pages.

The sending-or-not-sending twin-field (SNS-TF) protocol has so far proved to be a highly promising strategy for achieving high rates over long distances in quantum key distribution (QKD) applications. [17] EPFL physicist László Forró and his team pave the way for the future of data storage. [16] Researchers from the University of Toronto Engineering and King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) have overcome a key obstacle in combining the emerging solar-harvesting technology of perovskites with the commercial gold standard-silicon solar cells. [15] Researchers from the Theory Department of the MPSD in Hamburg and North Carolina State University in the US have demonstrated that the long-sought magnetic Weyl semi-metallic state can be induced by ultrafast laser pulses in a three-dimensional class of magnetic materials dubbed pyrochlore iridates. [14] At TU Wien recently, particles known as 'Weyl fermions' were discovered in materials with strong interaction between electrons. Just like light particles, they have no mass but nonetheless they move extremely slowly. [13] Quantum behavior plays a crucial role in novel and emergent material properties, such as superconductivity and magnetism. [12] A source of single photons that meets three important criteria for use in quantum information systems has been unveiled in China by an international team of physicists. Based on a quantum dot, the device is an efficient source of photons that emerge as solo particles that are indistinguishable from each other. The researchers are now trying to use the source to create a quantum computer based on "boson sampling". [11] With the help of a semiconductor quantum dot, physicists at the University of Basel have developed a new type of light source that emits single photons. For the first time, the researchers have managed to create a stream of identical photons. [10] Optical photons would be ideal carriers to transfer quantum information over large distances. Researchers envisage a network where information is processed in certain nodes and transferred between them via photons. [9] While physicists are continually looking for ways to unify the theory of relativity, which describes large-scale phenomena, with quantum theory, which describes small-scale phenomena, computer scientists are searching for technologies to build the quantum computer using Quantum Information. In August 2013, the achievement of "fully deterministic" quantum teleportation, using a hybrid technique, was reported. On 29 May 2014, scientists announced a reliable way of transferring data by quantum teleportation. Quantum teleportation of data had been done before but with highly unreliable methods. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the Wave-Particle Duality and the electron's spin also, building the Bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions by the diffraction patterns. The Weak Interaction changes the diffraction patterns by moving the electric charge from one side to the other side of the diffraction pattern, which violates the CP and Time reversal symmetry. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the Relativistic Quantum Theory and making possible to build the Quantum Computer with the help of Quantum Information.
Category: Quantum Physics

Virus Forms its Symmetric Shells

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 17 Pages.

A research team led by physicist Roya Zandi at the University of California, Riverside, has made progress is solving this mystery. [9] A protein involved in cognition and storing long-term memories looks and acts like a protein from viruses. [8] Discovery of quantum vibrations in 'microtubules' inside brain neurons supports controversial theory of consciousness The human body is a constant flux of thousands of chemical/biological interactions and processes connecting molecules, cells, organs, and fluids, throughout the brain, body, and nervous system. Up until recently it was thought that all these interactions operated in a linear sequence, passing on information much like a runner passing the baton to the next runner. However, the latest findings in quantum biology and biophysics have discovered that there is in fact a tremendous degree of coherence within all living systems. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the Wave-Particle Duality and the electron's spin also, building the Bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions by the diffraction patterns. The Weak Interaction changes the diffraction patterns by moving the electric charge from one side to the other side of the diffraction pattern, which violates the CP and Time reversal symmetry. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the Relativistic Quantum Theory and making possible to understand the Quantum Biology.
Category: Physics of Biology

Neutron Stars and Symmetry Violation

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 26 Pages.

New results from precision particle detectors at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) offer a fresh glimpse of the particle interactions that take place in the cores of neutron stars and give nuclear physicists a new way to search for violations of fundamental symmetries in the universe. [14] So the cores of neutron stars could be much simpler than people thought. That's a huge surprise." [13] A spallation neutron source has been used by physicists in Japan to search for possible violations of the inverse square law of gravity. [12] Physicists have proposed a way to test quantum gravity that, in principle, could be performed by a laser-based, table-top experiment using currently available technology. [11] Now however, a new type of materials, the so-called Weyl semimetals, similar to 3-D graphene, allow us to put the symmetry destructing quantum anomaly to work in everyday phenomena, such as the creation of electric current. [10] Physicist Professor Chunnong Zhao and his recent PhD students Haixing Miao and Yiqiu Ma are members of an international team that has created a particularly exciting new design for gravitational wave detectors. [9] A proposal for a gravitational-wave detector made of two space-based atomic clocks has been unveiled by physicists in the US. [8] The gravitational waves were detected by both of the twin Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) detectors, located in Livingston, Louisiana, and Hanford, Washington, USA. [7] A team of researchers with the University of Lisbon has created simulations that indicate that the gravitational waves detected by researchers with the LIGO project, and which are believed to have come about due to two black holes colliding, could just have easily come from another object such as a gravaster (objects which are believed to have their insides made of dark energy) or even a wormhole. In their paper published in Physical Review Letters, the team describes the simulations they created, what was seen and what they are hoping to find in the future. [6] In a landmark discovery for physics and astronomy, international scientists said Thursday they have glimpsed the first direct evidence of gravitational waves, or ripples in space-time, which Albert Einstein predicted a century ago. [5] Scientists at the National Institute for Space Research in Brazil say an undiscovered type of matter could be found in neutron stars (illustration shown). Here matter is so dense that it could be 'squashed' into strange matter. This would create an entire 'strange star'-unlike anything we have seen. [4] The changing acceleration of the electrons explains the created negative electric field of the magnetic induction, the electromagnetic inertia, the changing relativistic mass and the Gravitational Force, giving a Unified Theory of the physical forces. Taking into account the Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators also, we can explain the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions.
Category: Astrophysics

Time Variance of Recession Velocities: a Potential Resolution to the ‘Crisis in Cosmology’ and a Possible Explanation for the Accelerating Universe Along with a Possible Direct Evidence for Inflation and Reheating

Authors: Ritesh Singh
Comments: 25 Pages.

The larger than expected discrepancy between values of the Hubble-Lemaitre constant, among those measured by various seemingly independent methods, has been called as a ‘crisis’ in Cosmology. By incorporating the time variance of recession velocities, we present an alternative model for the velocity-distance data of Type Ia supernovae, which can potentially explain the discrepancy between the various independent measurements of the Hubble-Lemaitre constant as well as possibly throw some light on the classically counter-intuitive accelerating expansion of the Universe. This model also gives a possible direct observational evidence for Inflation and Reheating. The idea at its fundamental level is this: The velocity-distance data for Type Ia Supernovae have been traditionally plotted to pass through origin. This models an accelerating Universe as conventionally concluded. However, when we allow for an intercept in the velocity-distance plot, in other words when we allow for an extra-Hubble-Lemaitre (eHL) velocity, we, interestingly, potentially resolve the following four long-persisting intrigues: 1. 'Crisis in Cosmology': Allowing for an eHL velocity also allows us to model the rate of expansion as measured by the Planck collaboration thus removing the existing 'tension' between values of the Hubble-Lemaitre constant. 2. Counter-intuitive accelerating expansion of the Universe: It turns out, interestingly, that allowing for eHL velocities in the model turns the observational data for accelerating expansion into one for decelerating expansion. How this happens is explained in detail in the section titled: ‘Decelerating Universe?’ 3. Accounting for time dependence of observed recession velocities: The classical equation for the observed recession velocity, , neglects its dependence on time. Allowing for an eHL velocity also allows us to include the potential effects of time, which is expected to cause the recession velocities to reduce in a classical Universe dominated by gravity over Dark Energy. Interestingly, this prediction is confirmed by observations as illustrated in the section titled ‘Nature of the eHL velocity’ and Figure 4. 4. Direct observational evidence for reheating and inflation: Allowing for eHL velocities also permits it to be a potential direct remnant of explosive particle creation during reheating and inflation. Such a direct observational evidence was long sought by the Astronomy community.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Single Molecule Weigh

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 40 Pages.

Utrecht scientists have succeeded in measuring the mass of individual molecules. By modifying an existing mass spectrometer and developing special software, the researchers succeeded in making ultra-sensitive measurements. [22] In a new study that supports the trend of DNA-based information carriers, scientists have engineered a DNA navigator system that can perform single-molecule, parallel, depth-first search operations on a two-dimensional origami platform. [21] In new research, Hao Yan of Arizona State University and his colleagues describe an innovative DNA walker, capable of rapidly traversing a prepared track. [20] Just like any long polymer chain, DNA tends to form knots. Using technology that allows them to stretch DNA molecules and image the behavior of these knots, MIT researchers have discovered, for the first time, the factors that determine whether a knot moves along the strand or "jams" in place. [19] Researchers at Delft University of Technology, in collaboration with colleagues at the Autonomous University of Madrid, have created an artificial DNA blueprint for the replication of DNA in a cell-like structure. [18] An LMU team now reveals the inner workings of a molecular motor made of proteins which packs and unpacks DNA. [17] Chemist Ivan Huc finds the inspiration for his work in the molecular principles that underlie biological systems. [16] What makes particles self-assemble into complex biological structures? [15] Scientists from Moscow State University (MSU) working with an international team of researchers have identified the structure of one of the key regions of telomerase-a so-called "cellular immortality" ribonucleoprotein. [14] Researchers from Tokyo Metropolitan University used a light-sensitive iridium-palladium catalyst to make "sequential" polymers, using visible light to change how building blocks are combined into polymer chains. [13] Researchers have fused living and non-living cells for the first time in a way that allows them to work together, paving the way for new applications. [12]
Category: Physics of Biology

Supercontinuum Breakthrough

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 60 Pages.

Researchers have generated a wide range of colors from a single laser after discovering a new process for achieving so-called "supercontinuum generation." [42] A team led by University of Utah physicists has discovered how to fix a major problem that occurs in lasers made from a new type of material called quantum dots. [41]
Category: Quantum Physics

Machine Learning Odd LHC Data

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 54 Pages.

This study is part of a larger, coordinated effort across all the LHC experiments to use modern machine techniques to improve how the large data samples are recorded by the detectors and the subsequent data analysis. [28] Machine learning and automation technologies are gearing up to transform the radiation-therapy workflow while freeing specialist clinical and technical staff to dedicate more time to patient care. [27] Navid Borhani, a research-team member, says this machine learning approach is much simpler than other methods to reconstruct images passed through optical fibers, which require making a holographic measurement of the output. [26]
Category: Artificial Intelligence

New Concepts of Fiber Optic Sensor

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 44 Pages.

"Everything the light touches is our kingdom," says doctoral student Hagai Diamandi from the Faculty of Engineering at Bar-Ilan University in Israel. [30] Researchers have developed a light-based technique for measuring very weak magnetic fields, such as those produced when neurons fire in the brain. [29] Researchers from Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden, and Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia, have demonstrated a 4000 kilometre fibre-optical transmission link using ultra low-noise, phase-sensitive optical amplifiers. [28] Researchers at the University of York have shown that a new quantum-based procedure for distributing secure information along communication lines could be successful in preventing serious security breaches. [27] In the new study, Bomantara and Gong have developed a method for harnessing the unique properties of time crystals for quantum computing that is based on braiding. [26] An Aalto University study has provided new evidence that time crystals can physically exist-a claim currently under hot debate. [25] Yale physicists have uncovered hints of a time crystal-a form of matter that "ticks" when exposed to an electromagnetic pulse-in the last place they expected: a crystal you might find in a child's toy. [24] The research shows that concentrated electrolytes in solution affect hydrogen bonding, ion interactions, and coordination geometries in currently unpredictable ways. [23]
Category: Quantum Physics

On Some Ramanujan Equations: Mathematical Connections with ϕ and Various Expressions Concerning Teleparallel Equivalent of General Relativity and Modified Gravity Theory. III

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 70 Pages.

In this paper we have described some Ramanujan formulas and obtained some mathematical connections with ϕ and various equations concerning Teleparallel Equivalent of General Relativity and Modified Gravity Theory
Category: Mathematical Physics

Zeta(z) = X(z) Y(z) a Decomposition of the Riemann Zeta Function for Re(z)≥0

Authors: Pedro Jesus Caceres
Comments: 13 Pages.

In this paper, we define the C-transformation as: [1]C_n {f}= ∑_(k=1,n) f(k)- ∫f(n) dn And the C-values as: [2]C{f}=lim(n→∞)⁡ C_n {f} And we obtain a new representation for ζ(z) in the form ζ(z) = X(z) – Y(z) applying the C-transformation to the function f(x)=1/x^z for z∈C,Re(z)≥0,z≠1.
Category: Number Theory

Conjetura de Goldbach-Euler

Authors: Francisco Moga Moscoso
Comments: 9 Pages. mmoga@uma.es

el objetivo de este artículo es el de dar a conocer a la comunidad científica una posible demostración de la conjetura de Goldbach-Euler, de tal manera que pueda ser estudiada y así contribuir a la ciencia dando a conocer nuevas vías posibles de investigación. El autor, al no ser conocido en la comunidad de matemáticos pues no le aceptan los manuscritos en el sistema actual de publicaciones en revistas científicad, es decir es rechazado directamente y ni siquiera contestan a los emails, por tanto lo publicamos en acceso abierto para mostrarlo a quién quiera verlo.
Category: General Mathematics

The Predictions of the Growth of Covid-19 (Part 1)

Authors: Dongchan Lee
Comments: 5 Pages.

This is the summary of Lee’s predictions about COVID-19’s infection population outside the mainland China. It is the first part of the series. The next ones will be the predictions of the virus in the U.S.A. and Mexico.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Unit of the Universe

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 1 Page.

This shows Unit of the universe.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Nanoparticles Target Prostate Tumors

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 73 Pages.

The team started with nanoparticles of iron oxide, which have already found use in both MRI and MPI, and joined them to the nerve-binding peptide NP41. [42] Northeastern chemical engineer Thomas Webster, who specializes in developing nano-scale medicine and technology to treat diseases, is part of a contingency of scientists that are contributing ideas and technology to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to fight the COVID-19 outbreak. [41] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, common human coronaviruses usually cause mild to moderate upper-respiratory tract illnesses, like the common cold. [40] When diseases reinforce each other, they rapidly accelerate through the population, then fizzle out as they run out of new hosts. [39] It's no coincidence that some of the worst viral disease outbreaks in recent years-SARS, MERS, Ebola, Marburg and likely the newly arrived 2019-nCoV virus-originated in bats. [38] An interdisciplinary team of researchers at Colorado State University has used computational chemistry, biochemistry and virology to uncover new information on how viruses such as West Nile, dengue and Zika replicate. [37] David Baker, Professor of Biochemistry and Director of the Institute for Protein Design at the University of Washington will speak about how algorithmic processes such as de novo design predict protein structures, protein folding mechanisms, and new protein functions. [36] A research team at Kobe University has developed a method of artificially controlling the anchorage position of target proteins in engineered baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). [35] Scientists have found a new way to home in on the proteins covering a particular cell's surface. The feat offers insight into how brain cells form intricate networks during development. [34]
Category: Physics of Biology

Noisy Quantum Computer

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 93 Pages.

Researchers from CSC-IT center for science, Aalto University and Åbo Akademi and their collaborators from Boston University in the U.S. have for the first time demonstrated how the noise impacts on quantum computing in a systematic way. [56] In quantum computing, as in team building, a little diversity can help get the job done better, computer scientists have discovered. [55] Significant technical and financial issues remain towards building a large, fault-tolerant quantum computer and one is unlikely to be built within the coming decade. [54] Chemists at Friedrich Schiller University in Jena (Germany) have now synthesised a molecule that can perform the function of a computing unit in a quantum computer. [53] The research team developed the first optical microchip to generate, manipulate and detect a particular state of light called squeezed vacuum, which is essential for HYPERLINK "https://phys.org/tags/quantum/" quantum computation. [52] Australian scientists have investigated new directions to scale up qubits-utilising the spin-orbit coupling of atom qubits-adding a new suite of tools to the armory. [51] A team of international researchers led by engineers from the National University of Singapore (NUS) have invented a new magnetic device to manipulate digital information 20 times more efficiently and with 10 times more stability than commercial spintronic digital memories. [50]
Category: Quantum Physics

Fermions and Excitons Condensate

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 48 Pages.

It should be possible to create materials that conduct both electric current and exciton excitation energy with 100% efficiency and at relatively high temperatures-according to theoretical chemists in the US. [31] New Cornell-led research is pointing the way toward an elusive goal of physicists-high-temperature superfluidity-by exploring excitons in atomically thin semiconductors. [30] After developing a method to control exciton flows at room temperature, EPFL scientists have discovered new properties of these quasiparticles that can lead to more energy-efficient electronic devices. [29] To build tomorrow's quantum computers, some researchers are turning to dark excitons, which are bound pairs of an electron and the absence of an electron called a hole. [27] Concerning the development of quantum memories for the realization of global quantum networks, scientists of the Quantum Dynamics Division led by Professor Gerhard Rempe at the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics (MPQ) have now achieved a major breakthrough: they demonstrated the long-lived storage of a photonic qubit on a single atom trapped in an optical resonator. [26] Achieving strong light-matter interaction at the quantum level has always been a central task in quantum physics since the emergence of quantum information and quantum control. [25] Operation at the single-photon level raises the possibility of developing entirely new communication and computing devices, ranging from hardware random number generators to quantum computers. [24] Considerable interest in new single-photon detector technologies has been scaling in this past decade. [23] Engineers develop key mathematical formula for driving quantum experiments. [22] Physicists are developing quantum simulators, to help solve problems that are beyond the reach of conventional computers. [21]
Category: Quantum Physics

Collapse of Higher-Order Solitons

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 49 Pages.

The notable discovery offers a new avenue to investigate the existence and dynamic properties of 2-D localized modes by managing the diffraction order and tunable band gaps of the periodic physical systems. [32] It should be possible to create materials that conduct both electric current and exciton excitation energy with 100% efficiency and at relatively high temperatures-according to theoretical chemists in the US. [31] New Cornell-led research is pointing the way toward an elusive goal of physicists-high-temperature superfluidity-by exploring excitons in atomically thin semiconductors. [30] After developing a method to control exciton flows at room temperature, EPFL scientists have discovered new properties of these quasiparticles that can lead to more energy-efficient electronic devices. [29] To build tomorrow's quantum computers, some researchers are turning to dark excitons, which are bound pairs of an electron and the absence of an electron called a hole. [27] Concerning the development of quantum memories for the realization of global quantum networks, scientists of the Quantum Dynamics Division led by Professor Gerhard Rempe at the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics (MPQ) have now achieved a major breakthrough: they demonstrated the long-lived storage of a photonic qubit on a single atom trapped in an optical resonator. [26] Achieving strong light-matter interaction at the quantum level has always been a central task in quantum physics since the emergence of quantum information and quantum control. [25] Operation at the single-photon level raises the possibility of developing entirely new communication and computing devices, ranging from hardware random number generators to quantum computers. [24] Considerable interest in new single-photon detector technologies has been scaling in this past decade. [23] Engineers develop key mathematical formula for driving quantum experiments. [22]
Category: Quantum Physics

Proof of Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Surajit Ghosh
Comments: 98 Pages.

Proof of riemann hypothesis.
Category: Number Theory

Living Cells and Batteries

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 35 Pages.

Researchers at NIST have devised a way to eliminate a long-standing problem affecting our understanding of both living cells and batteries. [22] Researchers at the Center for Theoretical Physics of Complex Systems (PCS), within the Institute for Basic Science (IBS, South Korea) have proposed a transistor made of graphene and a two-dimensional superconductor that amplifies terahertz (THz) signals. [21] As air travel comes under pressure to reduce its environmental impact and prompts us to reconsider our transport choices, scientists are searching for greener ways to power flight. [20] Scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy's Ames Laboratory have developed a method to accurately measure the "exact edge" or onset at which a magnetic field enters a superconducting material. [19] TU Wien has now made a major advance towards achieving this goal and, at the same time, has furthered an understanding of why conventional materials only become superconducting at around-200°C [18] The emerging field of spintronics leverages electron spin and magnetization. [17] The first known superconductor in which spin-3/2 quasiparticles form Cooper pairs has been created by physicists in the US and New Zealand. [16] Now a team of researchers from the University of Maryland (UMD) Department of Physics together with collaborators has seen exotic superconductivity that relies on highly unusual electron interactions. [15] A group of researchers from institutions in Korea and the United States has determined how to employ a type of electron microscopy to cause regions within an iron-based superconductor to flip between superconducting and non-superconducting states. [14] In new research, scientists at the University of Minnesota used a first-of-its-kind device to demonstrate a way to control the direction of the photocurrent without deploying an electric voltage. [13] Brown University researchers have demonstrated for the first time a method of substantially changing the spatial coherence of light. [12]
Category: Condensed Matter

Calculation of Particle Decay Times in the Standard Model

Authors: Jan Helm
Comments: 52 Pages.

This paper presents traditional and new methods and results for calculation of decay times of particles in the Standard Model. In chapters 1 and 2 the phenomenological and the theoretical knowledge of the decays is presented, based on the literature. In chapters 4 and 5 the interaction energy (mass-energy mX of the mediating boson in the Feynman diagram) is introduced and a characterization of the decays, based on particle type, isospin, and interaction energy, is presented. In chapter 6 the calculation model and the calculation results of selected typical decays are discussed.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Catching Swirling Light Mid-Flight

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 40 Pages.

In many situations, it's fair to say that light travels in a straight line without much happening along the way. But light can also hide complex patterns and behaviors that only a careful observer can uncover. [28] Dutch researchers at AMOLF and TU Delft have seen light propagate in a special material without reflections. [27] Topological effects, such as those found in crystals whose surfaces conduct electricity while their bulk does not, have been an exciting topic of physics research in recent years and were the subject of the 2016 Nobel Prize in physics. [26]
Category: Quantum Physics

Graphene Superconducting Transistor

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 34 Pages.

Researchers at the Center for Theoretical Physics of Complex Systems (PCS), within the Institute for Basic Science (IBS, South Korea) have proposed a transistor made of graphene and a two-dimensional superconductor that amplifies terahertz (THz) signals. [21] As air travel comes under pressure to reduce its environmental impact and prompts us to reconsider our transport choices, scientists are searching for greener ways to power flight. [20]
Category: Quantum Physics

Are Gamma-ray Bursts Caused by Multiverses?

Authors: Richard L. Marker
Comments: 3 Pages.

Multiverses may provide the causal mechanism for gamma-ray bursts(GRBs). Assume that differing clock rates prevent interaction between universes in a multiverse. Gravitational time dilation in one universe may allow a temporarily connection to a slower universe. The formation and breaking of such a connection would produce neutrino emissions, gamma-ray emissions, and after-glow. This view derives from looking for a candidate that could connect universes; rather, than looking for an explanation of GRBs. email: rlmarker@spaceandmatter.org
Category: Astrophysics

On Existence of Prime Numbers Generator

Authors: Nikolay Dementev
Comments: 9 Pages.

Calculation of probability of interrelation between all prime numbers is presented.
Category: Number Theory

On Some Ramanujan Equations: Mathematical Connections with ϕ and Various Expressions Concerning Modified Gravity Theory. II

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 75 Pages.

In this paper we have described some Ramanujan formulas and obtained some mathematical connections with ϕ and various equations concerning Modified Gravity Theory
Category: Number Theory

How To Discover The Solar System?

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this paper we compare between the physics current theories which try to explain the solar system motions and the planets real data – this is a known process in physics Example No. 1 Lorentz Length Contraction Phenomenon tells that- a particle with length L0 will be contracted to L1 when this particle travels with high velocity motion. ¬¬¬ So the question is – Why the particle length is contracted with high velocity motion? Some physics books tell that, this contraction is just illusion of measurements! That means, Lorentz Transformations measure illusions and not facts! We refused that, But if the particle own length contracted by high velocity motion –that will make the particle properties as a function of its motion – means –Particle mass is created by this particle motion Newton told us a planet moves basically by masses gravity with the sun - so what's first and what's the second? what's the reason and what's the result The mass causes the motion (Newton) or the motion defines the mass (Lorentz)? Similar to this argument we will discuss how to discover the solar system. Paper Objective The paper tries to show that Jupiter Data can't be explained by the solar system current theories. Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

“Buckaroo Banzai Across the 8th Dimension” A Strategic Assault on the Dimensional Barrier

Authors: Richard L Amoroso
Comments: 49 Pages. Preprint. Proceedings of ANPA (Alternative Natural Philosophy Association) 2019 Volume 40

Additional dimensions (XD) have been proposed for a hundred years; recently synthetic/artificial XD have been discovered in quantum Hall graphene bilayers, suggesting empirical discovery is imminent. With current supercollider technology the CERN LHC proposes a series of experiments called ‘gravities rainbow’ to detect compact dimensions; it is suspected however that the LHC will not be sufficiently powerful. The Chinese have proposed a collider twice the size of CERNs; however, Nobelist C N Yang suggested tis would be a waste of money, for which he was criticized. We agree with Yang in principle, but not in detail; we propose a low-energy tabletop device putatively taking a higher dimensional cross section.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Origin of the word ZGA

Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 8 Pages. -

The origin and value of the Russian word ZGA is considered
Category: Linguistics

Nanoscale 4-D Printing Therapeutics

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 76 Pages.

Researchers at the Advanced Science Research Center at The Graduate Center, CUNY (CUNY ASRC) and Northwestern University have created a 4-D printer capable of constructing patterned surfaces that recreate the complexity of cell surfaces. [50] In a recent study, researchers at the NASA Ames Research Center have demonstrated that nanoscale vacuum channel transistors can be fabricated on silicon carbide wafers. [49] Titanium oxide (TiO2) nanofibers can have various applications, such as in catalyzers and filters. [48] Today, scientists report progress in making versions of these nanoparticles that could someday give built-in night vision to humans. [47]
Category: Physics of Biology

Nanoparticles Treatment for COVID-19

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 71 Pages.

Northeastern chemical engineer Thomas Webster, who specializes in developing nano-scale medicine and technology to treat diseases, is part of a contingency of scientists that are contributing ideas and technology to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to fight the COVID-19 outbreak. [41] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, common human coronaviruses usually cause mild to moderate upper-respiratory tract illnesses, like the common cold. [40] When diseases reinforce each other, they rapidly accelerate through the population, then fizzle out as they run out of new hosts. [39] It's no coincidence that some of the worst viral disease outbreaks in recent years-SARS, MERS, Ebola, Marburg and likely the newly arrived 2019-nCoV virus-originated in bats. [38] An interdisciplinary team of researchers at Colorado State University has used computational chemistry, biochemistry and virology to uncover new information on how viruses such as West Nile, dengue and Zika replicate. [37] David Baker, Professor of Biochemistry and Director of the Institute for Protein Design at the University of Washington will speak about how algorithmic processes such as de novo design predict protein structures, protein folding mechanisms, and new protein functions. [36] A research team at Kobe University has developed a method of artificially controlling the anchorage position of target proteins in engineered baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). [35] Scientists have found a new way to home in on the proteins covering a particular cell's surface. The feat offers insight into how brain cells form intricate networks during development. [34]
Category: Physics of Biology

From Uncomputability to Quantum Consciousness to Quantum Gravity to Neutrinos Masses Measurement

Authors: Janko Kokosar
Comments: 13 Pages.

As first in this essay, I connected "uncomputability and unpredictability" with quantum consciousness, or more precisely, with a quantum decision. This means that I summarized my old model for quantum consciousness. Then, because consciousness is connected with information and because of panpsychism, I assumed that all physics is information. The essence of all physics is also space, time, and matter. The theory that will explain all this mathematically and will find connections between them is quantum gravity (QG). Because physics should also be information, this theory should be informational and also simple. I represent a scheme of a model for QG. Beside of informational aspect it is important that QG will explain one day, what matter, space, time, and relations between them are. These are mysteries, maybe even larger than consciousness, but probably it is connected with them. Probably, within five years the measurement of the masses of the neutrinos will be done, with it I will check my model for QG. This is also one of the rare measurements that will check some theory of QG.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Wearable Flexible Sensor

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 56 Pages.

Researchers have used 3-D printing and nanotechnology to create a durable, flexible sensor for wearable devices to monitor everything from vital signs to athletic performance. [38] For the first time, researchers have fabricated light-guiding structures known as waveguides just over one micron wide in a clear silicone commonly used for biomedical applications. [37]
Category: Physics of Biology

Electron Spin Doctors

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 47 Pages.

El-Naggar and his colleagues have studied these "rock-breathing" bacteria, which one day might be used to produce sustainable energy, for years. [33] Faster and more compact memory storage devices will become a reality when physicists gain precise control of the spins of electrons. [32] UCLA biologists report they have transferred a memory from one marine snail to another, creating an artificial memory, by injecting RNA from one to another. [31]
Category: Condensed Matter

Formulation of Two-Stage Stochastic Programming with Fixed Recourse

Authors: Hashnayne Ahmed
Comments: 4 Pages.

Stochastic Programming is an asset for the next world researchers due to its uncertainty calculations, which has been skipped in deterministic world experiments as it includes complicated calculations. Two-stage stochastic programming concerns two time period decisions based on some random parameters obtained from past experience or some sort of survey. The objective function for formulating two-stage stochastic programming with fixed recourse includes two parts: first-stage forecast and second-stage fixed decisions based on the experiment results. The constraints are similar to the normal optimization techniques rather some adjustments of requirements and technology assets. The fixed recourse decisions are sort of decisions from the deterministic world. Formulation techniques of two-stage stochastic programming with fixed recourse may be used for further complications arises in stochastic programming like complete recourse problems, multi-stage problems, etc. And that’s why Two-stage stochastic programming with fixed recourse is called the primary model for stochastic programming.
Category: General Mathematics

Tickling an Atom

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 36 Pages.

A research team led by the University of Leeds, in collaboration with colleagues at the Sorbonne University in Paris, France, have shown for the first time that it is possible to develop a diagnostic technique loosely related to the idea of a tuning fork. [25] Physicists at Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) have successfully generated controlled electron pulses in the attosecond range. [24] A University of Oklahoma physicist, Alberto M. Marino, is developing quantum-enhanced sensors that could find their way into applications ranging from biomedical to chemical detection. Researchers from Queen Mary University of London have developed a mathematical model for the emergence of innovations. [17] Quantum computers can be made to utilize effects such as quantum coherence and entanglement to accelerate machine learning. [16] Neural networks learn how to carry out certain tasks by analyzing large amounts of data displayed to them. [15]
Category: Condensed Matter

Light Propagation in Photonic Crystal

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 38 Pages.

Dutch researchers at AMOLF and TU Delft have seen light propagate in a special material without reflections. [27] Topological effects, such as those found in crystals whose surfaces conduct electricity while their bulk does not, have been an exciting topic of physics research in recent years and were the subject of the 2016 Nobel Prize in physics. [26] A team of scientists led by Dr. Eleftherios Goulielmakis, head of the research group "Attoelectronics" at the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, have been able to capture the dynamics of core-excitons in solids in real-time. [25]
Category: Quantum Physics

Riemann Hypothesis Easy proof

Authors: Shekhar Suman
Comments: 5 Pages.

The proof involves Hadamard Product representation of Riemann Xi function
Category: Number Theory

Google's Quantum Algorithm

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 43 Pages.

Reporting in Physical Review Letters, the authors detail the discovery of so-called reachability deficits—the authors show that these deficits place a fundamental limitation on the ability of QAOA to even approximate a solution to a problem, instance. [25] Google’s Sycamore quantum processor hit the headlines in September when a leaked draft paper suggested that the device is the first to have achieved quantum supremacy by solving a problem more than a billion times faster than a conventional (classical) supercomputer. [24]
Category: Quantum Physics

On a Ramanujan Expression: Mathematical Connections with ϕ and Various Formulas Concerning Modified Gravity Theory

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 91 Pages.

In this paper we have described a Ramanujan formula and obtained some mathematical connections with ϕ and various equations concerning Modified Gravity Theory
Category: Mathematical Physics

Analogy Between Special Relativity and Finite Mathematics

Authors: Felix M. Lev
Comments: 5 Pages.

In our publications we have proposed an approach called finite quantum theory (FQT) when quantum theory is based not on complex numbers but on finite mathematics. We have proved that FQT is more general than standard quantum theory because the latter is a special degenerate case of the former in the formal limit $p\to\infty$ where $p$ is the characteristic of the ring or field in finite mathematics. Moreover, finite mathematics itself is more general than classical mathematics (involving the notions of infinitely small/large and continuity) because the latter is a special degenerate case of the former in the same limit. {\bf As a consequence, mathematics describing nature at the most fundamental level involves only a finite number of numbers while the notions of limit and infinitely small/large and the notions constructed from them (e.g. continuity, derivative and integral) are needed only in calculations describing nature approximately}. However, physicists typically are reluctant to accept those results although they are natural and simple. We argue without formulas that there is a simple analogy between the above facts and the fact that special relativity is more general than nonrelativistic mechanics because the latter is a special degenerate case of the former in the formal limit $c\to\infty$.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Differential by Definition②

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 1 Page.

This Differential calculus② is focused by Definition series.
Category: General Mathematics

The Relativistic Rydberg's Formula in Greater Depth and for Any Atom

Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 5 Pages.

K. Suto has recently pointed out an interesting relativistic extension of Rydberg's formula. Here we also discuss Rydberg's formula, and offer additional evidence on how one can easily see that it is nonrelativistic and therefore a good approximation, at best, when v<<c. We also extend the Suto formula to hold for any atom and examine the formula in detail.
Category: Quantum Physics

Application of the Theory of Evolution to the Universe as a Whole

Authors: Yigal Gurevich
Comments: 2 Pages.

The universe is shown to be a self-reproducing object that arose as a result of Darwinian evolution.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

On a Single Page, Beal Conjecture; Equivalent Beal Conjecture & Fermat's Last Theorem Proved

Authors: A. A. Frempong
Comments: 9 Pages. Copyright © by A. A. Frempong

On a single page, the author proves the original Beal conjecture, the equivalent Beal conjecture and Fermat's Last theorem. The original Beal conjecture states that if A^x + B^y = C^z,, where A, B, C, x, y, z are positive integers and x, y, x >2, then A, B, and C have a common prime factor. The equivalent Beal conjecture states that if A, B, C, x, y, z are positive integers and A, B, and C are coprime, and x, y, z >2,, then the equation A^x + B^y = C^z, has no solutions. Fermat's Last theorem states that if A, B, C, n are positive integers; A, B, and C are coprime, and n > 2, then the equation A^n + B^n = C^n, has no solutions. The principles applied in the three proofs are based on the same properties of the factored Beal equation. However the proofs of the equivalent Beal conjecture and Fermat's last theorem are by contradiction. The main principle for obtaining relationships between the prime factors on the left side of the equation and the prime factor on the right side of the equation is that the greatest common power of the prime factors on the left side of the equation is the same as a power of the prime factor on the right side of the equation. High school students can learn and prove this conjecture as a bonus question on a final class exam.
Category: Number Theory

Cleaner Qubits Filter

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 80 Pages.

A research team at the Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), RIKEN, and the University of Tokyo have demonstrated how to increase the lifetime of qubits inside quantum computers by using an additional "filter" qubit. [49] A group of physicists in Utrecht, San Sebastián and Pennsylvania have created a new artificial molecule that is insulating inside but has electronic states localized in its corners. [48] In a recent study, researchers at the University of Colorado have resolved phonon Fock states in the spectrum of a superconducting qubit coupled to a multimode acoustic cavity. [47] "Our bacterially produced graphene material will lead to far better suitability for product development," Meyer says. [46] Physicists at the University of Innsbruck are proposing a new model that could demonstrate the supremacy of quantum computers over classical supercomputers in solving optimization problems. [45] Using data from the CMS experiment there, the researchers studied the entropy resulting from entanglement within the proton. [44] A German-Austrian research team is now presenting the largest entangled quantum register of individually controllable systems to date, consisting of a total of 20 quantum bits. [43] Neill is lead author of the group's new paper, "A blueprint for demonstrating quantum supremacy with superconducting qubits," now published in the journal Science. [42] Physicists at ETH Zurich have now demonstrated an elegant way to relax this intrinsic incompatibility using a mechanical oscillator formed by a single trapped ion, opening up a route for fundamental studies and practical uses alike. [41] Physical experiments were performed by Schiffer's team at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and were funded by the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science. [40] Novel insight comes now from experiments and simulations performed by a team led by ETH physicists who have studied electronic transport properties in a one-dimensional quantum wire containing a mesoscopic lattice. [39]
Category: Quantum Physics

Derivation of Planck Particle Mass by Sir Einstein Methodology

Authors: Azadvinder Singh
Comments: 9 Pages.

In this paper, primary focus on to derive Planck particle mass . Take some formulas first wrote down on blank paper and do planning for how desired mass can be derived. Beside the way during the whole scenario, obstacles comes out such as how velocity term can be derived because i don’t know the velocity value or this is unknown yet. So i use other formula called mass variation formula to create velocity term and then put out the unknown velocity in this velocity, this will ease the calculations and our path more directed towards Planck particle mass. On the basis of derived mass, put new thoughts on Planck particle and black hole
Category: Quantum Physics

Easier Scaling Quantum Devices

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 83 Pages.

In an advance that may help researchers scale up quantum devices, an MIT team has developed a method to "recruit" neighboring quantum bits made of nanoscale defects in diamond, so that instead of causing disruptions they help carry out quantum operations. [50] A research team at the Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), RIKEN, and the University of Tokyo have demonstrated how to increase the lifetime of qubits inside quantum computers by using an additional "filter" qubit. [49] A group of physicists in Utrecht, San Sebastián and Pennsylvania have created a new artificial molecule that is insulating inside but has electronic states localized in its corners. [48] In a recent study, researchers at the University of Colorado have resolved phonon Fock states in the spectrum of a superconducting qubit coupled to a multimode acoustic cavity. [47] "Our bacterially produced graphene material will lead to far better suitability for product development," Meyer says. [46] Physicists at the University of Innsbruck are proposing a new model that could demonstrate the supremacy of quantum computers over classical supercomputers in solving optimization problems. [45] Using data from the CMS experiment there, the researchers studied the entropy resulting from entanglement within the proton. [44] A German-Austrian research team is now presenting the largest entangled quantum register of individually controllable systems to date, consisting of a total of 20 quantum bits. [43] Neill is lead author of the group's new paper, "A blueprint for demonstrating quantum supremacy with superconducting qubits," now published in the journal Science. [42] Physicists at ETH Zurich have now demonstrated an elegant way to relax this intrinsic incompatibility using a mechanical oscillator formed by a single trapped ion, opening up a route for fundamental studies and practical uses alike. [41]
Category: Quantum Physics

An Alternative Theory of Everything: Classical Quantum Physics

Authors: Jean Louis Van Belle
Comments: 43 Pages.

This paper recaps the main results of our photon, proton and electron models and also revisits our earlier hypothesis of the neutrino being the carrier of the strong force carrier. As such, we think this paper contains all necessary ingredients of an alternative interpretation of quantum mechanics. We refer to this interpretation as a realist or classical interpretation because it does not require any equations or assumptions beyond the classical framework of physics: Maxwell’s equations and the Planck-Einstein relation are all that is needed. In order to distinguish our approach from mainstream physics (read: the Standard Model), we refer to our ideas as classical quantum physics.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Curvature of Functions for a Kaehler Manifold

Authors: Antoine Balan
Comments: 1 page, written in english

We define the notion of curvature of functions for a Kaehler manifold.
Category: Geometry

Terahertz Radiation for Atomic Behavior

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 67 Pages.

Researchers from the Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory have made a promising new advance for the lab's high-speed "electron camera" that could allow them to "film" tiny, ultrafast motions of protons and electrons in chemical reactions that have never been seen before. [40] A team of Northwestern University materials science researchers have developed a new method to view the dynamic motion of atoms in atomically thin 2-D materials. [39] Researchers led by MIT Department of Physics Professor Pablo Jarillo-Herrero last year showed that rotating layers of hexagonally structured graphene at a particular "magic angle" could change the material's electronic properties from an insulating state to a superconducting state. [38] Scientists at the University of Hong Kong and Hunan Normal University showed that, in homobilayer transition metal dichalcogenides, the real-space Berry phase from moiré patterns manifests as a periodic magnetic field. [37] In a paper published today in Nature's NPJ Quantum Information, Omar Magaña-Loaiza, assistant professor in the Louisiana State University (LSU) Department of Physics & Astronomy, and his team of researchers describe a noteworthy step forward in the quantum manipulation and control of light, which has far-reaching quantum technology applications in imaging, simulation, metrology, computation, communication, and cryptography, among other areas. [36] Scientists at Tokyo Institute of Technology have fabricated a multiplexer/demultiplexer module based on a property of light that was not being exploited in communications systems: the optical vortex. [35] Optical chips are still some way behind electronic chips, but we're already seeing the results and this research could lead to a complete revolution in computer power. [34] Electronics could work faster if they could read and write data at terahertz frequency, rather than at a few gigahertz. [33] A team of researchers led by the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory has demonstrated a new method for splitting light beams into their frequency modes. [32]
Category: Quantum Physics

Estimation of the Size of the Corona Virus in Italy in the Next Ten Days Made by Nonparametric Time Series Prediction

Authors: Sergio Conte, Ferda Kaleagasioglu, Alberto Foletti, Elio Conte
Comments: 4 Pages.

By using the methods of the non parametric time series prediction we obtain that in the next ten days we will reach the size of 8000-9000 contagions in Italy.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Radar and Ice Detect Neutrino

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 56 Pages.

One of the greatest mysteries in astrophysics these days is a tiny subatomic particle called a neutrino, so small that it passes through matter—the atmosphere, our bodies, the very Earth—without detection. [23] Physicists from the Cluster of Excellence PRISMA+ at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (JGU) play a leading role in a new study that indicates that the puzzle of neutrino mass ordering may finally be solved in the next few years. [22] If it turns out that neutrinos and antineutrinos oscillate in a different way from one another, this may partially account for the present-day matter–antimatter imbalance. [21] Studying this really interesting particle that's all around us, and yet is so hard to measure, that could hold the key to understanding why we're here at all, is exciting—and I get to do this for a living," says Mauger. [20]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Differential by Definition

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 1 Page.

This Differential calculus is focused by Definition series.
Category: General Mathematics

Machine Learning Material's Order

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 39 Pages.

A Cornell collaboration led by physicist Brad Ramshaw, the Dick & Dale Reis Johnson Assistant Professor in the College of Arts and Sciences, used a combination of ultrasound and machine learning to narrow the possible explanations for what happens to this quantum material when it enters this so-called "hidden order." [27] A new study from the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Argonne National Laboratory has achieved a breakthrough in the effort to mathematically represent how water behaves. [26] A new tool is drastically changing the face of chemical research – artificial intelligence. In a new paper published in Nature, researchers review the rapid progress in machine learning for the chemical sciences. [25] A new type of artificial-intelligence-driven chemistry could revolutionise the way molecules are discovered, scientists claim. [24]
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Hologram World

Authors: Dan Visser
Comments: 11 Pages.

In this article attention is given to the 5-th force, which generates the hologram world. The hologram world is more fundamental than the classical Big Bang universe. In a new cosmological postulate, named The Rotating Torus Hologram Universe (RTHU), the RTHU generates in time shifted materialized holograms, which we experience as Big Bang universa. However, in fact, and according to the postulate (and several experiments) the 5-th force is a dark matter force originated from a simultanuously non-existing Planck-boundary in the RTHU. The postulate also predicts a new form of climate-change caused by changes in quantum-gravity by subquantum features of the 5-th force in the RTHU.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Snapshot of Quantum Measurement

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 39 Pages.

As for possible applications, Hennrich says that the latest work might be used to improve error correction in quantum computers, given that weak measurements could in principle allow errors to be detected in quantum states without destroying those states in the process. [23] Physicists from MIPT have teamed up with their colleagues in Russia and Great Britain and developed a superconducting quantum state detector. The new device can detect magnetic fields at low temperatures and is useful to both researchers and quantum computer engineers. [22] ETH physicists have developed a silicon wafer that behaves like a topological insulator when stimulated using ultrasound. They have thereby succeeded in turning an abstract theoretical concept into a macroscopic product. [21] Cheng Chin, professor in the Department of Physics, and his team looked at an experimental setup of tens of thousands of atoms cooled down to near absolute zero. As the system crossed a quantum phase transition, they measured its behavior with an extremely sensitive imaging system. [20] Scientists from three UK universities are to test one of the fundamental laws of physics as part of a major Europe-wide project awarded more than £3m in funding. ]19] A team of researchers has devised a simple way to tune a hallmark quantum effect in graphene-the material formed from a single layer of carbon atoms-by bathing it in light. [18] Researchers from the University of Cambridge have taken a peek into the secretive domain of quantum mechanics. [17] Scientists at the University of Geneva (UNIGE), Switzerland, recently reengineered their data processing, demonstrating that 16 million atoms were entangled in a one-centimetre crystal. [15] The fact that it is possible to retrieve this lost information reveals new insight into the fundamental nature of quantum measurements, mainly by supporting the idea that quantum measurements contain both quantum and classical components. [14]
Category: Quantum Physics

Practical Matter-Wave Antiballistic Defense Shield Technologies

Authors: Richard L Amoroso
Comments: 26 Pages. Preprint of Chap 12: The Holographic Anthropic Multiverse Formalizing the Complex Geometry of Reality, World Scientific, https://doi.org/10.1142/7203, July 2009

Utilizing a new concept of a static (albeit relativistic) de Broglie matter-wave resonance hierarchy to coherently putatively control a highly symmetric M-Theory model of SUSY structural-phenomenology of the ‘total’ regime of spacetime, practical matter-wave antiballistic defense shield technologies appear feasible in the near term. The model although obvious to us is not based on ‘politically correct’ theory and has therefore been missed by the scientific community’s rigid adherence to myopic views of quantum theory and cosmology. In simple terms the vacuum (Dirac type), not just the superficial surface equated with the zero-point field and quantum stochasticity, but the complete HD structural regime of spacetime itself. This requires a completed form of quantum theory able to manipulate causality (surmount uncertainty through an ontological form of scale invariant conformal invariance) and utilize unitary field parameters (topological) to control constructive interference of the matter-wave resonant hierarchy. Another key element is to discard the belief that nucleons have been created at a primordial Big Bang era. Operation of the shield technologies relies on the central premise of de Broglie-Bohm modeling of quantum theory (albeit radically extended in several ways) that matter is continuously created, annihilated and recreated as physically real stationary waves imbedded in the local fabric of spacetime. We anticipate matter-wave antiballistic defense shield technologies to appear in three stages or generations: 1) Simple coherently controlled constructive interference that might strengthen aluminum to the density of depleted uranium. 2) Full incorporation of the HD SUSY properties of spacetime. 3) Mature manipulation of spacetime, nanoscale programmable matter, probable antimatter phase configurations, energy efficiency and incursive nonlinear control of the nonlocal ‘coherence-length’. From our vantage point we envision no physical reason why the 3rd generation device cannot withstand nuclear ordinance as soon as the principles outlined here are incorporated in the design of shield technologies. In this respect this chapter is a review of the various principles required for implementing matter-wave defense shield technologies rather than a complete engineering manual.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Diamond Synthesis from Diamondoids

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 69 Pages.

They used new "diamondoids" as a promising precursor to develop laser-induced, high-pressure and high-temperature diamonds. [40] Researchers at the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) have fabricated a novel glass and synthetic diamond foundation that can be used to create miniscule micro-and nanostructures. [39] Osaka University-led researchers demonstrated that the perturbation of laser imprinting on a capsule for nuclear fusion fuel made from stiff and heavy materials was mitigated. [38] Scientists found that relatively slow electrons are produced when intense lasers interact with small clusters of atoms, upturning current theories. [37] Lasers that emit ultrashort pulses of light are critical components of technologies, including communications and industrial processing, and have been central to fundamental Nobel Prize-winning research in physics. [36] A newly developed laser technology has enabled physicists in the Laboratory for Attosecond Physics (jointly run by LMU Munich and the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics) to generate attosecond bursts of high-energy photons of unprecedented intensity. [35] The unique platform, which is referred as a 4-D microscope, combines the sensitivity and high time-resolution of phase imaging with the specificity and high spatial resolution of fluorescence microscopy. [34] The experiment relied on a soliton frequency comb generated in a chip-based optical microresonator made from silicon nitride. [33] This scientific achievement toward more precise control and monitoring of light is highly interesting for miniaturizing optical devices for sensing and signal processing. [32] It may seem like such optical behavior would require bending the rules of physics, but in fact, scientists at MIT, Harvard University, and elsewhere have now demonstrated that photons can indeed be made to interact-an accomplishment that could open a path toward using photons in quantum computing, if not in light sabers. [31] Optical highways for light are at the heart of modern communications. But when it comes to guiding individual blips of light called photons, reliable transit is far less common. [30]
Category: Condensed Matter

Synthetic Synapses like a Real Brain

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 52 Pages.

Now, researchers at King's College London, UK, report in ACS Nano Letters an array of nanorod devices that mimic the brain more closely than ever before. The devices may find applications in artificial neural networks. [35] University of Central Florida researchers are helping to close the gap separating human and machine minds. [34] Brain-machine interfaces provide one way to connect with this puzzling organ system, including the brain. [33] Measuring optical blood flow in the resting human brain to detect spontaneous activity has for the first time been demonstrated by Wright State University imaging researchers, holding out promise for a better way to study people with autism, Alzheimer's and depression. [32]
Category: Quantum Physics

Derivation of the Muon g-2 Anomaly from Non-Equilibrium Dynamics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 8 Pages.

As it is known, the anomalous magnetic moment of muons is a longstanding puzzle of the Standard Model (SM). Commonly referred to as the muon “g-2 problem”, the precise testing of this anomaly provides a sensitive probe for physics beyond SM. Here we show that the leading order contribution to the muon anomaly can be estimated from the onset of non-equilibrium dynamics near the Fermi scale. The derivation is straightforward and evades the postulated existence of new phenomena in the low to the mid TeV range of high-energy physics.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Relatividade do Segundo Postulado da Teoria da Relatividade

Authors: Gerson R. Ouriques; Méricles T. Moretti
Comments: This paper has 18 pages, writting in portuguese language. It has several figures illustrating, for a better assimilation of the content, the meaning of the statement and concept of the postulate. in it

Two postulates formulated in the beginning of the past century deal with several physical phenomena related to Relativity Theory. In the second postulate, compounded by two affirmations in one single phrase, Einstein stated: (1) the speed of light in the empty space is constant, and; (2) the speed of light is independent of the source velocity. Possibly wishing to emphasize this new paradigm where the speed of light is the fundamental element, Einstein did not pay too much attention when enouncing the second part of the postulate for situations including objects with velocities much slower than that of the speed of light. As a consequence, we discuss in this paper, the elaboration of the second part of the second postulate of the relativity theory as it appears in physics didactic books, basic, intermediated and in specific books on relativity. We will show through discussions and simple examples,how the second postulate originates several meaning both as a statement and as a concept of postulate. Keywords:
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

ULTIMA THULE – Probability of Gravitational (vs. Electromagnetic?) Formation

Authors: Raymond H Gallucci
Comments: 12 Pages.

. The shape and rotational speed of the “contact binary,” double-lobed, planetesimal Ultima Thule (renamed as 486958 Arrokoth) deep in the Kuiper Belt render a gravitational explanation for its formation, as espoused by mainstream astrophysics, while plausible, still unlikely. A probabilistic analysis of possible relative speeds between these objects prior to merger strongly suggests that gravitational forces would not have fused them together. Discussed is the Electric Universe Theory that electromagnetic forces, rather than gravitational ones, best explain Ultima Thule’s formation, with gravity only now possibly playing a role in maintaining its structure.
Category: Astrophysics

Galileo's Undone Gravity Experiment: Part 1

Authors: Richard J Benish
Comments: 44 Pages.

Galileo’s classic thought experiment, in which he envisions a cannonball falling through the Earth, has been doable as a scaled-down real experiment for decades. Yet it remains undone. The reasons for not filling this gap in our empirical knowledge of gravity have little to do with physics and a lot to do with sociology. The influences go back to humans’ primitive concepts of an unmoving Earth, whose modern incarnations are embodied by Albert Einstein’s “relativistic” principles. An imaginary alien (Rotonian) perspective is adopted, whereby these ancient Earthian predilections are all questioned. Even the (3 + 1)-dimensionality of space is questioned. When Rotonians visit an astronomical body for the first time, their instinctive belief in accelerometer readings leads them to a gravitational hypothesis (Space Generation Model) according to which matter is the source of space. They conceive the essence of gravity as the process whereby matter regenerates itself and creates new space. They conceive the process as the outward motion OF space into a fourth spatial dimension; matter is thus seen as an inexhaustible source of perpetual propulsion. It is this stationary motion that causes the curvature of spacetime. The hypothesis is developed in detail with respect to local physics and a chart is plotted for a more in depth application to cosmological issues, as promised for Part 2. It is repeatedly urged that, of much greater importance than discussing these issues, is the need to at last do Galileo’s experiment.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Serum Tumor Markers as Screening Tools in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

Authors: Shazia Tahira
Comments: 9 Pages.

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is not the most frequent cancer, but it is one of the deadliest cancers. The 5-year survival rate is 9% only. It is usually diagnosed at a later stage when surgical resection is not possible and metastases have already spread to other parts of the body. Developing early screening tools can help in diagnosing pancreatic cancer at initial and earlier stages when surgical resection is still a possibility leading to more years of survival and a potential cure. Different studies show the importance of identification of pancreatic carcinoma before large growth in tumor size. Recurrence after surgery is late if serum tumor marker level is comparatively less, tumor size is small and it is localized with no lymph node or vascular invasion and so according to different studies, early detection of tumor lead to more median survival time. There are many pancreatic carcinoma serum tumor markers, but most of them do not improve upon CA19-9 which is considered a gold standard pancreatic carcinoma serum marker although CA 19-9 also does not have perfect sensitivity and specificity. Because of less than 100% sensitivity and specificity, screening tests, using serum markers are mostly not recommended for the general population, although they are recommended for high-risk populations. Here we present a brief review about Ca 19-9 and some other pancreatic adenocarcinoma serum tumor markers including THBS2, MIC-1, sTRA, CEACAM1, CA 494, Span-1 and PAM4 which show some improvement over CA19-9. CA 19-9 is considered the standard pancreatic adenocarcinoma serum tumor marker but there are other pancreatic adenocarcinoma serum tumor markers with comparatively better sensitivity and specificity. THBS2 has comparatively less sensitivity but better specificity compared to CA 19-9. PAM4 has comparatively less or equal sensitivity but better specificity compared to CA 19-9. CEACAM1 and CA 494 have comparatively better sensitivity and specificity compared to CA 19-9. Span-1 has comparatively better sensitivity but less or equal specificity compared to CA19-9. MIC-1 has comparatively better sensitivity but less specificity compared to CA 19-9. sTRA has comparatively better sensitivity and equal specificity, also it is secreted by pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells which are different from those which secrete CA19-9. There is a possibility that a combination of these serum markers in screening tests may yield more sensitive and specific results that can be used for screening high risk as well as the general population.
Category: Biochemistry

Microwave Quantum Link

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 31 Pages.