All Submission Categories

A Dark Top Lepton Tau-Antitau Matter Condensate Exists

Authors: George R. Briggs
Comments: 1 Page. Take 3.552 MeV x 2 = 7.104 = 7.1 MeV plus 04;

Abstract: A top quark condensate has not yet been observed. My work (MHCE8S theory) however indicates that a dark particle condensate exists made up of top lepton tau-antitau dark particle pairs.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Some Mathematical Connections Concerning the Relation Between Three-Dimensional Gravity Related to Chern-Simons Gauge Theory, P-Adic Hartle-Hawking Wave Function, Rumanujan’s Modular Functions and Some Equations Describing the Riemann Zeta-Function.

Authors: Michele Nardelli
Comments: 42 Pages.

In this paper we’ve described some mathematical connections that we’ve obtained between three dimensional gravity related to Chern-Simons gauge theory and p-adic Hartle-Hawking wave function, Ramanujan’s modular functions and some equations describing the Riemann zetafunction.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Basics of the Gospel and the Salvation of All

Authors: Leon Elshout
Comments: 2 Pages.

Jesus did not die for 20 church go-ers to leave the rest of mankind forever burn in hell. This is not the gospel. The gospel is that Jesus resurrected from the death. The result is that - everyone - will be saved. The believers will only be saved earlier than the unbelievers. And the believers have a celestial mission. This pdf was written by Martin Zender. My own website is https://roodgoudvanparvaim.nl
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

Proof of All Out Primes

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 1 Page.

This is the proof of All Out Primes.
Category: Number Theory

Jupiter Effect On The Inner Planets (III)

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 10 Pages.

1.Jupiter Effect On The Inner Planets proves that, "The Solar System Is One Machine" 2.Jupiter Effect On The Inner Planets is done by A Light Beam Its Velocity =1.16 mkm/sec 3.Jupiter Effect On The Inner Planets proves that m there's a light velocity =1.16 mkm /sec in the solar system. Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

Reexamining the Thomas Precession

Authors: Marcelo Ferreira Lima Carvalho
Comments: 61 Pages.

We review the Thomas precession exhibiting the exact form of the Thomas rotation in the axis-angle parameterization. Assuming three inertial frames $S, S', S''$ moving with arbitrary velocities and with $S, S''$ having their axis parallel to the axis of $S'$ we focus our attention on the two essential elements of the Thomas precession e.g., (i) there is a rotation between the axis of frames $S$, $S''$ and (ii) the combination of two Lorentz transformations from $S$ to $S'$ and from $S'$ to $S''$ fails to produce a pure Lorentz transformation from $S$ to $S''$. The physical consequence of (i) and (ii) refers to the impossibility of having arbitrary frames $S, S', S''$ moving with their axis mutually parallel. Then, we reexamine the validity of (i) and (ii) under the conjecture the time depends on the state of motion of the frames and we show that the Thomas precession assumes a different form as formulated in (i) and (ii).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cycles Universels et Cycles Dérivés en 3x +1 Généralisé

Authors: Pierre Lamothe
Comments: 10 Pages. En français, 4 tableaux

In Collatz-Kakutani sequences that are generalized to px + q, the beginning x and the end y of a sequence are connected by a diophantine equation p^m x - 2^d y + qc = 0, where m and d are the numbers of multiplication and division. There is a cycle (x = y) if δ (= 2^d - p^m) divide qc. It is shown that all c are included in parametric rotation cycles (c₁ c₂ ... c_m) for px + δ, and that the rare numerical cycles (x₁ x₂ ... x_m) derive from them when x_i = qc_i / δ are integers. The universal cycles are purely algebrical but the derived cycles result from a numerical coincidence. Assuming that the possible values of qc mod δ are equiprobable, a formula is given for the ocurrence probability of a derived cycle.

A 4x4 Rank-2 Space-Time Matrix Unifying Gravity, Electromagnetism, Strong, and Weak Interaction by Integrating Curvature and Torsion in Geometry

Authors: Wan-Chung Hu
Comments: 13 Pages.

This article deducts that electromagnetic field, strong interaction, and weak interaction are actually torsion tensors. Since we know gravity field is actually a curvature tensor, we can use geometry to unite gravity, electromagnetism, strong, and weak interaction. Perfect fluid combines with Faraday tensor with geometrized unit can give a 4x4 rank2 spacetime matrix to include the above force field. In addition, strong interaction mediating gluons can acquire mass based on Higgs mechanism. This article also provides evidence of Yang-Mills theory existence and solves the mass gap problem in strong interaction.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Schrodinger’s Cat in the Time Domain

Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 3 Pages.

Schrodinger’s cat describes a paradox in which a cat is located in a sealed black box with a poison sealed capsule inside it. Radioactive source decays and emits radiation, which activates a Geiger counter, The Geiger counter generates a signal to release poison from the capsule and kill the cat. Since the decay of a radioactive source is a random sub atomic event, based on quantum mechanics we can only derive a probability-based assumption on the exact time that the decay of the radioactive atom will occur. The Copenhagen interpretation says that until an observer opens the box, the entire system is in superposition and the cat is both dead and alive. In this paper, I will show that we can extrapolate this superposition paradox also to the time domain and the entropy level of the system.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Dynamics of Quantum Coherence

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 52 Pages.

Ultrafast, multidimensional spectroscopy unlocks macroscopic-scale effects of quantum electronic correlations. [30] In quantum physics, some of the most interesting effects are the result of interferences. [29] When Nebraska's Herman Batelaan and colleagues recently submitted a research paper that makes the case for the existence of a non-Newtonian, quantum force, the journal asked that they place "force" firmly within quotes. [28]
Category: Quantum Physics

Superconductivity in Graphene

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 16 Pages.

Researchers at Aalto University and the University of Jyväskylä showed that graphene can be a superconductor at a much higher temperature than expected, due to a subtle quantum mechanics effect of graphene's electrons. [30] Hong Ding's group from the Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science reported the superconducting gap of topological surface state is larger than that of bulk states in β-Bi2Pd thin films using in-situ angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and molecular beam epitaxy. [29] Superconducting quantum microwave circuits can function as qubits, the building blocks of a future quantum computer. [28] Physicists have shown that superconducting circuits-circuits that have zero electrical resistance-can function as piston-like mechanical quantum engines. The new perspective may help researchers design quantum computers and other devices with improved efficiencies. [27] This paper explains the magnetic effect of the superconductive current from the observed effects of the accelerating electrons, causing naturally the experienced changes of the electric field potential along the electric wire. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the wave particle duality and the electron's spin also, building the bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The changing acceleration of the electrons explains the created negative electric field of the magnetic induction, the Higgs Field, the changing Relativistic Mass and the Gravitational Force, giving a Unified Theory of the physical forces. Taking into account the Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators also, we can explain the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions. Since the superconductivity is basically a quantum mechanical phenomenon and some entangled particles give this opportunity to specific matters, like Cooper Pairs or other entanglements, as strongly correlated materials and Exciton-mediated electron pairing, we can say that the secret of superconductivity is the quantum entanglement.
Category: Quantum Physics

Cool Computer Chips

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 36 Pages.

A team of researchers at Stanford University has developed a theoretical way to cool down heated objects. [24] When the energy efficiency of electronics poses a challenge, magnetic materials may have a solution. [23] An exotic state of matter that is dazzling scientists with its electrical properties, can also exhibit unusual optical properties, as shown in a theoretical study by researchers at A*STAR. [22] The breakthrough was made in the lab of Andrea Alù, director of the ASRC's Photonics Initiative. Alù and his colleagues from The City College of New York, University of Texas at Austin and Tel Aviv University were inspired by the seminal work of three British researchers who won the 2016 Noble Prize in Physics for their work, which teased out that particular properties of matter (such as electrical conductivity) can be preserved in certain materials despite continuous changes in the matter's form or shape. [21]
Category: Digital Signal Processing

Ultrafast Control of Microlasers

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 31 Pages.

Electrically-driven BIC microlasers with ultrafast switching are also possible and the cascade-wise on-chip integration of such ultrafast switchable BIC lasers is also essential for optical and quantum computing. This research is published in Science on Feb. 28, 2020. [17] Wang, Bren Professor of Medical Engineering and Electrical Engineering, has now further advanced photoacoustic imaging technology with what he calls Photoacoustic Topography Through an Ergodic Relay (PATER), which aims to simplify the equipment required for imaging of this type. [16]
Category: Quantum Physics

A Tag-Based File Manager (TFM) Called “LeadTags” and a Set of Interconnected Online Javascript (Tag-Based) Databases (Iojds) – a Practical Generation and Implementation Using Visual Basic 6 (VB6), with Applications Including Medical Databases and Website

Authors: Andrei Lucian Dragoi
Comments: (TFM - IOJD - version 1.1 - 27.08.2018 - 8 pages)

This paper presents a practical method of generation and implementation of a large number of interconnected online/offline JavaScript (JS) 2D databases (IOJDs), using a file manager-like software built with Microsoft Visual Basic 6 (VB6) for their creation and maintenance (including periodic updates). Both this simple tag(-based) file manager (TFM) and IOJDs have many possible applications including medical databases and website cloning (WSC). Keywords: JavaScript (JS), Visual Basic 6 (VB6), tag(-based) file manager (TFM), databases, interconnected online/offline JavaScript 2D databases (IOJDs), website cloning (WSC);
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Silicon's Conductivity

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 78 Pages.

"When we use the two-photon method on thicker samples we may produce even lower carrier densities that we can then probe with the THz pulses," Heilweil said. [48] Imperfections of crystal structure, especially edge dislocations of an elongated nature, deeply modify basic properties of the entire material and, in consequence, drastically limit its applications. [47] Physicists at the University of Alberta in Canada have developed a new way to build quantum memories, a method for storing delicate quantum information encoded into pulses of light. [45] Now, an Australian research team has experimentally realised a crucial combination of these capabilities on a silicon chip, bringing the dream of a universal quantum computer closer to reality. [44] A theoretical concept to realize quantum information processing has been developed by Professor Guido Burkard and his team of physicists at the University of Konstanz. [43] As the number of hacks and security breaches rapidly climbs, scientists say there may be a way to make a truly unhackable network by using the laws of quantum physics. [42] This world-first nanophotonic device, just unveiled in Nature Communications, encodes more data and processes it much faster than conventional fiber optics by using a special form of 'twisted' HYPERLINK "https://phys.org/tags/light/" light. [41] Purdue University researchers created a new technique that would increase the secret bit rate 100-fold, to over 35 million photons per second. [40] Physicists at The City College of New York have used atomically thin two-dimensional materials to realize an array of quantum emitters operating at room temperature that can be integrated into next generation quantum communication systems. [39]
Category: Condensed Matter

Biinvariant Generalized Barycentric Coordinates on Lie Groups

Authors: Jan Hakenberg
Comments: 9 Pages.

We construct biinvariant generalized barycentric coordinates for scattered sets of points in any Lie group. The coordinates are invariant under left-action, right-action, and inversion, and satisfy the Lagrange property. The construction does not utilize a metric on the Lie group, unlike inverse distance coordinates. Instead, proximity is determined in a vector space of higher dimensions than the group using the Euclidean norm. The coordinates that we propose are an inverse to the unique, biinvariant weighted average in the Lie group.
Category: Geometry

Potent NRF2-Activating Dietary Supplements (Like Resveratrol, Curcumin, Sulforaphane, “Asea Redox Supplement” [ars]) Should be Clinically Tested as Adjuvants in All Types of Medium and Severe Cases of Aggressive Respiratory Viral Infections

Authors: Andrei Lucian Dragoi
Comments: Preprint File available (NADS in COVID-19 - short communication - version 1.0 - 1.5 A4 pages when excluding references - 29.02.2020)

This very short medical communication proposes that potent NRF2-activating dietary supplements (like resveratrol, sulforaphane, curcumin, “Asea redox supplement” [ARS] etc.) should be clinically tested as safe adjuvants (in various combinations) in all types of medium and severe cases of aggressive respiratory viral infections (including Influenza A/B/C, SARS, MERS, COVID-19, measles, avian influenza etc., including those patients which have important comorbidities like HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis [TB] etc.) based on their extrapolated cytoprotective antioxidant effects (especially on the main vital organs: brain, heart, lungs, kidneys and liver), including the extrapolated strong cytoprotection offered by ARS on the cardiac muscle of DMD patients (which can be extrapolated to the lungs), like the author of this paper has demonstrated in past papers.
Category: Biochemistry

On the Mathematical Connections with Some Hawking’s Cosmology Equations and a Ramanujan Equation Linked to a Formula Concerning the “Pair Creation of Black Holes During Inflation” of Hawking-Bousso

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 52 Pages.

In this paper we have described the mathematical connections with some Hawking’s Cosmology equations and a Ramanujan equation linked to a formula concerning the “Pair Creation of Black Holes During Inflation” of Hawking-Bousso
Category: Mathematical Physics

On Some Ramanujan Equations: Mathematical Connections with Various Formulas Concerning Some Arguments of Cosmology and Black Holes/wormholes Physics. ix

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 73 Pages.

In this paper we have described several Ramanujan’s formulas and obtained some mathematical connections with various equations concerning different sectors of Cosmology and Black Holes/Wormholes Physics.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Mystery of Matter

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 58 Pages.

Researchers at the Paul Scherrer Institute PSI have measured a property of the neutron more precisely than ever before. [35] This event is considered as a striking proof of the existence of Majorana particles, and it represents a crucial step towards their use as building blocks for the development of quantum computers. [34] In the latest experiment of its kind, researchers have captured the most compelling evidence to date that unusual particles lurk inside a special kind of superconductor. [33] With their insensitivity to decoherence, Majorana particles could become stable building blocks of quantum computers. [32] A team of researchers at the University of Maryland has found a new way to route photons at the micrometer scale without scattering by building a topological quantum optics interface. [31] Researchers at the University of Bristol's Quantum Engineering Technology Labs have demonstrated a new type of silicon chip that can help building and testing quantum computers and could find their way into your mobile phone to secure information. [30] Theoretical physicists propose to use negative interference to control heat flow in quantum devices. [29] Particle physicists are studying ways to harness the power of the quantum realm to further their research. [28] A fundamental barrier to scaling quantum computing machines is "qubit interference." In new research published in Science Advances, engineers and physicists from Rigetti Computing describe a breakthrough that can expand the size of practical quantum processors by reducing interference. [26] The search and manipulation of novel properties emerging from the quantum nature of matter could lead to next-generation electronics and quantum computers. [25]
Category: Quantum Physics

Nonlinear Optical Fibers

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 87 Pages.

To help with this, researchers at Eindhoven University of Technology have developed a new mathematical tool to better explore how light propagates through optical fibers in this high power, or nonlinear, regime. [52] The nonlinear characteristics of metamaterials have displayed emerging potentials for frequency conversions owing to the induced local fields around the resonators. [51] A team of international researchers led by engineers from the National University of Singapore (NUS) have invented a new magnetic device to manipulate digital information 20 times more efficiently and with 10 times more stability than commercial spintronic digital memories. [50] Working in the lab of Mikhail Lukin, the George Vasmer Leverett Professor of Physics and co-director of the Quantum Science and Engineering Initiative, Evans is lead author of a study, described in the journal Science, that demonstrates a method for engineering an interaction between two qubits using photons. [49] Researchers with the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory have demonstrated a new level of control over photons encoded with quantum information. [48] Researchers from Intel Corp. and the University of California, Berkeley, are looking beyond current transistor technology and preparing the way for a new type of memory and logic circuit that could someday be in every computer on the planet. [47] A team of scientists from Arizona State University's School of Molecular Sciences and Germany have published in Science Advances online today an explanation of how a particular phase-change memory (PCM) material can work one thousand times faster than current flash computer memory, while being significantly more durable with respect to the number of daily read-writes. [46] A new two-qubit quantum processor that is fully programmable and single electron spins that can be coherently coupled to individual microwave-frequency photons are two of the latest advances in the world of solid-state spin-based quantum computing. [45] Scientists at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have now developed a highly efficient converter that enlarges the diameter of a HYPERLINK "https://phys.org/tags/light/" light beam by 400 times. [44]
Category: Quantum Physics

Helical Quantum Hall Phase in Graphene

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 39 Pages.

In a new report now on Science, Louis Veyrat and a research team in materials science, quantum optics and optoelectronics in France, China and Japan tuned the ground state of the graphene zeroth Landau level i.e. orbitals occupied by charged particles with discrete energy values. [23] Combining our nano-SQUID on tip with scanning gate measurements in the quantum Hall phase of graphene we were able to measure and identify work and heat dissipation processes separately. [22] Probing the properties of a Mott insulator, a team of researchers from Boston College, MIT, and U.C. Santa Barbara has revealed an elusive atomic-scale magnetic signal in the unique material as it transitions from insulator to a metal, the team reported recently in the journal Nature Physics. [21] UC Santa Barbara engineer Galan Moody, an assistant professor of electrical and computer engineering, has proposed a solution to overcome the poor efficiency and performance of existing quantum computing prototypes that use light to encode and process information. [20] JILA physicists and collaborators have demonstrated the first next-generation "time scale"-a system that incorporates data from multiple atomic clocks to produce a single highly accurate timekeeping signal for distribution. [19] Researchers have succeeded in creating an efficient quantum-mechanical light-matter interface using a microscopic cavity. [18] Our researchers were the first to produce these knots as part of a collaboration between Aalto University and Amherst College, U.S., and they have now studied how the knots behave over time. [17] The groundbreaking result sheds light on an elusive phenomenon whose existence, a natural outcome of the hundred-year-old theory of superconductivity, has long been speculated, but never actually observed. [16] Now a team of researchers from the University of Maryland (UMD) Department of Physics together with collaborators has seen exotic superconductivity that relies on highly unusual electron interactions. [15]
Category: Condensed Matter

New State of Matter

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 48 Pages.

Now, physicists at Northeastern have discovered a new way to manipulate electric charge. And the changes to the future of our technology could be monumental. [31] A team of scientists has discovered the first robust example of a new type of magnet-one that holds promise for enhancing the performance of data storage technologies. [30] Single-molecule magnets (SMMs) have been attracting a lot of attention recently. This is because of the increased demand for faster, longer-lasting and lower-energy IT systems, and the need for higher data storage capacity. [29] Researchers have discovered that using an easily made combination of materials might be the way to offer a more stable environment for smaller and safer data storage, ultimately leading to miniature computers. [28] demonstrated an original layout of a prototype of multiresonator broadband quantum-memory interface. [27] New nanoparticle-based films that are more than 80 times thinner than a human hair may help to fill this need by providing materials that can holographically archive more than 1000 times more data than a DVD in a 10-by-10-centimeter piece of film. [26] Researches of scientists from South Ural State University are implemented within this area. [25] Following three years of extensive research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HU) physicist Dr. Uriel Levy and his team have created technology that will enable computers and all optic communication devices to run 100 times faster through terahertz microchips. [24] When the energy efficiency of electronics poses a challenge, magnetic materials may have a solution. [23]
Category: Condensed Matter

Nonspherical Viral Nanocages

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 52 Pages.

Nevertheless, protein nanocages have great potential as building blocks to create more functional materials. [31] In a recent study in mice, researchers found a way to deliver specific drugs to parts of the body that are exceptionally difficult to access. [30] Now MIT engineers have come up with a tissueengineering design that may enable flexible range of motion in injured tendons and muscles during healing. [29] Researchers at MIT, working with surgeons and oncologists at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), have now developed a way to improve the accuracy of this surgery, called debulking. [28] Scientists at the University of Bristol have invented a new technology that could lead to the development of a new generation of smart surgical glues and dressings for chronic wounds. [27] Elaborate molecular networks inside living cells enable them to sense and process many signals from the environment to perform desired cellular functions. [26] RNA sequencing is a technique used to analyze entire genomes by looking at the expression of their genes. [25] Researchers from the University of Chicago have developed a high-throughput RNA sequencing strategy to study the activity of the gut microbiome. [24] Today a large international consortium of researchers published a complex but important study looking at how DNA works in animals. [23] Asymmetry plays a major role in biology at every scale: think of DNA spirals, the fact that the human heart is positioned on the left, our preference to use our left or right hand ... [22] Scientists reveal how a 'molecular machine' in bacterial cells prevents fatal DNA twisting, which could be crucial in the development of new antibiotic treatments. [21] In new research, Hao Yan of Arizona State University and his colleagues describe an innovative DNA HYPERLINK "https://phys.org/tags/walker/" walker, capable of rapidly traversing a prepared track. [20]
Category: Physics of Biology

Why Matter in the Universe

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 60 Pages.

Scientists at the University of Sussex have measured a property of the neutron-a fundamental particle in the universe-more precisely than ever before. [36] Researchers at the Paul Scherrer Institute PSI have measured a property of the neutron more precisely than ever before. [35] This event is considered as a striking proof of the existence of Majorana particles, and it represents a crucial step towards their use as building blocks for the development of quantum computers. [34] In the latest experiment of its kind, researchers have captured the most compelling evidence to date that unusual particles lurk inside a special kind of superconductor. [33] With their insensitivity to decoherence, Majorana particles could become stable building blocks of quantum computers. [32] A team of researchers at the University of Maryland has found a new way to route photons at the micrometer scale without scattering by building a topological quantum optics interface. [31] Researchers at the University of Bristol's Quantum Engineering Technology Labs have demonstrated a new type of silicon chip that can help building and testing quantum computers and could find their way into your mobile phone to secure information. [30] Theoretical physicists propose to use negative interference to control heat flow in quantum devices. [29] Particle physicists are studying ways to harness the power of the quantum realm to further their research. [28] A fundamental barrier to scaling quantum computing machines is "qubit interference." In new research published in Science Advances, engineers and physicists from Rigetti Computing describe a breakthrough that can expand the size of practical quantum processors by reducing interference. [26]
Category: Astrophysics

Reconfigurable Chiral Microlaser

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 60 Pages.

Furthermore, the directionality of such the chiral microlaser is all-optically and dynamically controlled by the bias in the pump direction, and the symmetry breaking threshold is adjustable using a nanotip scatterer. [37] "We put the optical microscope under a microscope to achieve accuracy near the atomic scale," said NIST's Samuel Stavis, who served as the project leader for these efforts. [36] Researchers have designed an interferometer that works with magnetic quasiparticles called magnons, rather than photons as in conventional interferometers. [35] A technique to manipulate electrons with light could bring quantum computing up to room temperature. [34] The USTC Microcavity Research Group in the Key Laboratory of Quantum Information has perfected a 4-port, all-optically controlled non-reciprocal multifunctional photonic device based on a magnetic-field-free optomechanical resonator. [33] To address this technology gap, a team of engineers from the National University of Singapore (NUS) has developed an innovative microchip, named BATLESS, that can continue to operate even when the battery runs out of energy. [32] Stanford researchers have developed a water-based battery that could provide a cheap way to store wind or solar energy generated when the sun is shining and wind is blowing so it can be fed back into the electric grid and be redistributed when demand is high. [31] Researchers at AMOLF and the University of Texas have circumvented this problem with a vibrating glass ring that interacts with light. They thus created a microscale circulator that directionally routes light on an optical chip without using magnets. [30] Researchers have discovered three distinct variants of magnetic domain walls in the helimagnet iron germanium (FeGe). [29] Magnetic materials that form helical structures-coiled shapes comparable to a spiral staircase or the double helix strands of a DNA molecule-occasionally exhibit exotic behavior that could improve information processing in hard drives and other digital devices. [28] In a new study, researchers have designed "invisible" magnetic sensors-sensors that are magnetically invisible so that they can still detect but do not distort the surrounding magnetic fields. [27]
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Delta Function and its Derivatives

Authors: Anamitra Palit
Comments: 18 Pages.

In this writing the conventional law concerning the derivatives of the delta function and those representing the delta function have been considered to bring out certain discrepancies. The errors and their source have been discussed.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Approche Algébrique du Problème 3n + 1 Généralisé

Authors: Pierre Lamothe
Comments: 38 Pages. 10 figures, 9 tableaux. En français.

This essay describes the steps of an algebraic approach to Collatz's conjecture that led to the discovery of algebraic cycles from which the rare numerical cycles are derived. The derivation criterion is used to calculate the probability of a derived cycle in a given class. The probability drops exponentially with the length of the cycle. The steps : From numbers to functions – Monoid algebra of chain functions – Algebraic cycles and derived cycles – Triplet operator of linear functions – From functions to numbers – Paths in a lattice of classes – Discrimination of cycle possibilities – Probability that a new cycle exists in 3n + 1.
Category: General Mathematics

Notas Sobre Polisignos Y Objetos Tertiarios

Authors: Kujonai
Comments: 90 Pages.

En este documento se presenta una compilacion de ideas de los sistemas de signos, provenientes de diversas fuentes, con un enfasis en las aritmeticas simplexogonales. Algunos de los fragmentos surgieron durante intercambios de correo con T. Golden, creador de los polisignos. En otros casos provienen de compilaciones anteriores del autor, o de la pagina web de T. Golden, o de material de otros autores. El tema central de este documento son los sistemas de signos, pero no limitados al sistema usual con dos signos. Aunque se trata en mayor detalle el caso de un sistema de tres signos en el plano, se aborda tambien el caso de 4 signos en el espacio tridimensional. Se analiza brevemente una generalizacion del operador igualdad para el caso 3, una variacion de la nocion de orden, sistemas de coordenadas, matrices, division, distancia, ademas de diferencias dispersas de cada topico. De momento no hay conclusiones claras…
Category: Algebra

Jupiter Effect On The Inner Planets (II)

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 10 Pages.

1.There's A Light Velocity =1.16 mkm/Sec 2.The Solar System Distances Are Created By Light Motions 3.The Solar System Use Both Light Motions (0.3mkm/sec & 1.16 mkm/sec) 4.Jupiter shows The Solar System Basic Energy Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

Cossack and Goose. Origin and Meaning of Names

Authors: Somsikov A.I.
Comments: 20 Pages. -

The probable etymology of the Russian words is considered. The translation of article from Russian into English is enclosed.
Category: Linguistics

Nanoparticles Risks in Medical Application

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 37 Pages.

However, the rising popularity of nanobiomaterials (NBMs) also raises questions about their potential adverse effects on the environment after excretion and release. [23] Nuclear technology companies Phoenix and SHINE Medical Technologies have achieved a new world record for a nuclear fusion reaction in a steady-state system, the strongest of its kind ever produced on Earth. [22] Bacterial systems are some of the simplest and most effective platforms for the expression of recombinant proteins. [21]
Category: Physics of Biology

Jupiter Effect On The Inner Planets

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 10 Pages.

Jupiter Effect On The Inner Planets Proves The Following: -There's a light beam velocity =1.16 mkm/sec in the solar system -The Space is created of Energy (DISTANCE = ENERGY) -Mercury Day Period is Created by Jupiter effect. -The three inner planets follow Jupiter effect perfectly -Mars is exceptional because Saturn and Jupiter effect on it. -Jupiter Energy = The Inner Planets Energies Total Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

Full Waves, Empty Waves and Subquantum Processes

Authors: V.A. Skrebnev, M.V. Polski
Comments: 12 Pages.

The appearance of a particle in a certain point in space, the full waves and the empty waves are considered as a consequence of subquantum processes. The experiment is described that measured the absorption of single photons by absorbers with various absorption coefficients, in one of the beams, after the photons interacted with the beam splitter. The measurements showed that the absorption corresponds to single photon traveling in either one or another beam. The results of our measurements and of single photon interference experiments, combined together, demonstrate the existence of the empty waves, that is, the excitations in the subquantum world, which do not contain a photon. We show that seemingly justified criticism of our interpretation of the experiment is not valid. New experiments are proposed to study single-photon interference involving an empty wave.
Category: Quantum Physics

Oncology Neglects Stray Radiation

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 39 Pages.

Researchers in the US and Germany modified a treatment planning system (TPS)-the software used to predict patient dose distribution-to include unwanted doses from scattered and leaked radiation. [23] Scientists at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (NTU Singapore) have developed a technique to observe how radiation damages molecules over time frames of just one quadrillionth of a second-or a femtosecond. [22] DNA forensics is a powerful tool, yet it presents a computational scaling problem when it is improved and expanded for complex samples (those containing DNA from more than one individual) and kinship analysis. [21] In a surprising marriage of science and art, researchers at MIT have developed a system for converting the molecular structures of proteins, the basic building blocks of all living beings, into audible sound that resembles musical passages. [20] Inspired by ideas from the physics of phase transitions and polymer physics, researchers in the Divisions of Physical and Biological Sciences at UC San Diego set out specifically to determine the organization of DNA inside the nucleus of a living cell. [19] Scientists from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the University of Maryland are using neutrons at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) to capture new information about DNA and RNA molecules and enable more accurate computer simulations of how they interact with everything from proteins to viruses. [18] The DNA molecules are chiral, which means they can exist in two forms which are mirror images, like a left and right hand. The phenomenon was dubbed "chiral induced spin selectivity" (CISS), and over the last few years, several experiments were published allegedly showing this CISS effect, even in electronic devices. [17] Chemist Ivan Huc finds the inspiration for his work in the molecular principles that underlie biological systems. [16] What makes particles self-assemble into complex biological structures? [15]
Category: Physics of Biology

Biggest Explosion Since the Big Bang

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 33 Pages.

Evidence for the largest known explosion since the Big Bang has been reported by astronomers in the US and Australia. [31] Vast interstellar events where clouds of charged matter hurtle into each other and spew out high-energy particles have now been reproduced in the lab with high fidelity. [30] The current detection suggests that many other such events will be detected in the future and will continue to shed light on this cosmic mystery. [29]
Category: Astrophysics

Split One Photon into Three

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 46 Pages.

Researchers from the Institute for Quantum Computing (IQC) at the University of Waterloo report the first occurrence of directly splitting one photon into three. [29] This interference is important for everything from fundamental tests of quantum physics to the speedy calculations of quantum computers, but creating it requires exquisite control over particles that are indistinguishable. [28] Scientists from the Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, in collaboration with the University of Oxford and NIST, have shown that quantum interference enables processing of large sets of data faster and more accurately than with standard methods. [27] Over the last few decades, the exponential increase in computer power and accompanying increase in the quality of algorithms has enabled theoretical and particle physicists to perform more complex and precise simulations of fundamental particles and their interactions. [26] A collaboration of scientists from five of the world's most advanced x-ray sources in Europe, Japan and the US, has succeeded in verifying a basic prediction of the quantum-mechanical behavior of resonant systems. [25] This achievement is considered as an important landmark for the realization of practical application of photon upconversion technology. [24] Considerable interest in new single-photon detector technologies has been scaling in this past decade. [23] Engineers develop key mathematical formula for driving quantum experiments. [22] Physicists are developing quantum simulators, to help solve problems that are beyond the reach of conventional computers. [21] Engineers at Australia's University of New South Wales have invented a radical new architecture for quantum computing, based on novel 'flip-flop qubits', that promises to make the large-scale manufacture of quantum chips dramatically cheaper-and easier-than thought possible. [20]
Category: Quantum Physics

The Beginning of Atlantis in Matthew 24:15

Authors: Leon Elshout
Comments: 1 Page.

The confusion about the real locations of the Third Temple in Jerusalem or Atlantis in the west share the same misunderstanding. What does Matthew 24:15 teach us about the birth of Atlantis? - by leon elshout, https://roodgoudvanparvaim.nl
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

Accelerator Technology to Quantum Computers

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 52 Pages.

For their quantum computer project, Fermilab particle physicist Adam Lyon and computer scientist Jim Kowalkowski are collaborating with researchers at Argonne National Laboratory, where they'll be running simulations on high-performance computers. [30] Researchers from the Institute for Quantum Computing (IQC) at the University of Waterloo report the first occurrence of directly splitting one photon into three. [29] This interference is important for everything from fundamental tests of quantum physics to the speedy calculations of quantum computers, but creating it requires exquisite control over particles that are indistinguishable. [28] Scientists from the Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, in collaboration with the University of Oxford and NIST, have shown that quantum interference enables processing of large sets of data faster and more accurately than with standard methods. [27] Over the last few decades, the exponential increase in computer power and accompanying increase in the quality of algorithms has enabled theoretical and particle physicists to perform more complex and precise simulations of fundamental particles and their interactions. [26] A collaboration of scientists from five of the world's most advanced x-ray sources in Europe, Japan and the US, has succeeded in verifying a basic prediction of the quantum-mechanical behavior of resonant systems. [25] This achievement is considered as an important landmark for the realization of practical application of photon upconversion technology. [24] Considerable interest in new single-photon detector technologies has been scaling in this past decade. [23] Engineers develop key mathematical formula for driving quantum experiments. [22] Physicists are developing quantum simulators, to help solve problems that are beyond the reach of conventional computers. [21]
Category: Quantum Physics

Spectroscopy with Video-Rate Imaging

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 33 Pages.

For the first time, researchers have used an advanced analytical technique known as dual-comb spectroscopy to rapidly acquire extremely detailed hyperspectral images. [28] The measurements presented by Oliva and the rest of the AMS collaboration provide new interesting insight about the properties of 3He and 4He isotopes, which could have important implications for future astrophysics research investigating cosmic ray production and propagation. [27] One such mystery is the origin of electromagnetic fields on the very largest scale in the universe. [26]
Category: Quantum Physics

Link Between Gravity and Soliton

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 24 Pages.

Scientists have been attempting to come up with an equation to unify the micro and macro laws of the Universe; quantum mechanics and gravity. [21] An international research team including astronomers from the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy in Bonn, Germany, has combined radio telescopes from five continents to prove the existence of a narrow stream of material, a so-called jet, emerging from the only gravitational wave event involving two neutron stars ever observed. [20] The improvement will see the twin observatories — located near Hanford, Washington and Livingston, Louisiana in the US – double their sensitivity to gravitational waves. [19]
Category: Astrophysics

Protein and Quantum Dots

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 50 Pages.

Scientists at the National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Russia) have created a new type of solar panel based on hybrid material consisting of quantum dots (QDs) and photosensitive protein. [29] "Maybe this will tell us a bit more about how macrophages associated with tumors and infection can suppress a T cell response," he says. [28] Sunlight is essential for all life, and living organisms have evolved to sense and respond to light. [27] Using X-ray laser technology, a team led by researchers of the Paul Scherrer Institute PSI has recorded one of the fastest processes in biology. [26] A Virginia Commonwealth University researcher has developed a procedure for identifying the source of cells present in a forensic biological sample that could change how cell types are identified in samples across numerous industries. [25] In work at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the University of Maryland in College Park, researchers have devised and demonstrated a new way to measure free energy. [24] A novel technique developed by researchers at the ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP) will help shine new light on biological questions by improving the quality and quantity of information that can be extracted in fluorescence microscopy. [23] Micro-computed tomography or "micro-CT" is X-ray imaging in 3-D, by the same method used in hospital CT (or "CAT") scans, but on a small scale with massively increased resolution. [22] A new experimental method permits the X-ray analysis of amyloids, a class of large, filamentous biomolecules which are an important hallmark of diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. [12] Thumb through any old science textbook, and you'll likely find RNA described as little more than a means to an end, a kind of molecular scratch paper used to construct the proteins encoded in DNA. [20]
Category: Physics of Biology

A Generalization of Pythagoras' Theorem

Authors: Suaib Lateef
Comments: 6 pages

I present a proof of a theorem which is a generalization of Pythagoras’ theorem. According to Wikipedia, the cosine rule is considered a general case of Pythagoras’ theorem. However, it is known that the cosine rule includes an angle. The new theorem to be presented does not include any angle.
Category: Geometry

Reconstructing Quantum Physics.

Authors: Durgadas Datta
Comments: 12 Pages. For publication and brainstorming by scientists in conferences .

The interpretations in quantum physics requires a re look as described in my paper.
Category: Quantum Physics

All Out Primes

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 1 Page.

This is a break time story + β.
Category: Number Theory

Neutron Star's Core

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 23 Pages.

So the cores of neutron stars could be much simpler than people thought. That's a huge surprise." [13] A spallation neutron source has been used by physicists in Japan to search for possible violations of the inverse square law of gravity. [12] Physicists have proposed a way to test quantum gravity that, in principle, could be performed by a laser-based, table-top experiment using currently available technology. [11] Now however, a new type of materials, the so-called Weyl semimetals, similar to 3-D graphene, allow us to put the symmetry destructing quantum anomaly to work in everyday phenomena, such as the creation of electric current. [10] Physicist Professor Chunnong Zhao and his recent PhD students Haixing Miao and Yiqiu Ma are members of an international team that has created a particularly exciting new design for gravitational wave detectors. [9] A proposal for a gravitational-wave detector made of two space-based atomic clocks has been unveiled by physicists in the US. [8] The gravitational waves were detected by both of the twin Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) detectors, located in Livingston, Louisiana, and Hanford, Washington, USA. [7] A team of researchers with the University of Lisbon has created simulations that indicate that the gravitational waves detected by researchers with the LIGO project, and which are believed to have come about due to two black holes colliding, could just have easily come from another object such as a gravaster (objects which are believed to have their insides made of dark energy) or even a wormhole. In their paper published in Physical Review Letters, the team describes the simulations they created, what was seen and what they are hoping to find in the future. [6] In a landmark discovery for physics and astronomy, international scientists said Thursday they have glimpsed the first direct evidence of gravitational waves, or ripples in space-time, which Albert Einstein predicted a century ago. [5] Scientists at the National Institute for Space Research in Brazil say an undiscovered type of matter could be found in neutron stars (illustration shown). Here matter is so dense that it could be 'squashed' into strange matter. This would create an entire 'strange star'-unlike anything we have seen. [4] The changing acceleration of the electrons explains the created negative electric field of the magnetic induction, the electromagnetic inertia, the changing relativistic mass and the Gravitational Force, giving a Unified Theory of the physical forces. Taking into account the Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators also, we can explain the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions.
Category: Astrophysics

On Some Ramanujan Equations: Mathematical Connections with Various Formulas Concerning Some Topics of Cosmology and Black Holes/wormholes Physics. Viii

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 48 Pages.

In this paper we have described several Ramanujan’s formulas and obtained some mathematical connections with various equations concerning different arguments of Cosmology and Black Holes/Wormholes Physics.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Riemann Hypothesis Proof Using Infinite Product

Authors: Shekhar Suman
Comments: 11 Pages.

The proof involves analytic continuation of the Riemann Zeta
Category: Number Theory

Quantum Secrets Teleported

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 50 Pages.

A novel "decentralized" protocol makes it possible to share secret information among multiple senders and receivers using quantum teleportation. [37] The CAS key lab of quantum information, led by Prof. Guo Guangcan, Li Chuanfeng, Xiang Guoyong and collaborators, reports enhancing the performance of quantum orienteering with entangling measurements via photonic quantum walks. [36] Researchers at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute have come up with a way to manipulate tungsten diselenide (WSe2)-a promising two-dimensional material-to further unlock its potential to enable faster, more efficient computing, and even quantum information processing and storage. [35] The human brain has amazing capabilities making it in many ways more powerful than the world's most advanced computers. [34] In 2017, University of Utah physicist Valy Vardeny called perovskite a "miracle material" for an emerging field of next-generation electronics, called spintronics, and he's standing by that assertion. [33] Scientists at Tokyo Institute of Technology proposed new quasi-1-D materials for potential spintronic applications, an upcoming technology that exploits the spin of electrons. [32] They do this by using "excitons," electrically neutral quasiparticles that exist in insulators, semiconductors and in some liquids. [31] Researchers at ETH Zurich have now developed a method that makes it possible to couple such a spin qubit strongly to microwave photons. [30] Quantum dots that emit entangled photon pairs on demand could be used in quantum communication networks. [29] Researchers successfully integrated the systems-donor atoms and quantum dots. [28] A team of researchers including U of A engineering and physics faculty has developed a new method of detecting single photons, or light particles, using quantum dots. [27] Recent research from Kumamoto University in Japan has revealed that polyoxometalates (POMs), typically used for catalysis, electrochemistry, and photochemistry, may also be used in a technique for analyzing quantum dot (QD) photoluminescence (PL) emission mechanisms. [26]
Category: Quantum Physics

Polarized Light Measure Nonsymmetrical States

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 31 Pages.

Some molecules, including most of the ones in living organisms, have shapes that can exist in two different mirror-image versions. [21] "This research opens an exciting new direction for camera technology with unprecedented compactness, allowing us to envision applications in atmospheric science, remote sensing, facial recognition, machine vision and more," said Capasso. [20] A compact and simple camera that can determine the full polarization of light has been developed by researchers in the US. [19] In their experiments, the researchers first transformed an ordinary laser beam into an accelerating one by reflecting the laser beam off of a spatial light modulator. [18] Researchers from Umeå University and Linköping University in Sweden have developed light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) that emit strong light at high efficiency. As such, the thin, flexible and lightweight LEC promises future and improved applications within home diagnostics, signage, illumination and healthcare. [17] Physicists from the ATLAS experiment at CERN have found the first direct evidence of high energy light-by-light scattering, a very rare process in which two photons-particles of light-interact and change direction. [16] In materials research, chemistry, biology, and medicine, chemical bonds, and especially their dynamic behavior, determine the properties of a system. These can be examined very closely using terahertz radiation and short pulses. [15] An international collaborative of scientists has devised a method to control the number of optical solitons in microresonators, which underlie modern photonics. [14] Solitary waves called solitons are one of nature's great curiosities: Unlike other waves, these lone wolf waves keep their energy and shape as they travel, instead of dissipating or dispersing as most other waves do. In a new paper in Physical Review Letters (PRL), a team of mathematicians, physicists and engineers tackles a famous, 50-year-old problem tied to these enigmatic entities. [13] Theoretical physicists studying the behavior of ultra-cold atoms have discovered a new source of friction, dispensing with a century-old paradox in the process.
Category: Quantum Physics

Isotope Movement of Fusion Reactions

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 81 Pages.

A research team in Japan has reached a key understanding of this process that may aid the future development and use of fusion plasma. [45] A class exercise at MIT, aided by industry researchers, has led to an innovative solution to one of the longstanding challenges facing the development of practical fusion power plants: how to get rid of excess heat that would cause structural damage to the plant. [44] Schematic of a magnetic nozzle rf plasma thruster (helicon plasma thruster) having two open source exits and photographs of the three operation modes in the laboratory test. [43] Researchers at MIT's Plasma Science and Fusion Center (PSFC) have now demonstrated how microwaves can be used to overcome barriers to steady-state tokamak operation. [42] Plasma particle accelerators more powerful than existing machines could help probe some of the outstanding mysteries of our universe, as well as make leaps forward in cancer treatment and security scanning-all in a package that's around a thousandth of the size of current accelerators. [41] The Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory has started to assemble a new facility for revolutionary accelerator technologies that could make future accelerators 100 to 1,000 times smaller and boost their capabilities. [40] The authors designed a mechanism based on the deployment of a transport barrier to confine the particles and prevent them from moving from one region of the accelerator to another. "There is strong experimental evidence that there is indeed some new physics lurking in the lepton sector," Dev said. [38]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Phototransistors and Photonic Synapses

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 54 Pages.

Organic-inorganic halide perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) form an attractive class of materials for optoelectronic applications. [37] Researchers from the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Singtel, Asia's leading communications technology group, have demonstrated a technique that will help pairs of light particles smoothly navigate these networks, a breakthrough that will enable stronger cyber security. [36] Researchers of the Institute of Photonic Integration of the Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e) have developed a 'hybrid technology' which shows the advantages of both light and magnetic hard drives. [35]
Category: Quantum Physics

The Geometry of Space and Time

Authors: Benjamin Lesel
Comments: 10 Pages. Key Words: What is Mass, Multiverse Theory, Torus Field, What is Dark Energy, Cosmological Constant, Time as a Spatial Dimension, Time Acceleration

Time and space are clearly interconnected, but modern physics still struggles to unify their relationship to each other and quantum behavior. Here we demonstrate a plausible dimensional connection of time and space in our universe and the cosmos using a mathematically semi-classical and phenomenological approach. We show how quantum behavior applied to relativistic concepts could play a role in the overall geometry of both spacetime and the multiverse. By applying Newton’s laws with time as a spatial dimension and employing quantum degrees of freedom to the entire universe, a description of the geometric relationship of time, space and gravity is established. This information is leveraged to show how quantum behaviors at the largest scales outside our universe can be employed to gain a deeper understanding of the size of our universe over time, dark energy and the cosmological constant.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Revisiting Mu and Tau as Excitations of the Electron in Light of CLFV

Authors: Tarun Biswas
Comments: 3 Pages.

Charged lepton flavor violation (CLFV) is an interesting phenomenon to investigate in going beyond the Standard Model (BSM). This direction of investigation also inspires a new look at the idea of mu and tau being excitations of the electron. For this, the electron is required to have a substructure that is held together by some potential. However, even the simplest model of a two-body substructure has several troubling issues. First, a relativistically covariant formulation of such a bound system is non-trivial. However, this has been resolved in the past in a different context. Second, a consistent field theory of composite objects is needed to handle this model of leptons with substructure. This has also been done in the past in a different context. Third, the large observed mass ratios of the three charged leptons rule out binding potentials that depend only on the relative positions of constituents. Here it is shown that a concept similar to the "running coupling constant" of strong interactions generates a model that fits these ratios very well.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Dark Gravitation Theory at the Disk and Halo in M31 Galaxy

Authors: M. Abarca
Comments: 11 Pages.

This paper is an extension of [1] Abarca,M2019. The basis of the theory is introduced in such paper, consequently it is needed to know it before to read this one. In this paper Dark gravitation theory is applied in the outskirt of disk region, whereas in the previous paper the theory was applied only for radius bigger than 40 kpc, where it is supposed that baryonic density is negligible regarding dark gravitation density. The Differential Equation for Gravitational Field, hereafter DEfGF, inside the halo region is a Bernoulli equation which has analytical solution, whereas inside the disk region where baryonic density is not negligible the differential equation has to be solved numerically. This differential equation is a Chinis type one. To sum up, when DEfGF is studied only inside the halo region it is got a Bernoulli differential equation whose solution is analytical. When the dominion of DEfGF is extended to the disk and halo then it is got a type Chinis differential equation whose solution is numerical. In this paper will be introduced and solved numerically by Matlab software the differential equation for field in disk region for radius 26 kpc up to 200, 30 kpc up to 200 , 35 kpc up to 200. These results will be compared with the analytical solution of field got in previous paper. In order to do a good comparison, firstly it will be compared the solutions of Bernoulli differential equation inside the halo dominion 40 to 200 kpc: The analytical and the numerical solution got by Runge-Kutta method. The results show that relative difference is about 2/10000. Which is a magnificent agreement. Secondly it will be compared the Bernoulli differential equation and the Chinis diff. equation in the halo region 40 to 200 kpc. The relative difference is about 2/1000. As it was expected the difference is negligible because it was known that for radius bigger than 40 kpc the baryonic density is negligible. Afterwards it will be solved the Chinis diff. Equation at different initial condition, 26, 30, 35 and 40 kpc and these results will be compared with results of Chinis diff. Equation from 40 to 200 kpc. It will be shown that field got throughout the dominion is always lower that field got at 40 kpc as initial condition. Furthermore, it will be show that the lower is the radius as initial condition the bigger will be the difference between both solutions. Finally it will be shown the two possibilities to increase the field solution of Chinis equation at radius 35, 30 and 26 kpc to get the same value of field that Chinis equation at 40 kpc. It will be justified that a light increase in the factor responsible of dark gravitation matter is the most plausible solution.
Category: Astrophysics

The Solar System Is Created Based On Light Motions

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 16 Pages.

Paper Theory -The solar system is created based on light motions -The planets orbital and internal distances are created by light beam motion from point to another -As a light beam can be reflected between 4 or 5 mirrors - the solar system is created by reflection of a light beam from point to another – and by that – the solar system distances are created based on light motions -the solar system is created by light motions and we see it as planets motions for some reason relative to our vision and not relative to the solar system nature -shortly – the solar system distances are created by light motions The paper tries to prove this fact Paper hypothesis There's a light beam its velocity =1.16mkm/sec Paper Primary Conclusion Because we deal with high velocity motions, time and distance values become equivalent each other and can be used as exchangeable Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

Riemann Hypothesis and Non Trivial Zeroes of Riemann Zeta Elementary Proof

Authors: Shekhar Suman
Comments: 5 Pages.

The prooof involves analytic continuation of the Riemann zeta function to the whole of the complex plane except for a simple pole at s=1.
Category: Number Theory

A PCB Manufacturing Machine with Protection Features for Milling RF/Microwave Printed Circuit Boards

Authors: Quang Pham Minh, Huynh Le Vinh, Phuoc, Minh Hiếu Đào, An Nguyen Truong, Tran Phuc Hai, Nam, Louis WY LIU
Comments: 6 Pages.

A printed circuit board (PCB) with a non-flat surface is very common in radio frequency applications. For this reason, we have designed and produced a PCB milling machine capable of milling a PCB with a non-uniform flatness. Method: By embedding the suggested machine with a G-code reconstruction software, the milling device is programmed to implement the following tasks: Step 1, the machine executes the probing procedure to generate the PCB’s Heightmap; Step 2, the machine transforms the input probing signal to a surface map which is a 2-dimensional grid, Step 3, When the machine is running, the height of the drill tip is adjusted according to the PCB surface flatness condition, and the machine before the actual milling operation. As a result, the proposed machine is capable of milling elastic and unlevelled PCBs at high speed with height differences ranging up to 150mm and an ability to halt when the plane angle varies severely. The proposed machine has been used to fabricate microwave print circuits. A close agreement has been obtained between the measured and simulated S-parameters. Although the machine works properly and is equipped with all basic safety functions, it only costs around US$1500 while the market price of a related German product is about US$70000. Conclusion: A machine able to mill microwave PCBs with an uneven surface and equipped with safety function has been successfully built at the Vietnamese - German University a cost of US$1500, which is far less than the market price of similar ones.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Non - Prime Formula =???

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 5 Pages.

This is a break time story + α.
Category: Number Theory

On a Function Modeling an L-Step Self Avoiding Walk

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 14 Pages. A few technicalities resolved regarding the scale of compression and the inequality in the notion of points contained in a compression ball has been made strict. This is because the case of equality is treated separately as admissible points.

We introduce and study the needle \begin{align}(\Gamma_{\vec{a}_1} \circ \mathbb{V}_m)\circ \cdots \circ (\Gamma_{\vec{a}_{\frac{l}{2}}}\circ \mathbb{V}_m):\mathbb{R}^n\longrightarrow \mathbb{R}^n.\nonumber \end{align} By exploiting the geometry of compression, we prove that this function is a function modeling an $l$-step self avoiding walk for $l\in \mathbb{N}$. We show that the total length of the $l$-step self-avoiding walk modeled by this function is of the order \begin{align}\ll \frac{l}{2}\sqrt{n}\bigg(\mathrm{\max}\{\mathrm{sup}(x_{j_k})\}_{\substack{1\leq j\leq \frac{l}{2}\\1\leq k\leq n}}+\mathrm{\max}\{\mathrm{sup}(a_{j_k})\}_{\substack{1\leq j\leq \frac{l}{2}\\1\leq k\leq n}}\bigg)\nonumber \end{align}and at least \begin{align}\gg \frac{l}{2}\sqrt{n}\bigg(\mathrm{\min}\{\mathrm{Inf}(x_{j_k})\}_{\substack{1\leq j\leq \frac{l}{2}\\1\leq k\leq n}}+\mathrm{\min}\{\mathrm{Inf}(a_{j_k})\}_{\substack{1\leq j\leq \frac{l}{2}\\1\leq k\leq n}}\bigg).\nonumber \end{align}
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Trapped Ion in the Quantum Regime

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 41 Pages.

Researchers have been conducting laser cooling experiments on atoms and ions for decades now. So far, however, no study had observed mixtures of both atoms and ions at extremely low temperatures. [25] University of Adelaide researchers have delved into the realm of Star Wars and created a powerful tractor beam-or light-driven energy trap-for atoms. [24] The Purcell effect also has another advantage: It shortens the time it takes the rubidium atom to store and release the quantum information. [23] Monika Aidelsburger uses a special type of optical lattice to simulate quantum many-body phenomena that are otherwise inaccessible to experimental exploration. [22] University of Illinois Professor Harry Hilton brought together several mathematical and physical theories to help look at problems in more unified ways and solve physical engineering problems. [21] A team of physicists from RUDN, JINR (Dubna), and the University of Hamburg (Germany) developed a mathematical model for describing physical processes in hybrid systems that consists of atoms and ions cooled down to temperatures close to absolute zero. [20] Recently, extensive study shows that the parity-time symmetry breaking in open systems leads to exceptional points, promising for novel applications leasers and sensing. [19] A recent discovery by William & Mary and University of Michigan researchers transforms our understanding of one of the most important laws of modern physics. [18] Now, a team of physicists from The University of Queensland and the NÉEL Institute has shown that, as far as quantum physics is concerned, the chicken and the egg can both come first. [17]
Category: Quantum Physics

Laser-Based Medical Imaging

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 28 Pages.

Wang, Bren Professor of Medical Engineering and Electrical Engineering, has now further advanced photoacoustic imaging technology with what he calls Photoacoustic Topography Through an Ergodic Relay (PATER), which aims to simplify the equipment required for imaging of this type. [16] Researchers supported by the EU-funded photonics innovation incubator ACTPHAST 4.0 have introduced "a swept light source technology that makes it possible to take full 3-D OCT [optical coherence tomography] images of the eye," says a news release posted on the project website. [15] A new 3-D particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation tool developed by researchers from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and CEA Saclay is enabling cutting-edge simulations of laser/plasma coupling mechanisms that were previously out of reach of standard PIC codes used in plasma research. [14]
Category: Physics of Biology

Neutrino Mass Puzzle

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 54 Pages.

Physicists from the Cluster of Excellence PRISMA+ at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (JGU) play a leading role in a new study that indicates that the puzzle of neutrino mass ordering may finally be solved in the next few years. [22] If it turns out that neutrinos and antineutrinos oscillate in a different way from one another, this may partially account for the present-day matter–antimatter imbalance. [21] Studying this really interesting particle that's all around us, and yet is so hard to measure, that could hold the key to understanding why we're here at all, is exciting—and I get to do this for a living," says Mauger. [20]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Comments on the Origin and Spread of the 2019 Coronavirus

Authors: N Chandra Wickramasinghe, Edward J Steele, Reginald M Gorczynski, Robert Temple, Gensuke Tokoro, Jiangwen Qu, Daryl H Wallis, Brig Klyce
Comments: 4 Pages.

We propose that the new coronavirus which first appeared in the Hubei province of China was probably linked to the arrival of a pure culture of the virus contained in cometary debris that was dispersed over a localised area of the planet namely China. The sighting of a fireball some 2000 kilometers north of Wuhan on 11 October 2019 followed shortly after with the first recorded cases in Hubei is suggestive of a causal link. Gene sequencing data of the virus that show little or no genetic variations between isolates, combined with available epidemiological data point to the predominance of a transmission process directly from an “infected” environment, with person- to-person transmission playing a comparatively weaker secondary role. The facts relating to this epidemic are discussed and placed in the context of other pandemics that have been recorded throughout history.
Category: Physics of Biology

Research on Optimal Design of Eccentric Solar Thermal Cooker Tracking Device

Authors: Chol Bom Kim, Un Chol Ri, Chang Il Ri, Yong Hwan KiM, Chol Hak Pak
Comments: 6 Pages.

At present, a research project is being conducted to meet the demand for energy that is insufficient by using natural energy. In the paper, research focused on improving the performance of solar kilns as part of the use of solar energy. In this paper, simulation of the solar cooker follower using the application ADAMS conducted, and the optimal structural coefficients of the solar cooker follower were determined based on this. The optimized solar cooker can widely use as a power source in countryside houses.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Derivation of a Relativistic Compton Wave

Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 3 Pages.

In 1923, Arthur Holly Compton introduced what today is known as the Compton wave. Even if the Compton scattering derivation by Compton is relativistic in the sense that it takes into account the momentum of photons traveling at the speed of light, the original Compton derivation indirectly assumes that the electron is stationary at the moment it is scattered by electrons, but not after it has been hit by photons. Here, we extend this to derive Compton scattering for the case when the electron is initially moving at a velocity v. This gives us a relativistic Compton wave, something we remarkably have not seen published before.
Category: Quantum Physics

Qu'est-ce Qui Relie la Matière Noire et Les Trous Noirs?

Authors: Russell Bagdoo
Comments: 33 Pages. « Qu’est-ce qui relie la matière noire et les trous noirs ? » is the French version of «What Connects Dark Matter and Black Holes?» on viXra.org/abs/2002.0502

La matière noire est une composante majeure de l’univers, environ six fois plus abondante que la matière visible ordinaire. On mesure les effets de sa masse mais elle échappe aux télescopes. Elle a pour particularité de n'émettre aucun rayonnement et de n’interagir que par l'action de la gravité. Le but premier de cet article est d’essayer de répondre à ce qu’est la matière noire : nous conjecturons qu’elle est composée de neutrinos magnétiquement chargés, véritables monopôles magnétiques. Mais cela exige un énorme saut conceptuel : les lois de Maxwell doivent être inversées et la charge électrique devient une charge magnétique. Les lois de Maxwell « renversées », asymétriques, fourniraient la charge magnétique « noire » qui remplacerait la charge électrique. La forme même de l’équation de Dirac, qui a imposé dans la matière ordinaire que la particule soit porteuse d’une charge électrique et obéisse aux principales propriétés de l’électron, imposerait dans la matière noire que la particule « noire » obéisse aux principales propriétés d’un neutrino massif associé à une charge magnétique. Le but second de l’article est de montrer que la matière noire serait issue des trous noirs, principalement de trous noirs supermassifs actifs. Ce qui nécessite un deuxième saut conceptuel : l’horizon du trou noir subit une haute température et une pression intense de champs magnétiques qui provoquent une coupure électrique et une transition de phase (ou brisure de symétrie) lorsque la matière traverse l’horizon. Il en résulte un renversement des lois de Maxwell : une charge magnétique se substitue à la charge électrique, et le courant électrique devient tributaire du courant magnétique. Un troisième important saut conceptuel s’ensuit : des neutrinos stériles magnétiques créés à l’intérieur du trou noir traverseraient l’horizon vers l’extérieur pour constituer la matière noire.
Category: Astrophysics

Sound Waves Quantum Cascade Lasers

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 29 Pages.

A team of researchers from the University of Leeds and the University of Nottingham in the UK has now taken a step towards extending this frequency range by using sound waves to modulate the emission of a terahertz (THz) quantum cascade laser. [16] Researchers supported by the EU-funded photonics innovation incubator ACTPHAST 4.0 have introduced "a swept light source technology that makes it possible to take full 3-D OCT [optical coherence tomography] images of the eye," says a news release posted on the project website. [15]
Category: Quantum Physics

Cold Plasma and Immunotherapy

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 30 Pages.

An inter-disciplinary research team headed up at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) has pioneered a new, minimally invasive approach to skin cancer treatment. [17] Wang, Bren Professor of Medical Engineering and Electrical Engineering, has now further advanced photoacoustic imaging technology with what he calls Photoacoustic Topography Through an Ergodic Relay (PATER), which aims to simplify the equipment required for imaging of this type. [16]
Category: Physics of Biology

Quantum Orienteering by Entangling

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 48 Pages.

The CAS key lab of quantum information, led by Prof. Guo Guangcan, Li Chuanfeng, Xiang Guoyong and collaborators, reports enhancing the performance of quantum orienteering with entangling measurements via photonic quantum walks. [36] Researchers at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute have come up with a way to manipulate tungsten diselenide (WSe2)-a promising two-dimensional material-to further unlock its potential to enable faster, more efficient computing, and even quantum information processing and storage. [35] The human brain has amazing capabilities making it in many ways more powerful than the world's most advanced computers. [34] In 2017, University of Utah physicist Valy Vardeny called perovskite a "miracle material" for an emerging field of next-generation electronics, called spintronics, and he's standing by that assertion. [33] Scientists at Tokyo Institute of Technology proposed new quasi-1-D materials for potential spintronic applications, an upcoming technology that exploits the spin of electrons. [32] They do this by using "excitons," electrically neutral quasiparticles that exist in insulators, semiconductors and in some liquids. [31] Researchers at ETH Zurich have now developed a method that makes it possible to couple such a spin qubit strongly to microwave photons. [30] Quantum dots that emit entangled photon pairs on demand could be used in quantum communication networks. [29] Researchers successfully integrated the systems-donor atoms and quantum dots. [28] A team of researchers including U of A engineering and physics faculty has developed a new method of detecting single photons, or light particles, using quantum dots. [27] Recent research from Kumamoto University in Japan has revealed that polyoxometalates (POMs), typically used for catalysis, electrochemistry, and photochemistry, may also be used in a technique for analyzing quantum dot (QD) photoluminescence (PL) emission mechanisms. [26] Researchers have designed a new type of laser called a quantum dot ring laser that emits red, orange, and green light. [25]
Category: Quantum Physics

Right Start of Quantum Experiments

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 39 Pages.

Now, Penn Engineers have devised a system to reset those starting conditions, test them to see whether they are correct, and automatically start the experiment if they are, all in a matter of microseconds. [24] An answer to a quantum-physical question provided by the algorithm Melvin has uncovered a hidden link between quantum experiments and the mathematical field of Graph Theory. [23] Engineers develop key mathematical formula for driving quantum experiments. [22] Physicists are developing quantum simulators, to help solve problems that are beyond the reach of conventional computers. [21] Engineers at Australia's University of New South Wales have invented a radical new architecture for quantum computing, based on novel 'flip-flop qubits', that promises to make the large-scale manufacture of quantum chips dramatically cheaper-and easier-than thought possible. [20]
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Measurement Film

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 42 Pages.

Measuring a quantum system causes it to change-one of the strange but fundamental aspects of quantum mechanics. Researchers at Stockholm University have now been able to demonstrate how this change happens. [26] Researchers at the University of Florence and Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, in Italy, have recently proved that the invasiveness of quantum measurements might not always be detrimental. [25] Now, researchers in the UK and Israel have created miniscule engines within a block of synthetic diamond, and have shown that electronic superposition can boost their power beyond that of classical devices. [24] In the latest wrinkle to be discovered in cubic boron arsenide, the unusual material contradicts the traditional rules that govern heat conduction, according to a new report by Boston College researchers in today's edition of the journal Nature Communications. [23] Beyond the beauty of this phenomenon, which connects heating processes to topology through an elegant quantization law, the results reported in this work designate heating measurements as a powerful and universal probe for exotic states of matter. [22] "We studied two systems: a Bose-Einstein condensate with 100,000 atoms confined in a cavity and an optomechanical cavity that confines light between two mirrors," Gabriel Teixeira Landi, a professor at the University of São Paulo's Physics Institute (IF-USP), told. [21] Search engine entropy is thus important not only for the efficiency of search engines and those using them to find relevant information as well as to the success of the companies and other bodies running such systems, but also to those who run websites hoping to be found and visited following a search. [20] "We've experimentally confirmed the connection between information in the classical case and the quantum case," Murch said, "and we're seeing this new effect of information loss." [19]
Category: Quantum Physics

Beal’s Conjecture is Tenable

Authors: Zhang Tianshu
Comments: 20 Pages.

In this article, first classify A, B and C according to their odevity, and thereby get rid of two kinds of AX+BY≠CZ. Then, affirm that there are AX+BY=CZ in which case A, B and C have a common prime factor by several concrete equalities. After that, prove that there are AX+BY≠CZ where A, B and C have not a common prime factor by the mathematical induction with the aid of interrelations of 3 integers relating to symmetry after divide AX+BY=CZ in four. Finally, reach the conclusion that Beal’s conjecture is tenable via the comparison between AX+BY=CZ and AX+BY≠CZ under the given requirements.
Category: Number Theory

Dark Matters and Hidden Variables of Unitary Science: How Neglected Complexity Generates Mysteries and Crises, from Quantum Mechanics and Cosmology to Genetics and Global Development Risks

Authors: Andrei P. Kirilyuk
Comments: 76 pages, 56 eqs, 103 refs; Paper essentially based on the material from the book: A. P. Kirilyuk, Theory of Everything, Ultimate Reality and the End of Humanity: Extended Sustainability by the Universal Science of Complexity (2017), viXra:1802.0168

The unreduced many-body interaction problem solution, absent in usual science frame-work, reveals a new quality of emerging multiple, equally real but mutually incompatible system configurations, or "realisations", giving rise to the universal concept of dynamic complexity and chaoticity. Their imitation by a single, "average" realisation or trajectory in usual theory (corresponding to postulated "exact" or perturbative problem solutions) is a rough simplification of reality underlying all stagnating and emerging problems of conventional (unitary) science, often in the form of missing, or "dark", entities and "hidden variables". We show how the application of unreduced interaction problem solution and the ensuing concept of dynamic complexity provides the desired causally complete and intrinsically unified solutions to respective unitary science problems in the entire range of complexity levels, from elementary particles and cosmology to emergent consciousness and modern development crisis, implying real, essential and urgently needed progress.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Accurate Measurement of Neutrons

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 49 Pages.

A research team from Bochum has determined the size of neutrons in a more direct way than ever before, thus correcting previous assumptions. [18] These experiments provide limits for possible new particles or fundamental forces, which are a hundred thousand times more restrictive than previous estimations. [17] While these experiments seem miniature in comparison to others, they could reveal answers about neutrinos that have been hiding from physicists for decades. [16] In a paper published today in the European Physical Journal C, the ATLAS Collaboration reports the first high-precision measurement at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) of the mass of the W boson. [15] A team of researchers at the University of Michigan has conducted a thought experiment regarding the nature of a universe that could support life without the weak force. [14] The international T2K Collaboration announces a first indication that the dominance of matter over antimatter may originate from the fact that neutrinos and antineutrinos behave differently during those oscillations. [13] Neutrinos are a challenge to study because their interactions with matter are so rare. Particularly elusive has been what's known as coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering, which occurs when a neutrino bumps off the nucleus of an atom. [12] Lately, neutrinos-the tiny, nearly massless particles that many scientists study to better understand the fundamental workings of the universe-have been posing a problem for physicists. [11] Physicists have hypothesized the existence of fundamental particles called sterile neutrinos for decades and a couple of experiments have even caught possible hints of them. However, according to new results from two major international consortia, the chances that these indications were right and that these particles actually exist are now much slimmer. [10] The MIT team studied the distribution of neutrino flavors generated in Illinois, versus those detected in Minnesota, and found that these distributions can be explained most readily by quantum phenomena: As neutrinos sped between the reactor and detector, they were statistically most likely to be in a state of superposition, with no definite flavor or identity. [9]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Revolutionize Fluorescent Microscopy

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 70 Pages.

EPFL scientists have developed a new type of microscope slide that can boost the amount of light in fluorescence microscopy by a factor of up to 25. [46] Selecting the most effective molecules for drug delivery is often a trial-and-error process, but Cornell engineers are providing some precision thanks to a technique that reveals the performance of those molecules inside living cells. [45] Now, researchers at MIT and elsewhere have developed a system to deliver medical treatments that can be released at precise times, minimally-invasively, and that ultimately could also deliver those drugs to specifically targeted areas such as a specific group of neurons in the brain. [44] Gene editing technology is a technology that eliminates the underlying causes of and treats diseases by removing specific genesor editing genes to restore their normal function. In particular, CRISPR gene editing technology is now commonly used for immunotherapy by correcting the genes of immune cells to induce them to attack cancer cells selectively. [43]
Category: Physics of Biology

On Certain Finite Sums of Inverse Tangents

Authors: Martin Nicholson
Comments: 10 Pages. A new theorem is added.

An identity is proved connecting two finite sums of inverse tangents. This identity is discretized version of Jacobi's imaginary transformation for the modular angle from the theory of elliptic functions. Some other related identities are discussed.
Category: Functions and Analysis

The Math Behind the Schrodinger Equation

Authors: Doug Jensen
Comments: 7 Pages.

A full (yet brief) explanation of the forces behind the Schrodinger equation.
Category: Mathematical Physics

An Imaginary pi Formula

Authors: Doug Jensen
Comments: 1 Page.

This is the first pi formula based on imaginary numbers. It is the imaginary version of the famous Leibniz pi formula.
Category: General Mathematics

A Light Beam with Velocity (1.16 Mkm Per Sec), Creates the Solar System

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 8 Pages.

Abstract -There are 2 light velocities in the solar system (1.16 mkm/sec & 0.3 mkm/sec) -Because of the high velocity motions, time & distance values are equivalent Example No. I Let's see how the solar system is created in following: - Mercury is created by a period of time =50 seconds -Light beam with velocity =1.16 mkm/sec travels for 50 seconds a distance =58 mkm = Mercury Orbital Distance (=360 mkm Mercury orbital circumference) -360 mkm -because of high velocity motion – is used as 360 seconds -Light beam with velocity (0.3 mkm/sec) during 360 seconds travels a distance = =108 mkm = Venus Orbital Distance -216.4 mkm (Venus Orbital Diameter) is a distance passed by light beam its velocity 0.3 mkm/sec during a period =720 seconds -720 seconds is used as a distance =720 mkm = Mercury Jupiter distance – -Mercury Jupiter diameter (720 mkm x 2) needs a period = 720 seconds x 2 which needs a distance = 216.4 x 2 mkm -(the distance 216.4 mkm x 2) is used as a time period in the following equation: 216.4x 2 x 1.16 mkm/s= 500 mkm (500 mkm is used as a time period= 500s) -Light beam ( 0.3 mkm/sec) needs 500 s to pass Earth orbital distance (149.6 mkm) -Still the distance 720 mkm is produced by a light beam (1.16 mkm/sec) during a period = 627 seconds (Example No. I is discussed deeply in this paper) Conclusion (1st) There's a light velocity =1.16 mkm/sec (2nd) The solar system is created depending on light motions Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

On Some Ramanujan Equations: Mathematical Connections with Various Formulas Concerning Some Topics of Cosmology and Black Holes/wormholes Physics. Vii

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 77 Pages.

In this paper we have described several Ramanujan’s formulas and obtained some mathematical connections with various equations concerning different arguments of Cosmology and Black Holes/Wormholes Physics.
Category: Mathematical Physics

What Connects Dark Matter and Black Holes?

Authors: Russell Bagdoo
Comments: 30 Pages.

Dark matter is a major component of the universe, about six times more abundant than ordinary visible matter. We measure the effects of its mass, but it escapes the telescopes. It has the particularity of emitting no radiation and interacting only by the action of gravity. The main purpose of this article is to try to answer what dark matter is: we conjecture that it is composed of magnetically charged neutrinos, true magnetic monopoles. But that requires a huge conceptual leap: Maxwell's laws must be inverted and the electric charge becomes a magnetic charge. Asymmetric "reversed" Maxwell's laws would provide the "dark" magnetic charge that would replace the electric charge. The very form of the Dirac equation, which imposed on ordinary matter that the particle carries an electric charge and obeys the principal properties of the electron, would impose in the dark matter that the "dark" particle obeys the main properties of a neutrino associated with a magnetic charge. The second aim of the article is to show that dark matter is derived from black holes, mainly from active supermassive black holes. This requires a second conceptual leap: the horizon of the black hole undergoes a high temperature and an intense pressure of magnetic fields which cause a blackout and a phase transition (or broken symmetry) when the matter crosses the horizon. The result is a reversal of Maxwell's laws: a magnetic charge is substituted for the electric charge, and the electric current becomes a tributary of the magnetic current. A third important conceptual leap follows: sterile magnetic neutrinos created inside the black hole would cross the horizon to the outside to constitute dark matter.
Category: Astrophysics

Note on Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation and Division by Zero

Authors: Hiroshi Okumura
Comments: 1 Page.

This is a simple note for Newton's law of universal gravitation when the distance of the centers of two masses equals zero.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Nanoparticles Straight to Tumors

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 64 Pages.

An interdisciplinary team of researchers at Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) and FU Berlin has made important progress in this area: the scientists have produced tiny nanoparticles that are designed to specifically target cancer cells. [34] Another collaborative project from a nanoparticles expert at The University of Texas at Arlington has yielded promising results in the search for more effective, targeted cancer treatments. [33] Automated radiotherapy planning is a boon for medical physicists and dosimetrists, radiotherapy departments, and patients themselves – according to a team at Cone Health Cancer Center. [32]
Category: Physics of Biology

Quantum Computing Ground

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 94 Pages.

We all learn quantum physics as physics students, but in recent years this field has taken on a whole new life. It's not an esoteric theory anymore, something that only describes tiny effects in extreme forms of matter. It's going to form the basis for a whole new type of technology. So I think that, because physicists have a bit of a leg up in this area, they should go all-in. [56] Scientists from the University of Bath, working with a colleague at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, have devised an ingenious method of controlling the vapour by coating the interior of containers with nanoscopic gold particles 300,000 times smaller than a pinhead. [55] Significant technical and financial issues remain towards building a large, fault-tolerant quantum computer and one is unlikely to be built within the coming decade. [54] Chemists at Friedrich Schiller University in Jena (Germany) have now synthesised a molecule that can perform the function of a computing unit in a quantum computer. [53] The research team developed the first optical microchip to generate, manipulate and detect a particular state of light called squeezed vacuum, which is essential for HYPERLINK "https://phys.org/tags/quantum/" quantum computation. [52] Australian scientists have investigated new directions to scale up qubits-utilising the spin-orbit coupling of atom qubits-adding a new suite of tools to the armory. [51] A team of international researchers led by engineers from the National University of Singapore (NUS) have invented a new magnetic device to manipulate digital information 20 times more efficiently and with 10 times more stability than commercial spintronic digital memories. [50] Working in the lab of Mikhail Lukin, the George Vasmer Leverett Professor of Physics and co-director of the Quantum Science and Engineering Initiative, Evans is lead author of a study, described in the journal Science, that demonstrates a method for engineering an interaction between two qubits using photons. [49] Researchers with the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory have demonstrated a new level of control over photons encoded with quantum information. [48]
Category: Quantum Physics

Global Density Clustering

Authors: Scott T Cohen
Comments: 10 Pages.

This paper presents Global Density Clustering, (GDC), an algorithm that has several major advantages over the most popular existing clustering algorithms: (1) No parameters are chosen at the outset of the function; rather, the user can control the desired resolution as clustering proceeds. (2) GDC is efficient enough to work on a large dataset even when there are a sizable number of features. It is O(MN log N) where M is the number of features, i.e. the dimension, and N is the number of data points, i.e. the dataset size. It is suitable for big data. (3) GDC has the advantage of the powerful and intuitive definition of clusters as: points within a cluster are closer than distance dist to their nearest neighbor in the cluster (dist is not picked at the outset but rather that is chosen as the algorithm is progressing) and all points outside the cluster are further than dist from any point in the cluster. (4) GDC supports variable density without the plethora of special data structures such as HDBSCAN needs. (5) Other advantages are described. An essential reason that GDC has these advantages is it searches for and considers points whose nearest neighbor are furthest apart before searching for those that are closer together. It is a top-down or “global” consideration of distances that other density algorithms do from a bottom-up or “local” view. Other novel approaches to the main problems of clustering such as noisy backgrounds are described.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Smart Senses Bacterial Infections

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 31 Pages.

Technologies like this could contribute significantly to the fight against antimicrobial resistance. [20] For bacteria facing a dose of antibiotics, timing might be the key to evading destruction. In a series of experiments, Princeton researchers found that cells that repaired DNA damaged by antibiotics before resuming growth had a much better chance of surviving treatment. [19] It's called gene editing, and University of Alberta researchers have just published a game-changing study that promises to bring the technology much closer to therapeutic reality. [18]
Category: Physics of Biology

Catch a Photon

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 50 Pages.

Stevens imaging system will help researchers create crisp, highly detailed images of the human retina using almost invisibly faint laser beams that won't damage the eye's sensitive tissues. [32] "The realization of such all-optical single-photon devices will be a large step towards deterministic multi-mode entanglement generation as well as high-fidelity photonic quantum gates that are crucial for all-optical quantum information processing," says Tanji-Suzuki. [31] Researchers at ETH have now used attosecond laser pulses to measure the time evolution of this effect in molecules. [30] A new benchmark quantum chemical calculation of C2, Si2, and their hydrides reveals a qualitative difference in the topologies of core electron orbitals of organic molecules and their silicon analogues. [29] A University of Central Florida team has designed a nanostructured optical sensor that for the first time can efficiently detect molecular chirality-a property of molecular spatial twist that defines its biochemical properties. [28] UCLA scientists and engineers have developed a new process for assembling semiconductor devices. [27] A new experiment that tests the limit of how large an object can be before it ceases to behave quantum mechanically has been proposed by physicists in the UK and India. [26] Phonons are discrete units of vibrational energy predicted by quantum mechanics that correspond to collective oscillations of atoms inside a molecule or a crystal. [25] This achievement is considered as an important landmark for the realization of practical application of photon upconversion technology. [24] Considerable interest in new single-photon detector technologies has been scaling in this past decade. [23] Engineers develop key mathematical formula for driving quantum experiments. [22]
Category: Quantum Physics

New State of Light

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 51 Pages.

After two years of research, and thanks to a sabbatical, University of Dayton researchers Andy Chong and Qiwen Zhan became the first to create a new "state of light"-showing it also can rotate around a transverse axis perpendicular to the direction light travels, like a cyclone. [33] Stevens imaging system will help researchers create crisp, highly detailed images of the human retina using almost invisibly faint laser beams that won't damage the eye's sensitive tissues. [32] "The realization of such all-optical single-photon devices will be a large step towards deterministic multi-mode entanglement generation as well as high-fidelity photonic quantum gates that are crucial for all-optical quantum information processing," says Tanji-Suzuki. [31] Researchers at ETH have now used attosecond laser pulses to measure the time evolution of this effect in molecules. [30] A new benchmark quantum chemical calculation of C2, Si2, and their hydrides reveals a qualitative difference in the topologies of core electron orbitals of organic molecules and their silicon analogues. [29] A University of Central Florida team has designed a nanostructured optical sensor that for the first time can efficiently detect molecular chirality-a property of molecular spatial twist that defines its biochemical properties. [28] UCLA scientists and engineers have developed a new process for assembling semiconductor devices. [27] A new experiment that tests the limit of how large an object can be before it ceases to behave quantum mechanically has been proposed by physicists in the UK and India. [26] Phonons are discrete units of vibrational energy predicted by quantum mechanics that correspond to collective oscillations of atoms inside a molecule or a crystal. [25] This achievement is considered as an important landmark for the realization of practical application of photon upconversion technology. [24]
Category: Quantum Physics

Magnetic Nano Tornadoes

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 48 Pages.

"We've only really been able to observe these behaviours in thin films, which are essentially two dimensional, and which therefore don't give us a complete picture." [32] The Cracow-based analyses also suggest that the magnetic phenomena occurring in magnonic crystals are more complex than previously predicted. [31] McHenry's group, in collaboration with the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), NASA Glenn Research Center, and North Carolina State University, are designing a two and half kilowatt motor that weighs less than two and half kilograms. [30] Single-molecule magnets (SMMs) have been attracting a lot of attention recently. This is because of the increased demand for faster, longer-lasting and lower-energy IT systems, and the need for higher data storage capacity. [29] Researchers have discovered that using an easily made combination of materials might be the way to offer a more stable environment for smaller and safer data storage, ultimately leading to miniature computers. [28] demonstrated an original layout of a prototype of multiresonator broadband quantum-memory interface. [27] New nanoparticle-based films that are more than 80 times thinner than a human hair may help to fill this need by providing materials that can holographically archive more than 1000 times more data than a DVD in a 10-by-10-centimeter piece of film. [26] Researches of scientists from South Ural State University are implemented within this area. [25] Following three years of extensive research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HU) physicist Dr. Uriel Levy and his team have created technology that will enable computers and all optic communication devices to run 100 times faster through terahertz microchips. [24] When the energy efficiency of electronics poses a challenge, magnetic materials may have a solution. [23] An exotic state of matter that is dazzling scientists with its electrical properties, can also exhibit unusual optical properties, as shown in a theoretical study by researchers at A*STAR. [22]
Category: Condensed Matter

Dark-Field Microscopes

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 63 Pages.

Dark-field microscopy can reveal intricate details of translucent cells and aquatic organisms, as well as faceted diamonds and other precious stones that would otherwise appear very faint or even invisible under a typical bright-field microscope. [38] Using a familiar tool in a way it was never intended to be used opens up a whole new method to explore materials, report UConn researchers in Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. [37] "We put the optical microscope under a microscope to achieve accuracy near the atomic scale," said NIST's Samuel Stavis, who served as the project leader for these efforts. [36] Researchers have designed an interferometer that works with magnetic quasiparticles called magnons, rather than photons as in conventional interferometers. [35] A technique to manipulate electrons with light could bring quantum computing up to room temperature. [34] The USTC Microcavity Research Group in the Key Laboratory of Quantum Information has perfected a 4-port, all-optically controlled non-reciprocal multifunctional photonic device based on a magnetic-field-free optomechanical resonator. [33] To address this technology gap, a team of engineers from the National University of Singapore (NUS) has developed an innovative microchip, named BATLESS, that can continue to operate even when the battery runs out of energy. [32] Stanford researchers have developed a water-based battery that could provide a cheap way to store wind or solar energy generated when the sun is shining and wind is blowing so it can be fed back into the electric grid and be redistributed when demand is high. [31] Researchers at AMOLF and the University of Texas have circumvented this problem with a vibrating glass ring that interacts with light. They thus created a microscale circulator that directionally routes light on an optical chip without using magnets. [30] Researchers have discovered three distinct variants of magnetic domain walls in the helimagnet iron germanium (FeGe). [29] Magnetic materials that form helical structures-coiled shapes comparable to a spiral staircase or the double helix strands of a DNA molecule-occasionally exhibit exotic behavior that could improve information processing in hard drives and other digital devices. [28]
Category: Quantum Physics

Coronavirus is Not Alone

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 67 Pages.

When diseases reinforce each other, they rapidly accelerate through the population, then fizzle out as they run out of new hosts. [39] It's no coincidence that some of the worst viral disease outbreaks in recent years-SARS, MERS, Ebola, Marburg and likely the newly arrived 2019-nCoV virus-originated in bats. [38] An interdisciplinary team of researchers at Colorado State University has used computational chemistry, biochemistry and virology to uncover new information on how viruses such as West Nile, dengue and Zika replicate. [37] David Baker, Professor of Biochemistry and Director of the Institute for Protein Design at the University of Washington will speak about how algorithmic processes such as de novo design predict protein structures, protein folding mechanisms, and new protein functions. [36] A research team at Kobe University has developed a method of artificially controlling the anchorage position of target proteins in engineered baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). [35] Scientists have found a new way to home in on the proteins covering a particular cell's surface. The feat offers insight into how brain cells form intricate networks during development. [34]
Category: Physics of Biology

On Some Ramanujan Expressions: Mathematical Connections with Various Equations Concerning Some Sectors of Cosmology and Black Holes/wormholes Physics. vi

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 78 Pages.

In this paper we have described several Ramanujan’s expressions and obtained some mathematical connections with various equations concerning different sectors of Cosmology and Black Holes/Wormholes Physics.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Adhesive and Gravitational Force Being the Reason of Raindrops Behavior on Window Grills

Authors: Sarvesh Gharat
Comments: 1 Page. Short article

In this article we are going to see the behavior of raindrop on a window grill which falls after some time and how adhesive and gravitational force explains the same.
Category: Classical Physics

Control Spin of Atom-like Impurities

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 43 Pages.

A team of international scientists investigating how to control the spin of atom-like impurities in 2-D materials have observed the dependence of the atom's energy on an external magnetic field for the first time. [26] The search and manipulation of novel properties emerging from the quantum nature of matter could lead to next-generation electronics and quantum computers. [25] A research team from the Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) has found the first evidence that a shaking motion in the structure of an atomically thin (2-D) material possesses a naturally occurring circular rotation. [24] Topological effects, such as those found in crystals whose surfaces conduct electricity while their bulk does not, have been an exciting topic of physics research in recent years and were the subject of the 2016 Nobel Prize in physics. [23] A new technique developed by MIT researchers reveals the inner details of photonic crystals, synthetic materials whose exotic optical properties are the subject of widespread research. [22] In experiments at SLAC, intense laser light (red) shining through a magnesium oxide crystal excited the outermost "valence" electrons of oxygen atoms deep inside it. [21] LCLS works like an extraordinary strobe light: Its ultrabright X-rays take snapshots of materials with atomic resolution and capture motions as fast as a few femtoseconds, or millionths of a billionth of a second. For comparison, one femtosecond is to a second what seven minutes is to the age of the universe. [20] A 'nonlinear' effect that seemingly turns materials transparent is seen for the first time in X-rays at SLAC's LCLS. [19] Leiden physicists have manipulated light with large artificial atoms, so-called quantum dots. Before, this has only been accomplished with actual atoms. It is an important step toward light-based quantum technology. [18] In a tiny quantum prison, electrons behave quite differently as compared to their counterparts in free space. They can only occupy discrete energy levels, much like the electrons in an atom-for this reason, such electron prisons are often called "artificial atoms". [17] When two atoms are placed in a small chamber enclosed by mirrors, they can simultaneously absorb a single photon. [16]
Category: Condensed Matter

The Real Location of the Third Temple Versus the Haram Shariff in Revelation 11:2 and the Connection with Atlantis

Authors: Leon elshout
Comments: 2 Pages.

If the Haram Shariff in Jerusalem and the Wailing Wall are NOT remnants of the temple of Herod, then what is it? And where will the Third Temple be rebuilt? What is the place of the nations in Revelation 11:2 and what does this all have to do with Atlantis? - by leon elshout, almelo, NL, http://roodgoudvanparvaim.nl
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

Novel Laser Crystal Candidate

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 63 Pages.

Recently, a research team from Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academic of Sciences, has succeeded in developing a new kind of low-phonon-energy laser crystal. [38] A new laser-pointing platform developed at MIT may help launch miniature satellites into the high-rate data game. [37] Lasers that emit ultrashort pulses of light are critical components of technologies, including communications and industrial processing, and have been central to fundamental Nobel Prize-winning research in physics. [36] A newly developed laser technology has enabled physicists in the Laboratory for Attosecond Physics (jointly run by LMU Munich and the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics) to generate attosecond bursts of high-energy photons of unprecedented intensity. [35] The unique platform, which is referred as a 4-D microscope, combines the sensitivity and high time-resolution of phase imaging with the specificity and high spatial resolution of fluorescence microscopy. [34] The experiment relied on a soliton frequency comb generated in a chip-based optical microresonator made from silicon nitride. [33] This scientific achievement toward more precise control and monitoring of light is highly interesting for miniaturizing optical devices for sensing and signal processing. [32] It may seem like such optical behavior would require bending the rules of physics, but in fact, scientists at MIT, Harvard University, and elsewhere have now demonstrated that photons can indeed be made to interact-an accomplishment that could open a path toward using photons in quantum computing, if not in light sabers. [31] Optical highways for light are at the heart of modern communications. But when it comes to guiding individual blips of light called photons, reliable transit is far less common. [30] Theoretical physicists propose to use negative interference to control heat flow in quantum devices. [29] Particle physicists are studying ways to harness the power of the quantum realm to further their research. [28]
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantization of Gravitation

Authors: Jorma Jormakka
Comments: 11 Pages.

The article shows that the scalar theory of gravitation is the correct theory of gravitation and proposes that this scalar gravitational field is the massless scalar Goldstone boson field of the Higgs symmetry breaking method in the electroweak theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

IFSα -Open Sets in Intuitionistic Fuzzy Topological Space

Authors: P. Karthiksankar
Comments: 6 Pages.

The aim of this paper is to introduce the concepts of IFS α -open sets. Also we discussed the relationship between this type of Open set and other existing Open sets in Intuitionistic fuzzy topological spaces. Also we introduce new class of closed sets namely IFS α -closed sets and its properties are studied.
Category: Topology

The Analysis of FRB 180916.J0158 + 65 that May be a Signal of Extraterrestrial Civilization

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 8 Pages. 3 figures

Some time ago I pointed out that radio telescopes in the North Pole of the Earth are most likely to find information transmitted by advanced extraterrestrial civilizations. Reading the news recently, I noticed that the Canadian CHIME telescope has obtained repeated fast radio burst (FRB) signals in the past few years. The FRB 180916.J0158 + 65 detected in September 2018 has a very fixed 16-day oscillation mode. From the results of CHIME Collaboration analysis, this FRB signal is from a spiral galaxy 0.03 redshift outside the Milky Way. However, the results of my analysis also show that the signal is actually highly likely to come from the interior of the Milky Way, even stellar systems that are very close to the solar system. If the signal comes from the inside of the Milky Way, the energy required to propagate it to the solar system does not need to be so large, so it is likely that it is a signal transmitted by extraterrestrial civilizations, and it will carry a lot of extraterrestrial civilization information. It is worth our in-depth study. This article also puts forward some suggestions for improving the CHIME telescope.
Category: Astrophysics

Riemann Hypothesis a New Proof

Authors: Shekhar Suman
Comments: 10 Pages.

Riemann Xi function is defined and has the same zeroes as the non trivial zeroes of Riemann Zeta function
Category: Number Theory

Vertical Motion of Rockets in Presence of Gravity

Authors: Anamitra Palit
Comments: 6 Pages.

The article derives the standard rocket equation for vertical motion in presence of gravity and finally moves on to show certain unphysical results. These results can occur only due to flaws in the classical theories.
Category: Classical Physics

Neutrons for Dental Restorations

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 24 Pages.

Neutron scattering research provides insights that may lead to the development of novel materials for implant dentistry, he said. [14] Coupled with SNS, the world's most powerful pulsed accelerator-based neutron source, VENUS will be the only open research facility platform in the US to provide time-of-flight neutron imaging capabilities to users from academia and industry. [13] A spallation neutron source has been used by physicists in Japan to search for possible violations of the inverse square law of gravity. [12] Physicists have proposed a way to test quantum gravity that, in principle, could be performed by a laser-based, table-top experiment using currently available technology. [11] Now however, a new type of materials, the so-called Weyl semimetals, similar to 3-D graphene, allow us to put the symmetry destructing quantum anomaly to work in everyday phenomena, such as the creation of electric current. [10] Physicist Professor Chunnong Zhao and his recent PhD students Haixing Miao and Yiqiu Ma are members of an international team that has created a particularly exciting new design for gravitational wave detectors. [9] A proposal for a gravitational-wave detector made of two space-based atomic clocks has been unveiled by physicists in the US. [8] The gravitational waves were detected by both of the twin Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) detectors, located in Livingston, Louisiana, and Hanford, Washington, USA. [7] A team of researchers with the University of Lisbon has created simulations that indicate that the gravitational waves detected by researchers with the LIGO project, and which are believed to have come about due to two black holes colliding, could just have easily come from another object such as a gravaster (objects which are believed to have their insides made of dark energy) or even a wormhole. In their paper published in Physical Review Letters, the team describes the simulations they created, what was seen and what they are hoping to find in the future. [6] In a landmark discovery for physics and astronomy, international scientists said Thursday they have glimpsed the first direct evidence of gravitational waves, or ripples in space-time, which Albert Einstein predicted a century ago. [5] Scientists at the National Institute for Space Research in Brazil say an undiscovered type of matter could be found in neutron stars (illustration shown). Here matter is so dense that it could be 'squashed' into strange matter. This would create an entire 'strange star'-unlike anything we have seen. [4] The changing acceleration of the electrons explains the created negative electric field of the magnetic induction, the electromagnetic inertia, the changing relativistic mass and the Gravitational Force, giving a Unified Theory of the physical forces. Taking into account the Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators also, we can explain the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions.
Category: Physics of Biology

Is the Futuristic Saudian City of Neom the Fulfillment of Endtimes Edom?

Authors: Leon Elshout
Comments: 1 Page.

Is the city of Neom in fact Edom, where Jesus will start his second coming according to Isaiah 63? by leon elshout, http://roodgoudvanparvaim.nl
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

A Conjectured Identity/equivalence Between Matter (Including Radiation) and Spacetime Curvature (STC) Based on Subquantum Movement (SQM) Explaining Both Inertial and Gravitational Masses and Their Equivalence/equality

Authors: Andrei Lucian Dragoi
Comments: 1 A4 page excluding references

This short paper proposes a conjectured identity between matter (both fermionic and bosonic matter/radiation) and spacetime curvature (STC) based on subquantum movement (SQM) explaining both inertial and gravitational masses and their equivalence/equality. This paper continues (from alternative angles of view) the work of other past articles/preprints of the same author.
Category: Quantum Physics

Interferometry for Astronomy

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 48 Pages.

With teamwork and interferometry, we can now study one of the most mysterious and extreme objects in the universe. [34] In a study published online in Nature Methods, Prof. Xu Tao and Prof. Ji Wei from the Institute of Biophysics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences developed a new interferometric single-molecule localization microscopy process with fast modulated structured illumination, called Repetitive Optical Selective Exposure (ROSE). [33] However, a discovery published in the journal Science by Professor Nikolay Zheludev and Dr. Guanghui Yuan at NTU's School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences describes a new optical method that can measure displacements of a nanometer—the smallest distance ever directly measured, using near infrared light. [32] Compact quantum devices could be incorporated into laptops and mobile phones, thanks in part to small devices called quantum optical micro-combs. [31] Taking their name from an intricate Japanese basket pattern, kagome magnets are thought to have electronic properties that could be valuable for future quantum devices and applications. [30] A team of Cambridge researchers have found a way to control the sea of nuclei in semiconductor quantum dots so they can operate as a quantum memory device. [29] Researchers successfully integrated the systems-donor atoms and quantum dots. [28] A team of researchers including U of A engineering and physics faculty has developed a new method of detecting single photons, or light particles, using quantum dots. [27] Recent research from Kumamoto University in Japan has revealed that polyoxometalates (POMs), typically used for catalysis, electrochemistry, and photochemistry, may also be used in a technique for analyzing quantum dot (QD) photoluminescence (PL) emission mechanisms. [26] Researchers have designed a new type of laser called a quantum dot ring laser that emits red, orange, and green light. [25] The world of nanosensors may be physically small, but the demand is large and growing, with little sign of slowing. [24]
Category: Astrophysics

The Seiberg-Witten Equations for Spin 3/2

Authors: Antoine Balan
Comments: 2 pages, written in english

We define de Seiberg-Witten equations for spin 3/2 with help of the Rarita-Schwinger operator.
Category: Mathematical Physics

DNA Nanostructures for Future Missions

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 56 Pages.

DNA nanostructures such as self-assembling DNA origami that fold into defined shapes are promising vehicles for the delivery of drugs and diagnostics, and different vaccination strategies. [33] According to the Mayo Clinic, about 20% of breast cancers make abnormally high levels of a protein called human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). [32] A nanotechnology treatment derived from bone marrow stem cells has reversed multiple sclerosis symptoms in mice and could eventually be used to help humans, according to a new study led by University of California, Irvine researchers. [31]
Category: Physics of Biology

ATLAS Experiment for Supersymmetry

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 18 Pages.

In new results presented at CERN, the ATLAS Experiment's search for supersymmetry (SUSY) reached new levels of sensitivity. [12] The ATLAS Collaboration at CERN has just released the first open dataset from the Large Hadron Collider's (LHC) highest-energy run at 13 teraelectronvolts (TeV). [11] The Higgs boson was discovered in 2012 by the ATLAS and CMS Experiments at CERN, but its coupling to other particles remains a puzzle. [10] Higgs boson decaying into bottom quarks. Now, scientists are tackling its relationship with the top quark. [9] Usha Mallik and her team used a grant from the U.S. Department of Energy to help build a sub-detector at the Large Hadron Collider, the world's largest and most powerful particle accelerator, located in Switzerland. They're running experiments on the sub-detector to search for a pair of bottom quarks-subatomic yin-and-yang particles that should be produced about 60 percent of the time a Higgs boson decays. [8] A new way of measuring how the Higgs boson couples to other fundamental particles has been proposed by physicists in France, Israel and the US. Their technique would involve comparing the spectra of several different isotopes of the same atom to see how the Higgs force between the atom's electrons and its nucleus affects the atomic energy levels. [7] The magnetic induction creates a negative electric field, causing an electromagnetic inertia responsible for the relativistic mass change; it is the mysterious Higgs Field giving mass to the particles. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate by the diffraction patterns. The accelerating charges explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the wave particle duality and the electron's spin also, building the bridge between the Classical and Relativistic Quantum Theories. The self maintained electric potential of the accelerating charges equivalent with the General Relativity space-time curvature, and since it is true on the quantum level also, gives the base of the Quantum Gravity. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the relativistic quantum theory.
Category: Quantum Physics

Electron-Hole in Perovskites

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 46 Pages.

A research team led by Prof. Zhao Jin from Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences found low-frequency lattice phonons in halide perovskites resulting in high defect tolerance toward electron-hole recombination with their independently-developed software, Hefei-NAMD. [30] In the perspective, Gabor and Song collect early examples in electron metamaterials and distil emerging design strategies for electronic control from them. [29] Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) researchers are working to make better electronic devices by delving into the way nanocrystals are arranged inside of them. [28]
Category: Condensed Matter

It Is the Wind Farms That Will End or Save Our Civilization

Authors: Cameron Rebigsol
Comments: 20 Pages.

Before most of the wind turbines on Earth can be converted to function as motorized cooling fans, Europeans and Russians: beware, your land will soon become bone dry! Through wind farms, we humans have been cooking our atmosphere with the energy that we rob from the atmosphere's circulation, thus keep jacking up the atmospheric temperature year after year. More wind farms only mean more suicidal facilities to our civilization!
Category: Climate Research

New Clues on Arbitrary-Precision Calculation of the Riemann Zeta Function On The Critical Line

Authors: Alan Michael Gómez Calderón
Comments: 3 Pages. Attemp to solve Riemann Hypothesis

The Riemann Hypothesis, is considered by many mathematicians to be the most important unsolved problem, consist in the assertion that all of zeta's nontrivial zeros line up at the so called critical line, $\zeta(1/2+it)$. This paper presents an algorithm, based on a closed-form system of equations, that computes directly at $n^{th}$ decimal digit each non-trivial zeros of the Riemann Zeta Function.
Category: Number Theory

The Riemann Hypothesis and Zeroes of the Riemann Zeta Function

Authors: Shekhar Suman
Comments: 9 Pages.

The proof involves analytic continuation expressed as a Hadamard Product
Category: Number Theory

Riemann Hypothesis Proof Using Hadamard Product

Authors: Shekhar Suman
Comments: 9 Pages.

The proof involves analytic contination of Riemann zwta function as a Hadamard Product
Category: Number Theory

On Some Ramanujan’s Formulas: Mathematical Connections with Several Equations Inherent Some Topics of String Cosmology and Black Holes Physics. V

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 73 Pages. UPDATED VERSION

In this paper we have described several Ramanujan’s equations and obtained some mathematical connections with various formulas concerning different topics of String Cosmology and Black Holes Physics.(update version 23/02/20)
Category: Mathematical Physics

Portable and Non-invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring over a Prolonged Period using Whispering Gallery Modes at 2.4 GHz

Authors: Louis WY Liu, Son Nguyen Thanh, Khanh Nguyen Tuan
Comments: 14 Pages.

Invasive measurement of blood glucose is not appropriate for everyone, particularly the patients with leukemia. Here, we demonstrate how the blood glucose can be non-invasively monitored over a prolonged period in the absence of any expensive equipment. Method: A portable and non-invasive glucose sensor capable of monitoring blood glucose in real-time has been successfully constructed and tested in the absence of any vector network analyzer. Using vacuum suction, the sensor head of the proposed non-invasive glucose sensor forms a whispering gallery resonator out of a skin tissue on an arm during the measurement process. The architecture of the proposed glucose sensor is equipped with standard components, including a WIFI transmitter, an RSSI sensor and a microcontroller based computer display. Results: Using the proposed glucose sensor, a healthy volunteer has been his blood glucose levels monitored over 72 minutes after consuming a loaf of bread and a cup of cow milk. The measured blood glucose rose shortly after the meal until it peaked at 40 minutes and finally fell to the initial value at around 72 minutes. Conclusion: The overall results were in general consistent with the expected results. The proposed glucose sensor is expected to be instrumental for the individuals who dislike the traditional lancets.
Category: Condensed Matter

Brain Cells Protect Muscles

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 54 Pages.

University of California, Berkeley, scientists have now found brain cells that help clean up these tangles and prolong life—at least in worms (Caenorhabditis elegans) and possibly mice. [35] University of Central Florida researchers are helping to close the gap separating human and machine minds. [34] Brain-machine interfaces provide one way to connect with this puzzling organ system, including the brain. [33]
Category: Physics of Biology

Über Die Gravitationsfeldrelativitätstheorie: Gedankenexperiment

Authors: D. Chakalov
Comments: 16 Pages. Comments and questions are welcomed.

Thought experiment demonstrating the main principle of Gravitational Theory of Relativity (GTR). The alleged "spacetime curvature" is a myth.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gravitational Waves, and Neutrinos, Will Propagate Inside Earth with a Speed up to a Maximum of 299800,5 Km/s

Authors: Stein Sivertsen
Comments: 3 Pages.

Based upon my theory (http://vixra.org/abs/1010.0035) I predict that gravitational waves, and neutrinos, will propagate inside earth with a speed up to a maximum of 299800,5 km/s. This can be tested when two or more gravitational-wave detectors, located at different places on earth, observe the same gravitational wave and measure its speed when it propagates from detector A, through earth, to detector B. According to my theory, gravitational waves and neutrinos will still propagate with the speed 299792,458 km/s in vacuum outside earth. However, according to my theory, they will propagate with a slightly higher speed in the frame of reference inside earth. If not, my entire theory is of course wrong.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Daon Theory: Fundamental Electromagnetics

Authors: J.E.S. Gustafsson
Comments: 30 Pages.

We here present {\bf The Daon Theory} it is the first real Theory of Everything, which means that all fundamental physics is explained, all fundamental constants are calculated, and all results agree with experiments. The explanations are simple and logical since we use 3D+time which leads to easy mathematics. We present here the explanation to all fundamental electromagnetic phenomena: Electricity, Magnetism, Induction, and Electro-Magnetic waves.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Misfolded Proteins Identified

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 50 Pages.

A new article by the Oxidative Stress and Cell Cycle research group at UPF identifies the main strategy of cells to deal with the accumulation of misfolded proteins. [34] These will then produce the proteins themselves, without the cell functions being disturbed: cells, structures or their activities thus become visible under the microscope. [33] Measuring optical blood flow in the resting human brain to detect spontaneous activity has for the first time been demonstrated by Wright State University imaging researchers, holding out promise for a better way to study people with autism, Alzheimer's and depression. [32]
Category: Physics of Biology

The Daon Theory; The Atom

Authors: J. E. S. Gustafsson
Comments: 32 Pages.

The {\bf Daon theory} is a new general theory of physics, it is a completely new way to approach physics and includes, in principle, all phenomena of nature. The theory is presented in a series of closely related papers treating Electromagnetism, Atomic physics, Relativity, Particle physics, Gravitation and Cosmology. The numerical value of the main natural constants and parameters are calculated, while the explanations for the various natural phenomena are simple and logical. All the results from this theory agree, as far as we know, with experimental data. In this part, we present some unknown forces acting within the atoms, giving the explanation to the strange behaviour of the electrons. We present a simulation program (ATOMOL) able to follow all charged particles within an atom, including their velocity, position and energy at any given moment. We explain the electron's associated wave, the fine structure constant, the constant of Planck and we explain and calculate the magnetic moment of the electron and the nucleus.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

DNA-Tagging of Disease Signatures

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 35 Pages.

Researchers can uncover how proteins interact with other proteins with far greater sensitivity and in a more natural context than conventional methods, thanks to an analytic technique developed by a RIKEN team. [22] Histones are proteins that regulate the unwinding of DNA in the cell nucleus and the expression of genes based on chemical modifications or "marks" that are placed on their tails. [21] Now, in a new paper published in Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, Mayo researchers have determined how one DNA repair protein gets to the site of DNA damage. [20] A microscopic thread of DNA evidence in a public genealogy database led California authorities to declare this spring they had caught the Golden State Killer, the rapist and murderer who had eluded authorities for decades. [19] Researchers at Delft University of Technology, in collaboration with colleagues at the Autonomous University of Madrid, have created an artificial DNA blueprint for the replication of DNA in a cell-like structure. [18] An LMU team now reveals the inner workings of a molecular motor made of proteins which packs and unpacks DNA. [17] Chemist Ivan Huc finds the inspiration for his work in the molecular principles that underlie biological systems. [16] What makes particles self-assemble into complex biological structures? [15] Scientists from Moscow State University (MSU) working with an international team of researchers have identified the structure of one of the key regions of telomerase-a so-called "cellular immortality" ribonucleoprotein. [14] Researchers from Tokyo Metropolitan University used a light-sensitive iridium-palladium catalyst to make "sequential" polymers, using visible light to change how building blocks are combined into polymer chains. [13] Researchers have fused living and non-living cells for the first time in a way that allows them to work together, paving the way for new applications. [12]
Category: Physics of Biology

Tions Between Matter and Velocity

Authors: J. E. S. Gustafsson
Comments: 15 Pages.

The {\bf Daon theory} is a new general theory of physics, it is a completely new way to approach physics and includes, in principle, all phenomena of nature. The theory is presented in a series of closely related papers treating Electromagnetism, Atomic physics, relativity, Particle physics, Gravitation and Cosmology. They should be red in this order for a complete understanding. The explanation for the various natural phenomena are simple and logical. All the results from this theory agree, as far as we know, with experimental data. In this document is presented an analysis of changes within an atom at high velocities. It is strongly recommended to first read \cite{1} and \cite{2} of the Daon Theory for a complete understanding.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Daon Theory; Particles

Authors: J. E. S. Gustafsson
Comments: 40 Pages.

The {\bf Daon theory} is a new general theory of physics, it is a completely new way to approach physics and includes, in principle, all phenomena of nature. The theory is presented in a series of closely related papers treating Electromagnetism, Atomic physics, Particle physics, Relativity, Gravitation and Cosmology. They should be red in this order for a complete understanding. The numerical value of the main natural constants and parameters are calculated, while the explanation for the various natural phenomena are simple and logical. All the results from this theory agree, as far as we know, with experimental data. The theory is constructed on the basis of one unique fundamental object {\bf the Daon}, which is the ultimate constituent of all matter. It is a very small rotating sphere. The daon's size, velocity of rotation and associated "mass" are all fixed by experimental evidence or geometrical necessity\cite{1}. In this document we present the photon and the neutrino, as seen from the perspective of the Daon Theory. We thereafter examine the muon, the $\pi^0$, the $\pi^+$, the proton and the neutron, with the help of a code of simulation. The particles are presented in a very detailed manner since any value of interest can be obtained from any of the constituents of the examined particles.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Daon Theory; Gravitation and Cosmology

Authors: J. E. S. Gustafsson
Comments: 23 Pages.

The {\bf Daon theory} is a new general theory of physics, it is a completely new way to approach physics and includes, in principle, all phenomena of nature. The theory is presented in a series of closely related papers treating Electromagnetism, Atomic physics, Relativity, Particle physics, Gravitation and Cosmology. It is strongly recommended to read the presiding papers for a complete understanding of the following. We start by examining the Universe, as seen through the Daon theory, which gives an explanation to the phenomenon of the accelerated expansion of the Universe (dark energy). We explain the source of the neutral potential surrounding all masses. We there after examine the gravitation and show how to calculate the numerical value of Newton's constant (G). This leads to the explanation of the relatively fast rotation of certain galaxies (dark matter). We thereafter present the variation of the main natural constants, relative to the Universe size and velocity of expansion, which results in the phenomenon of the red shift. We examine the Black holes and the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Transporter Mutation Cell Energy

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 45 Pages.

Eric Delpire, Ph.D., and colleagues recently discovered that a patient suffering from multiorgan failure had a mutation in the gene encoding NKCC1. [26] A Virginia Commonwealth University researcher has developed a procedure for identifying the source of cells present in a forensic biological sample that could change how cell types are identified in samples across numerous industries. [25] In work at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the University of Maryland in College Park, researchers have devised and demonstrated a new way to measure free energy. [24] A novel technique developed by researchers at the ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP) will help shine new light on biological questions by improving the quality and quantity of information that can be extracted in fluorescence microscopy. [23] Micro-computed tomography or "micro-CT" is X-ray imaging in 3-D, by the same method used in hospital CT (or "CAT") scans, but on a small scale with massively increased resolution. [22] A new experimental method permits the X-ray analysis of amyloids, a class of large, filamentous biomolecules which are an important hallmark of diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. [12] Thumb through any old science textbook, and you'll likely find RNA described as little more than a means to an end, a kind of molecular scratch paper used to construct the proteins encoded in DNA. [20] Just like any long polymer chain, DNA tends to form knots. Using technology that allows them to stretch DNA molecules and image the behavior of these knots, MIT researchers have discovered, for the first time, the factors that determine whether a knot moves along the strand or "jams" in place. [19] Researchers at Delft University of Technology, in collaboration with colleagues at the Autonomous University of Madrid, have created an artificial DNA blueprint for the replication of DNA in a cell-like structure. [18]
Category: Physics of Biology

Antibiotics in Animals

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 43 Pages.

A special issue of Animal Health Research Reviews turns the spotlight on the science underlying this growing crisis—looking at the evidence base for using antibiotics to prevent illness in beef and dairy cattle, swine, and broiler poultry. [27] According to the World Health Organization, one of the biggest health threats around the world is antibiotic-resistant bacteria. [26] Researchers at the University of Illinois at Chicago have identified a molecular switch that causes immune cells called macrophages to clean up cellular debris caused by infections instead of contributing to inflammation and tissue injury. [25]
Category: Physics of Biology

Format for Feasibility Study

Authors: ssor M.B Nuhu
Comments: 2 Pages. Feasibility and Vaiblity Studies Federal university of Technology Minna Niger State Nigeria

Format for Feasibility and Viability Studies
Category: Social Science

Gravitational Spacetime Black Holes

Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 3 Pages.

We are considering here whether compression of Einstein's spacetime can contribute to the creation of spacetime black holes. The Scale-Symmetric Theory shows that the scenarios describing fate of a neutron star with an endoparasitic black hole must be verified.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On Some Ramanujan’s Expressions: Mathematical Connections with Various Formulas Regarding Some Sectors of String Cosmology and Black Hole Physics. V

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 71 Pages.

In this paper we have described several Ramanujan’s expressions and obtained some mathematical connections with various formulas concerning different sectors of String Cosmology and Black Hole Physics.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Dead Skunk In The Middle Of The Road Stinking To High Heaven

Authors: John Roach
Comments: 51 Pages.

General Science Articles
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Addendum to Dead Skunk In The Middle Of The Road

Authors: John Roach
Comments: 80 Pages. Please combine the two submissions sent 02-22-2020, with the Addendum second, as an afterward

Addendum to Dead Skunk In The Middle Of The Road Science Articles
Category: Education and Didactics

A Thesis About Newtonian Mechanics Rotations and About Differential Operators:

Authors: Louiz Akram
Comments: 26 Pages.

This work dates from January 2016 as a result of my remarks related to physics made during my high studies. I try in this work to explain the cause behind the inability of Newtonian mechanics to describe correctly many phenomena where the studied object rotates at a very high linear speed. I proved that, in this case, the velocity field is not equiprojective and that the famous formula for changing the reference frame is not correct. I made an application to the case of the GPS system satellites, then I presented a new method for studying a rotating system velocity without needing the conventional steps of changing reference frames. I finished my work by demonstrating the formulas of the main differential operators and I presented them with all the related steps and calculations by using the elementary surfaces. I am eager to discuss the results of this work further with physics and mathematics specialists, and I hope that my formulas will help to simplify the study of many difficult physics phenomena.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Spacetime Curvature(s)-(Attack on the General Relativity)

Authors: Leonardo Rubino
Comments: 4 Pages.

If spacetime is only one and is a track along which bodies move, how can we have different tracks in the same space? I’m sure I’m mistaken. Please help me to understand why.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

State of the Art Novel InFlow Technology: 1-Gearturbine, Rotary-Turbo, 2-Imploturbocompressor, One Compression Step

Authors: Carlos Barrera
Comments: 3 Pages. State of the Art Novel InFlowTech: ·1-Gearturbine / Reaction Turbine, Retrodynamic System, Rotary-Turbo, Similar of the Aeolipile 10-70 AD. ·2-Imploturbocompressor / Impulse Turbine; Imploducted, 1 Moving Part System, Excellence Design, 1 Compres

Featured Project Development - State of the Art Novel InFlow Technology: •1-Gearturbine, Rotary-Turbo, •2-Imploturbocompressor, One Compression Step: *Wordpress Blog State of the Art Novel InFlow Gearturbine Imploturbocompressor: http://stateoftheartnovelinflowtech.blogspot.com *1-GEARTURBINE PROJECT, Reaction-Turbine System Type, Rotary-Turbo-InFlow Tech, Atypical InFlow Thermodynamic, Technology Proposal Submission, Novel Fueled Motor Engine Type: *1-GEARTURBINE BEHANCE Images Gallery Portafolio: https://www.behance.net/gallery/21019191/Novel-Rotary-Turbo-InFlow-Tech-Gearturbine-Project •State of the art Innovative concept Top system Higher efficient percent.*Power by bar, for Air-Planes, Sea-Boats, Land-Transport & Dynamic Power-Plant Generation. -Have similar system of the Aeolipile Heron Steam device from Alexandria 10-70 AD. -New Form-Function Motor-Engine Device. Next Step, Epic Design Change, Broken-Seal Revelation. -Desirable Power-Plant Innovation. Next trend wave toward global technological coming change. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0cPo9Lf44TE -YouTube; * Atypical New • GEARTURBINE / Retrodynamic = DextroRPM VS LevoInFlow + Ying Yang Thrust Way Type - Non Waste Looses The present invention relates to a compression and pushing motor characterized in that it is composed of a housing, said housing accommodates a rotor rotating in its internal space supported by a pair of gears whose passage coincides with the inner surface of the rotor; A rotor (or core) that internally has flow ducts presented one in reverse of another, balanced these, begin at the point where they end; Has several cavity points for reaction turbines, as well as two combustion chambers isolated by means of a system of nozzles and presented in the manner of poles, that is on opposite sides of one another, but their flow with the same circular direction of the rotor when It rotates; The rotor also has several fluid conduits radially presented; A hollow power transmission rod arranged and traversing in the center of the rotor, which in its interior flows the lubricant and fuel with movement of the ends towards the center, at this point by means of the centrifugal force of the rotor reaches the required parts; In the bar is arranged an air intake fan which by rotating the rotor suction air and introduces it to the internal ducts of the rotor with an initial compression, next to this fan is a current collector that generates the necessary electricity and Together with a coil, activates the current necessary for combustion; A center of the nucleus in which the formation of the internal ducts of the rotor begins and ends (in and out); Said center of the core has arranged a pair of semi-cylindrical cavities housing two pairs of turbochargers ….
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Methods of the Global Optimization by Deformation of Functions (Part 1)

Authors: Alexander Bolonkin
Comments: 29 Pages.

A new method of optimization by means of a redefinition of the function over a wider set and a deformation of the function on the initial and additional sets is proposed. The method (a) reduces the initial complex problem of optimization to series of simplified problems, (b) finds the subsets containing the point of global minimum and finds the subsets containing better solutions that the given one, and (c) obtains a lower estimation of the global minimum.
Category: General Mathematics

Global Optimization. Methods of α – Functions. Estimations (Part 2).

Authors: Alexander Bolonkin
Comments: 26 Pages.

Author develop ideas of Global Optimization offered in article “Methods of the Global Optimization by Deformation of Functions” [9]: A new method of optimization by means of a redefinition of the function over a wider set and a deformation of the function on the initial and additional sets is proposed. The method (a) reduces the initial complex problem of optimization to series of simplified problems, (b) finds the subsets containing the point of global minimum and finds the subsets containing better solutions that the given one, and (c) obtains a lower estimation of the global minimum.
Category: General Mathematics

On Quantum Entanglement

Authors: Bertrand Wong
Comments: 7 Pages.

Quantum entanglement, a term coined by Erwin Schrodinger in 1935, is a mechanical phenomenon at the quantum level wherein the quantum states of two (or more) particles have to be described with reference to each other though these particles may be spatially separated. This phenomenon leads to paradox and has puzzled us for a long time. The behaviour of entangled particles is apparently inexplicable, incomprehensible and like magic at work. Locality has been a reliable and fruitful principle which has guided us to the triumphs of twentieth century physics. But the consequences of the local laws in quantum theory could seem “spooky” and nonlocal, with some theorists questioning locality itself. Could two subatomic particles on opposite sides of the universe be really instantaneously connected? Is any theory which predicts such a connection essentially flawed or incomplete? Are the results of experiments which demonstrate such a connection being misinterpreted? These questions challenge our most basic concepts of spatial distance and time. Modern physics is in the process of dismantling the space all around us and the universe will never be the same. Quantum entanglement involves the utilisation of cutting edge technology and will bring great benefits to society. This paper traces the development of quantum entanglement and presents some possible explanations for the strange behaviour of entangled particles. Published in International Journal of Automatic Control System, Vol. 5: Issue 2, 2019.
Category: Quantum Physics

Why Mercury Day Period = 4222.6 Hours? (Ii)

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 6 Pages.

-There's a light beam travels with velocity 1.16 mkm/sec -The Solar System is a puppets theater – the planets move together one unified motion as a train carriage -The solar system unified motion depends on a period = 8 Mercury Day Periods =1407.6 solar days -The planets unified motion main cycle (1461 days) depends on the period 1407.6 days (=8 Mercury Day Periods) -The solar system is a machine moves to create different rates of time - so a planet cycle uses the second period to create the minute period –another cycle uses the minutes to create the hour period, and another uses the hours to create the solar day …..etc -For example Mercury 8 days period (1407.6 solar days) is used as its rotation period (1407.6 hours) – Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

Superconducting Gravimeters

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 33 Pages.

Charles Horowitz and Rudolf Widmer-Schnidrig, two researchers at Indiana University and the Black Forest Observatory (BFO) in Germany, respectively, have recently carried out a study investigating the use of gravimeters to search for compact dark matter objects (CDOs) inside the Earth. [25] Superconducting nanowires could be used as both targets and sensors for the direct detection of dark matter, physicists in Israel and the US have shown. [24] "We invoke a different theory, the self-interacting dark matter model or SIDM, to show that dark matter self-interactions thermalize the inner halo, which ties ordinary dark matter and dark matter distributions together so that they behave like a collective unit." [23] Technology proposed 30 years ago to search for dark matter is finally seeing the light. [22] They're looking for dark matter-the stuff that theoretically makes up a quarter of our universe. [21] Results from its first run indicate that XENON1T is the most sensitive dark matter detector on Earth. [20] Scientists at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (JGU) in Germany have now come up with a new theory on how dark matter may have been formed shortly after the origin of the universe. [19] Map of dark matter made from gravitational lensing measurements of 26 million galaxies in the Dark Energy Survey. [18] CfA astronomers Annalisa Pillepich and Lars Hernquist and their colleagues compared gravitationally distorted Hubble images of the galaxy cluster Abell 2744 and two other clusters with the results of computer simulations of dark matter haloes. [17] In a paper published July 20 in the journal Physical Review Letters, an international team of cosmologists uses data from the intergalactic medium-the vast, largely empty space between galaxies-to narrow down what dark matter could be. [16] But a new hypothesis might have gotten us closer to figuring out its identity, because physicists now suspect that dark matter has been changing forms this whole time-from ghostly particles in the Universe's biggest structures, to a strange, superfluid state at smaller scales. And we might soon have the tools to confirm it. [15] Superfluids may exist inside neutron stars, and some researchers have speculated that space-time itself may be a superfluid. So why shouldn't dark matter have a superfluid phase, too? [14] "The best result on dark matter so far-and we just got started." This is how scientists behind XENON1T, now the most sensitive dark matter experiment worldwide , commented on their first result from a short 30-day run presented today to the scientific community. [13] The gravitational force attracting the matter, causing concentration of the matter in a small space and leaving much space with low matter concentration: dark matter and energy. There is an asymmetry between the mass of the electric charges, for example proton and electron, can understood by the asymmetrical Planck Distribution Law. This temperature dependent energy distribution is asymmetric around the maximum intensity, where the annihilation of matter and antimatter is a high probability event. The asymmetric sides are creating different frequencies of electromagnetic radiations being in the same intensity level and compensating each other. One of these compensating ratios is the electron-proton mass ratio. The lower energy side has no compensating intensity level, it is the dark energy and the corresponding matter is the dark matter. SIMPs would resolve certain discrepancies between simulations of the distribution of dark matter, like this one, and the observed properties of the galaxies. In particle physics and astrophysics, weakly interacting massive particles, or WIMPs, are among the leading hypothetical particle physics candidates for dark matter.
Category: Quantum Physics

Conducting Electricity and Energy

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 30 Pages.

Three scientists from the University of Chicago have run the numbers, and they believe there may be a way to make a material that could conduct both electricity and energy with 100% efficiency—never losing any to heat or friction. [20] Scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy's Ames Laboratory have developed a method to accurately measure the "exact edge" or onset at which a magnetic field enters a superconducting material. [19] TU Wien has now made a major advance towards achieving this goal and, at the same time, has furthered an understanding of why conventional materials only become superconducting at around-200°C [18] The emerging field of spintronics leverages electron spin and magnetization. [17] The first known superconductor in which spin-3/2 quasiparticles form Cooper pairs has been created by physicists in the US and New Zealand. [16] Now a team of researchers from the University of Maryland (UMD) Department of Physics together with collaborators has seen exotic superconductivity that relies on highly unusual electron interactions. [15] A group of researchers from institutions in Korea and the United States has determined how to employ a type of electron microscopy to cause regions within an iron-based superconductor to flip between superconducting and non-superconducting states. [14] In new research, scientists at the University of Minnesota used a first-of-its-kind device to demonstrate a way to control the direction of the photocurrent without deploying an electric voltage. [13] Brown University researchers have demonstrated for the first time a method of substantially changing the spatial coherence of light. [12] Researchers at the University of Central Florida have generated what is being deemed the fastest light pulse ever developed. [11] Physicists at Chalmers University of Technology and Free University of Brussels have now found a method to significantly enhance optical force. [10] Nature Communications today published research by a team comprising Scottish and South African researchers, demonstrating entanglement swapping and teleportation of orbital angular momentum 'patterns' of light. [9] While physicists are continually looking for ways to unify the theory of relativity, which describes large-scale phenomena, with quantum theory, which describes small-scale phenomena, computer scientists are searching for technologies to build the quantum computer using Quantum Information. In August 2013, the achievement of "fully deterministic" quantum teleportation, using a hybrid technique, was reported. On 29 May 2014, scientists announced a reliable way of transferring data by quantum teleportation. Quantum teleportation of data had been done before but with highly unreliable methods. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the Wave-Particle Duality and the electron's spin also, building the Bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions by the diffraction patterns. The Weak Interaction changes the diffraction patterns by moving the electric charge from one side to the other side of the diffraction pattern, which violates the CP and Time reversal symmetry. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the Relativistic Quantum Theory and making possible to build the Quantum Computer with the help of Quantum Information.
Category: Quantum Physics

Knowledge Management Within the Context of Organizational Innovation

Authors: M. Hanefi CALP
Comments: 24 Pages.

Knowledge management aims to provide easy access and management of the information resource for the institutions and thus to create value by taking the right decisions. Since knowledge management has a decisive impact on the business performance and innovation process at different stages and requires a different knowledge management concept, enterprises should integrate innovation selection activities into knowledge management processes. Otherwise, businesses may face problems in the management processes of the information resources they have. The purpose of this chapter is to first specify the definition and tasks of knowledge management, then to examine the knowledge management processes and to correctly identify of the problems encountered in these processes to find and to implement effective solutions and to realize effective management of the knowledge management within the scope of organizational innovation. This study is very important for businesses with a large scale of the budget, human resources, corporate memory, and thus, a data source.
Category: Social Science

The Role of Artificial Intelligence Within the Scope of Digital Transformation in Enterprises

Authors: M. Hanefi CALP
Comments: 25 Pages.

Digital transformation, which is the beginning of a new era, and performed in order to provide a more effective service, has become a compulsory situation for the enterprises that take into account the increasing corporate volumes. However, the processes and technologies used in this transformation may change according to the enterprise volume and needs. At this point, activities that implement artificial intelligence technologies will make significant contributions to digital transformation. Artificial intelligence technologies serve many purposes such as search, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, learning, estimating, analytical thinking, optimization, and planning. The purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate the effects of artificial intelligence techniques on the processes of digital transformation utilized in enterprises by considering the difficulties experienced in the realization of digital transformation. It is expected that the study will provide a perspective for other studies on digital transformation and thus create an awareness.
Category: Social Science

Plasmons Reach Atomic Flatland

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 72 Pages.

Researchers from the MPSD and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) in the United States have discovered a significant new fundamental kind of quantum electronic oscillation, or plasmon, in atomically thin materials. [41] Such plasmonic resonances have significant roles in biosensing with ability to improve the resolution and sensitivity required to detect particles at the scale of the single molecule. [40] A novel quantum effect observed in a carbon nanotube film could lead to the development of unique lasers and other optoelectronic devices, according to scientists at Rice University and Tokyo Metropolitan University. [39]
Category: Quantum Physics

Spin-Dependent Electronics

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 91 Pages.

Now researchers from the MPSD and the Indian Institute of Technology in Bombay have explained how these processes can be sped up through the use of light waves and defected solid materials. [55] Cuprates, a class of copper-oxide ceramics that share a common building block of copper and oxygen atoms in a flat square lattice, have been studied for their ability to be superconducting at relatively high temperatures. [54] Chemists at Friedrich Schiller University in Jena (Germany) have now synthesised a molecule that can perform the function of a computing unit in a quantum computer. [53] The research team developed the first optical microchip to generate, manipulate and detect a particular state of light called squeezed vacuum, which is essential for HYPERLINK "https://phys.org/tags/quantum/" quantum computation. [52] Australian scientists have investigated new directions to scale up qubits-utilising the spin-orbit coupling of atom qubits-adding a new suite of tools to the armory. [51] A team of international researchers led by engineers from the National University of Singapore (NUS) have invented a new magnetic device to manipulate digital information 20 times more efficiently and with 10 times more stability than commercial spintronic digital memories. [50] Working in the lab of Mikhail Lukin, the George Vasmer Leverett Professor of Physics and co-director of the Quantum Science and Engineering Initiative, Evans is lead author of a study, described in the journal Science, that demonstrates a method for engineering an interaction between two qubits using photons. [49] Researchers with the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory have demonstrated a new level of control over photons encoded with quantum information. [48] Researchers from Intel Corp. and the University of California, Berkeley, are looking beyond current transistor technology and preparing the way for a new type of memory and logic circuit that could someday be in every computer on the planet. [47] A team of scientists from Arizona State University's School of Molecular Sciences and Germany have published in Science Advances online today an explanation of how a particular phase-change memory (PCM) material can work one thousand times faster
Category: Quantum Physics

Liquid Light in Organic Materials

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 96 Pages.

A team of scientists from the Hybrid Photonics Laboratory at the Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech) and the University of Sheffield (UK) made a breakthrough in understanding nonlinear physics of the strong interaction of organic molecules with light. [55] In a new method, materials scientists Boliang Jia and colleagues at the departments of mechanical engineering and robotics presented a printable biocompatible superlens placed directly on objects of interest to observe subdiffraction-limited features (resolution beyond the diffraction limit). [54] Physicists have also devised photonic topological insulators, synthetic materials that impart light waves with distinct topological features, allowing light (rather than electric currents) to flow via topological surface states. [53] "This research highlights the cutting-edge research being done at WVU, and we are very excited to see their work appear in the very high-profile journal Nature Communications." [52] By constructing a hybrid device made from two different types of qubit-the fundamental computing element of quantum computers-they have created a device that can be quickly initialized and read out, and that simultaneously maintains high control fidelity. [51] Researchers have demonstrated that an amoeba-a single-celled organism consisting mostly of gelatinous protoplasm-has unique computing abilities that may one day offer a competitive alternative to the methods used by conventional computers. [50] For the first time, researchers have used tiny gears made of germanium to generate a vortex of twisted light that turns around its axis of travel much like a corkscrew. [49] Physical systems with discrete energy levels are ubiquitous in nature and form fundamental building blocks of quantum technology. [48] In a similar vein, scientists are working to create twisting helical electromagnetic waves whose curvature allows more accurate imaging of the magnetic properties of different materials at the atomic level and could possibly lead to the development of future devices. [47]
Category: Condensed Matter

Weakest Point of Special Relativity

Authors: Özgen Ersan
Comments: 9 Pages. I offer LCS method instead of SR for light kinematics and cosmological analyses

The theory of special relativity has extraordinary and amazing inferences; therefore the consistency of its technical essence gets more significance. In this study, the primary mentality of the special relativity is re-examined with the help of present and advanced methodology moreover its postulates are questioned on the universal scale. A defect caused by locality and neglected factors were detected. Reforming postulates offers a potential for new expansions in terms of light kinematics and cosmological analyses.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

High-Capacity EV Battery Materials

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 66 Pages.

The batteries currently installed in mass-produced electric vehicles use graphite anode materials, but their low capacity contributes to electric vehicles' having a shorter driving range than vehicles with internal combustion engines. [41] Now a team of Australian scientists has discovered diamond can be bent and deformed, at the nanoscale at least. [40] Researchers at the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) have fabricated a novel glass and synthetic diamond foundation that can be used to create miniscule micro-and nanostructures. [39] Osaka University-led researchers demonstrated that the perturbation of laser imprinting on a capsule for nuclear fusion fuel made from stiff and heavy materials was mitigated. [38] Scientists found that relatively slow electrons are produced when intense lasers interact with small clusters of atoms, upturning current theories. [37] Lasers that emit ultrashort pulses of light are critical components of technologies, including communications and industrial processing, and have been central to fundamental Nobel Prize-winning research in physics. [36] A newly developed laser technology has enabled physicists in the Laboratory for Attosecond Physics (jointly run by LMU Munich and the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics) to generate attosecond bursts of high-energy photons of unprecedented intensity. [35] The unique platform, which is referred as a 4-D microscope, combines the sensitivity and high time-resolution of phase imaging with the specificity and high spatial resolution of fluorescence microscopy. [34] The experiment relied on a soliton frequency comb generated in a chip-based optical microresonator made from silicon nitride. [33] This scientific achievement toward more precise control and monitoring of light is highly interesting for miniaturizing optical devices for sensing and signal processing. [32]
Category: Condensed Matter

Black Phosphorus Tunnel Transistor

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 68 Pages.

Researchers have reported a black phosphorus transistor that can be used as an alternative ultra-low power switch. [42] The batteries currently installed in mass-produced electric vehicles use graphite anode materials, but their low capacity contributes to electric vehicles' having a shorter driving range than vehicles with internal combustion engines. [41] Now a team of Australian scientists has discovered diamond can be bent and deformed, at the nanoscale at least. [40] Researchers at the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) have fabricated a novel glass and synthetic diamond foundation that can be used to create miniscule micro- and nanostructures. [39]
Category: Condensed Matter

Active Sites of Photocatalysts

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 69 Pages.

The researchers found that clusters of oxygen vacancies along the nanowire surface activate adsorbed water molecules during the photocatalytic generation of hydroxyl radicals-an important intermediate in the production of chemical fuels, including hydrogen gas and methanol, from sunlight. [42] The batteries currently installed in mass-produced electric vehicles use graphite anode materials, but their low capacity contributes to electric vehicles' having a shorter driving range than vehicles with internal combustion engines. [41] Now a team of Australian scientists has discovered diamond can be bent and deformed, at the nanoscale at least. [40] Researchers at the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) have fabricated a novel glass and synthetic diamond foundation that can be used to create miniscule micro-and nanostructures. [39] Osaka University-led researchers demonstrated that the perturbation of laser imprinting on a capsule for nuclear fusion fuel made from stiff and heavy materials was mitigated. [38] Scientists found that relatively slow electrons are produced when intense lasers interact with small clusters of atoms, upturning current theories. [37] Lasers that emit ultrashort pulses of light are critical components of technologies, including communications and industrial processing, and have been central to fundamental Nobel Prize-winning research in physics. [36] A newly developed laser technology has enabled physicists in the Laboratory for Attosecond Physics (jointly run by LMU Munich and the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics) to generate attosecond bursts of high-energy photons of unprecedented intensity. [35] The unique platform, which is referred as a 4-D microscope, combines the sensitivity and high time-resolution of phase imaging with the specificity and high spatial resolution of fluorescence microscopy. [34] The experiment relied on a soliton frequency comb generated in a chip-based optical microresonator made from silicon nitride. [33]
Category: Condensed Matter

Custom Light Using 2-D Materials

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 97 Pages.

Today, researchers from the University of Geneva (UNIGE), Switzerland, in collaboration with the University of Manchester, have discovered an entire class of two-dimensional materials that are the thickness of one or a few atoms. [56] A team of scientists from the Hybrid Photonics Laboratory at the Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech) and the University of Sheffield (UK) made a breakthrough in understanding nonlinear physics of the strong interaction of organic molecules with light. [55] In a new method, materials scientists Boliang Jia and colleagues at the departments of mechanical engineering and robotics presented a printable biocompatible superlens placed directly on objects of interest to observe subdiffraction-limited features (resolution beyond the diffraction limit). [54] Physicists have also devised photonic topological insulators, synthetic materials that impart light waves with distinct topological features, allowing light (rather than electric currents) to flow via topological surface states. [53] "This research highlights the cutting-edge research being done at WVU, and we are very excited to see their work appear in the very high-profile journal Nature Communications." [52] By constructing a hybrid device made from two different types of qubit-the fundamental computing element of quantum computers-they have created a device that can be quickly initialized and read out, and that simultaneously maintains high control fidelity. [51] Researchers have demonstrated that an amoeba-a single-celled organism consisting mostly of gelatinous protoplasm-has unique computing abilities that may one day offer a competitive alternative to the methods used by conventional computers. [50] For the first time, researchers have used tiny gears made of germanium to generate a vortex of twisted light that turns around its axis of travel much like a corkscrew. [49] Physical systems with discrete energy levels are ubiquitous in nature and form fundamental building blocks of quantum technology. [48]
Category: Condensed Matter

Carbon-Nanotube-Based Fibers

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 67 Pages.

The Lyding Group recently developed a technique that can be used to build carbon-nanotube-based fibers by creating chemical crosslinks. [46] Swansea University scientists have reported a new approach to measuring the conductivity between identical carbon nanotubes which could be used to help improve the efficiency of electrical power cables in the future. [45] By using nanocapsules, scientists and industrial partners are developing innovative garments and skin products that provide thermal comfort, and anti-aging and antimicrobial properties. [44] In a new study, researchers at the University of Illinois and the Missouri University of Science and Technology modeled a method to manipulate nanoparticles as an alternative mode of propulsion for tiny spacecraft that require very small levels of thrust. [43] As if they were bubbles expanding in a just-opened bottle of champagne, tiny circular regions of magnetism can be rapidly enlarged to provide a precise method of measuring the magnetic properties of nanoparticles. [42] Antennas made of carbon nanotube films are just as efficient as copper for wireless applications, according to researchers at Rice University's Brown School of Engineering. [41] The device is a high-efficiency round-trip light tunnel that squeezes visible light to the very tip of the condenser to interact with molecules locally and send back information that can decipher and visualize the elusive nanoworld. [40] "Smart glass," an energy-efficiency product found in newer windows of cars, buildings and airplanes, slowly changes between transparent and tinted at the flip of a switch. [39] With international collaboration, researchers at Aalto University have now developed a nanosized amplifier to help light signals propagate through microchips. [38] Physicists at the Kastler Brossel Laboratory in Paris have reached a milestone in the combination of cold atoms and nanophotonics. [37] The universal laws governing the dynamics of interacting quantum particles are yet to be fully revealed to the scientific community. [36] Now NIST scientists have designed a vacuum gauge that is small enough to deploy in commonly used vacuum chambers. [35]
Category: Condensed Matter

Derivation of the Theta Parameter in Quantum Chromodynamics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 5 Pages.

An ongoing challenge of the Standard Model is to explain the nearly vanishing magnitude of CP symmetry breaking in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). This challenge goes by the name of the strong CP problem and is quantified by the θ-parameter of the QCD Lagrangian. It is known that axions are hypothetical particles conjectured to offset the contribution of the θ-parameter and restore the CP symmetry of QCD. Starting from the near equilibrium interpretation of gluon dynamics, here we bypass the axion conjecture and derive the numerical value of the θ-parameter in close agreement with experimental bounds. A surprising finding of this brief report is that the strong CP and the baryon asymmetry problems appear to be related to each other.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

TF-PSST : A Spatio-Temporal Scheduling Approach for Multi-FPGA Parallel Heterogeneous Architecture in High Performance Computing

Authors: Aditya Das, Rishab Bhattacharyya, Pramit Ghosh
Comments: 4 Pages. This article is under review at IEEE Letters of the Computer Society for publication

This work is a proposed architectural prototype in the field of High Performance Computing (HPC). Intel Altera DE4 and Altera DE5a - Net FPGA boards were used as functional processors in our designed system. We further explore Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Express communication and amalgamate the transfer of data through PCIe to two different kinds of FPGAs at the same time using a proposed scheduling algorithm called TF-PSST : Time First Power Second Scheduling Technique. This significantly improves efficiency of the system by reducing execution time and because of the heterogeneous nature of the architectural prototype, we also found a way to increase the hardware resource utilisation.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Proving Shock Thickness Decreases for Increasing Mach Number

Authors: John R. Cipolla
Comments: 7 Pages.

Contrary to common belief, shock thickness in supersonic and hypersonic flow is not an unchanging function of Mach number and not simply an infinitely thin discontinuity in the flow field. This discussion proves that shock wave thickness decreases significantly as Mach number increases and is not an absolute and unchanging discontinuity in external and internal flows. To prove that shock thickness decreases significantly with Mach number the specific case of a normal shock wave in the diverging section of a converging-diverging nozzle is considered. This analysis reveals that shock wave thickness becomes significantly smaller as Mach number is increased. Therefore, a shock wave has a finite but very small thickness, dx caused by the "packing" of molecules during the compression process as the shock wave moves through an undisturbed fluid. In addition, fluid density in the region of the shock wave tries to distribute itself evenly during the passage of the shock wave into undisturbed fluid. In this discussion shock thickness is determined as a function of Mach number and fluid viscosity.
Category: Classical Physics

Relation of Gamma ray and Yukawa Wave Function, Wave Equation

Authors: Sangwha Yi
Comments: 3 Pages. Thank you for reading

Unstable atom’s nucleus radiate alpha ray, beta ray and gamma ray. We study the relation of Yukawa wave function (new definition from Yukawa potential) and the gamma ray for this unstable nucleus . We make Klein Gordon equation (is satisfied by Yukawa potential) 4 dimensional wave equation of Yukawa wave function.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Atoms in Groundbreaking Experiment

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 64 Pages.

In a first for quantum physics, University of Otago researchers have "held" individual atoms in place and observed previously unseen complex atomic interactions. [39] Experiments with ultra-cold atoms at the TU Wien have shown surprising results: coupled atom clouds synchronize within milliseconds. This effect cannot be explained by standard theories. [38] Scientists forged quantum connections between separate regions within clouds of ultracold atoms, demonstrating entanglement between thousands of particles in two different locations. [37] Researchers have demonstrated the first quantum light-emitting diode (LED) that emits single photons and entangled photon pairs with a wavelength of around 1550 nm, which lies within the standard telecommunications window. [36] JILA scientists have invented a new imaging technique that produces rapid, precise measurements of quantum behavior in an atomic clock in the form of near-instant visual art. [35] The unique platform, which is referred as a 4-D microscope, combines the sensitivity and high time-resolution of phase imaging with the specificity and high spatial resolution of fluorescence microscopy. [34] The experiment relied on a soliton frequency comb generated in a chip-based optical microresonator made from silicon nitride. [33] This scientific achievement toward more precise control and monitoring of light is highly interesting for miniaturizing optical devices for sensing and signal processing. [32] It may seem like such optical behavior would require bending the rules of physics, but in fact, scientists at MIT, Harvard University, and elsewhere have now demonstrated that photons can indeed be made to interact-an accomplishment that could open a path toward using photons in quantum computing, if not in light sabers. [31] Optical highways for light are at the heart of modern communications. But when it comes to guiding individual blips of light called photons, reliable transit is far less common. [30] Theoretical physicists propose to use negative interference to control heat flow in quantum devices. [29]
Category: Quantum Physics

Riemann Hypothesis and Riemann Zeta Function

Authors: Shekhar Suman
Comments: 12 Pages.

the proof involves hadamard product representation of Riemann Xi function
Category: Number Theory

Many-Body Quantum Dynamics

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 45 Pages.

A team led by Professor Michael Bonitz from the Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics at Kiel University (CAU) has now succeeded in developing a simulation method, which enables quantum mechanical calculations up to around 10,000 times faster than previously possible. [30] In terms of physics, the interiors of neutron stars, cold atomic gasses and nuclear systems all have one thing in common: they are gaseous systems made up of highly interactive, superfluid fermions. [29] Engineers at MIT and Penn State University have found that under the right conditions, ordinary clear water droplets on a transparent surface can produce brilliant colors, without the addition of inks or dyes. [28]
Category: Quantum Physics

Microworld_60. Unsolved Problems of Physics_ 20 XXX. "COLD" Neutron-Photon Synthesis Stimulant Solar Radiation, the Explosion of the "HYDROGEN" Bomb, the Vilyuy Explosion and Energy Release in the Reactor on Light Nuclei

Authors: N.N.Leonov
Comments: 16 Pages. English and russian texts

The thermonuclear problem is understood as the creation of a controlled energy reactor on light nuclei. Physics believes that this can be done using synthesis reactions, in which the initial nuclei are deuterium and tritium. Work on the thermonuclear problem began as soon as the first “hydrogen” – thermonuclear bomb was detonated. Sixty years have passed since then, but apart from tempting promises, there is no convincing evidence that the chosen scheme of solving the problem can lead to success.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Laser Writing Data Storage

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 25 Pages.

The technology enables practical wavefront shaping with flat optics and polarization beam shaping of high power lasers from ultraviolet to infrared, as well as high-capacity optical data storage. [15] Rosanov and his group began their work with computer simulations, suggesting that it was theoretically possible to produce a stable soliton in a wide-aperture laser if it was stabilised by external radiation. [14]
Category: Quantum Physics

Spookily Good Sensor

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 65 Pages.

Scientists from the Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST) at The University of Tokyo demonstrated a method for coupling a magnetic sphere with a sensor via the strange power of quantum entanglement. [40] Novel insight comes now from experiments and simulations performed by a team led by ETH physicists who have studied electronic transport properties in a one-dimensional quantum wire containing a mesoscopic lattice. [39] Femtosecond lasers are capable of processing any solid material with high quality and high precision using their ultrafast and ultra-intense characteristics. [38]
Category: Quantum Physics

Approximation of Prime Graph

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 2 Pages.

This is a break time story Ⅲ.
Category: Number Theory

Pilot Waves.

Authors: Durgadas Datta
Comments: 10 Pages. Our Universe.

The reality of Schrodinger Equation.
Category: Quantum Physics

Carrier-Assisted Detection

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 48 Pages.

Engineers at the University of Melbourne invented an innovative signal reception scheme tailored for datacenter applications where the complex-valued double-sideband signals can be recovered via direct detection. [33] At the Department for Materials of the ETH in Zurich, Pietro Gambardella and his collaborators investigate prospective memory devices. [32] UCLA biologists report they have transferred a memory from one marine snail to another, creating an artificial memory, by injecting RNA from one to another. [31]
Category: Quantum Physics

Universal Parity Versus Universal Fractality

Authors: Jose J. Astorkia
Comments: 2 Pages.

Scholastic universe description assumes its global parity. This assumption imply that fractal character of nature has no total scope. There is only one exception at sub-atomic level. This paper propose to assume universal fractal character and search for consecuences.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Isolate Atomic Sheets for New Materials

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 53 Pages.

Columbia University researchers report today in Science that they have invented a new method-using ultraflat gold films-to disassemble vdW single crystals layer by layer into monolayers with near-unity yield and with dimensions limited only by bulk crystal sizes. [36] Heterostructures with magnetism and topology (geometry) are promising materials to realize exotic topological quantum states. [35] Topological materials have become a hot topic in quantum materials research, as they have potential applications for quantum information and spintronics. [34] The team utilized analytical and ab-initio theories to establish a link between this spin engine concept and room-temperature experiments on a solid-state spintronic device called a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ). [33] Scientists at Tokyo Institute of Technology proposed new quasi-1-D materials for potential spintronic applications, an upcoming technology that exploits the spin of electrons. [32] They do this by using "excitons," electrically neutral quasiparticles that exist in insulators, semiconductors and in some liquids. [31] Researchers at ETH Zurich have now developed a method that makes it possible to couple such a spin qubit strongly to microwave photons. [30] Quantum dots that emit entangled photon pairs on demand could be used in quantum communication networks. [29] Researchers successfully integrated the systems-donor atoms and quantum dots. [28] A team of researchers including U of A engineering and physics faculty has developed a new method of detecting single photons, or light particles, using quantum dots. [27] Recent research from Kumamoto University in Japan has revealed that polyoxometalates (POMs), typically used for catalysis, electrochemistry, and photochemistry, may also be used in a technique for analyzing quantum dot (QD) photoluminescence (PL) emission mechanisms. [26] Researchers have designed a new type of laser called a quantum dot ring laser that emits red, orange, and green light. [25] The world of nanosensors may be physically small, but the demand is large and growing, with little sign of slowing. [24]
Category: Condensed Matter

Quantum Diffusion Arrhenius' Law

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 47 Pages.

This result, from researchers in Japan, France and the UK, contradicts the generally-held notion that only hydrogen or helium atoms are light enough to migrate through materials in this way. [32] A new approach developed by researchers at MIT could provide a significant step forward in quantum error correction. [31] EU-funded scientists have succeeded in redefining the ampere in terms of fundamental constants of physics. [30] Tarucha, the leader of the team, says, "This is a very exciting finding, as it could potentially help to accelerate research into scaling up semiconductor quantum computers, allowing us to solve scientific problems that are very tough on conventional computer systems." [29] Physicists at Saarland University in Saarbrücken, Germany, have succeeded in entangling a single atom with a single photon in the telecom wavelength range. [28] A team of physicists from ICTP-Trieste and IQOQI-Innsbruck has come up with a surprisingly simple idea to investigate quantum entanglement of many particles. [27] For the first time, physicists have experimentally demonstrated ternary-rather than binary-quantum correlations between entangled objects. [26] The physicists, Sally Shrapnel, Fabio Costa, and Gerard Milburn, at The University of Queensland in Australia, have published a paper on the new quantum probability rule in the New Journal of Physics. [25] Researchers have studied how a 'drumstick' made of light could make a microscopic 'drum' vibrate and stand still at the same time. [24] A University of Oklahoma physicist, Alberto M. Marino, is developing quantum-enhanced sensors that could find their way into applications ranging from biomedical to chemical detection. [23] A team of researchers from Shanghai Jiao Tong University and the University of Science and Technology of China has developed a chip that allows for two-dimensional quantum walks of single photons on a physical device. [22]
Category: Quantum Physics

Particle Therapy Accuracy

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 50 Pages.

Ion beam radiotherapy offers precision dose deposition, with a low entrance dose increasing to a maximum at the Bragg peak and then falling off sharply. [32] Researchers at Aalto University have discovered a surprising phenomenon that changes how we think about how sound can move particles. [31] Large-scale plasmonic metasurfaces could find use in flat panel displays and other devices that can change colour thanks to recent work by researchers at the University of Cambridge in the UK. [30] Particles in solution can grow, transport, collide, interact, and aggregate into complex shapes and structures. [29] Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) researchers are working to make better electronic devices by delving into the way nanocrystals are arranged inside of them. [28] Self-assembly and crystallisation of nanoparticles (NPs) is generally a complex process, based on the evaporation or precipitation of NP-building blocks. [27] New nanoparticle-based films that are more than 80 times thinner than a human hair may help to fill this need by providing materials that can holographically archive more than 1000 times more data than a DVD in a 10-by-10-centimeter piece of film. [26] Researches of scientists from South Ural State University are implemented within this area. [25] Following three years of extensive research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HU) physicist Dr. Uriel Levy and his team have created technology that will enable computers and all optic communication devices to run 100 times faster through terahertz microchips. [24] When the energy efficiency of electronics poses a challenge, magnetic materials may have a solution. [23]
Category: Physics of Biology

Ordered Assembly of Alternating Peptides

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 52 Pages.

A team of researchers has verified that it is possible to engineer two-layered nanofibers consisting of an ordered row of alternating peptides, and has also determined what makes these peptides automatically assemble into this pattern. [33] Ion beam radiotherapy offers precision dose deposition, with a low entrance dose increasing to a maximum at the Bragg peak and then falling off sharply. [32] Researchers at Aalto University have discovered a surprising phenomenon that changes how we think about how sound can move particles. [31] Large-scale plasmonic metasurfaces could find use in flat panel displays and other devices that can change colour thanks to recent work by researchers at the University of Cambridge in the UK. [30] Particles in solution can grow, transport, collide, interact, and aggregate into complex shapes and structures. [29] Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) researchers are working to make better electronic devices by delving into the way nanocrystals are arranged inside of them. [28] Self-assembly and crystallisation of nanoparticles (NPs) is generally a complex process, based on the evaporation or precipitation of NP-building blocks. [27] New nanoparticle-based films that are more than 80 times thinner than a human hair may help to fill this need by providing materials that can holographically archive more than 1000 times more data than a DVD in a 10-by-10-centimeter piece of film. [26] Researches of scientists from South Ural State University are implemented within this area. [25] Following three years of extensive research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HU) physicist Dr. Uriel Levy and his team have created technology that will enable computers and all optic communication devices to run 100 times faster through terahertz microchips. [24] When the energy efficiency of electronics poses a challenge, magnetic materials may have a solution. [23]
Category: Physics of Biology

Graphene-Based Phase Control of Light

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 78 Pages.

Researchers described a new strategy of designing metamolecules that incorporates two independently controllable subwavelength meta-atoms. [49] Researchers at the University of Manchester have uncovered interesting phenomena when multiple two-dimensional materials are combined into van der Waals heterostructures (layered "sandwiches" of different materials). [48] "The junctions were reproducible over several devices and operated from 20 Kelvin up to room temperature. Our approach represents a simple but powerful strategy for the future integration of molecule-based functions into stable and controllable nanoelectronic devices." [47] The team has turned graphene oxide (GO) into a soft, moldable and kneadable play dough that can be shaped and reshaped into free-standing, three-dimensional structures. [46]
Category: Condensed Matter

How to Deal Fast with a Virus Outbreak

Authors: Ivo Van Der Rijt
Comments: 5 Pages.

Small paper on a way to immediately cope with a virus outbreak. The longer route will be with vaccines. All feedback is appreciated. ivovanderrijt@hotmail.com
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Riemann Hypothesis and the Zeroes of Riemann Zeta Function

Authors: Shekhar Suman
Comments: 12 Pages.

The proof involves analytic continuation of Riemann Zeta function. Further we work on the Hadamard product representation of Riemann Xi function to prove the Riemann Hypothesis
Category: Number Theory

A Running Coupling Constant of a Hypothetical Quantum Gravitational Field (QGF) Supporting a Subtype of Bimetric Gravitytheory(bgt)which Implies Two Graviton Modes:a Super-Massive One and a Masslessone

Authors: Andrei Lucian Dragoi
Comments: 3 A4 pages without references

This paper proposes a running coupling constant of a hypothetical quantum gravitational field (QGF) (in relation to both the strong nuclear field [SNF] and the electromagnetic field [EMF] and based on an interesting logarithmic coincidence relating the running coupling constants of all these three fundamental physical fields: QGF, SNF and EMF) supporting a subtype of bimetric gravity theory (BGT) which implies two graviton modes: a spin-2 super-massive graviton (with rest energy around 1TeV) and a spin-2 massless graviton; this subtype of BGT is closely related to massive gravity theory (MGT). This paper continues (from alternative angles of view) the work of other past articles/preprints of the same author and is actually a separate article dedicated only to “conjecture no.4” of author’s quantum general relativity (QGR) variant.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On Some Ramanujan’s Equations: Mathematical Connections with Various Formulas Concerning Some Sectors of Particle Physics and Black Hole/wormhole Physics. IV

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 54 Pages.

In this paper we have described the mathematical connections between various Ramanujan’s equations and some expressions of various topics of Particle Physics and Black Hole/Wormhole Physics
Category: Mathematical Physics

Riemann Zeta Function and Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Shekhar Suman
Comments: 9 Pages.

The proof involves analytic continuation of the Riemann zeta function as a hadamard product
Category: Number Theory

Lagrangian Field Approach to Einstein-Maxwell Equation in Curved Spacetime along with Relativistic dust.

Authors: Omprakash Atale
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper aims at deriving the Einstein-Maxwell field equation along with relativistic dust from lagrangian field theory or the variational principle by taking the variations of action for gravitation, electromagnetism and for relativistic dust where in general the fields are functions of the metric.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Were the "Gorgons" in Hesiod's Theogony "Gray Aliens"?

Authors: Leon Elshout
Comments: 1 Page.

The Gorgons in Hesiod's Theogony 270-296 (Mair transl.) were born "grey". Were they the Gray Aliens? - by Leon Elshout, 20 feb. 2020, https://roodgoudvanparvaim.nl
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

A New Probability Distribution and Its Application in Modern Physics

Authors: Zeraoulia Rafik
Comments: 7 Pages. am very happy

In this paper we present a new symetric probability distribution with its properties and we show that is not a uniforme distribution using some standard proofs test like Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and also we may show that is derived from a new another special function by adjusting it using mean and deviation as two parameters , And in the second section we show that PDF present a wave function using rescaled plasma dispersion function such that we define it as a position of massive particle for such charged quantum system .
Category: Mathematical Physics

7 Questions

Authors: Stephan N. Tsapatoris
Comments: 9 pages with diagrams

The purpose of this paper is to pose questions concerning matrices, coordinate systems, and a particular sinusoidal function, to be addressed by the scientific community.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Mercury Motion During Its Day = Mercury Jupiter Distance. (Why?)

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 14 Pages.

-Mercury moves during its day period (175.94 solar days) a distance (720.7 mkm)= = Mercury Jupiter Distance -Venus moves during its orbital period (224.7 solar days) a distance (670 mkm) = = Venus Jupiter Distance (error 1.5%) -Earth moves during its orbital period (365.25 solar days) a distance = Earth Jupiter Distance (when Earth & Jupiter be at different sides from the sun 778.6 mkm +149.6 mkm = 929 mkm) (error 1%) Why do The 3 Planets Move During Their Orbital Periods (Or Day Period) Distances = Their Distances To The Jupiter?! My Answer Which I Try To Prove In This Paper. -There's A Light Beam Its Velocity =1.16 Mkm/Sec -This light beam (1.16 mkm/sec) creates the orbital and internal distances between all solar planets and Specially between (Jupiter, Mercury, Venus & Earth) -The inner 3 planets (Mercury – Venus – Earth) are followers to Jupiter and they consist together one unified motion – that means- they are 3 carriages in one train and they move complementary motions to each other -Jupiter is the guide and head of the 3 inner planets (Mercury, Venus & Earth) – Jupiter works as a reference for them (Specifically, Jupiter is the source of energy for these 3 inner planets). Jupiter & The 3 Planets Data Prove, There's A Light Velocity =1.16mkm/Sec Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

Photons Behave like Electrons

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 48 Pages.

To develop futuristic technologies like quantum computers, scientists will need to find ways to control photons, the basic particles of light, just as precisely as they can already control electrons, the basic particles in electronic computing. [33] Physicists from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and their colleagues have achieved a major new feat-creating a bizarre "quantum" interference between two photons of markedly different colors, originating from different buildings on the University of Maryland campus. [32] Physicists at C2N have demonstrated for the first time the direct generation of light in a state that is simultaneously a single photon, two photons, and no photon at all. [31] A team of researchers from Xiamen University, the University of Ottawa and the University of Rochester has shown that it is possible to entangle photons with correlations between their radial and momentum states. [30] In a new study, researchers demonstrate creative tactics to get rid of loopholes that have long confounded tests of quantum mechanics. [29] This is a very interesting quantum phenomenon called "magnon crystallization," in which the magnons are said to be in a "frustrated" state. [28] In a new paper, have proposed the first practical protocol for anonymous communication in quantum networks. [27] Researchers from QuTech have achieved a world's first in quantum internet technology. [26] The achievement represents a major step towards a "quantum internet," in which future computers can rapidly and securely send and receive quantum information. [25] Scientists have used precisely tuned pulses of laser light to film the ultrafast rotation of a molecule. [24]
Category: Quantum Physics

On Some Ramanujan’s Equations: Mathematical Connections with Various Equations Concerning Some Sectors of Particle Physics and Black Hole/wormhole Physics. III

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 84 Pages.

In this paper we have described the mathematical connections between various Ramanujan’s equations (class invariants) and some expressions of various topics of Particle Physics and Black Hole/Wormhole Physics
Category: Mathematical Physics

Flavor Content of Nucleon

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 39 Pages.

The Jefferson Lab Hall A Collaboration, in an experiment led by researchers at Faculté des Sciences de Monastir in Tunisia, Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay in France and Old Dominion University in the United States, has recently gathered the first experimental observations of deeply virtual Compton scattering (DVCS) in neutrons. [29] Physicists at the TU Darmstadt and their collaboration partners have performed laser spectroscopy on cadmium isotopes to confirm an improved model of the atomic nucleus. [28] Protons in neutron-rich nuclei have a higher average energy than previously thought, according to a new analysis of electron scattering data that was first collected in 2004. [27] Physics textbooks might have to be updated now that an international research team has found evidence of an unexpected transition in the structure of atomic nuclei. [26] The group led by Fabrizio Carbone at EPFL and international colleagues have used ultrafast transmission electron microscopy to take attosecond energy-momentum resolved snapshots (1 attosecond = 10-18 or quintillionths of a second) of a free-electron wave function. [25] Now, physicists are working toward getting their first CT scans of the inner workings of the nucleus. [24] The process of the sticking together of quarks, called hadronisation, is still poorly understood. [23] In experimental campaigns using the OMEGA EP laser at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE) at the University of Rochester, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), University of California San Diego (UCSD) and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) researchers took radiographs of the shock front, similar to the X-ray radiology in hospitals with protons instead of X-rays. [22] Researchers generate proton beams using a combination of nanoparticles and laser light. [21] Devices based on light, rather than electrons, could revolutionize the speed and security of our future computers. However, one of the major challenges in today's physics is the design of photonic devices, able to transport and switch light through circuits in a stable way. [20] Researchers characterize the rotational jiggling of an optically levitated nanoparticle, showing how this motion could be cooled to its quantum ground state. [19]
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

My Path to the Theory of Everything

Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 11 Pages.

Here I described how my adventure with the final theory began and my ways of thinking that led to the next stages on the road to a full understanding of Nature.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Proof of Ramanujan’s Identities for Q-Series and Theta Function

Authors: Omprakash Atale
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper involves in providing proof of Ramanujan’s identities for q-hypergeometric series and Theta function, more specifically we are going to derive the q-analogue of gauss summation of ordinary hypergeometric series.
Category: Number Theory

Large-Scale Quantum Computers

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 93 Pages.

QuTech has resolved a major issue on the road toward a working large-scale quantum computer. [56] In quantum computing, as in team building, a little diversity can help get the job done better, computer scientists have discovered. [55] Significant technical and financial issues remain towards building a large, fault-tolerant quantum computer and one is unlikely to be built within the coming decade. [54] Chemists at Friedrich Schiller University in Jena (Germany) have now synthesised a molecule that can perform the function of a computing unit in a quantum computer. [53] The research team developed the first optical microchip to generate, manipulate and detect a particular state of light called squeezed vacuum, which is essential for HYPERLINK "https://phys.org/tags/quantum/" quantum computation. [52] Australian scientists have investigated new directions to scale up qubits-utilising the spin-orbit coupling of atom qubits-adding a new suite of tools to the armory. [51] A team of international researchers led by engineers from the National University of Singapore (NUS) have invented a new magnetic device to manipulate digital information 20 times more efficiently and with 10 times more stability than commercial spintronic digital memories. [50] Working in the lab of Mikhail Lukin, the George Vasmer Leverett Professor of Physics and co-director of the Quantum Science and Engineering Initiative, Evans is lead author of a study, described in the journal Science, that demonstrates a method for engineering an interaction between two qubits using photons. [49] Researchers with the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory have demonstrated a new level of control over photons encoded with quantum information. [48] Researchers from Intel Corp. and the University of California, Berkeley, are looking beyond current transistor technology and preparing the way for a new type of memory and logic circuit that could someday be in every computer on the planet. [47]
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Walks Topological Order

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 38 Pages.

Scientists have now achieved a characterization in terms of a dynamical topological order parameter for quantum walks, which represent a paradigmatic class of nonequilibrium processes. [23] Monika Aidelsburger uses a special type of optical lattice to simulate quantum many-body phenomena that are otherwise inaccessible to experimental exploration. [22] University of Illinois Professor Harry Hilton brought together several mathematical and physical theories to help look at problems in more unified ways and solve physical engineering problems. [21] A team of physicists from RUDN, JINR (Dubna), and the University of Hamburg (Germany) developed a mathematical model for describing physical processes in hybrid systems that consists of atoms and ions cooled down to temperatures close to absolute zero. [20] Recently, extensive study shows that the parity-time symmetry breaking in open systems leads to exceptional points, promising for novel applications leasers and sensing. [19]
Category: Quantum Physics

Time-Stretch-Assisted Spectral Analysis

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 83 Pages.

Researchers in China led by Lilin Yi at Shanghai Jiao Tong University developed apparatus and software algorithms allowing automatic 'intelligent control' over the femtosecond pulses generated by mode-locked fiber lasers. [50] Researchers in Australia have found a way to manipulate laser light at a fraction of the cost of current technology. [49] The proposed design breaks the current bandwidth limit in the transmission-type coding metasurfaces, indicating wide application potentials in radar and wireless communication systems. [48] In a similar vein, scientists are working to create twisting helical electromagnetic waves whose curvature allows more accurate imaging of the magnetic properties of different materials at the atomic level and could possibly lead to the development of future devices. [47] In a recent study, materials scientists Guojin Liang and his coworkers at the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, have developed a self-healing, electroluminescent (EL) device that can repair or heal itself after damage. [46] A team of researchers based at The University of Manchester have found a low cost method for producing graphene printed electronics, which significantly speeds up and reduces the cost of conductive graphene inks. [45] Graphene-based computer components that can deal in terahertz "could be used, not in a normal Macintosh or PC, but perhaps in very advanced computers with high processing rates," Ozaki says. This 2-D material could also be used to make extremely high-speed nanodevices, he adds. [44] Printed electronics use standard printing techniques to manufacture electronic devices on different substrates like glass, plastic films, and paper. [43] A tiny laser comprising an array of nanoscale semiconductor cylinders (see image) has been made by an all-A*STAR team. [42] A new instrument lets researchers use multiple laser beams and a microscope to trap and move cells and then analyze them in real-time with a sensitive analysis technique known as Raman spectroscopy. [41]
Category: Quantum Physics

Solar Energy Using Quantum Dots

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 39 Pages.

The development of next generation solar power technology that has potential to be used as a flexible 'skin' over hard surfaces has moved a step closer, thanks to a significant breakthrough at The University of Queensland. [29] University of Toronto Engineering researchers have combined two emerging technologies for next-generation solar power-and discovered that each one helps stabilize the other. [28] Photoresponsive flash memories made from organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) that can be quickly erased using just light might find use in a host of applications, including flexible imaging circuits, infra-red sensing memories and multibit-storage memory cells. [27] Recent research from Kumamoto University in Japan has revealed that polyoxometalates (POMs), typically used for catalysis, electrochemistry, and photochemistry, may also be used in a technique for analyzing quantum dot (QD) photoluminescence (PL) emission mechanisms. [26] Researchers have designed a new type of laser called a quantum dot ring laser that emits red, orange, and green light. [25] The world of nanosensors may be physically small, but the demand is large and growing, with little sign of slowing. [24] In a joint research project, scientists from the Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy (MBI), the Technische Universität Berlin (TU) and the University of Rostock have managed for the first time to image free nanoparticles in a laboratory experiment using a highintensity laser source. [23] For the first time, researchers have built a nanolaser that uses only a single molecular layer, placed on a thin silicon beam, which operates at room temperature. [22] A team of engineers at Caltech has discovered how to use computer-chip manufacturing technologies to create the kind of reflective materials that make safety vests, running shoes, and road signs appear shiny in the dark. [21] In the September 23th issue of the Physical Review Letters, Prof. Julien Laurat and his team at Pierre and Marie Curie University in Paris (Laboratoire Kastler Brossel-LKB) report that they have realized an efficient mirror consisting of only 2000 atoms. [20] Physicists at MIT have now cooled a gas of potassium atoms to several nanokelvins-just a hair above absolute zero-and trapped the atoms within a two-dimensional sheet of an optical lattice created by crisscrossing lasers. Using a high-resolution microscope, the researchers took images of the cooled atoms residing in the lattice. [19]
Category: Quantum Physics

Spin Wave Detective Story

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 59 Pages.

Researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have discovered a surprising feature in two-dimensional (2-D) magnets, a new class of materials receiving a great deal of attention. [34] Taichi Goto at the Toyohashi University of Technology and Caroline Ross of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and others collaborated to create a single-crystalline yttrium iron garnet (YIG) film as a magnetic insulator on multiple substrates, and transmit the spin waves. [33]
Category: Condensed Matter

Antimatter-Matter Asymmetry

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 33 Pages.

Researchers at the CERN particle-physics laboratory in Switzerland used laser spectroscopy to scrutinize the fine structure of antihydrogen, revealing with an uncertainty of a few percent that the tiny difference in energy of states — known as the Lamb shift — is the same as it is in normal hydrogen. [27] Researchers in Italy and Switzerland have performed the first ever double-slit-like experiment on antimatter using a Talbot-Lau interferometer and a positron beam. [26] Two new experiments at CERN, ALPHA-g and GBAR, have now started their journey towards answering this question. [25]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Quantum Effects in Antimatter

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 34 Pages.

The ALPHA collaboration at CERN has reported the first measurements of certain quantum effects in the energy structure of antihydrogen, the antimatter counterpart of hydrogen. [28] Researchers at the CERN particle-physics laboratory in Switzerland used laser spectroscopy to scrutinize the fine structure of antihydrogen, revealing with an uncertainty of a few percent that the tiny difference in energy of states — known as the Lamb shift — is the same as it is in normal hydrogen. [27] Researchers in Italy and Switzerland have performed the first ever double-slit-like experiment on antimatter using a Talbot-Lau interferometer and a positron beam. [26]
Category: Quantum Physics

Time-Resolved Memory Device

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 47 Pages.

At the Department for Materials of the ETH in Zurich, Pietro Gambardella and his collaborators investigate prospective memory devices. [32] UCLA biologists report they have transferred a memory from one marine snail to another, creating an artificial memory, by injecting RNA from one to another. [31] Scientists at the Wellcome Trust/ Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, have identified a new type of stem cell in the brain which they say has a high potential for repair following brain injury or disease. [30] A team of researchers working at the Weizmann Institute of Science has found that organoids can be used to better understand how the human brain wrinkles as it develops. [29]
Category: Digital Signal Processing

The Realtive Risk Is Logically Inconsistent

Authors: Ilija Barukčić
Comments: 10 Pages. (C) Ilija Barukčić, 2019, Jever, Germany. All rights reserved.

Many different measures of association are used by medical literature, the relative risk is one of these measures. However, to judge whether results of studies are reliable, it is essential to use among other measures of association which are logically consistent. In this paper, we will present how to deal with one of the most commonly used measures of association, the relative risk. The conclusion is inescapable that the relative risk is logically inconsistent and should not be used any longer.
Category: Statistics

A Fast and Compact Approximation of Energy Loss Fluctuation for Monte Carlo Simulation of Charged Particles Transport.

Authors: Armando Alaminos-Bouza
Comments: 14 Pages. associated source code in C (C99) is available upon request.

A simple and fast functional model is proposed to approximate energy loss distributions of charged particles crossing slabs of matter. The most accepted physical models for treating this problem was created by Landau and later improved by Vavilov. Both models depend on complex functional forms with exact solutions that are, by far, too CPU intensive to be directly included in existing Monte Carlo codes. Several authors have proposed approximations with varying degrees of accuracy and performance. This paper presents a compact and efficient form that approximates with enough accuracy the Vavilov distribution and its extreme cases of Landau and Gaussian shapes. Our functional form could be interpreted as a generalization of the basic Gaussian distribution. Some parameter fits are illustrated with various test cases. Our model also represents a simple functional form to use for regression analysis with experimental energy loss data.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Division by Zero Calculus For Differentiable Functions in Multiply Dimensions

Authors: Saburou Saitoh
Comments: 14 Pages. I am writing a book on the division by zero and so I am asking for kind suggestions and comments on the topics.

Based on the preprint survey paper, we will give a fundamental relation among the basic concepts of division by zero calculus and derivatives as a direct extension of the preprints which gave the generalization of the division by zero calculus to differentiable functions. Here, we will consider the case of multiply dimensions. In particular, we will find a new viewpoint and applications to the gradient and nabla.
Category: Functions and Analysis

A 5th Grade Calculation Explains Global Warming

Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 18 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo Forcing, Humidity Forcing, Ocean Evaporation, CO2 theory

In this paper we provide a novel approach to explaining global warming as being significantly due to Urban Heat Islands (UHI). We present an overview of using two simple equations, Earth's energy budget and the black body equation we can find that with just a quarter percent of albedo decrease due to cities and roads from 1950 to 2019, we can explain 25% of global warming. Add to this the amplification effects and it becomes even more significant. In part this calculation is done since the IPCC and world leaders have not set any albedo goals. We show that this causes a major risk to the Earth's population in only setting CO2 goals.
Category: Climate Research

Nle-Lepton V4.2: Software to Find Polynomial-Like Formulas for Fermion Masses

Authors: Kevin Loch
Comments: 5 Pages.

nle-lepton is an software program that searches for polynomial-like non-linear equations with three real, positive roots representing the charged lepton masses. A formula of this type might explain why there are three generations of ordinary matter and give insight into the underlying physics of fermion Higgs field Yukawa couplings.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Artificial Neural Network Model MaxEnt

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 57 Pages.

As an example, in the most commonly used method for solving such problems, the so-called maximum entropy (MaxEnt) approach, prior knowledge is added by specifying a default distribution that corresponds to expected results in the absence of data. [32] MIT neuroscientists have performed the most rigorous testing yet of computational models that mimic the brain's visual cortex. [31] For people with hearing loss, it can very difficult to understand and separate voices in noisy environments. This problem may soon be history thanks to a new groundbreaking algorithm that is designed to recognise and separate voices efficiently in unknown sound environments. [30] While researchers have taken steps to HYPERLINK "https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00023992" comprehensively catalogue the preferences of men and women, we still don't know which traits are the most important contributors to a person's attractiveness. [29] A group of researchers from MIT have already developed an AI robot that can assist in a labour room. [28] Researchers at Fukuoka University, in Japan, have recently proposed a design methodology for configurable approximate arithmetic circuits. [27] Researchers at Google have recently developed a new technique for synthesizing a motion blurred image, using a pair of un-blurred images captured in succession. [26] Constructing a neural network model for each new dataset is the ultimate nightmare for every data scientist. [25] Algorithmic fairness is increasingly important because as more decisions of greater importance are made by computer programs, the potential for harm grows. [24] Intel's Gadi Singer believes his most important challenge is his latest: using artificial intelligence (AI) to reshape scientific exploration. [23] Artificial intelligence is astonishing in its potential. It will be more transformative than the PC and the Internet. Already it is poised to solve some of our biggest challenges. [22] In the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI), we've often looked for signs of intelligence, technology and communication that are similar to our own. [21]
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Light-Sheet Fluorescence Imaging

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 80 Pages.

An arsenal of advanced microscopy tools is now available to provide high-quality visualization of cells and organisms in 3-D and has thus substantiated our understanding the complex biological systems and functions. [45] The quantum electrodynamic process of photon–photon scattering has for the first time been confirmed experimentally to a high degree of certainty. [44] Single photons can be an essential qubit source for these applications. [43] Engineers at the University of California San Diego have developed the thinnest optical device in the world—a waveguide that is three layers of atoms thin. [42]
Category: Quantum Physics

SR-FACT Microscopy Cellular Organelle

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 61 Pages.

SR-FACT visualizes both the cellular landscape and the molecular identity of live cells. [38] Using a familiar tool in a way it was never intended to be used opens up a whole new method to explore materials, report UConn researchers in Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. [37] "We put the optical microscope under a microscope to achieve accuracy near the atomic scale," said NIST's Samuel Stavis, who served as the project leader for these efforts. [36] Researchers have designed an interferometer that works with magnetic quasiparticles called magnons, rather than photons as in conventional interferometers. [35] A technique to manipulate electrons with light could bring quantum computing up to room temperature. [34] The USTC Microcavity Research Group in the Key Laboratory of Quantum Information has perfected a 4-port, all-optically controlled non-reciprocal multifunctional photonic device based on a magnetic-field-free optomechanical resonator. [33] To address this technology gap, a team of engineers from the National University of Singapore (NUS) has developed an innovative microchip, named BATLESS, that can continue to operate even when the battery runs out of energy. [32] Stanford researchers have developed a water-based battery that could provide a cheap way to store wind or solar energy generated when the sun is shining and wind is blowing so it can be fed back into the electric grid and be redistributed when demand is high. [31] Researchers at AMOLF and the University of Texas have circumvented this problem with a vibrating glass ring that interacts with light. They thus created a microscale circulator that directionally routes light on an optical chip without using magnets. [30] Researchers have discovered three distinct variants of magnetic domain walls in the helimagnet iron germanium (FeGe). [29] Magnetic materials that form helical structures-coiled shapes comparable to a spiral staircase or the double helix strands of a DNA molecule-occasionally exhibit exotic behavior that could improve information processing in hard drives and other digital devices. [28]
Category: Physics of Biology

How Physicists Failed to Recognize the Failure of Modern Physics

Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 7 Pages.

The belief in the absolute correctness of the foundational concepts in modern physics and the perceived beauty of the constructions based on those concepts has prevented physicists from waking up to the reality that modern physics has gone a long way in the wrong direction. Physics has long run into complex problems: dark matter, dark energy, black holes, string theory, multiverse, . . . . Physicists are searching for yet more complex, highly mathematical and abstract solutions having no connection with the real world. Losing sight of simple yet subtle solutions may have led to this situation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Intelligent Particle Analyzer

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 83 Pages.

In a new paper published in Light Science & Application, a team of European scientists and engineers from ICFO and IRIS in Spain, Ipsumio B.V. in the Netherlands, the Technical University of Denmark, the Technische Universität Dresden in Germany and the University of Leeds in the UK, has developed a new micro-particle size analyser by combining consumer electronics products and artificial intelligence. [50] Researchers in Australia have found a way to manipulate laser light at a fraction of the cost of current technology. [49] The proposed design breaks the current bandwidth limit in the transmission-type coding metasurfaces, indicating wide application potentials in radar and wireless communication systems. [48] In a similar vein, scientists are working to create twisting helical electromagnetic waves whose curvature allows more accurate imaging of the magnetic properties of different materials at the atomic level and could possibly lead to the development of future devices. [47] In a recent study, materials scientists Guojin Liang and his coworkers at the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, have developed a self-healing, electroluminescent (EL) device that can repair or heal itself after damage. [46] A team of researchers based at The University of Manchester have found a low cost method for producing graphene printed electronics, which significantly speeds up and reduces the cost of conductive graphene inks. [45] Graphene-based computer components that can deal in terahertz "could be used, not in a normal Macintosh or PC, but perhaps in very advanced computers with high processing rates," Ozaki says. This 2-D material could also be used to make extremely high-speed nanodevices, he adds. [44] Printed electronics use standard printing techniques to manufacture electronic devices on different substrates like glass, plastic films, and paper. [43] A tiny laser comprising an array of nanoscale semiconductor cylinders (see image) has been made by an all-A*STAR team. [42]
Category: Artificial Intelligence

UV Laser Mirror Coating

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 75 Pages.

The demand for laser-resistant mirror coatings is increasing in inertial confinement fusion, extreme light infrastructure and other laser applications. [47] Laser-induced graphene (LIG), a flaky foam of the atom-thick carbon, has many interesting properties on its own but gains new powers as part of a composite. [46] A team of researchers based at The University of Manchester have found a low cost method for producing graphene printed electronics, which significantly speeds up and reduces the cost of conductive graphene inks. [45]
Category: Quantum Physics

Nuclear Wobbling in Isotope of Gold

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 38 Pages.

But University of Notre Dame researchers and collaborators recently discovered that the nuclei also wobble on their intermediate axes. [29] Physicists at the TU Darmstadt and their collaboration partners have performed laser spectroscopy on cadmium isotopes to confirm an improved model of the atomic nucleus. [28] Protons in neutron-rich nuclei have a higher average energy than previously thought, according to a new analysis of electron scattering data that was first collected in 2004. [27] Physics textbooks might have to be updated now that an international research team has found evidence of an unexpected transition in the structure of atomic nuclei. [26] The group led by Fabrizio Carbone at EPFL and international colleagues have used ultrafast transmission electron microscopy to take attosecond energy-momentum resolved snapshots (1 attosecond = 10-18 or quintillionths of a second) of a free-electron wave function. [25] Now, physicists are working toward getting their first CT scans of the inner workings of the nucleus. [24] The process of the sticking together of quarks, called hadronisation, is still poorly understood. [23] In experimental campaigns using the OMEGA EP laser at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE) at the University of Rochester, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), University of California San Diego (UCSD) and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) researchers took radiographs of the shock front, similar to the X-ray radiology in hospitals with protons instead of X-rays. [22] Researchers generate proton beams using a combination of nanoparticles and laser light. [21] Devices based on light, rather than electrons, could revolutionize the speed and security of our future computers. However, one of the major challenges in today's physics is the design of photonic devices, able to transport and switch light through circuits in a stable way. [20] Researchers characterize the rotational jiggling of an optically levitated nanoparticle, showing how this motion could be cooled to its quantum ground state. [19] Researchers have created quantum states of light whose noise level has been "squeezed" to a record low. [18]
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Topological Quantum Periodic Motion

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 52 Pages.

Scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy's Ames Laboratory have discovered that applying vibrational motion in a periodic manner may be the key to preventing dissipations of the desired electron states that would make advanced quantum computing and spintronics possible. [34] For the first time, a group of researchers from Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IBM, ETH Zurich, MIT and Harvard University have observed topological phases of matter of quantum states under the action of temperature or certain types of experimental imperfections. [33] With their insensitivity to decoherence, Majorana particles could become stable building blocks of quantum computers. [32] A team of researchers at the University of Maryland has found a new way to route photons at the micrometer scale without scattering by building a topological quantum optics interface. [31] Researchers at the University of Bristol's Quantum Engineering Technology Labs have demonstrated a new type of silicon chip that can help building and testing quantum computers and could find their way into your mobile phone to secure information. [30] Theoretical physicists propose to use negative interference to control heat flow in quantum devices. [29] Particle physicists are studying ways to harness the power of the quantum realm to further their research. [28] A fundamental barrier to scaling quantum computing machines is "qubit interference." In new research published in Science Advances, engineers and physicists from Rigetti Computing describe a breakthrough that can expand the size of practical quantum processors by reducing interference. [26] The search and manipulation of novel properties emerging from the quantum nature of matter could lead to next-generation electronics and quantum computers. [25]
Category: Quantum Physics

Combine Laser and Terahertz Waves

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 77 Pages.

A team of physicists at the University of Sussex has successfully developed the first nonlinear camera capable of capturing high-resolution images of the interior of solid objects using terahertz (THz) radiation. [48] The demand for laser-resistant mirror coatings is increasing in inertial confinement fusion, extreme light infrastructure and other laser applications. [47] Laser-induced graphene (LIG), a flaky foam of the atom-thick carbon, has many interesting properties on its own but gains new powers as part of a composite. [46]
Category: Quantum Physics

Sensors Enhancing Human Touch

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 45 Pages.

The sensor has remarkable sensitivity, allowing the wearer to detect the light brush of a feather, the touch of a flower petal, water droplets falling on a finger and even a wire too small to be seen. [28] Imagine a future technology that would provide instant access to the world's knowledge and artificial intelligence, simply by thinking about a specific topic or question. [27] Just like living ecosystems, web services form a complex artificial system consisting of tags and the user-generated media associated with them, such as photographs, movies and web pages. [26]
Category: Physics of Biology

Nanomaterials for DNA Diagnostics

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 33 Pages.

Led by MIPT's Maxim Nikitin, the team published a paper in ACS Nano, presenting a smart material with unique properties, which holds promise for express DNA analysis and next-generation drugs against cancer and other serious diseases. [16] IBS scientists have reported a novel targeting strategy that allows deep tumor penetration of drug-loaded nanoparticles. [15] In the journal PNAS this week, researchers at Boston Children's Hospital and MIT show that these mini-antibodies, shrunk further to create so-called nanobodies, may help solve a problem in the cancer field: making CAR T-cell therapies work in solid tumors. [14]
Category: Physics of Biology

Goedelian Encryption & Goldbach's Conjecture

Authors: Paris Rose Miles-Brenden
Comments: 8 Pages. Riemann Zeta Elimination Encryption Goedel Hypothesis Solution 2020

In qualitative terms the assumptive of mathematics is 'therefore'. To what would equivalently dissuade one from a problem; there is with immediacy a necessity to solution; to which is founded on a principle; or two... then to what we ponder of infinity and cognition; the realization of which is two. For then in balance and equipartition there is a modicum of folly to the arrow of balance; but of it's twin; it is suggestive that numbers may be thought or written; transcribed or copied. This principle stems bidirectionally the suggestion of twin's; and at it's base; founds a world free of theft; for of what is difference of accumen; the final truth of logic; that when assailed; a problem fall's way naturally when it will; but otherwise as alone only when properly expressed in the form of a solution; the joining; again therefore.
Category: Number Theory

Correction to Maxwell's Equations

Authors: Eric Su
Comments: 5 Pages. Note that the author does not read Disqus comments here, please respond by email. Including a list of publications is also a healthy gesture..

Maxwell's equations are examined specifically with a segment of electric current under Biot-Savart law and a single charge under Gauss' law. The line integral of the magnetic field is verified to be different from the surface integral of the curl of magnetic field because the magnetic field of Biot-Savart law diverges. Faraday's induction law is examined by inserting a capacitor into the coil loop to measure the voltage. The electric field inside the capacitor is directly proportional to the time derivative of magnetic flux. An optional capacitor is also attached to the end of the straight segment of electric wire. The time derivative of the electric field inside the capacitor is verified to be proportional to the line integral of the magnetic field from the electric current. Multiple corrections are made to Maxwell's equations.
Category: Classical Physics

Why Mercury Day Period = 4222.6 Hours?

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 5 Pages.

-A light travels with velocity =1.16 mkm/sec, passes a distance = Jupiter orbital circumference (4900 mkm) during a period =4224 seconds -The period 4224 seconds is transported from the light motion at Jupiter orbital circumference to Mercury motion in form 4224 hours -This transportation of period is done because Mercury receive its energy from Jupiter –as we have discussed before- -So Mercury Day should be =4224 hours resulting of Jupiter effect on Mercury motion. Why Mercury day = 4222.6 hours and Not 4224 hours?! -Another Planet effected on Mercury motion and caused this change ! -This planet is Pluto How to explain that?? -We know Mercury Energy =86400 mkm – which is sent from Jupiter -86400 mkm = 17.2 x 5040 (where 17.2 degrees = Pluto Orbital Inclination) -That causes Mercury Day Period to be decreased with 5040 seconds Are there any proof? -Light with velocity 1.16 mkm/sec travels during 5040 seconds a distance = 5846mkm (=Mercury Pluto Distance) But -Mercury moves during 346.6 days (nodal year) a distance =1433.5 mkm (=Saturn orbital distance) but Mercury moves during 1433.5 mkm a distance = 5846 mkm (Mercury Pluto Distance) - Mercury motion is a series follows the light motion. Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

Devil and Muzzle

Authors: A.I.Somsikov
Comments: 2 Pages. -

The probable etymology is offered
Category: Linguistics

Electromagnetic Beam Forming

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 79 Pages.

The proposed design breaks the current bandwidth limit in the transmission-type coding metasurfaces, indicating wide application potentials in radar and wireless communication systems. [48] In a similar vein, scientists are working to create twisting helical electromagnetic waves whose curvature allows more accurate imaging of the magnetic properties of different materials at the atomic level and could possibly lead to the development of future devices. [47]
Category: Quantum Physics

Supramolecular Linkages

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 25 Pages.

Supramolecular Linkages NUS biophysicists have developed a manipulation assay that can quantify the mechanical stability and biochemical regulations of inter-molecular interactions at the single-molecule level. [19] Now, a team of researchers led by Dongsheng Li, a materials scientist at PNNL, and collaborators at the University of Michigan and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, have unlocked the secret to one of the most useful nanostructures: the five-fold twin. [18] The researchers have generated femtosecond laser pulses, with tailor-made, temporally varying polarizations, which are themselves chiral. [17] The scientists identified a shortlist, a kind of "periodic table" of the most designable knot types, i.e. those knots that could easily self-assemble under appropriate physical and chemical conditions. [16] Scientists have now observed for the first time how diamonds grow from seed at an atomic level, and discovered just how big the seeds need to be to kick the crystal growing process into overdrive. [15] The researchers engineered diamond strings that can be tuned to quiet a qubit's environment and improve memory from tens to several hundred nanoseconds, enough time to do many operations on a quantum chip. [14] Intel has announced the design and fabrication of a 49-qubit superconducting quantum-processor chip at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas. To improve our understanding of the so-called quantum properties of materials, scientists at the TU Delft investigated thin slices of SrIrO3, a material that belongs to the family of complex oxides. [12] New research carried out by CQT researchers suggest that standard protocols that measure the dimensions of quantum systems may return incorrect numbers. [11] Is entanglement really necessary for describing the physical world, or is it possible to have some post-quantum theory without entanglement? [10] A trio of scientists who defied Einstein by proving the nonlocal nature of quantum entanglement will be honoured with the John Stewart Bell Prize from the University of Toronto (U of T). [9] While physicists are continually looking for ways to unify the theory of relativity, which describes large-scale phenomena, with quantum theory, which describes small-scale phenomena, computer scientists are searching for technologies to build the quantum computer using Quantum Information. In August 2013, the achievement of "fully deterministic" quantum teleportation, using a hybrid technique, was reported. On 29 May 2014, scientists announced a reliable way of transferring data by quantum teleportation. Quantum teleportation of data had been done before but with highly unreliable methods. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the Wave-Particle Duality and the electron's spin also, building the Bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions by the diffraction patterns. The Weak Interaction changes the diffraction patterns by moving the electric charge from one side to the other side of the diffraction pattern, which violates the CP and Time reversal symmetry. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the Relativistic Quantum Theory and making possible to build the Quantum Computer with the help of Quantum Information.
Category: Physics of Biology

Shape Light for Industry

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 81 Pages.

Researchers in Australia have found a way to manipulate laser light at a fraction of the cost of current technology. [49] The proposed design breaks the current bandwidth limit in the transmission-type coding metasurfaces, indicating wide application potentials in radar and wireless communication systems. [48] In a similar vein, scientists are working to create twisting helical electromagnetic waves whose curvature allows more accurate imaging of the magnetic properties of different materials at the atomic level and could possibly lead to the development of future devices. [47]
Category: Quantum Physics

Lensless On-Chip Microscopy

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 83 Pages.

Guoan Zheng, a University of Connecticut professor of biomedical engineering, recently published his findings on a successful demonstration of a lensless on-chip microscopy platform in Lab on a Chip. [50] Researchers in Australia have found a way to manipulate laser light at a fraction of the cost of current technology. [49] The proposed design breaks the current bandwidth limit in the transmission-type coding metasurfaces, indicating wide application potentials in radar and wireless communication systems. [48]
Category: Quantum Physics

Perovskite Single-Photon Response

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 30 Pages.

Yu-Hwa Lo and colleagues at the University of California in San Diego (UCSD) now report on systematic investigations of how these devices respond to light for frequencies varying over eight orders of magnitude and power ranging from millions to single photons. [20] A new joint Tel Aviv University (TAU) and Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) study published in Nature Communications on February 28 demonstrates remarkable continuous lasing action in devices made from perovskites. [19] Efficient near-infrared (NIR) light-emitting diodes of perovskite have been produced in a laboratory at Linköping University. The external quantum efficiency is 21.6 percent, which is a record. The results have been published in Nature Photonics. [18] Very recently, an NTU team lead by Assoc. Prof. Wang Hong, demonstrated high light extraction efficiency of perovskite photonic crystals fabricated by delicate electron-beam lithography. [17] A quasiparticle is a disturbance or excitation (e.g. spin waves, bubbles, etc.) that behaves as a particle and could therefore be regarded as one. Long-range interactions between quasiparticles can give rise to a 'drag,' which affects the fundamental properties of many systems in condensed matter physics. [16] Researchers have recently been also interested in the utilization of antiferromagnets, which are materials without macroscopic magnetization but with a staggered orientation of their microscopic magnetic moments. [15] A new method that precisely measures the mysterious behavior and magnetic properties of electrons flowing across the surface of quantum materials could open a path to next-generation electronics. [14] The emerging field of spintronics aims to exploit the spin of the electron. [13] In a new study, researchers measure the spin properties of electronic states produced in singlet fission-a process which could have a central role in the future development of solar cells. [12] In some chemical reactions both electrons and protons move together. When they transfer, they can move concertedly or in separate steps. Light-induced reactions of this sort are particularly relevant to biological systems, such as Photosystem II where plants use photons from the sun to convert water into oxygen. [11]
Category: Quantum Physics

Structure Model of Helium Nucleus-4

Authors: Michael Tzoumpas
Comments: 9 Pages.

The atomic nuclei have been structured through two fundamental phenomena. The inverse electric field of the proton and the electric entity of the macroscopically neutral neutron. Specically, the above inverse field causes the nuclear force and the nuclear antigravity one. These forces, along with the experimental constants of the spin, the magnetic moment and the mass deficit of the nucleons, are the fundamental elements that have created the deuterium, the tritium, the helium-3 and the helium-4. This last nucleus, the helium-4, is the most stable in the Nature, with which all the nuclei of the periodic table have been constructed in the core of the stars.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Hierarchical Clustering Analyses of MTS Glow Curves

Authors: Elena Naumovska, Aleksandar Krleski, Ivana Sandeva, Hristina Spasevska
Comments: 11 Pages.

The aim of this research paper is to study the parameters which indicate changes in the TL materials’ microstructure when exposed to irradiation. To this end we perform glow curve deconvolutions of the MTS dosimeters in the R programming language, using the OTOR model based on the Lambert W function. The obtained parameters of the activation energy and the ratio between retrapping and recombination probabilities are then used as input parameters for hierarchical clustering analyses from which unusual properties of the dosimeters have been observed.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

There's A Light Beam Travels With 1.16 mkm per sec (III)

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 7 Pages.

More Proves For The Argument " There's A Light Beam travels With 1.16 mkm/Sec", 1-The inner planets orbital distances can't be created if there's no light beam travels with 1.16 mkm/sec in the universe. 2-The distances between Jupiter and the inner planets can't be created if there's no light beam travels with 1.16 mkm/sec 3-Pluto can't be stayed in the solar system if there's no light beam travels with 1.16 mkm/sec 4-Shortly, the solar system without a light beam travels with 1.16 mkm/sec should be destroyed. Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

Spin-Rotation Quantum Coupling

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 65 Pages.

After years of preparation, a team at the TU Wien managed to conduct an experiment in which the spin of a neutron traverses through a region with a rotating magnetic field. [41] "The so-called 'quantum thermodynamics' are currently under development," Roberto Serra, one of the researchers who carried out the study, told Phys.org. [40] A team of scientists from the Research Center "Fundamental Problems of Thermophysics and Mechanics," of Samara Polytech is engaged in the construction of new mathematical models and the search for methods for their study in relation to a wide range of local nonequilibrium transport processes in various physical systems. [39] Researchers at the Center for Soft and Living Matter, within the Institute for Basic Science (IBS, South Korea) found that the temperature increase caused by the probe beam could be utilized to generate a signal per se for detecting objects. [38] Scientists at the University of Würzburg have been able to boost current super-resolution microscopy by a novel tweak. [37] "We put the optical microscope under a microscope to achieve accuracy near the atomic scale," said NIST's Samuel Stavis, who served as the project leader for these efforts. [36] Researchers have designed an interferometer that works with magnetic quasiparticles called magnons, rather than photons as in conventional interferometers. [35] A technique to manipulate electrons with light could bring quantum computing up to room temperature. [34] The USTC Microcavity Research Group in the Key Laboratory of Quantum Information has perfected a 4-port, all-optically controlled non-reciprocal multifunctional photonic device based on a magnetic-field-free optomechanical resonator. [33] To address this technology gap, a team of engineers from the National University of Singapore (NUS) has developed an innovative microchip, named BATLESS, that can continue to operate even when the battery runs out of energy. [32] Stanford researchers have developed a water-based battery that could provide a cheap way to store wind or solar energy generated when the sun is shining and wind is blowing so it can be fed back into the electric grid and be redistributed when demand is high. [31]
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Devices Correcting

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 45 Pages.

A new approach developed by researchers at MIT could provide a significant step forward in quantum error correction. [31] EU-funded scientists have succeeded in redefining the ampere in terms of fundamental constants of physics. [30] Tarucha, the leader of the team, says, "This is a very exciting finding, as it could potentially help to accelerate research into scaling up semiconductor quantum computers, allowing us to solve scientific problems that are very tough on conventional computer systems." [29] Physicists at Saarland University in Saarbrücken, Germany, have succeeded in entangling a single atom with a single photon in the telecom wavelength range. [28] A team of physicists from ICTP-Trieste and IQOQI-Innsbruck has come up with a surprisingly simple idea to investigate quantum entanglement of many particles. [27] For the first time, physicists have experimentally demonstrated ternary-rather than binary-quantum correlations between entangled objects.
Category: Quantum Physics

Ultrafast Transfer of Electrons

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 53 Pages.

Microstructure Physics have disentangled how laser pulses can manipulate magnetization via ultrafast transfer of electrons between atoms. [31] KAIST researchers have reported the detection of a picosecond electron motion in a silicon transistor. [30] In quantum physics, some of the most interesting effects are the result of interferences. [29] When Nebraska's Herman Batelaan and colleagues recently submitted a research paper that makes the case for the existence of a non-Newtonian, quantum force, the journal asked that they place "force" firmly within quotes. [28]
Category: Quantum Physics

Helical Soft-X-ray Beams

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 47 Pages.

The ARCNL team now demonstrates that by inserting a specially designed structure into the beam path, the light can be diffracted in such a way that its OAM properties are modified. [36] In a new study published Aug. 17 in Nature Communications, Nemsak, Fadley, Schneider and colleagues demonstrate the use of new techniques in X-ray spectroscopy to illuminate the internal structure of manganese-doped gallium arsenide. [35] With the publication of the first experimental measurements performed at the facility, the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (EuXFEL) has passed another critical milestone since its launch in September 2017. [34]
Category: Quantum Physics

On Some Ramanujan’s Class Invariants: Mathematical Connections with the Golden Ratio Linked to the Various Equations Concerning Some Sectors of Cosmology.

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 60 Pages.

The aim of this paper is to show the mathematical connections between the Ramanujan’s Class Invariants, the Golden Ratio and some expression of various topics of Cosmology
Category: Mathematical Physics

Hunts for Dyons

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 49 Pages.

A magnetic monopole is a theoretical particle with a magnetic charge. Give it an electric charge, and you get another theoretical beast, dubbed a dyon. [32] Such devices would use magnetic films and superconducting thin films to deploy and manipulate magnetic monopoles to sort and store data based on the north or south direction of their poles-analogous to the ones and zeros in conventional magnetic storage devices. [31] The vacuum is filled with quantum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field-virtual photons that pop in and out of existence-that are assumed to behave in the same way. To make the plates repulsive and tunable, Wilczek and Stockholm University colleague Qing-Dong Jiang inserted a material between the plates that breaks this behavior. [30] In terms of physics, the interiors of neutron stars, cold atomic gasses and nuclear systems all have one thing in common: they are gaseous systems made up of highly interactive, superfluid fermions. [29] Engineers at MIT and Penn State University have found that under the right conditions, ordinary clear water droplets on a transparent surface can produce brilliant colors, without the addition of inks or dyes. [28]
Category: Quantum Physics

Determinacy, Chance, Freedom

Authors: Jeremy Fiennes
Comments: 24 Pages.

We conceive the universe as determinate, subject always to the Laws of Nature. We cannot prove this, but it can be shown to be our only viable opption. In which case there is no such thing as chance, and objectively speaking we are all determined. But since in practice we cannot predict the universe's future course – principally because we ourselves are part of it – subjectively we experience the universe as indeterminate and ourselves as free.
Category: Quantum Physics

Statistical Principles of Natural Philosophy

Authors: Tao Guo
Comments: 74 Pages.

Currently, natural philosophy (Physics) lacks the most fundamental model and a complete set of self-consistent explanations. This article attempts to discuss several issues related to this lack. Starting from the most basic philosophical paradoxes, I deduce a physical model (the natural philosophical outlook) to describe the laws governing the operation of the universe. Based on this model, a mathematical model is established to describe the generalized diffusion behavior of a moving particle swarm, and its simple verification is carried out. In this article, the gravitational force and relativistic effects are interpreted for the first time as a statistical effect of randomly moving particles. Thus, the gravitational force and special relativistic effects are integrated into a single equation (achieved by selecting an initial wave function with a specific norm when solving it), and the cause of stable particle formation is also revealed. The derived equation and the method of acquiring the initial wave function are fully self-consistent with the hypotheses stated in the physical model, thereby also proving the reliability of the physical model to some extent. Some of these ideas may have potential value as a basis for understanding the essence of quantum mechanics, relativity and superstring theory, as well as for gaining a further understanding of nature and the manufacture of quantum computers.
Category: Quantum Physics

光子的互能流理论的回顾(Review of Photon's Theory of Mutual Energy Flow)

Authors: Shuangren Zhao
Comments: 23 Pages.

互能流理论简称“互能论”是包括互能定理，互能流定理互能原理，自能原理的一套从微观到宏观的电磁理论。该理论的目的是告诉我们光子是怎样由波构成的。宏观的电磁波又是怎样由光子进一步构成。因此对量子力学的波粒二象性悖论给出了一个很好的解决方案。按照互能论，构成光子的波有滞后波，超前波，还有两个时间反转波。滞后波超前波满足麦克斯韦方程。滞后波同超前波叠加其能流由两部分互能流和自能流构成。自能流是滞后波自身的能量流和超前波自身的能量流。互能流是滞后波同超前波的相互作用的附加能量流。自能原理告诉我们电磁场有两个时间反转波抵消了滞后波的自能流和超前波的自能流。这样自能流不传递能量。因此光源发出的滞后波是概率波，不是能流波。能量只是由互能流传递的。互能流经过归一化构成光子。因此能量流是由光子携带。互能流满足互能定理，和互能流定理。互能定理告诉我们，辐射源电荷的滞后波对吸收体电荷做的功正好等于吸收体产生的超前波在辐射体上吸允的功。互能流定理告诉我们在辐射体同吸收体之间有一个能量流，这个能量流所携带的能量通过在辐射体同吸收体之间的任何一个截面都是相同的。从互能原理可以推导互能定理，互能流定理，麦克斯韦方程，时间反转的麦克斯韦方程。互能原理，自能原理是这套电磁场理论的新公理。本文回顾作者完成这套理论的全过程。这个过程分为两个部分，第一部分是作者1987年到1989年间发表的互能定理。第二部分是2014年开始到2019年作者第二次进入这个课题最终彻底完成的互能论。在完成了电磁场的互能论后，作者把这一理论也推广到量子力学。这样任何一给粒子都是由互能流构成的。互能流是由对应粒子的波比如满足薛定谔方程的波的滞后波同超前波构成的。归一化后互能流就是粒子。构成粒子也有时间反转波。时间反转波抵消了所有自能流的能流，使得波成为概率波，而非能量波。能量是由粒子传递。反粒子由时间反转波的互能流构成。粒子的情况同光子近似。 The theory of mutual energy flow referred to as "mutual energy theory" is a set of electromagnetic theories from micro to macro including the theory of mutual energy, the principle of mutual energy, and the principle of self energy. The purpose of this theory is to tell us how photons are made up of waves. Therefore, a good solution is given to the wave-particle duality paradox of quantum mechanics. According to the theory of mutual energy, the waves that make up a photon include a retarded wave, an advanced wave, and two time-reversing waves. The retarded wave and the advanced wave satisfy the Maxwell equation. The energy flow of a retarded wave and an advanced wave is composed of two parts of a mutual energy flow and a self-energy flow. The self-energy flow is the energy flow of the retarded wave itself and the energy flow of the advanced wave itself. Mutual energy flow is the energy flow that interacts with a retarded wave and an advanced wave. The principle of self-energy tells us that two time-reversed waves in an electromagnetic field cancel out the self-energy flow of the retarded wave and the self-energy flow of the advanced wave. In this way, self-energy flow does not transfer energy. Therefore, electromagnetic waves are probability waves, not energy waves. Energy is only transferred by mutual energy flow. Mutual energy flows are normalized to form photons. So the energy flow is carried by photons. The mutual energy flow satisfies the mutual energy theorem, and the mutual energy flow theorem. The mutual energy theorem tells us that the work of the retarded wave of the emitting source charge on the charge of the absorber is exactly equal to the work that the advanced wave generated by the absorber absorbs on the emitter. The mutual energy flow theorem tells us that there is an energy flow between the emitter and the absorber. The energy carried by this energy flow is the same through any cross section between the emitter and the absorber. By using the principle of mutual energy, the mutual energy theorem, the mutual energy flow theorem, Maxwell's equation, and Maxwell's equation of time reversal can be derived. The principle of mutual energy and the principle of self-energy are the new axioms of this electromagnetic field theory. This article reviews the author's entire process of completing this theory. This process is divided into two parts. The first part is the mutual energy theorem published by the author from 1987 to 1989. The second part is the theory of mutual energy that the author entered this topic for the second time from 2014 to 2019. After completing the theory of mutual energy of electromagnetic fields, the author extended this theory to quantum mechanics. In this way, any given particles are composed of mutual energy flows. The mutual energy flow is composed of the retarded wave and the advanced wave of the wave of the corresponding particle, such as a wave satisfying the Schrodinger equation. The normalized mutual energy flow is the particle. The constituent particles also have time-reversed waves. Time-reversed waves cancel out all the energy flows of the self-energy flow, making the wave a probability wave rather than an energy wave. Energy is delivered by particles. Antiparticles consist of a mutual energy flow of time-reversed waves. The situation of particles is similar to that of photons.
Category: Quantum Physics

On Some Ramanujan’s Functions: Mathematical Connections with Various Equations Concerning Some Sectors of Particle Physics and Black Hole Physics. II

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 88 Pages.

The aim of this paper is to show the mathematical connections between some Ramanujan’s functions and some expression of various topics of Particle Physics and Black Hole Physics
Category: Mathematical Physics

CT Traces Coronavirus

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 48 Pages.

An ongoing investigation into the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak has characterized the most common CT findings associated with the virus and identified possible markers of disease progression several days after the onset of symptoms. [27] To diagnose and treat diseases like cancer, scientists and doctors must understand how cells respond to different medical conditions and treatments. [26] Following its recent release of a massive database of chest X-rays, the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) has now made nearly 10,600 CT scans publicly available to support the development and testing of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms for medical applications. [25] AI combined with stem cells promises a faster approach to disease prevention. Andrew Masterson reports. According to product chief Trystan Upstill, the news app "uses the best of artificial intelligence to find the best of human intelligence-the great reporting done by journalists around the globe." [23] Artificial intelligence is astonishing in its potential. It will be more transformative than the PC and the Internet. Already it is poised to solve some of our biggest challenges. [22] In the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI), we've often looked for signs of intelligence, technology and communication that are similar to our own. [21] Call it an aMAZE -ing development: A U.K.-based team of researchers has developed an artificial intelligence program that can learn to take shortcuts through a labyrinth to reach its goal. In the process, the program developed structures akin to those in the human brain. [20] And as will be presented today at the 25th annual meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience networks to enhance their understanding of one of the most elusive intelligence systems, the human brain. [19] U.S. Army Research Laboratory scientists have discovered a way to leverage emerging brain-like computer architectures for an age-old number-theoretic problem known as integer factorization. [18]
Category: Physics of Biology

Experimental Evidence of E≠mc2

Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
Comments: 3 Pages. In version 3 the relativistic kinetic energy has been incorporated

Presented measured energies of cosmic rays prove themselves that the expression E= mc2, as well as the expression for the relativistic kinetic energy, is untenable.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Topological Quantum Machine Learning

Authors: Alex Mott, Joshua Job, Jean-roch Vlimant, Daniel Lidar, Maria Spiropulu
Comments: 6 Pages.

The discovery of Higgs-boson decays in a background of standard-model processes was assisted by machine learning methods. The classifiers used to separate signals such as these from background are trained using highly unerring but not completely perfect simulations of the physical processes involved, often resulting in incorrect labelling of background processes or signals (label noise) and systematic errors. Here we use quantum and classical annealing (probabilistic techniques for approximating the global maximum or minimum of a given function) to solve a Higgs-signal-versus-background machine learning optimization problem, mapped to a problem of finding the ground state of a corresponding Ising spin model. We build a set of weak classifiers based on the kinematic observables of the Higgs decay photons, which we then use to construct a strong classifier. This strong classifier is highly resilient against overtraining and against errors in the correlations of the physical observables in the training data. We show that the resulting quantum and classical annealing-based classifier systems perform comparably to the state-of-the-art machine learning methods that are currently used in particle physics9,10. However, in contrast to these methods, the annealing-based classifiers are simple functions of directly interpretable experimental parameters with clear physical meaning. The annealer-trained classifiers use the excited states in the vicinity of the ground state and demonstrate some advantage over traditional machine learning methods for small training datasets. Given the relative simplicity of the algorithm and its robustness to error, this technique may find application in other areas of experimental particle physics, such as real-time decision making in event-selection problems and classification in neutrino physics.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Hamiltonian of the F(R) Gravity

Authors: Faisal Amin Yassein Abdelmohssin, Osman. M. H. El Mekki
Comments: 11 Pages.

We derived the Hamiltonian of the source free f (R) gravity from its Euler-Poisson equation. Interpreting it as energy, we have shown that it vanishes for linear Lagrangians in Ricci scalar curvature without source, which is the same result, obtained using the stress-energy tensor equation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

To Dig and Hoard, Spear and a Copy

Authors: A.I.Somsikov
Comments: 7 Pages. -

Etymology of the Russian Bush of words is considered
Category: Linguistics

The Lorentz Transformation Equation Applies to Objects in a Circular Motion, Its Answer Being Centrifugal Accelerations Influence on Atomic Half Life.

Authors: Iain Smith
Comments: 10 Pages.

When trying to calculate the GR and SR daily adjustment to the USNO's GPS satellites onboard clock frequencies, but only using the gravitational and centrifugal accelerations applying, I noticed that if you start with the general relativity factor = gR/c² and substitute g for half the centrifugal acceleration v²/R you arrive at the SR Lorentz transformation factor - gR/c² = v²/2R x R/c² = v²/2c² The Lorentz transformations original derivation is based on linear vector motions and the need for time dilation to reconcile the constancy c across different reference frames. As this v²/2c² factor provides a valid and correct adjustment to GPS time keeping, one of these competing derivations is likely to be a representation of reality, but the other one must be a coincidental hoax. This paper argues that the Lorentz derivation is likely to be the hoax.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Neutron Electric Dipole Moment

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 30 Pages.

The latest research has been carried out by a pan-European collaboration led by Guillaume Pignol of the University of Grenoble and Philipp Schmidt-Wellenburg of the Paul Scherrer Institute near Zürich. [18] Scientists using neutron scattering methods to look at the behavior of materials under stress or during phase changes and chemical reactions can view processes from new angles using event-based data. [17] The mineral sample was synthesized by Florida State University graduate student Lianyang Dong. [16] Scientists at the University of Geneva (UNIGE), Switzerland, recently reengineered their data processing, demonstrating that 16 million atoms were entangled in a one-centimetre crystal. [15] The fact that it is possible to retrieve this lost information reveals new insight into the fundamental nature of quantum measurements, mainly by supporting the idea that quantum measurements contain both quantum and classical components. [14] Researchers blur the line between classical and quantum physics by connecting chaos and entanglement. [13] Yale University scientists have reached a milestone in their efforts to extend the durability and dependability of quantum information. [12] Using lasers to make data storage faster than ever. [11] Some three-dimensional materials can exhibit exotic properties that only exist in "lower" dimensions. For example, in one-dimensional chains of atoms that emerge within a bulk sample, electrons can separate into three distinct entities, each carrying information about just one aspect of the electron's identity-spin, charge, or orbit. The spinon, the entity that carries information about electron spin, has been known to control magnetism in certain insulating materials whose electron spins can point in any direction and easily flip direction. Now, a new study just published in Science reveals that spinons are also present in a metallic material in which the orbital movement of electrons around the atomic nucleus is the driving force behind the material's strong magnetism. [10] Currently studying entanglement in condensed matter systems is of great interest. This interest stems from the fact that some behaviors of such systems can only be explained with the aid of entanglement. [9] Researchers from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) and the University of Cambridge in the UK have demonstrated that it is possible to directly generate an electric current in a magnetic material by rotating its magnetization. [8] This paper explains the magnetic effect of the electric current from the observed effects of the accelerating electrons, causing naturally the experienced changes of the electric field potential along the electric wire. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the wave particle duality and the electron's spin also, building the bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The changing acceleration of the electrons explains the created negative electric field of the magnetic induction, the changing relativistic mass and the Gravitational Force, giving a Unified Theory of the physical forces. Taking into account the Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators also, we can explain the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Quantum Effects of Ultracold Ions and Atoms

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 48 Pages.

A new technique that allows researchers to cool ions to ultracold temperatures by placing the ions in contact with an ultracold atomic "buffer gas" has been developed by researchers in the Netherlands. [31] Researchers at EPFL have discovered that the viscosity of solutions of electrically charged polymers dissolved in water is influenced by a quantum effect. [30] In terms of physics, the interiors of neutron stars, cold atomic gasses and nuclear systems all have one thing in common: they are gaseous systems made up of highly interactive, superfluid fermions. [29] Engineers at MIT and Penn State University have found that under the right conditions, ordinary clear water droplets on a transparent surface can produce brilliant colors, without the addition of inks or dyes. [28]
Category: Quantum Physics

Exotic Atomic Nuclei Superfluidity

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 51 Pages.

Recent observations of the internal structure of the rare isotope ruthenium-88 shed new light on the internal structure of atomic nuclei, a breakthrough that could also lead to further insights into how some chemical elements in nature and their isotopes are formed. [32] A new technique that allows researchers to cool ions to ultracold temperatures by placing the ions in contact with an ultracold atomic "buffer gas" has been developed by researchers in the Netherlands. [31] Researchers at EPFL have discovered that the viscosity of solutions of electrically charged polymers dissolved in water is influenced by a quantum effect. [30] In terms of physics, the interiors of neutron stars, cold atomic gasses and nuclear systems all have one thing in common: they are gaseous systems made up of highly interactive, superfluid fermions. [29] Engineers at MIT and Penn State University have found that under the right conditions, ordinary clear water droplets on a transparent surface can produce brilliant colors, without the addition of inks or dyes. [28]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Potential Neutrino Sources

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 62 Pages.

The IceCube Neutrino Observatory, an array of optical modules buried in a cubic kilometer of ice at the South Pole, hunts for cosmic-ray sources inside and outside our galaxy-extending to galaxies more than billions of light years away-using hints from elusive particles called neutrinos. [37] This new measurement constitutes an interesting confirmation of the standard cosmological model which links the production of HYPERLINK "https://phys.org/tags/neutrinos/" neutrinos one second after the Big Bang to the clustering of galaxies billions of years later. [36] The history of the universe is predicated on the idea that, compared to today, the universe was hotter and more symmetric in its early phase. [35] The universe consists of a massive imbalance between matter and antimatter. [34] Our universe could be the mirror image of an antimatter universe extending backwards in time before the Big Bang. [33] "As you celebrate New Year's Day, cast an eye upward and think for a moment about the amazing things our country and our species can do when we set our minds to it," Stern wrote in the New York Times on Monday. [32] Our senses are stuck in the past. There's a flash of lightning, and then seconds pass until we hear the rumble of distant thunder. We hear the past. [31] ESA's technical centre in the Netherlands has begun running a pulsar-based clock. The "PulChron' system measures the passing of time using millisecond-frequency radio pulses from multiple fast-spinning neutron stars. [30] VR is an almost perfect avenue for this approach, since it has been surging in popularity as both entertainment and an educational tool. [29] Using MAGIC telescopes and NASA's Fermi spacecraft, an international team of astronomers has discovered a new source of very high energy gamma-ray emission around the supernova remnant (SNR) G24.7+0.6. [28] In 1973, Russian physicist A.B. Migdal predicted the phenomenon of pion condensation above a critical, extremely high-several times higher than that for normal matter-nuclear density. [27]
Category: Astrophysics

There's a Light Beam Travels with 1.16 Mkm Per Sec (Ii)

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 21 Pages.

This Argument " There's A Light Beam travels With 1.16 mkm/Sec", we already have discussed before in my paper "My Research Arguments (IV)" The current paper is written to discuss in details the argument proves which are: 1-Jupiter Data (Jupiter Energy) depends on Light Velocity 1.16 mkm/sec. 2-Mercury Motion uses Light Velocity 1.16 mkm/sec 3-Pluto – Earth Relationship is created based on Light Velocity 1.16 mkm/sec Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

The Electron Model and Nature's Constants

Authors: Jean Louis Van Belle
Comments: 15 Pages.

This paper recaps our electron model – including our explanation of the anomaly – and offers some reflections on Nature’s fundamental constants. We will also present a theoretical explanation of the radius of the Zitterbewegung charge – aka the classical electron radius – using an electromagnetic mass calculation. While, in the previous version of the paper, we limited ourselves to a classical (non-mainstream) explanation of Schwinger’s α/2π factor, we also offer some reflections on a possible explanation of the higher-order factors in the anomaly of the magnetic moment of an electron. Finally, we offer some reflections on the distinction between the spin and orbital angular momentum of an electron.
Category: Quantum Physics

Arllecta: A Decentralized Sense-To-Sense Network

Authors: Egger Mielberg
Comments: 27 Pages.

A purely decentralized Internet would allow its users to create or get access to a public or private informational worldwide network with a guarantee not to be spammed, interrupted or attacked by a third party at all. Semantic Normalizer (SN) would improve the user's Internet search experience and diminish search time greatly. SN eliminates double-answering and double meaning problems. It is a part of the architectural solution of ArLLecta and requires no additional pre-installations. We propose a solution to the nontransparent and domain-centered Internet problem using a decentralized sense-to-sense network. S2S network allows creating public or private zones for business or personal needs. The data of each user, individual or corporate, is decoded and published only by direct permission. The architecture of S2S network prevents the centralization of its data by a single user. However, each user can create or join or leave any zone. The main task of the S2S network is to give each user a possibility for a quick sense-focused search and save its data from unauthorized third parties.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Stairs of Prime Steps

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 1 Page.

This is a break time story Ⅲ.
Category: Number Theory

Brain Cells for Human Vision

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 51 Pages.

University of Central Florida researchers are helping to close the gap separating human and machine minds. [34] Brain-machine interfaces provide one way to connect with this puzzling organ system, including the brain. [33] Measuring optical blood flow in the resting human brain to detect spontaneous activity has for the first time been demonstrated by Wright State University imaging researchers, holding out promise for a better way to study people with autism, Alzheimer's and depression. [32]
Category: Physics of Biology

. Origin of New Emergent Coronavirus and Candida Fungal Diseases – Terrestrial or Cosmic?

Authors: Edward J. Steele, Jiangwen Qu, Reginald M. Gorczynski, Robyn A. Lindley, Gensuke Tokoro, Robert Temple, N. Chandra Wickramasinghe
Comments: 27 Pages.

We analyse the relevant genetic and epidemiological data of two recent and suddenly emerging diseases- the fungal disease due to Candida auris, and the common cold causing viral disease due to Coronavirus COVID-19. Analysis of all genetic, epidemiological and geophysical and astrophysical data suggest the alternate hypothesis of cosmic origins in both cases. The in-fall “signatures” are different yet distinctive implying clear Panspermic arrival of micro-organisms and viruses from space. For COVID-19 the evidence is now compelling that it arrived as a ‘pure culture’ via a meteorite, presumed carbonaceous meteorite, that struck North East China on October 11 2019. We also assume the viral dust debris carrying trillions of COVID-19 particles then made land fall in the Wuhan and related regions about a month to six weeks later. This resulted in first cases of the viral pneumonia due to COVID-19 emerging in Wuhan regions late November 2019-early December 2019. For COVID-19 the entire central region of China has been heavily physically contaminated, and that is why it has been described as a “Chernobyl-like” event. We make a number of future predictions – e.g. fragments of the meteorite viral dust cloud we think is now ( February 16 2020) on the move into the South China Sea and making spot land fall over Japan.
Category: Physics of Biology

Pancreatic Cancer Time Machine

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 40 Pages.

A pancreatic cancer "time machine" engineered by Purdue University researchers has revealed that the disease is even more unpredictable than previously thought: Cancer cells promote each other's invasiveness when they grow together. [26] Kyoto University scientists are one step closer to designing porous materials that can change and retain their shapes-a function known as shape-memory effect. [25] With a thin probe and a burst of microwaves, doctors can eradicate cancer cells without opening up a patient for surgery. [24]
Category: Physics of Biology

Van der Waals Magnets Semiconductors

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 53 Pages.

In 2017, 2-D van der Waals materials that show magnetic properties were discovered, stimulating research projects and studies all around the world. [33] The researchers expect the work principle to manipulate 2-D magnetism by engineering unique spatially dependent spin textures for a variety of applications with vDW materials. [32] Researchers at Cardiff University have shown tiny light-emitting nanolasers less than a tenth of the size of the width of a human hair can be integrated into silicon chip design. [31] Large-scale plasmonic metasurfaces could find use in flat panel displays and other devices that can change colour thanks to recent work by researchers at the University of Cambridge in the UK. [30] Particles in solution can grow, transport, collide, interact, and aggregate into complex shapes and structures. [29] Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) researchers are working to make better electronic devices by delving into the way nanocrystals are arranged inside of them. [28] Self-assembly and crystallisation of nanoparticles (NPs) is generally a complex process, based on the evaporation or precipitation of NP-building blocks. [27] New nanoparticle-based films that are more than 80 times thinner than a human hair may help to fill this need by providing materials that can holographically archive more than 1000 times more data than a DVD in a 10-by-10-centimeter piece of film. [26] Researches of scientists from South Ural State University are implemented within this area. [25] Following three years of extensive research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HU) physicist Dr. Uriel Levy and his team have created technology that will enable computers and all optic communication devices to run 100 times faster through terahertz microchips. [24] When the energy efficiency of electronics poses a challenge, magnetic materials may have a solution. [23]
Category: Condensed Matter

Fast Light Detector

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 71 Pages.

Two research groups at ETH Zurich have joined forces to develop a novel light detector. It consists of two-dimensional layers of different materials that are coupled to a silicon optical waveguide. [42] To enable negative refraction and related optical illusions, metamaterials are artificially engineered with unique properties that result from their internal physical structures, rather than their chemical composition. [41] Femtosecond X-ray experiments in combination with a new theoretical approach establish a direct connection between electric properties in the macroscopic world and electron motions on the time and length scale of atoms. [40] Novel insight comes now from experiments and simulations performed by a team led by ETH physicists who have studied electronic transport properties in a one-dimensional quantum wire containing a mesoscopic lattice. [39] Femtosecond lasers are capable of processing any solid material with high quality and high precision using their ultrafast and ultra-intense characteristics. [38] To create the flying microlaser, the researchers launched laser light into a water-filled hollow core fiber to optically trap the microparticle. Like the materials used to make traditional lasers, the microparticle incorporates a gain medium. [37] Lasers that emit ultrashort pulses of light are critical components of technologies, including communications and industrial processing, and have been central to fundamental Nobel Prize-winning research in physics. [36] A newly developed laser technology has enabled physicists in the Laboratory for Attosecond Physics (jointly run by LMU Munich and the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics) to generate attosecond bursts of high-energy photons of unprecedented intensity. [35] The unique platform, which is referred as a 4-D microscope, combines the sensitivity and high time-resolution of phase imaging with the specificity and high spatial resolution of fluorescence microscopy. [34] The experiment relied on a soliton frequency comb generated in a chip-based optical microresonator made from silicon nitride. [33]
Category: Condensed Matter

Fragile Chips Catalyst

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 72 Pages.

Researchers at the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (RUB) and the University of Duisburg-Essen have developed a new method of depositing catalyst particles to tiny electrodes. [43] Two research groups at ETH Zurich have joined forces to develop a novel light detector. It consists of two-dimensional layers of different materials that are coupled to a silicon optical waveguide. [42] To enable negative refraction and related optical illusions, metamaterials are artificially engineered with unique properties that result from their internal physical structures, rather than their chemical composition. [41] Femtosecond X-ray experiments in combination with a new theoretical approach establish a direct connection between electric properties in the macroscopic world and electron motions on the time and length scale of atoms. [40] Novel insight comes now from experiments and simulations performed by a team led by ETH physicists who have studied electronic transport properties in a one-dimensional quantum wire containing a mesoscopic lattice. [39] Femtosecond lasers are capable of processing any solid material with high quality and high precision using their ultrafast and ultra-intense characteristics. [38] To create the flying microlaser, the researchers launched laser light into a water-filled hollow core fiber to optically trap the microparticle. Like the materials used to make traditional lasers, the microparticle incorporates a gain medium. [37] Lasers that emit ultrashort pulses of light are critical components of technologies, including communications and industrial processing, and have been central to fundamental Nobel Prize-winning research in physics. [36] A newly developed laser technology has enabled physicists in the Laboratory for Attosecond Physics (jointly run by LMU Munich and the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics) to generate attosecond bursts of high-energy photons of unprecedented intensity. [35] The unique platform, which is referred as a 4-D microscope, combines the sensitivity and high time-resolution of phase imaging with the specificity and high spatial resolution of fluorescence microscopy. [34]
Category: Condensed Matter

Intelligent Systems Theory - Review

Authors: Aleksey A. Demidov
Comments: 5 Pages.

Here I provide a short review of the paper "Collectives of Automata for Building of Active Systems of Artifical Intelligence" -- what I find was done and what has to be done.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

On Some Ramanujan Formulas: Mathematical Connections with Various Equations Concerning Some Sectors of Particle Physics and Black Hole Physics.

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 60 Pages.

The purpose of this paper is to show how using certain mathematical values and / or constants from various Ramanujan expressions, we obtain some mathematical connections with the equations of various sectors of Particle Physics and Black Hole Physics
Category: Mathematical Physics

Schrodinger's Cat

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 64 Pages.

Now, however, theoretical physicist Franck Laloë from Laboratoire Kastler Brossel (ENS-Université PSL) in Paris has proposed a new interpretation that could explain many features of the paradox. [40] One of the open questions in quantum research is how heat and thermodynamics coexist with quantum physics. [39] But one lesser-known field is also starting to reap the benefits of the quantum realm-medicine. [38] A quantum squeezing and amplification technique has been used to measure the position of a trapped ion to subatomic precision. [37] A new theoretical model involves squeezing light to just the right amount to accurately transmit information using subatomic particles. [36] The standard approach to building a quantum computer with majoranas as building blocks is to convert them into qubits. However, a promising application of quantum computing-quantum chemistry-would require these qubits to be converted again into so-called fermions. [35] Scientists have shown how an optical chip can simulate the motion of atoms within molecules at the quantum level, which could lead to better ways of creating chemicals for use as pharmaceuticals. [34] Chinese scientists Xianmin Jin and his colleagues from Shanghai Jiao Tong University have successfully fabricated the largest-scaled quantum chip and demonstrated the first two-dimensional quantum walks of single photons in real spatial space, which may provide a powerful platform to boost analog quantum computing for quantum supremacy. [33] To address this technology gap, a team of engineers from the National University of Singapore (NUS) has developed an innovative microchip, named BATLESS, that can continue to operate even when the battery runs out of energy. [32] Stanford researchers have developed a water-based battery that could provide a cheap way to store wind or solar energy generated when the sun is shining and wind is blowing so it can be fed back into the electric grid and be redistributed when demand is high. [31]
Category: Quantum Physics

Mechanika Czasu

Authors: Andrzej Zwolski
Comments: 6 Pages. In Polish. Key words: czas, teoria czasu, mechanika czasu

Przedstawiona teoria czasu jest zapewne sporna i trudna do przyjęcia, ale pozwala na uogólnione rozwiązanie problemów współczesnej fizyki poprzez nowe spojrzenie na zjawisko upływu czasu. Rozważając następstwo stanów fizycznych stwierdzono, że czas nie płynie w sposób ani ciągły, ani równomierny i nie ma związku między upływem czasu a swobodnym ruchem ciał, chociaż odległość ciał w czasie stanowi miarę ich ruchu wzajemnego. W nowym ujęciu zjawisko ciążenia powszechnego przypisano upływowi czasu.
Category: Classical Physics

Technische Anwendungen Zur Umwandlung Der Rotationsenergie Der Erde in Elektrische Energie in Theorie Und Praxis, 18. Aktualisierte Auflage

Authors: Robert Stach
Comments: 13 Pages.

Aufgezeigt werden die Vor- und Nachteile einer Umwandlung der Rotationsenergie der Erde in elektrische Energie. Es erfolgt eine theoretische Abhandlung in Vorbereitung auf die ersten Prototypen.
Category: Astrophysics

Quantum Interference in Real Time

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 65 Pages.

A team headed by Prof. Dr. Frank Stienkemeier and Dr. Lukas Bruder from the Institute of Physics at the University of Freiburg has succeeded in observing in real-time ultrafast quantum interferences-in other words the oscillation patterns-of electrons which are found in the atomic shells of rare gas atoms. [41] Now, however, theoretical physicist Franck Laloë from Laboratoire Kastler Brossel (ENS-Université PSL) in Paris has proposed a new interpretation that could explain many features of the paradox. [40] One of the open questions in quantum research is how heat and thermodynamics coexist with quantum physics. [39] But one lesser-known field is also starting to reap the benefits of the quantum realm-medicine. [38] A quantum squeezing and amplification technique has been used to measure the position of a trapped ion to subatomic precision. [37] A new theoretical model involves squeezing light to just the right amount to accurately transmit information using subatomic particles. [36] The standard approach to building a quantum computer with majoranas as building blocks is to convert them into qubits. However, a promising application of quantum computing-quantum chemistry-would require these qubits to be converted again into so-called fermions. [35] Scientists have shown how an optical chip can simulate the motion of atoms within molecules at the quantum level, which could lead to better ways of creating chemicals for use as pharmaceuticals. [34] Chinese scientists Xianmin Jin and his colleagues from Shanghai Jiao Tong University have successfully fabricated the largest-scaled quantum chip and demonstrated the first two-dimensional quantum walks of single photons in real spatial space, which may provide a powerful platform to boost analog quantum computing for quantum supremacy. [33] To address this technology gap, a team of engineers from the National University of Singapore (NUS) has developed an innovative microchip, named BATLESS, that can continue to operate even when the battery runs out of energy. [32]
Category: Quantum Physics

Strange Electron Flow

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 67 Pages.

Two new studies from Princeton researchers and their collaborators explain the source of the surprising behavior and chart a course for restoring conductivity in these remarkable crystals, prized for their potential use in future technologies including quantum computers. [42] A team headed by Prof. Dr. Frank Stienkemeier and Dr. Lukas Bruder from the Institute of Physics at the University of Freiburg has succeeded in observing in real-time ultrafast quantum interferences-in other words the oscillation patterns-of electrons which are found in the atomic shells of rare gas atoms. [41] Now, however, theoretical physicist Franck Laloë from Laboratoire Kastler Brossel (ENS-Université PSL) in Paris has proposed a new interpretation that could explain many features of the paradox. [40] One of the open questions in quantum research is how heat and thermodynamics coexist with quantum physics. [39] But one lesser-known field is also starting to reap the benefits of the quantum realm-medicine. [38] A quantum squeezing and amplification technique has been used to measure the position of a trapped ion to subatomic precision. [37] A new theoretical model involves squeezing light to just the right amount to accurately transmit information using subatomic particles. [36] The standard approach to building a quantum computer with majoranas as building blocks is to convert them into qubits. However, a promising application of quantum computing-quantum chemistry-would require these qubits to be converted again into so-called fermions. [35] Scientists have shown how an optical chip can simulate the motion of atoms within molecules at the quantum level, which could lead to better ways of creating chemicals for use as pharmaceuticals. [34]
Category: Quantum Physics

Electric Field of Attosecond Pulse

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 49 Pages.

A team led by Prof. Dr. Giuseppe Sansone from the Institute of Physics at the University of Freiburg shows in the scientific journal Nature how they were able to completely shape the waveform of an attosecond pulse. [31] Scientists have visualised the electronic structure in a microelectronic device for the first time, opening up opportunities for finely-tuned high performance electronic devices. [30] Scientists at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory have devised a new process for using nano-particles to build powerful lasers that are more efficient and safer for your eyes. [29] Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) researchers are working to make better electronic devices by delving into the way nanocrystals are arranged inside of them. [28] Self-assembly and crystallisation of nanoparticles (NPs) is generally a complex process, based on the evaporation or precipitation of NP-building blocks. [27] New nanoparticle-based films that are more than 80 times thinner than a human hair may help to fill this need by providing materials that can holographically archive more than 1000 times more data than a DVD in a 10-by-10-centimeter piece of film. [26] Researches of scientists from South Ural State University are implemented within this area. [25] Following three years of extensive research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HU) physicist Dr. Uriel Levy and his team have created technology that will enable computers and all optic communication devices to run 100 times faster through terahertz microchips. [24] When the energy efficiency of electronics poses a challenge, magnetic materials may have a solution. [23]
Category: Quantum Physics

Electronic Griffiths Phase

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 50 Pages.

"This phenomenon causes interesting effects, such as colossal magnetoresistance, and it also appears crucial to understand the high-temperature superconductors," Dagotto wrote in his paper. [32] A team led by Prof. Dr. Giuseppe Sansone from the Institute of Physics at the University of Freiburg shows in the scientific journal Nature how they were able to completely shape the waveform of an attosecond pulse. [31] Scientists have visualised the electronic structure in a microelectronic device for the first time, opening up opportunities for finely-tuned high performance electronic devices. [30] Scientists at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory have devised a new process for using nano-particles to build powerful lasers that are more efficient and safer for your eyes. [29]
Category: Quantum Physics

Single Photons of Single Electrons

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 51 Pages.

Researchers at the University of Cambridge have developed a novel technique for generating single photons, by moving single electrons in a specially designed light-emitting diode (LED). [33] "This phenomenon causes interesting effects, such as colossal magnetoresistance, and it also appears crucial to understand the high-temperature superconductors," Dagotto wrote in his paper. [32] A team led by Prof. Dr. Giuseppe Sansone from the Institute of Physics at the University of Freiburg shows in the scientific journal Nature how they were able to completely shape the waveform of an attosecond pulse. [31] Scientists have visualised the electronic structure in a microelectronic device for the first time, opening up opportunities for finely-tuned high performance electronic devices. [30] Scientists at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory have devised a new process for using nano-particles to build powerful lasers that are more efficient and safer for your eyes. [29] Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) researchers are working to make better electronic devices by delving into the way nanocrystals are arranged inside of them. [28] Self-assembly and crystallisation of nanoparticles (NPs) is generally a complex process, based on the evaporation or precipitation of NP-building blocks. [27] New nanoparticle-based films that are more than 80 times thinner than a human hair may help to fill this need by providing materials that can holographically archive more than 1000 times more data than a DVD in a 10-by-10-centimeter piece of film. [26] Researches of scientists from South Ural State University are implemented within this area. [25] Following three years of extensive research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HU) physicist Dr. Uriel Levy and his team have created technology that will enable computers and all optic communication devices to run 100 times faster through terahertz microchips. [24] When the energy efficiency of electronics poses a challenge, magnetic materials may have a solution. [23]
Category: Quantum Physics

Noise Enhance Optical Sensing

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 53 Pages.

Encountering this problem in his experiments with interacting photons, AMOLF physicist Said Rodriguez thought of a way around it. [34] Researchers at the University of Cambridge have developed a novel technique for generating single photons, by moving single electrons in a specially designed light-emitting diode (LED). [33] "This phenomenon causes interesting effects, such as colossal magnetoresistance, and it also appears crucial to understand the high-temperature superconductors," Dagotto wrote in his paper. [32]
Category: Quantum Physics

Two-Photon Pumped Nanolaser

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 54 Pages.

Recently, a collaborative research team from Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics (SIOM) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and Chongqing University has succeeded in obtaining two-photon pumped lasing from colloidal FA-perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) at room temperature. [35] Encountering this problem in his experiments with interacting photons, AMOLF physicist Said Rodriguez thought of a way around it. [34] Researchers at the University of Cambridge have developed a novel technique for generating single photons, by moving single electrons in a specially designed light-emitting diode (LED). [33]
Category: Quantum Physics

Spin Structures at High Temperatures

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 52 Pages.

A joint research project of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (JGU) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) that previously demonstrated the use of new spin structures for future magnetic storage devices has achieved yet another milestone. [34] Researchers at the University of Cambridge have developed a novel technique for generating single photons, by moving single electrons in a specially designed light-emitting diode (LED). [33] "This phenomenon causes interesting effects, such as colossal magnetoresistance, and it also appears crucial to understand the high-temperature superconductors," Dagotto wrote in his paper. [32] A team led by Prof. Dr. Giuseppe Sansone from the Institute of Physics at the University of Freiburg shows in the scientific journal Nature how they were able to completely shape the waveform of an attosecond pulse. [31] Scientists have visualised the electronic structure in a microelectronic device for the first time, opening up opportunities for finely-tuned high performance electronic devices. [30] Scientists at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory have devised a new process for using nano-particles to build powerful lasers that are more efficient and safer for your eyes. [29] Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) researchers are working to make better electronic devices by delving into the way nanocrystals are arranged inside of them. [28] Self-assembly and crystallisation of nanoparticles (NPs) is generally a complex process, based on the evaporation or precipitation of NP-building blocks. [27] New nanoparticle-based films that are more than 80 times thinner than a human hair may help to fill this need by providing materials that can holographically archive more than 1000 times more data than a DVD in a 10-by-10-centimeter piece of film. [26] Researches of scientists from South Ural State University are implemented within this area. [25]
Category: Quantum Physics

Electronic State of Matter

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 51 Pages.

A research team led by professors from the University of Pittsburgh Department of Physics and Astronomy has announced the discovery of a new electronic state of matter. [33] "This phenomenon causes interesting effects, such as colossal magnetoresistance, and it also appears crucial to understand the high-temperature superconductors," Dagotto wrote in his paper. [32] A team led by Prof. Dr. Giuseppe Sansone from the Institute of Physics at the University of Freiburg shows in the scientific journal Nature how they were able to completely shape the waveform of an attosecond pulse. [31] Scientists have visualised the electronic structure in a microelectronic device for the first time, opening up opportunities for finely-tuned high performance electronic devices. [30] Scientists at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory have devised a new process for using nano-particles to build powerful lasers that are more efficient and safer for your eyes. [29] Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) researchers are working to make better electronic devices by delving into the way nanocrystals are arranged inside of them. [28] Self-assembly and crystallisation of nanoparticles (NPs) is generally a complex process, based on the evaporation or precipitation of NP-building blocks. [27] New nanoparticle-based films that are more than 80 times thinner than a human hair may help to fill this need by providing materials that can holographically archive more than 1000 times more data than a DVD in a 10-by-10-centimeter piece of film. [26] Researches of scientists from South Ural State University are implemented within this area. [25] Following three years of extensive research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HU) physicist Dr. Uriel Levy and his team have created technology that will enable computers and all optic communication devices to run 100 times faster through terahertz microchips. [24] When the energy efficiency of electronics poses a challenge, magnetic materials may have a solution. [23]
Category: Quantum Physics

Analyzing Some Ramanujan Formulas: Mathematical Connections with Various Equations Concerning Some Sectors of Black Holes/wormholes Physics and Brane Cosmology V

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 54 Pages.

The purpose of this paper is to show how using certain mathematical values and / or constants from some Ramanujan expressions, we obtain some mathematical connections with equations of various sectors of Black Holes/Wormholes Physics and Brane Cosmology
Category: Mathematical Physics

Four Dimensional Localisation with Motivic Neutrinos

Authors: M. D. Sheppeard
Comments: 23 Pages.

Quantum gravity traditionally begins with path integrals for four dimensional spacetimes, where the subtlety is in smooth structures. From a motivic perspective, the same diagrams belong to ribbon categories for quantum computation, based on algebraic number fields. Here we investigate this divide using the principle of the neutrino CMB correspondence, which introduces a mirror pair of ribbon diagrams for each Standard Model state. Categorical condensation for gapped boundary systems in extended quantum double models extends the modular structure to encompass Kirby diagrams.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Beal Conjecture & Equivalent Beal Conjecture Proved

Authors: A. A. Frempong
Comments: 10 Pages. Copyright © by A. A. Frempong

The author proves both the original Beal conjecture and the equivalent Beal conjecture. The original Beal conjecture states that if A^x + B^y = C^z, where A, B, C, x, y, z are positive integers and x, y, x >2 then A, B, and C have a common prime factor. The equivalent Beal conjecture states that if A, B, C, x, y, z are positive integers and A, B, and C are coprime , and x, y, z >2, then the equation if A^x + B^y = C^z, has no solutions. The principles applied in both proofs are based on the same properties of the factored Beal equation. However the proof of the equivalent conjecture is by contradiction. The main principle for obtaining relationships between the prime factors on the left side of the equation and the prime factor on the right side of the equation is that the greatest common power of the prime factors on the left side of the equation is the same as a power of the prime factor on the right side of the equation. High school students can learn and prove this conjecture as a bonus question on a final class exam.
Category: Number Theory

The Relationship of Gravity and Electrical Interaction.

Authors: Elkin Igor
Comments: 17 Pages. -

The Lagrangian of a free particle is used, on which some force acts. The fact that space is being quantized is used. The Hubble expansion makes all of these quantum domains non-inertial. This leads to different ultimate speeds in these areas. The second time derivative of the Lagrangian in the regions is different. Thus, we obtain a formula of different effects on removal and approximation. This allows us to describe in some way the interaction of bodies, inertia and the acceleration of the expansion of the Universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Diffraction Optics for EUV Microscopy and Lithography

Authors: Kenneth C. Johnson
Comments: 17 Pages.

This presentation is a supplement to "EUV Lithography System with Diffraction Optics", https://vixra.org/abs/1911.0361
Category: Classical Physics

Unified Principles of Nature: List of Physical Quanities after Correction of Definition of Time and Planck’s Constant in Base-SI-Units

Authors: Manfred U.E. Pohl
Comments: 4 Pages. corrected error in Unit of Capacitance

Within “Solution to the Problem of Time I,II,III and IV [1,2,3] the author explored how to transform a 4-D Spacetime into a 5-D Spacetime consisting of 3 spacelike dimension and two timelike dimension. It was shown that in contrast to Theory of Special Relativity and Theory of General Relativity each time-dimension must be treated as 3-dimensional vector. Then two time-vectors (action + reaction) will resolve to a symetric balance of forces. It was unveiled that today Quantum Theory and Theory of General Relativity cannot merge because of a wrong-treatment of the Dimension of time. In this paper the author gives Information on how the Physical Quantities in Base-SI-Units will be described after a fusion of Quantum Theory and General Relativity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Quantum Anomalous Hall Effect

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 44 Pages.

Nontrivial band topology can combine with magnetic order in a magnetic topological insulator to produce exotic states of matter such as quantum anomalous Hall (QAH) insulators and axion insulators. [27] A FLEET study of ultracold atomic gases-a billionth the temperature of outer space-has unlocked new, fundamental quantum effects. [26] Symmetry plays a fundamental role in understanding complex quantum matter, particularly in classifying topological quantum phases, which have attracted great interests in the recent decade. [25] Four decades after it was predicted, scientist create a skyrmion, and take one step towards efficient nuclear fusion. [24] While standard quantum hardware entangles particles in two states, the team has found a way to generate and entangle pairs of particles that each has 15 states. [23]
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Memories Entangled

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 47 Pages.

A team of researchers affiliated with several institutions in China has succeeded in sending entangled quantum memories over a 50-kilometer coiled fiber cable. [29] Researchers at QuTech in Delft have succeeded in generating quantum entanglement between two quantum chips faster than the entanglement is lost. [28] Scientists at the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory are conducting fundamental physics research that will lead to more control over mercurial quantum systems and materials. [27] Physicists in Italy have designed a "quantum battery" that they say could be built using today's solid-state technology. [26] Researches of scientists from South Ural State University are implemented within this area. [25] Following three years of extensive research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HU) physicist Dr. Uriel Levy and his team have created technology that will enable computers and all optic communication devices to run 100 times faster through terahertz microchips. [24] When the energy efficiency of electronics poses a challenge, magnetic materials may have a solution. [23]
Category: Quantum Physics

Ultrafast Light-Induced Processes

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 66 Pages.

Researchers from Graz University of Technology and the University of Vienna have better described the energy flow between strongly interacting molecular states. [43] Research in Stuttgart, have developed a microscope for the extremely fast processes that take place on the quantum scale. [42] Scientists from the PTB and the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics (MPIK), both Germany, have carried out pioneering optical measurements of highly charged ions with unprecedented precision. [41] Scientists from Argonne National Laboratory and the University of Chicago launched a new testbed for quantum communication experiments from Argonne last week. [40] Physicists at The City College of New York have used atomically thin two-dimensional materials to realize an array of quantum emitters operating at room temperature that can be integrated into next generation quantum communication systems. [39] Research in the quantum optics lab of Prof. Barak Dayan in the Weizmann Institute of Science may be bringing the development of such computers one step closer by providing the "quantum gates" that are required for communication within and between such quantum computers. [38] Calculations of a quantum system's behavior can spiral out of control when they involve more than a handful of particles. [37] Researchers from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill have reached a new milestone on the way to optical computing, or the use of light instead of electricity for computing. [36] The key technical novelty of this work is the creation of semantic embeddings out of structured event data. [35] The researchers have focussed on a complex quantum property known as entanglement, which is a vital ingredient in the quest to protect sensitive data. [34]
Category: Quantum Physics

My Research Basic Arguments (V)

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 20 Pages.

Uranus Is Perpendicular On The Inner Planets (Argument No. 17) Uranus Effect On The Solar System Geometry Is A Vertical Effect That's why Uranus deals & effects basically on The Planets Axial Tilts – But Why is Uranus effect so important one on the solar system geometry? Let's answer (1) Uranus Effect geometrically is A Vertical Effect – it's a vertical force – effects on The Planets Axial Tilts (2) This Vertical Force Aims To Prevent Any Overturn Vertically To Be Done By Any Planet Around The Sun i.e. Uranus effect unifies the planets motions around the sun – and because of Uranus vertical effect the planets revolve around the sun in the same direction and no vertical overturning can be occurred by any planet, saving the solar system general motion. The paper tries to prove this fact Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

Superconducting Electric Flight

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 33 Pages.

As air travel comes under pressure to reduce its environmental impact and prompts us to reconsider our transport choices, scientists are searching for greener ways to power flight. [20] Scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy's Ames Laboratory have developed a method to accurately measure the "exact edge" or onset at which a magnetic field enters a superconducting material. [19] TU Wien has now made a major advance towards achieving this goal and, at the same time, has furthered an understanding of why conventional materials only become superconducting at around-200°C [18] The emerging field of spintronics leverages electron spin and magnetization. [17] The first known superconductor in which spin-3/2 quasiparticles form Cooper pairs has been created by physicists in the US and New Zealand. [16] Now a team of researchers from the University of Maryland (UMD) Department of Physics together with collaborators has seen exotic superconductivity that relies on highly unusual electron interactions. [15] A group of researchers from institutions in Korea and the United States has determined how to employ a type of electron microscopy to cause regions within an iron-based superconductor to flip between superconducting and non-superconducting states. [14] In new research, scientists at the University of Minnesota used a first-of-its-kind device to demonstrate a way to control the direction of the photocurrent without deploying an electric voltage. [13] Brown University researchers have demonstrated for the first time a method of substantially changing the spatial coherence of light. [12] Researchers at the University of Central Florida have generated what is being deemed the fastest light pulse ever developed. [11] Physicists at Chalmers University of Technology and Free University of Brussels have now found a method to significantly enhance optical force. [10] Nature Communications today published research by a team comprising Scottish and South African researchers, demonstrating entanglement swapping and teleportation of orbital angular momentum 'patterns' of light. [9] While physicists are continually looking for ways to unify the theory of relativity, which describes large-scale phenomena, with quantum theory, which describes small-scale phenomena, computer scientists are searching for technologies to build the quantum computer using Quantum Information. In August 2013, the achievement of "fully deterministic" quantum teleportation, using a hybrid technique, was reported. On 29 May 2014, scientists announced a reliable way of transferring data by quantum teleportation. Quantum teleportation of data had been done before but with highly unreliable methods. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the Wave-Particle Duality and the electron's spin also, building the Bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions by the diffraction patterns. The Weak Interaction changes the diffraction patterns by moving the electric charge from one side to the other side of the diffraction pattern, which violates the CP and Time reversal symmetry. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the Relativistic Quantum Theory and making possible to build the Quantum Computer with the help of Quantum Information.
Category: Quantum Physics

Biomaterials Wound Healing

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 42 Pages.

Biomaterials are used in the clinic as dressings that promote healing of wounds or burns. [24] Proteins rarely work alone, they interact, form protein complexes or bind DNA and RNA to control what a cell does. [23] Using tiny micromotors to diagnose and treat disease in the human body could soon be a reality. [22] Scientists at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign have produced the most precise picture to date of population dynamics in fluctuating feast-or-famine conditions. [21]
Category: Physics of Biology

The Role of the Copper Oxidation State in the Electrocatalytic Reduction of Co2 Into Valuable Hydrocarbons

Authors: Juan-Jesús Velasco-Vélez, Travis Jones, Dunfeng Gao, Emilia Carbonio, Rosa Arrigo, Cheng-Jhih Hsu, Yu-Cheng Huang, Chung-Li Dong, Jin-Ming Chen, Jyh-Fu Lee, Peter Strasser, Beatriz Roldan Cuenya, Robert Schlögl, Axel Knop-Gericke, Cheng-Hao Chuang
Comments: 16 pages manuscript plus 5 pages supplemental material

Redox-active copper catalysts with accurately prepared oxidation states (Cu0, Cu+ and Cu2+) and high selectivity to C2 hydrocarbon formation, from electrocatalytic cathodic reduction of CO2, were fabricated and characterized. The electrochemically prepared copper-redox electro-cathodes yield higher activity for the production of hydrocarbons at lower oxidation state. By combining advanced X-ray spectroscopy and in situ micro-reactors it was possible to unambiguously reveal the variation in the complex electronic structure that the catalysts undergo at different stages (i.e. during fabrication and electrocatalytic reactions). It was found that the surface, sub-surface and bulk properties of the electrochemically prepared catalysts are dominated by the formation of copper carbonates on the surface of cupric-like oxides, which prompts catalyst deactivation by restraining effective charge transport. Furthermore, the formation of reduced or partially-reduced copper catalysts yields the key dissociative proton-consuming reactive adsorption of CO2 to produce CO; allowing the subsequent hydrogenation into C2 and C1 products by dimerization and protonation. These results yield valuable information on the variations in the electronic structure that redox-active copper catalysts undergo in the course of the electrochemical reaction, which, under extreme conditions are mediated by thermodynamics but, critically, kinetics dominate near the oxide/metal phase transitions.
Category: Chemistry

Nanosensor Cancer Biomarkers in Blood

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 65 Pages.

Researchers of the University of Twente and Wageningen University developed a nanosensor that accurately detects biomarkers for cancer in an extremely broad range of concentrations, from 10 particles per microliter to 1 million particles per microliter. [37] Nanoparticles easily enter into cells. New insights about how they are distributed and what they do there are shown for the first time by high-resolution 3D microscopy images from BESSY II. [36] Johns Hopkins researchers report that a type of biodegradable, lab-engineered nanoparticle they fashioned can successfully deliver a "suicide gene" to pediatric brain tumor cells implanted in the brains of mice. [35]
Category: Physics of Biology

Analyzing Some Ramanujan Formulas: Mathematical Connections with Various Equations Concerning Some Sectors of Black Holes and Wormholes Physics IV

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 60 Pages.

The purpose of this paper is to show how using certain mathematical values and / or constants from some Ramanujan expressions, we obtain some mathematical connections with equations of various sectors of Black Holes-Wormholes Physics and an almost equal value to the golden ratio
Category: Mathematical Physics

My Research Basic Arguments (Part IV)

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 15 Pages.

There's A Light Beam Travels With 1.16 Million Km/Sec This paper tries to prove this fact References My Research Basic Arguments (Part I) My Research Basic Arguments (Part II) My Research Basic Arguments (Part III) Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

The Atlanteans Are the Apostate Jews

Authors: Leon Elshout
Comments: 1 Page.

If Atlantis was mirrored into time and space to the future and the west, then who are the Atlanteans within a dualistic Atlantis "tsaphon" system?
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

Order in the Collatz: Fractal Symmetry Controlling Syracuse Function Trajectories

Authors: Derek Tucker
Comments: 11 Pages.

Consider the function C(n) = {█(3n+1, n≡1 mod 2.@n/2, n≡0 mod 2.)┤ The 3x + 1 problem or Collatz conjecture asks if all trajectories iterating recursively contain one. This holds empirically but eludes theoretical proof. Remove even entries to obtain the Syracuse function, T(u), mapping odd numbers u , T(u) = (3u +1)/2r, where r maximal for T(u) odd. Here we show by expressing u as 4x ±1, a fractal regularity given by the amplitude of a periodic function passing through the x axis in the curves defined y=N cos⁡(πx/2^N ) ≡ N mod((x+2^(N-1))/2^N ,1), with ℕ the natural numbers. The expression describes the length of ascending segments R and with translation, r the number of divisions in T(u). Algebraic analysis reveals the Syracuse function’s image neatly partitions onto arithmetic progressions 6k ± 1, as a function of r. This confirms that all natural trajectories in the 3x + 1 problem contain one..
Category: Number Theory

Supersymmetric Mirror Models and Dimensional Evolution of Spacetime

Authors: Wanpeng Tan
Comments: 18 Pages. See arXiv:1908.11838 for dark energy, arXiv:1902.01837 for dark matter and n-lifetime, arXiv:1904.03835 for baryon asymmetry, and arXiv:1906.10262 for CKM and tests, arXiv:1902.03685 for application in stars

A dynamic view is conjectured for not only the universe but also the underlying theories in contrast to the convectional pursuance of a single unification theory. As the 4-d spacetime evolves dimension by dimension via the spontaneous symmetry breaking mechanism, supersymmetric mirror models consistently emerge one by one at different energy scales and scenarios involving different sets of particle species and interactions. Starting from random Planck fluctuations, the time dimension and its arrow are born in the time inflation process as the gravitational strength is weakened under a 1-d model of a ``timeron'' scalar field. The ``timeron'' decay then starts the hot big bang and generates Majorana fermions and $U(1)$ gauge bosons in 2-d spacetime. The next spontaneous symmetry breaking results in two space inflaton fields leading to a double space inflation process and emergence of two decoupled sectors of ordinary and mirror particles. In fully extended 4-d spacetime, the supersymmetric standard model with mirror matter before the electroweak phase transition and the subsequent pseudo-supersymmetric model due to staged quark condensation as previously proposed are justified. A set of principles are postulated under this new framework. In particular, new understanding of the evolving supersymmetry and $Z_2$ or generalized mirror symmetry is presented.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Laser-Induced Graphene Electronics

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 65 Pages.

You don't need a big laser to make laser-induced graphene (LIG). Scientists at Rice University, the University of Tennessee, Knoxville (UT Knoxville) and Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) are using a very small visible beam to burn the foamy form of carbon into microscopic patterns. [39] Femtosecond lasers are capable of processing any solid material with high quality and high precision using their ultrafast and ultra-intense characteristics. [38] To create the flying microlaser, the researchers launched laser light into a water-filled hollow core fiber to optically trap the microparticle. Like the materials used to make traditional lasers, the microparticle incorporates a gain medium. [37]
Category: Condensed Matter

Etching Technique Semiconductor

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 64 Pages.

Researchers at the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Argonne National Laboratory have developed a new technique that could potentially help make these increasingly small but complex devices. [39] Quantum wells of the highest quality are typically fabricated by molecular beam epitaxy (sequential growth of crystalline layers), which is a well-established technique. [38] Scientists found that relatively slow electrons are produced when intense lasers interact with small clusters of atoms, upturning current theories. [37]
Category: Condensed Matter

Nanoscale Thermal Switches Computing

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 52 Pages.

Researchers working on an Army project developed nanoscale thermal switches that are key to thermal management of nanoscale devices, refrigeration, data storage, thermal computing and heat management of buildings. [32] The precision of measuring nanoscopic structures could be substantially improved, thanks to research involving the University of Warwick and QuantIC researchers at the University of Glasgow and Heriot Watt University into optical sensing. [31] Researchers at AMOLF and the University of Texas have circumvented this problem with a vibrating glass ring that interacts with light. They thus created a microscale circulator that directionally routes light on an optical chip without using magnets. [30] Researchers have discovered three distinct variants of magnetic domain walls in the helimagnet iron germanium (FeGe). [29] Magnetic materials that form helical structures-coiled shapes comparable to a spiral staircase or the double helix strands of a DNA molecule-occasionally exhibit exotic behavior that could improve information processing in hard drives and other digital devices. [28] In a new study, researchers have designed "invisible" magnetic sensors-sensors that are magnetically invisible so that they can still detect but do not distort the surrounding magnetic fields. [27] At Carnegie Mellon University, Materials Science and Engineering Professor Mike McHenry and his research group are developing metal amorphous nanocomposite materials (MANC), or magnetic materials whose nanocrystals have been grown out of an amorphous matrix to create a two phase magnetic material that exploits both the attractive magnetic inductions of the nanocrystals and the large electrical resistance of a metallic glass. [26] The search and manipulation of novel properties emerging from the quantum nature of matter could lead to next-generation electronics and quantum computers. [25]
Category: Digital Signal Processing

Nanoparticles Can Change Cells

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 64 Pages.

Nanoparticles easily enter into cells. New insights about how they are distributed and what they do there are shown for the first time by high-resolution 3D microscopy images from BESSY II. [36] Johns Hopkins researchers report that a type of biodegradable, lab-engineered nanoparticle they fashioned can successfully deliver a "suicide gene" to pediatric brain tumor cells implanted in the brains of mice. [35] A new study at the University of Georgia has found a way to attack cancer cells that is potentially less harmful to the patient. [34]
Category: Physics of Biology

Assuming C

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 6 Pages. Submitted to the journal of London Mathematical Society. Comments welcome.

In this paper about the abc conjecture, we propose a new conjecture about an upper bound for c as c0, for a,b,c positive integers relatively prime with c=a+b, we have c< K(\epsilon).rad^{1+\epsilon}(abc). Some numerical examples are given.
Category: Number Theory

Resolvement of the St. Petersburg Paradox and Improvement of Pricing Theory

Authors: Dahang Li
Comments: 8 Pages.

The St. Petersburg Paradox was proposed before two centuries. In the paper we proposed a new pricing theory with several rules to solve the paradox and state that the fair pricing should be judged by buyer and seller independently. The pricing theory we proposed can be applied to financial market to solve the confusion with fat tails.
Category: General Mathematics

A Scientific View of How the Universe Came Into Being in the Universe

Authors: Adil S. Saidov
Comments: 1 Page. a novel view on evolution of universe

Let us assume that the universe is infinite and that matter is in a physical vacuum. About 15 billion years ago, we assumed that the physical vacuum volume in the Universe was maximum, the pressure was minimal, and the temperature was absolutely zero. We know that at an absolute zero temperature all the gases are in liquid form. Let us assume that all the other elements in the Mendeleev periodical system exist in the form of particles. In this case, the temperature is the same everywhere in the universe, that is zero. At this temperature, the viscosity of liquid gases is high. Due to the high tensile strength of liquids, the surface tension forces of liquid gases at that time were very high. Due to the large surface tensile strength molecules of liquid gases form a spherical surface in an unknown location in the Universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Quasiparticle Semiconductors

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 59 Pages.

Quasiparticle Semiconductors Physicists from Switzerland and Germany have unveiled fingerprints of the long-sought particle known as the Mahan exciton in the room temperature optical response of the popular methylammonium lead halide perovskites. [36] These exotic particles can, for example, emerge as quasi-particles in topological superconductors and represent ideal building blocks for topological quantum computers. [35] This event is considered as a striking proof of the existence of Majorana particles, and it represents a crucial step towards their use as building blocks for the development of quantum computers. [34] In the latest experiment of its kind, researchers have captured the most compelling evidence to date that unusual particles lurk inside a special kind of superconductor. [33] With their insensitivity to decoherence, Majorana particles could become stable building blocks of quantum computers. [32] A team of researchers at the University of Maryland has found a new way to route photons at the micrometer scale without scattering by building a topological quantum optics interface. [31] Researchers at the University of Bristol's Quantum Engineering Technology Labs have demonstrated a new type of silicon chip that can help building and testing quantum computers and could find their way into your mobile phone to secure information. [30] Theoretical physicists propose to use negative interference to control heat flow in quantum devices. [29] Particle physicists are studying ways to harness the power of the quantum realm to further their research. [28]
Category: Condensed Matter

Reactivity Determinants in Electrodeposited Cu Foams for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Authors: Katharina Klingan, Tintula Kottakkat, Zarko P. Jovanov, Shan Jiang, Chiara Pasquini, Fabian Scholten, Paul Kubella, Arno Bergmann, Beatriz Roldan Cuenya, Christina Roth, Holger Dau
Comments: 10 Pages.

Electrochemical CO2 reduction is of high interest for production of non-fossil fuels. The reactivity of eight Cu foams with substantial morphology differences was comprehensively investigated by analysis of product spectrum and electrochemical in-situ spectroscopies (XANES, EXAFS, XPS, Raman). This approach provided new insight in reactivity determinants: (1) Morphological details, (2) stable Cu oxide phases, and (3) *CO poisoning of H2-formation are not decisive. (4) The electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) determines reactivity trends. (5) Macroscopic diffusion limits the proton supply, resulting in pronounced alkalization at CuCat surfaces (operando Raman spectroscopy). We propose: (6) H2 and CH4 formation are suppressed by macroscopic buffer alkalization, whereas CO and C2H4 formation still proceed via a largely pH-independent mechanism. (7) C2H4 is formed from two CO precursor species, namely adsorbed *CO and dissolved CO present in the foam cavities.
Category: Chemistry

Machine Learning Quantum Optics

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 40 Pages.

As machine learning continues to surpass human performance in a growing number of tasks, scientists at Skoltech have applied deep learning to reconstruct quantum properties of optical systems. [27] To overcome these harsh limitations, the researchers exploited an artificial neural network (ANN) to learn the atomic interactions from quantum mechanics. [26] A new tool is drastically changing the face of chemical research-artificial intelligence. In a new paper published in Nature, researchers review the rapid progress in machine learning for the chemical sciences. [25] A new type of artificial-intelligence-driven chemistry could revolutionise the way molecules are discovered, scientists claim. [24] Tired of writing your own boring code for new software? Finally, there's an AI that can do it for you. [23] Welcome to Move Mirror, where you move in front of your webcam. [22] Understanding how a robot will react under different conditions is essential to guaranteeing its safe operation. [21] Marculescu, along with ECE Ph.D. student Chieh Lo, has developed a machine learning algorithm-called MPLasso-that uses data to infer associations and interactions between microbes in the GI microbiome. [20] A team of researchers from the University of Muenster in Germany has now demonstrated that this combination is extremely well suited to planning chemical syntheses-so-called retrosyntheses-with unprecedented efficiency. [19] Two physicists at ETH Zurich and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem have developed a novel machine-learning algorithm that analyses large data sets describing a physical system and extract from them the essential information needed to understand the underlying physics. [18]
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Electrically-Driven Topological Laser

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 77 Pages.

Scientists and engineers from Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (NTU Singapore) and the University of Leeds in the U.K. have created the first electrically driven topological laser, which has the ability to route light particles around corners and to cope with defects in the manufacture of the device. [47] Laser-induced graphene (LIG), a flaky foam of the atom-thick carbon, has many interesting properties on its own but gains new powers as part of a composite. [46] A team of researchers based at The University of Manchester have found a low cost method for producing graphene printed electronics, which significantly speeds up and reduces the cost of conductive graphene inks. [45]
Category: Quantum Physics

Electron Mobility Magnetic Materials

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 47 Pages.

For Leslie Schoop's lab, one recent such investigation has uncovered a layered compound with a trio of properties not previously known to exist in one material. [31] McHenry's group, in collaboration with the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), NASA Glenn Research Center, and North Carolina State University, are designing a two and half kilowatt motor that weighs less than two and half kilograms. [30] Single-molecule magnets (SMMs) have been attracting a lot of attention recently. This is because of the increased demand for faster, longer-lasting and lower-energy IT systems, and the need for higher data storage capacity. [29] Researchers have discovered that using an easily made combination of materials might be the way to offer a more stable environment for smaller and safer data storage, ultimately leading to miniature computers. [28]
Category: Condensed Matter

Chaotic Antiferromagnetic Bimeron

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 46 Pages.

Magnetic bimeron is a topological spin texture with particle-like characteristics, which can exist in chiral magnets with in-plane magnetic anisotropy. [31] McHenry's group, in collaboration with the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), NASA Glenn Research Center, and North Carolina State University, are designing a two and half kilowatt motor that weighs less than two and half kilograms. [30] Single-molecule magnets (SMMs) have been attracting a lot of attention recently. This is because of the increased demand for faster, longer-lasting and lower-energy IT systems, and the need for higher data storage capacity. [29] Researchers have discovered that using an easily made combination of materials might be the way to offer a more stable environment for smaller and safer data storage, ultimately leading to miniature computers. [28]
Category: Condensed Matter

Rational Catalyst and Electrolyte Design for Co2 Electroreduction Towards Multicarbon Products

Authors: Dunfeng Gao, Rosa M. Arán-Ais, Hyo Sang Jeon, Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
Comments: 29 Pages.

CO2 electroreduction reaction (CO2RR) to fuels and feedstocks is an attractive route to close the anthropogenic carbon cycle and store renewable energy. The generation of more reduced chemicals, especially multicarbon oxygenate and hydrocarbon products (C2+) with higher energy density is highly desirable for industrial applications. However, selective conversion of CO2 to C2+ suffers from high overpotential, low reaction rate and low selectivity, and the process is extremely sensitive to the catalyst structure and electrolyte. Here we discuss strategies to achieve high C2+ selectivity through rational design of the catalyst and electrolyte. Current state-of-the-art catalysts, including Cu and Cu-bimetallic catalysts as well as alternative materials are considered. The importance of taking into consideration the dynamic evolution of the catalyst structure and composition are highlighted, focusing on findings extracted from in situ and operando characterizations. Additional theoretical insight into the reaction mechanisms underlying the improved C2+ selectivity of specific catalyst geometries/compositions in synergy with a well-chosen electrolyte are also provided.
Category: Chemistry

Time Crystals Superconductors

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 49 Pages.

"Powering a topological superconductor using a time crystal gives you more than the sum of its parts," says Jason Alicea, a researcher at California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in the US. [26] Dreamt up by the physics Nobel laureate Frank Wilczek in 2012, the notion of “time crystals” is now moving from theory to experiment – and could also lead to applications such as a new kind of atomic clock. [25] Yale physicists have uncovered hints of a time crystal—a form of matter that "ticks" when exposed to an electromagnetic pulse—in the last place they expected: a crystal you might find in a child's toy. [24] The research shows that concentrated electrolytes in solution affect hydrogen bonding, ion interactions, and coordination geometries in currently unpredictable ways. [23] An exotic state of matter that is dazzling scientists with its electrical properties, can also exhibit unusual optical properties, as shown in a theoretical study by researchers at A*STAR. [22]
Category: Quantum Physics

Our Multi-Tiered Universe: Showing That Atoms And Galaxies Are Relative Versions Of The Same Thing

Authors: Joseph Patrick Anthony
Comments: 104 Pages. U.S. copyright registered

This work represents a paradigm shift, a physics of the very large and the very small which integrates the four fundamental forces of nature: gravity, electromagnetism, the strong and weak nuclear forces. To do so requires a re-envisioning of physics, describing atomic forces not in terms of what we have come to measure as particles but instead in terms of miniature galactic forces, giving a comprehensive picture of the spatial and temporal relativity that governs our universe. The atomic nucleus is a tiny black hole which is surrounded by a halo of miniature stars and interstellar dust and gas. Beyond this fundamental cosmological understanding, how such a model clarifies the standard model is spelled out through an exploration of the forces and their interactions, from particle physics to astrophysics. For example, it explains: - how and why rotating supermassive black holes inhabit galactic centers; - how and why the helium flash event occurs in stellar dynamics; - the cause of the solar magnetic cycle; - why rare earth elements manifest as such; - the architecture of atomic and galactic forces within the universal framework; - why hydrogen is unique; - dark matter; - dark energy; - a rectification of the periodic table. These far-reaching claims are supported by predictions and a new energy equation which quantifies the atomic/ galactic relationship, and provides a foundation for finally understanding the physical universe. Additional equations from the greater physics community could soon prove the predictions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Materials Strange Electron Properties

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 51 Pages.

A method to observe a new class of topological materials, called Weyl semimetals, was developed by researchers at Penn State, MIT, Tohoku University, Japan and the Indonesian Institute of Sciences. [32] Solar energy is clean and abundant. But when the sun isn't shining, you must store the energy in batteries or through a process called photocatalysis-in which solar energy is used to make fuels. [31] An international team of scientists, including NUST MISIS's Professor Gotthard Seifert, has made an important step toward the control of excitonic effects in two-dimensional van der Waals heterostructures. [30] Carbon nanotubes-cylindrical formations of carbon atoms with incredible strength and electrical conductivity-hold great promise for creating new micron-scale low-power electronic devices. [29] An electrically conductive hydrogel that takes stretchability, self-healing and strain sensitivity to new limits has been developed at KAUST. [28] UCLA scientists and engineers have developed a new process for assembling semiconductor devices. [27] A new experiment that tests the limit of how large an object can be before it ceases to behave quantum mechanically has been proposed by physicists in the UK and India. [26] Phonons are discrete units of vibrational energy predicted by quantum mechanics that correspond to collective oscillations of atoms inside a molecule or a crystal. [25] This achievement is considered as an important landmark for the realization of practical application of photon upconversion technology. [24] Considerable interest in new single-photon detector technologies has been scaling in this past decade. [23] Engineers develop key mathematical formula for driving quantum experiments. [22]
Category: Condensed Matter

Nanoparticles Prevent Heart Attacks

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 40 Pages.

An associate professor from Michigan State University has helped invent a potential treatment for coronary artery disease-a sub-microscopic scouring process he likens to "taking out the garbage." [23] Researchers at Oregon State University have developed an improved technique for using magnetic nanoclusters to kill hard-to-reach tumors. [22] MIT researchers have now come up with a novel way to prevent fibrosis from occurring, by incorporating a crystallized immunosuppressant drug into devices. [21] In a surprising marriage of science and art, researchers at MIT have developed a system for converting the molecular structures of proteins, the basic building blocks of all living beings, into audible sound that resembles musical passages. [20] Inspired by ideas from the physics of phase transitions and polymer physics, researchers in the Divisions of Physical and Biological Sciences at UC San Diego set out specifically to determine the organization of DNA inside the nucleus of a living cell. [19] Scientists from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the University of Maryland are using neutrons at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) to capture new information about DNA and RNA molecules and enable more accurate computer simulations of how they interact with everything from proteins to viruses. [18] The DNA molecules are chiral, which means they can exist in two forms which are mirror images, like a left and right hand. The phenomenon was dubbed "chiral induced spin selectivity" (CISS), and over the last few years, several experiments were published allegedly showing this CISS effect, even in electronic devices. [17] Chemist Ivan Huc finds the inspiration for his work in the molecular principles that underlie biological systems. [16] What makes particles self-assemble into complex biological structures? [15] Scientists from Moscow State University (MSU) working with an international team of researchers have identified the structure of one of the key regions of telomerase-a so-called "cellular immortality" ribonucleoprotein. [14]
Category: Physics of Biology

Nanomaterial Transport to Cells

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 74 Pages.

Bioengineers can design smart drugs for antibody and nanomaterial-based therapies to optimize drug efficiency for increasingly efficient, early-stage preclinical trials. [41] Many of these products use nanomaterials, but little is known about how these modern materials and their tiny particles interact with the environment and living things. [40] When chemists from the Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw were starting work on a new material designed for the efficient production of nanocrystalline zinc oxide, they didn't expect any surprises. [39] Now writing in Light Science & Applications, Hamidreza Siampour and co-workers have taken a step forward in the field of integrated quantum plasmonics by demonstrating on-chip coupling between a single photon source and plasmonic waveguide. [38] Researchers at University of Utah Health developed a proof-of-concept technology using nanoparticles that could offer a new approach for oral medications. [37] Using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), extremely high resolution imaging of the molecule-covered surface structures of silver nanoparticles is possible, even down to the recognition of individual parts of the molecules protecting the surface. [36] A fiber optic sensing system developed by researchers in China and Canada can peer inside supercapacitors and batteries to observe their state of charge. [35] The idea of using a sound wave in optical fibers initially came from the team's partner researchers at Bar-Ilan University in Israel. Joint research projects should follow. [34] Researchers at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology have constructed a first-of-its-kind optic isolator based on resonance of light waves on a rapidly rotating glass sphere. [33] The micro-resonator is a two-mirror trap for the light, with the mirrors facing each other within several hundred nanometers. [32]
Category: Physics of Biology

Atom-Scale Materials the Next Tech

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 67 Pages.

"Atomaterials" is short for "atomic materials," so called because their properties depend on the precise configuration of their atoms. It is a new but rapidly developing field. [42] Using straightforward chemistry and a mix-and-match, modular strategy, researchers have developed a simple approach that could produce over 65,000 different types of complex nanoparticles, each containing up to six different materials and eight segments, with interfaces that could be exploited in electrical or optical applications. [41] MIT engineers have shown that they can enhance the performance of drug-delivery nanoparticles by controlling a trait of chemical structures known as chirality-the "handedness" of the structure. [40] The process, developed by Nagoya University researchers in Japan, could be upscaled for manufacturing purified batches of single-wall carbon nanotubes that can be used in high-performance electronic devices. [39] Scientists at Texas Heart Institute (THI) and Rice University have used biocompatible fibres made of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as electrical bridges to restore conductivity to damaged hearts. [38] A team of researchers from China, the U.S. and Japan has developed a way to strengthen graphene-based membranes intended for use in desalination projects-by fortifying them with nanotubes. [37] The team arrived at their results by imaging gold nanoparticles, with diameters ranging from 2 to 5 nanometres, via aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscope. [36] Nanoparticles of less than 100 nanometres in size are used to engineer new materials and nanotechnologies across a variety of sectors. [35] For years, researchers have been trying to find ways to grow an optimal nanowire, using crystals with perfectly aligned layers all along the wire. [34] Ferroelectric materials have a spontaneous dipole moment which can point up or down. [33] Researchers have successfully demonstrated that hypothetical particles that were proposed by Franz Preisach in 1935 actually exist. [32]
Category: Condensed Matter

N.H.P=New Hypothesis of Primes (break time Ⅱ)

Authors: Yuji Masuda
Comments: 1 Page.

THis will be a new rule of primes.
Category: Number Theory

Solution to the “Problem of Time” IV : Experimental proof of ToE in 12-dim Space-Time

Authors: Manfred U.E. Pohl
Comments: 7 Pages. Pictures / Grafics added.

Within “Solution to the Problem of Time I and II + III” [1,2] the author explored the origin of time and suggested the Unified Principles of Nature that must be applied in order to unify Quantum Gravity and General Relativity without contradiction. Within this paper, the author summarize the unification of Electromagnetism and Gravity with introducing applying the definition of 2*3-dimensional time into the final 12 Dimensional Space-Time for ToE and giving experimental proof of the findings on data of Solar System (Gravity) related to Rydberg-Constant.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Segregation Phenomena in Size-selected Bimetallic CuNi Nanoparticle Catalysts

Authors: Lukas Pielsticker, Ioannis Zegkinoglou, Nuria J. Divins, Hemma Mistry, Yen-Ting Chen, Aleksander Kostka, Jorge Anibal Boscoboinik, Beatriz Roldán Cuenya
Comments: 26 Pages.

Surface segregation, restructuring and sintering phenomena in size-selected copper-nickel nanoparticles (NPs) supported on silicon dioxide substrates were systematically investigated as a function of temperature, chemical state and reactive gas environment. Using near-ambient pressure (NAP-XPS) and ultra-high vacuum X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), we showed that nickel tends to segregate to the surface of the NPs at elevated temperatures in oxygen- or hydrogen-containing atmospheres. It was found that the NP pre-treatment, gaseous environment and oxide formation free energy are the main driving forces of the restructuring and segregation trends observed, overshadowing the role of the surface free energy. The depth profile of the elemental composition of the particles was determined under operando CO2 hydrogenation conditions by varying the energy of the X-ray beam. The temperature dependence of the chemical state of the two metals was systematically studied, revealing the high stability of nickel oxides on the NPs and the important role of high valence oxidation states in the segregation behavior. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies revealed a remarkable stability of the NPs against sintering at temperatures as high as 700 °C. The results provide new insights into the complex interplay of the various factors which affect alloy formation and segregation phenomena in bimetallic NP systems, often in ways different from those previously known for their bulk counterparts. This leads to new routes for tuning the surface composition of nanocatalysts, for example through plasma and annealing pre-treatments.
Category: Chemistry

Activity and Selectivity Control in CO2 Electroreduction to Multicarbon Products over CuOx Catalysts via Electrolyte Design

Authors: Dunfeng Gao, Ian T. McCrum, Shyam Deo, Yong-Wook Choi, Fabian Scholten, Weiming Wan, Jingguang G. Chen, Michael J. Janik, Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
Comments: 34 Pages.

CO2 electroreduction reaction (CO2RR) to chemicals and fuels is of both fundamental and practical significance since it would lead to a more efficient storage of renewable energy while closing the carbon cycle. Here we report enhanced activity and selectivity for CO2RR to multicarbon hydrocarbons and alcohols (~69 % Faradaic efficiency and −45.5 mA cm−2 partial current density for C2+ at −1.0 V vs RHE) over O2-plasma-activated Cu catalysts via electrolyte design. Increasing the size of the alkali metal cations in the electrolyte, in combination with the presence of subsurface oxygen species which favor their adsorption, significantly improved C-C coupling on CuOx electrodes. The co-existence of Cs+ and I− induced drastic restructuring of the CuOx surface, the formation of shaped particles containing stable CuI species, and a more favorable stabilization of the reaction intermediates and concomitant high C2+ selectivity. This work combining both experiment and density functional theory, provides insights into the active sites and reaction mechanism of oxide-derived Cu catalysts for CO2RR.
Category: Chemistry

CO2 Electroreduction on Copper-Cobalt Nanoparticles: Size and Composition Effect

Authors: M. Bernal, A. Bagger, F. Scholten, I. Sinev, A. Bergmann, M. Ahmadi, J. Rossmeisl, B. Roldan Cuenya
Comments: 32 Pages.

Understanding the changes that a catalyst may experience on its surface during a reaction is crucial in order to stablish structure/composition-reactivity correlations. Here, we report on bimetallic size-selected Cu100-xCox nanoparticle (NP) catalysts for CO2 electroreduction reaction (CO2RR) and we identify the optimum Cu/Co ratio and NP size leading to improved activity and selectivity. Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and quasi in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) provided insight into the morphological, structural, and chemical transformations underwent by the CuCo NPs during CO2RR. We illustrate that the as-prepared state of the bimetallic NPs is drastically different from the structure and surface composition of the working catalyst. Under electrochemical conditions, a reduction of both initially oxidized metallic species was observed, accompanied by Cu surface segregation. Density functional theory (DFT) results from a Cu3X model were used to describe the surface segregation. In order to extract mechanistic understanding, the activity of the experimental Cu and CuCo NPs towards CO2RR was described via DFT in terms of the interaction of Cu facets under expansion and compression with key reaction intermediates, in particular CO* and COOH*.
Category: Chemistry

Operando Evolution of the Structure and Oxidation State of Size-Controlled Zn Nanoparticles During Co2 Electroreduction

Authors: Hyo Sang Jeon, Ilya Sinev, Fabian Scholten, Nuria J. Divins, Ioannis Zegkinoglou, Lukas Pielsticker, Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
Comments: 4 Pages.

We explored the size-dependent activity and selectivity of Zn nanoparticles (NPs) for the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). Zn NPs ranging from 3 to 5 nm showed high activity and selectivity (~70 %) for CO production, while those above 5 nm exhibited bulk-like catalytic properties. In addition, a drastic increase in hydrogen production was observed for the Zn NPs below 3 nm, which is associated with the enhanced content of low-coordinated sites on small NPs. The presence of residual cationic Zn species in the catalysts was also revealed during CO2RR via operando X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy (XAFS) measurements. Such species are expected to play a role in the selectivity trends obtained. Our findings can serve as guidance for the development of highly active and CO-selective Zn-based catalysts for CO2RR.
Category: Chemistry

Atomic Dance of 2-D Materials

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 63 Pages.

A team of Northwestern University materials science researchers have developed a new method to view the dynamic motion of atoms in atomically thin 2-D materials. [39] Researchers led by MIT Department of Physics Professor Pablo Jarillo-Herrero last year showed that rotating layers of hexagonally structured graphene at a particular "magic angle" could change the material's electronic properties from an insulating state to a superconducting state. [38] Scientists at the University of Hong Kong and Hunan Normal University showed that, in homobilayer transition metal dichalcogenides, the real-space Berry phase from moiré patterns manifests as a periodic magnetic field. [37] In a paper published today in Nature's NPJ Quantum Information, Omar Magaña-Loaiza, assistant professor in the Louisiana State University (LSU) Department of Physics & Astronomy, and his team of researchers describe a noteworthy step forward in the quantum manipulation and control of light, which has far-reaching quantum technology applications in imaging, simulation, metrology, computation, communication, and cryptography, among other areas. [36]
Category: Condensed Matter

Universal Target for Antiviral Treatment

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 66 Pages.

As the coronavirus outbreak shows, viruses are a constant threat to humanity. Vaccines are regularly developed and deployed against specific viruses, but that process takes a lot of time, doesn't help everyone who needs protection, and still leaves people exposed to new outbreaks and new viruses. [39] It's no coincidence that some of the worst viral disease outbreaks in recent years-SARS, MERS, Ebola, Marburg and likely the newly arrived 2019-nCoV virus-originated in bats. [38] An interdisciplinary team of researchers at Colorado State University has used computational chemistry, biochemistry and virology to uncover new information on how viruses such as West Nile, dengue and Zika replicate. [37] David Baker, Professor of Biochemistry and Director of the Institute for Protein Design at the University of Washington will speak about how algorithmic processes such as de novo design predict protein structures, protein folding mechanisms, and new protein functions. [36] A research team at Kobe University has developed a method of artificially controlling the anchorage position of target proteins in engineered baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). [35] Scientists have found a new way to home in on the proteins covering a particular cell's surface. The feat offers insight into how brain cells form intricate networks during development. [34]
Category: Physics of Biology

Applying the Immobility Theory to Thoroughly Solve the Three Zeno’s Paradoxes

Authors: Ninh Khac Son
Comments: 9 Pages.

- Applying the law of conservation of time to solve the Achilles and the tortoise paradox. - Applying the smallest unit of time T_min in the universe to solve the Dichotomy paradox. - Applying the disappearing property of matter when moving to solve the Arrow paradox.
Category: Classical Physics

Объявление о моей ошибке в статье «Исследование задачи о мощности конттинуума»
Announcement of my Mistake in Article "Study of the Continuum Power Problem"

Authors: Dmitry Vatolin
Comments: 2 Pages.

Error message [Сообщение об ошибке]
Category: Topology

ATLAS Experiment for Science Education

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 15 Pages.

The ATLAS Collaboration at CERN has just released the first open dataset from the Large Hadron Collider's (LHC) highest-energy run at 13 teraelectronvolts (TeV). [11] The Higgs boson was discovered in 2012 by the ATLAS and CMS Experiments at CERN, but its coupling to other particles remains a puzzle. [10] Higgs boson decaying into bottom quarks. Now, scientists are tackling its relationship with the top quark. [9] Usha Mallik and her team used a grant from the U.S. Department of Energy to help build a sub-detector at the Large Hadron Collider, the world's largest and most powerful particle accelerator, located in Switzerland. They're running experiments on the sub-detector to search for a pair of bottom quarks-subatomic yin-and-yang particles that should be produced about 60 percent of the time a Higgs boson decays. [8] A new way of measuring how the Higgs boson couples to other fundamental particles has been proposed by physicists in France, Israel and the US. Their technique would involve comparing the spectra of several different isotopes of the same atom to see how the Higgs force between the atom's electrons and its nucleus affects the atomic energy levels. [7] The magnetic induction creates a negative electric field, causing an electromagnetic inertia responsible for the relativistic mass change; it is the mysterious Higgs Field giving mass to the particles. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate by the diffraction patterns. The accelerating charges explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the wave particle duality and the electron's spin also, building the bridge between the Classical and Relativistic Quantum Theories. The self maintained electric potential of the accelerating charges equivalent with the General Relativity space-time curvature, and since it is true on the quantum level also, gives the base of the Quantum Gravity. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the relativistic quantum theory.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Structure- and Electrolyte-Sensitivity in CO2 Electroreduction

Authors: Rosa M. Arán-Ais, Dunfeng Gao, Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
Comments: 30 Pages.

The utilization of fossil fuels (i.e., coal, petroleum, and natural gas) as the main energy source gives rise to serious environmental issues, including global warming caused by the continuously increasing level of atmospheric CO2. To deal with this challenge, fossil fuels are being partially replaced by renewable energy such as solar and wind. However, such energy sources are usually intermittent and currently constitute a very low portion of the overall energy consumption. Recently, the electrochemical conversion of CO2 to chemicals and fuels with improved energy density driven by electricity derived from renewable energy has been recognized as a promising strategy towards sustainable energy. The activation and reduction of CO2, which is a thermodynamically stable and kinetically inert molecule, is extremely challenging. Although the participation of protons in the CO2 electroreduction reaction (CO2RR) helps lower the energy barrier, high overpotentials are still needed to efficiently drive the process. On the other hand, the concurrent hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) under CO2RR conditions leads to lower selectivity toward CO2RR products. Electrocatalysts that are highly active and selective for multicarbon products are urgently needed to improve the energy efficiency of CO2RR. The reduction of CO2 involves multiple proton-electron transfers and has many complex intermediates. Recent reports have shown that the relative stability of the intermediates on the surface of catalysts determines final reaction pathways as well as the product selectivity. Furthermore, this reaction displays a strong structure-sensitivity. The atomic arrangement, electronic structure, chemical composition, and oxidation state of the catalysts significantly influence catalyst performance. Fundamental understanding of the dependence of the reaction mechanisms on the catalyst structure would guide the rational design of new nanostructured CO2RR catalysts. As a reaction proceeding in a complex environment containing gas/liquid/solid interfaces, CO2RR is also intensively affected by the electrolyte. The electrolyte composition in the near surface region of the electrode where the reaction takes place plays a vital role in the reactivity. However, the former might also be indirectly determined by the bulk electrolyte composition via diffusion. Adding to the complexity, the structure, chemical state and surface composition of the catalysts under reaction conditions usually undergo dynamic changes, especially when adsorbed ions are considered. Therefore, in addition to tuning the structure of the electrocatalysts, being able to also modify the electrolyte provides an alternative method to tune the activity and selectivity of CO2RR. In situ and operando characterization methods must be employed in order to gain in depth understanding on the structure- and electrolyte-sensitivity of real CO2RR catalysts under working conditions. This Account provides examples of recent advances in the development of nanostructured catalysts and mechanistic understanding of CO2RR. It discusses how the structure of a catalyst (crystal orientation, oxidation state, atomic arrangement, defects, size, surface composition, segregation, etc.) influences the activity and selectivity, and how the electrolyte also plays a determining role in the reaction activity and selectivity. Finally, the importance of in situ and operando characterization methods to understand the structure- and electrolyte-sensitivity of the CO2RR is discussed.
Category: Chemistry

Gold's Wobbly Nucleus

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 58 Pages.

Nuclear physics researchers have now observed this same type of wobbling in Au187-a gold isotope that lives for just eight minutes. [35] Nanoparticles of less than 100 nanometres in size are used to engineer new materials and nanotechnologies across a variety of sectors. [35] For years, researchers have been trying to find ways to grow an optimal nanowire, using crystals with perfectly aligned layers all along the wire. [34] Ferroelectric materials have a spontaneous dipole moment which can point up or down. [33] Researchers have successfully demonstrated that hypothetical particles that were proposed by Franz Preisach in 1935 actually exist. [32] Scientists from the Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have demonstrated a surprisingly simple way of flipping a material from one state into another, and then back again, with single flashes of laser light. [31] Materials scientists at Duke University computationally predicted the electrical and optical properties of semiconductors made from extended organic molecules sandwiched by inorganic structures. [30] KU Leuven researchers from the Roeffaers Lab and the Hofkens Group have now put forward a very promising direct X-ray detector design, based on a rapidly emerging halide perovskite semiconductor, with chemical formula Cs2AgBiBr6. [29] Physicists at Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) have proven that incoming light causes the electrons in warm perovskites to rotate, thus influencing the direction of the flow of electrical current. [28] Self-assembly and crystallisation of nanoparticles (NPs) is generally a complex process, based on the evaporation or precipitation of NP-building blocks. [27] New nanoparticle-based films that are more than 80 times thinner than a human hair may help to fill this need by providing materials that can holographically archive more than 1000 times more data than a DVD in a 10-by-10-centimeter piece of film. [26]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Quantum Application from Lab to Chip

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 40 Pages.

Researchers are exploring promising new waveguide platforms that provide these same benefits for applications that operate in the ultraviolet to the infrared spectrum. [27] A FLEET study of ultracold atomic gases-a billionth the temperature of outer space-has unlocked new, fundamental quantum effects. [26] Symmetry plays a fundamental role in understanding complex quantum matter, particularly in classifying topological quantum phases, which have attracted great interests in the recent decade. [25] Four decades after it was predicted, scientist create a skyrmion, and take one step towards efficient nuclear fusion. [24] While standard quantum hardware entangles particles in two states, the team has found a way to generate and entangle pairs of particles that each has 15 states. [23]
Category: Quantum Physics

Mass Limit for a Black Hole with a Strong Gravity Theory

Authors: Zane Andrea Quintili
Comments: 5 Pages.

We propose in this short document an interpretation for a black hole through a gravitational theory with a gravitational constant of strong gravity (Gq) that we find in the literature described with the symbol Г. We believe that in nature (regulated by physical laws) only a certain amount of mass can realistically generate a cosmic black hole. The quantity of this mass is described here: M(Bh)= 8Mp^3/mp^2
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Physical Nature of Black Holes and Dark Matter

Authors: Guido F. Nelissen
Comments: 10 Pages.

In the 1930’s and the 1970’s astronomers discovered that the outer regions of spiral galaxy clusters moved much faster than their combined mass could explain. This led to the supposition that there must be a huge amount of some invisible/dark mass/matter, that amounts up to 85% of all matter in the universe! After more than fifty years, no ‘dark’ matter has however been found. On the contrary, irregularities among galaxies have been found that even dark matter cannot explain, such as: the Tully-Fisher relation between the brightness of a galaxy and the velocity of its outermost stars, and the strange gamma ray signals from the center of the milky way. In this paper the author demonstrates that, when 3-dimensional mass particles accelerate to a black hole, due to the Lorentz-Fitzgerald contraction, their length in their direction of motion is gradually contracted, until they reach the Schwarzschild radius where they obtain the speed of light and where they are compressed into 2-dimensional wave-particles. This means that they simply have become light particles, with no longitudinal mass but only transverse mass characteristics, such as variable velocity, linear momentum and gravitational interaction, in a plane perpendicular to their invariable speed, which explains the cylindrical photon ring gradually circulating into a black hole. This means that light is strong enough to survive the most extreme conditions in the universe, at the event horizon of a Black Hole, which is confirmed by the recent Chinese cosmic ray observatory ‘LHAASO’ that has demonstrated that ultra-high-energy photons can attain energies up to 1,4.109MeV, which is 140 times the energy that can be produced by the Large Hadron Collider! And it is also in line with the so-cold “gamma ray burst” that emit the same amount of energy as a supernova, but in seconds or minutes instead of weeks! This allows the author to demonstrate that the high velocities in the outer regions of spiral galaxy clusters, is not caused by some invisible ‘dark’ matter, but that it is caused by the transverse gravitational interaction of high energy photons, circulating those galaxy clusters. And it also explains the Tully-Fisher relation between the brightness of a galaxy and the velocity of its outermost stars. And this also explains the fireball of γ-rays that followed immediately after the detection of the gravity waves released by the merging of two neutron stars.
Category: Classical Physics

Relativistic Atomic Model

Authors: Daehyeon KANG
Comments: 4 Pages.

In 1913, a Danish scientist named Niels Bohr introduced a formula that explained the spectral lines of hydrogen atoms, which was simple and important to get a picture of the model of atoms. Nevertheless, it is difficult to treat the electron motion of an atom with Newtonian kinematics and use it as a formula for calculating the energy level of an electron in an atom with a large atomic number. Thus, the formula was created with relativity, which is very simple to learn and good for teaching.
Category: Quantum Physics

Experimental Proof of the Empty Waves Existence

Authors: V.A. Skrebnev, M.V. Polski
Comments: 12 Pages.

The experiment measured the absorption of single photons by absorbers with various absorption coefficients, in one of the beams, after the photons interacted with the beam splitter. The measurements showed that the absorption corresponds to single photon traveling in either one or another beam. The results of our measurements and of single photon interference experiments, combined together, demonstrate the existence of the empty waves. We show that seemingly justified criticism of our interpretation of the experiment is not valid. New experiments are proposed to study single-photon interference involving an empty wave.
Category: Quantum Physics

Human Brain's Meticulous Interface

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 40 Pages.

Now a team led by researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology has engineered a way of studying the barrier more closely with the intent of helping drug developers do the same. In a new study, the researchers cultured the human blood-brain barrier on a chip, recreating its physiology more realistically than predecessor chips. [25]
Category: Physics of Biology

Ultra-Fast Data Transfer

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 95 Pages.

Researchers have made a breakthrough in the control of terahertz quantum cascade lasers, which could lead to the transmission of data at the rate of 100 gigabits per second-around one thousand times quicker than a fast Ethernet operating at 100 megabits a second. [58] Prospective digital data storage devices predominantly rely on novel fundamental magnetic phenomena. [57] Scientists at Linköping University have shown how a quantum computer really works and have managed to simulate quantum computer properties in a classical computer. [56] Scientists from the University of Bath, working with a colleague at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, have devised an ingenious method of controlling the vapour by coating the interior of containers with nanoscopic gold particles 300,000 times smaller than a pinhead. [55] Significant technical and financial issues remain towards building a large, fault-tolerant quantum computer and one is unlikely to be built within the coming decade. [54] Chemists at Friedrich Schiller University in Jena (Germany) have now synthesised a molecule that can perform the function of a computing unit in a quantum computer. [53] The research team developed the first optical microchip to generate, manipulate and detect a particular state of light called squeezed vacuum, which is essential for HYPERLINK "https://phys.org/tags/quantum/" quantum computation. [52] Australian scientists have investigated new directions to scale up qubits-utilising the spin-orbit coupling of atom qubits-adding a new suite of tools to the armory. [51]
Category: Digital Signal Processing

Artificial Atoms Create Stable Qubits

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 96 Pages.

Quantum engineers from UNSW Sydney have created artificial atoms in silicon chips that offer improved stability for quantum computing. [58] Prospective digital data storage devices predominantly rely on novel fundamental magnetic phenomena. [57] Scientists at Linköping University have shown how a quantum computer really works and have managed to simulate quantum computer properties in a classical computer. [56] Scientists from the University of Bath, working with a colleague at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, have devised an ingenious method of controlling the vapour by coating the interior of containers with nanoscopic gold particles 300,000 times smaller than a pinhead. [55] Significant technical and financial issues remain towards building a large, fault-tolerant quantum computer and one is unlikely to be built within the coming decade. [54] Chemists at Friedrich Schiller University in Jena (Germany) have now synthesised a molecule that can perform the function of a computing unit in a quantum computer. [53] The research team developed the first optical microchip to generate, manipulate and detect a particular state of light called squeezed vacuum, which is essential for HYPERLINK "https://phys.org/tags/quantum/" quantum computation. [52] Australian scientists have investigated new directions to scale up qubits-utilising the spin-orbit coupling of atom qubits-adding a new suite of tools to the armory. [51] A team of international researchers led by engineers from the National University of Singapore (NUS) have invented a new magnetic device to manipulate digital information 20 times more efficiently and with 10 times more stability than commercial spintronic digital memories. [50] Working in the lab of Mikhail Lukin, the George Vasmer Leverett Professor of Physics and co-director of the Quantum Science and Engineering Initiative, Evans is lead author of a study, described in the journal Science, that demonstrates a method for engineering an interaction between two qubits using photons. [49] Researchers with the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory have demonstrated a new level of control over photons encoded with quantum information. [48]
Category: Quantum Physics

Nanowires of Tellurium Wearable

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 48 Pages.

Wearable tech and electronic cloth may be the way of the future, but to get there the wiring needs to be strong, flexible and efficient. [31] Nanowires promise to make LEDs more colorful and solar cells more efficient, in addition to speeding up computers. [30] A new form of electron microscopy allows researchers to examine nanoscale tubular materials while they are "alive" and forming liquids—a first in the field. [29]
Category: Condensed Matter

Coronavirus Outbreak Raises Question

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 65 Pages.

It's no coincidence that some of the worst viral disease outbreaks in recent years-SARS, MERS, Ebola, Marburg and likely the newly arrived 2019-nCoV virus-originated in bats. [38] An interdisciplinary team of researchers at Colorado State University has used computational chemistry, biochemistry and virology to uncover new information on how viruses such as West Nile, dengue and Zika replicate. [37] David Baker, Professor of Biochemistry and Director of the Institute for Protein Design at the University of Washington will speak about how algorithmic processes such as de novo design predict protein structures, protein folding mechanisms, and new protein functions. [36] A research team at Kobe University has developed a method of artificially controlling the anchorage position of target proteins in engineered baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). [35] Scientists have found a new way to home in on the proteins covering a particular cell's surface. The feat offers insight into how brain cells form intricate networks during development. [34]
Category: Physics of Biology

Brain Temperature Measured by Light

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 41 Pages.

Light could replace invasive techniques to measure brain temperature-eliminating the need to place a thermometer in the brain when treating a range of neurological disorders. [26] Now a team led by researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology has engineered a way of studying the barrier more closely with the intent of helping drug developers do the same. In a new study, the researchers cultured the human blood-brain barrier on a chip, recreating its physiology more realistically than predecessor chips. [25]
Category: Physics of Biology

Misalignments in Graphene Electronics

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 72 Pages.

Researchers at the University of Antwerp report how higher-order periodic modulations called supermoiré caused by the encapsulation of graphene between hexagonal boron nitride affect the electronic and structural properties of graphene, as revealed in three recent independent experiments. [45] Graphene-based computer components that can deal in terahertz "could be used, not in a normal Macintosh or PC, but perhaps in very advanced computers with high processing rates," Ozaki says. This 2-D material could also be used to make extremely high-speed nanodevices, he adds. [44] Printed electronics use standard printing techniques to manufacture electronic devices on different substrates like glass, plastic films, and paper. [43]
Category: Condensed Matter

Echoes in a Single Molecule

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 66 Pages.

Researchers at the Weizmann Institute of Science and East China Normal University (ECNU) have experimentally observed quantum wave-packet echoes in a single, isolated molecule. [42] In a paper to be published in the forthcoming issue of Nano, a group of researchers from the Shenyang Jianzhu University in China has provided an overview of single-molecule electronic devices, including molecular electronic devices and electrode types. [41] A team at Osaka University has created single-molecule nanowires, complete with an insulation layer, up to 10 nanometers in length. [40]
Category: Quantum Physics

Muscular Dystrophy Diagnosis

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 42 Pages.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most common type of muscular dystrophy, affecting more than 10,000 males at birth per year in the United States with severe physical disability, chronic wasting and muscle deterioration. [27] Light could replace invasive techniques to measure brain temperature-eliminating the need to place a thermometer in the brain when treating a range of neurological disorders. [26] Now a team led by researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology has engineered a way of studying the barrier more closely with the intent of helping drug developers do the same. In a new study, the researchers cultured the human blood-brain barrier on a chip, recreating its physiology more realistically than predecessor chips. [25]
Category: Physics of Biology

Leak Protection in Buildings

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 73 Pages.

A new, battery-free sensor can detect water leaks in buildings at a fraction of the cost of existing systems. [46] Researchers at the University of Antwerp report how higher-order periodic modulations called supermoiré caused by the encapsulation of graphene between hexagonal boron nitride affect the electronic and structural properties of graphene, as revealed in three recent independent experiments. [45] Graphene-based computer components that can deal in terahertz "could be used, not in a normal Macintosh or PC, but perhaps in very advanced computers with high processing rates," Ozaki says. This 2-D material could also be used to make extremely high-speed nanodevices, he adds. [44] Printed electronics use standard printing techniques to manufacture electronic devices on different substrates like glass, plastic films, and paper. [43]
Category: Condensed Matter

Analyzing Two Ramanujan Formulas: Mathematical Connections with Various Equations Concerning Some Sectors of Black Holes ad Wormholes Physics III

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 117 Pages.

The purpose of this paper is to show how using certain mathematical values and / or constants from two Ramanujan expressions, we obtain some mathematical connections with equations of various sectors of Black Holes and Wormholes Physics
Category: Mathematical Physics

Light Removal of Medical Implants

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 40 Pages.

A research team at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has designed medical devices that break down inside the body when they are exposed to light from an LED "pill". [25] An emerging technology involving tiny particles that absorb light and turn it into localized heat sources shows great promise in several fields, including medicine. [24] Two physicists from the University of Luxembourg have now unambiguously shown that quantum-mechanical wavelike interactions are indeed crucial even at the scale of natural biological processes. [23] Monika Aidelsburger uses a special type of optical lattice to simulate quantum many-body phenomena that are otherwise inaccessible to experimental exploration. [22] University of Illinois Professor Harry Hilton brought together several mathematical and physical theories to help look at problems in more unified ways and solve physical engineering problems. [21] A team of physicists from RUDN, JINR (Dubna), and the University of Hamburg (Germany) developed a mathematical model for describing physical processes in hybrid systems that consists of atoms and ions cooled down to temperatures close to absolute zero. [20] Recently, extensive study shows that the parity-time symmetry breaking in open systems leads to exceptional points, promising for novel applications leasers and sensing. [19] A recent discovery by William & Mary and University of Michigan researchers transforms our understanding of one of the most important laws of modern physics. [18] Now, a team of physicists from The University of Queensland and the NÉEL Institute has shown that, as far as quantum physics is concerned, the chicken and the egg can both come first. [17]
Category: Physics of Biology

Acid-Loving Microbe

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 42 Pages.

Food and energy availability cause physical changes in acid-loving microorganisms that are used to study Earth's climate history, according to research from Dartmouth College. [26] A research team at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has designed medical devices that break down inside the body when they are exposed to light from an LED "pill". [25] An emerging technology involving tiny particles that absorb light and turn it into localized heat sources shows great promise in several fields, including medicine. [24] Two physicists from the University of Luxembourg have now unambiguously shown that quantum-mechanical wavelike interactions are indeed crucial even at the scale of natural biological processes. [23] Monika Aidelsburger uses a special type of optical lattice to simulate quantum many-body phenomena that are otherwise inaccessible to experimental exploration. [22] University of Illinois Professor Harry Hilton brought together several mathematical and physical theories to help look at problems in more unified ways and solve physical engineering problems. [21] A team of physicists from RUDN, JINR (Dubna), and the University of Hamburg (Germany) developed a mathematical model for describing physical processes in hybrid systems that consists of atoms and ions cooled down to temperatures close to absolute zero. [20] Recently, extensive study shows that the parity-time symmetry breaking in open systems leads to exceptional points, promising for novel applications leasers and sensing. [19]
Category: Physics of Biology

Repair Gaps in Damaged Nerves

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 45 Pages.

A biodegradable nerve guide embedded with growth-promoting proteins that can regenerate long sections of damaged nerves has been developed by researchers in the US. [27] Food and energy availability cause physical changes in acid-loving microorganisms that are used to study Earth's climate history, according to research from Dartmouth College. [26] A research team at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has designed medical devices that break down inside the body when they are exposed to light from an LED "pill". [25] An emerging technology involving tiny particles that absorb light and turn it into localized heat sources shows great promise in several fields, including medicine. [24] Two physicists from the University of Luxembourg have now unambiguously shown that quantum-mechanical wavelike interactions are indeed crucial even at the scale of natural biological processes. [23] Monika Aidelsburger uses a special type of optical lattice to simulate quantum many-body phenomena that are otherwise inaccessible to experimental exploration. [22] University of Illinois Professor Harry Hilton brought together several mathematical and physical theories to help look at problems in more unified ways and solve physical engineering problems. [21] A team of physicists from RUDN, JINR (Dubna), and the University of Hamburg (Germany) developed a mathematical model for describing physical processes in hybrid systems that consists of atoms and ions cooled down to temperatures close to absolute zero. [20] Recently, extensive study shows that the parity-time symmetry breaking in open systems leads to exceptional points, promising for novel applications leasers and sensing. [19]
Category: Physics of Biology

Analyzing Some Ramanujan Formulas: Mathematical Connections with Various Equations Concerning Some Sectors of Black Hole Physics II

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 84 Pages.

The purpose of this paper is to show how using certain mathematical values and / or constants from the Ramanujan expressions, we obtain some mathematical connections with equations of various sectors of Black Hole Physics
Category: Mathematical Physics

Chen’s Formulas of the Fine-Structure Constant

Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 92 Pages. 15 figures. Some basic contents were registered for copyright in 2018.

This paper gives two series of formulas of the fine-structure constant α which are reasonable, precise, smart and elegant. It also demonstrates there are two values of α, i.e., α1=1/137.035999037435 and α2=1/137.035999111818, which are consistent with but much more accurate than those experiment measured values. The formulas consist of 2π-e formulas and some factors related to nucleon numbers of nuclides. A brief explanation of the fine-structure constant shows 1/α≈137.036 is the equal ratio factor between 112 and 168 (more precisely 168-1/3). Based on these, all 119th to 173th ideal extended elements were predicted, the speed of light in atomic units was mathematically calculated by cau=1/(α1α2)1/2=137.035999074627, Schrödinger equation of hydrogen atom was simplified and correlated with α1/α2, classical electron radius was calculated to be 2.81794032658(43) fm and proton charge radius was hypothetically calculated to be 0.833027202999(13) fm. In the end, it was found that the approximate rational numbers of 2π marvelously related to nuclides, a mathematic shell model of nuclides was established and a picture of elements and ideal extended elements was depicted.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

The Possibility to Explain Dark Matter Without Need of Actual Matter is Still Open

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 5 Pages.

By introducing concept of virtual terms as the pure mathematical insertions into the laws in nature, made by hand, the author tries to explain the Dark Matter anomaly.
Category: Astrophysics

A Pyramid as a Repository for Radioactive Waste

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 6 Pages.

Nowadays, only deep layers of rock are explored in search of repositories, although it is very difficult to obtain reliable knowledge down there. Despite many obvious advantages, above-ground repository concepts are not being discussed for fear that they may not be politically enforce­able due to their visual conspicuousness. The pyramids, the only remaining wonders of the world, show that permanent above-ground solutions can be built whose lifespan is beyond our imagination. With a comparable structure, the search for a repository can be completed in a future-proof manner.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Eine Pyramide Als Endlager Für Radioaktive Abfälle

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 7 Pages.

Bei der Suche nach einem Endlager beschränkt man sich auf tiefliegende Gesteinsschichten, obwohl es sehr schwer ist, dort unten gesichertes Wissen zu erlangen. Oberirdische Endlagerkonzepte werden trotz vieler offensichtlicher Vorteile nicht diskutiert aus Angst, dass sie wegen ihrer optischen Auffälligkeit nicht politisch durchsetzbar sein könnten. Dabei zeigen die einzigen noch existierenden Weltwunder, mit welch einfachen Mitteln Dauerlösungen erschaffen werden können, deren Lebensdauer noch längst nicht abzusehen ist. Mit einem vergleichbaren Bauwerk könnte man auch hier die Endlagersuche zukunftssicher abschließen.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Nanoparticles Carcinoma Prognosis

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 46 Pages.

The paper explains how, thanks to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, cerium oxide nanoparticles have been able to partially reverse the cellular mechanisms involved in tumor progression and have managed to significantly increase survival in a rat animal model. [28] A biodegradable nerve guide embedded with growth-promoting proteins that can regenerate long sections of damaged nerves has been developed by researchers in the US. [27] Food and energy availability cause physical changes in acid-loving microorganisms that are used to study Earth's climate history, according to research from Dartmouth College. [26] A research team at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has designed medical devices that break down inside the body when they are exposed to light from an LED "pill". [25] An emerging technology involving tiny particles that absorb light and turn it into localized heat sources shows great promise in several fields, including medicine. [24] Two physicists from the University of Luxembourg have now unambiguously shown that quantum-mechanical wavelike interactions are indeed crucial even at the scale of natural biological processes. [23] Monika Aidelsburger uses a special type of optical lattice to simulate quantum many-body phenomena that are otherwise inaccessible to experimental exploration. [22] University of Illinois Professor Harry Hilton brought together several mathematical and physical theories to help look at problems in more unified ways and solve physical engineering problems. [21] A team of physicists from RUDN, JINR (Dubna), and the University of Hamburg (Germany) developed a mathematical model for describing physical processes in hybrid systems that consists of atoms and ions cooled down to temperatures close to absolute zero. [20]
Category: Physics of Biology

Superconducting Quantum Technologies

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 16 Pages.

Researchers at the University of Münster and Forschungszentrum Jülich now, for the first time, demonstrated what is known as energy quantization in nanowires made of high-temperature superconductors-i. e. superconductors, in which the temperature is elevated below which quantum mechanical effects predominate. [29] Superconducting quantum microwave circuits can function as qubits, the building blocks of a future quantum computer. [28] Physicists have shown that superconducting circuits-circuits that have zero electrical resistance-can function as piston-like mechanical quantum engines. The new perspective may help researchers design quantum computers and other devices with improved efficiencies. [27] This paper explains the magnetic effect of the superconductive current from the observed effects of the accelerating electrons, causing naturally the experienced changes of the electric field potential along the electric wire. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the wave particle duality and the electron's spin also, building the bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The changing acceleration of the electrons explains the created negative electric field of the magnetic induction, the Higgs Field, the changing Relativistic Mass and the Gravitational Force, giving a Unified Theory of the physical forces. Taking into account the Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators also, we can explain the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions. Since the superconductivity is basically a quantum mechanical phenomenon and some entangled particles give this opportunity to specific matters, like Cooper Pairs or other entanglements, as strongly correlated materials and Exciton-mediated electron pairing, we can say that the secret of superconductivity is the quantum entanglement.
Category: Quantum Physics

Terahertz Radiation Video

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 60 Pages.

A team of researchers at Durham University has found a way to use long-wavelength terahertz radiation to produce video with a high frame rate. [37] A new terahertz imaging technique could help slow the spread of these infestations by detecting insect damage inside wood before it becomes visible on the outside. [36] A research team led by Osaka University showed how multiple overlapping laser beams are better at accelerating electrons to incredibly fast speeds, as compared with a single laser. [35]
Category: Quantum Physics

Ferromagnetic in High Magnetic Fields

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 21 Pages.

High magnetic fields have a potential to modify the microscopic arrangement of magnetic moments because they overcome interactions existing in a zero field. [34] Russian physicists from MIPT teamed up with foreign colleagues for a groundbreaking experimental study of a material that possesses both superconducting and ferromagnetic properties. [33] An international group of scientists, including a researcher from Skoltech, has completed an experimental and theoretical study into the properties displayed by strongly disordered superconductors at very low temperatures. [32] The researchers found that via quick-freeze technique, the metal changed into a superconducting state for over a week. [31] Scientists of the University of Twente and the University of Amsterdam now demonstrate a new property: the non-superconducting material bismuth shows lossless current conduction. [30] A team of international scientists including Maia G. Vergniory, Ikerbasque researcher at DIPC and UPV/EHU associate, has discovered a new class of materials, higher-order topological insulators. [29] A team of researchers from Japan, the U.S. and China, has identified a topological superconducting phase for possible use in an iron-based material in quantum computers. [28] Physicists have shown that superconducting circuits-circuits that have zero electrical resistance-can function as piston-like mechanical quantum engines. The new perspective may help researchers design quantum computers and other devices with improved efficiencies. [27] This paper explains the magnetic effect of the superconductive current from the observed effects of the accelerating electrons, causing naturally the experienced changes of the electric field potential along the electric wire. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the wave particle duality and the electron's spin also, building the bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The changing acceleration of the electrons explains the created negative electric field of the magnetic induction, the Higgs Field, the changing Relativistic Mass and the Gravitational Force, giving a Unified Theory of the physical forces. Taking into account the Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators also, we can explain the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions. Since the superconductivity is basically a quantum mechanical phenomenon and some entangled particles give this opportunity to specific matters, like Cooper Pairs or other entanglements, as strongly correlated materials and Exciton-mediated electron pairing, we can say that the secret of superconductivity is the quantum entanglement.
Category: Quantum Physics

Nanosensors Detect Epileptic Seizures

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 54 Pages.

Researchers at the Center for Nanoparticle Research, within the Institute for Basic Science (IBS, South Korea) in collaboration with collaborators at Zhejiang University, China, have reported a highly sensitive and specific nanosensor that can monitor dynamic changes of potassium ions in mice undergoing epileptic seizures, indicating their intensity and origin in the brain. [35] The lab of Cheryl Kerfeld at Michigan State University has created a synthetic nano-sized factory, based on natural ones found in bacteria. [34]
Category: Physics of Biology

Bypassing the Axion Paradigm Through Fractional Field Theory

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 9 Pages.

A long-standing challenge of the Standard Model (SM) is to convincingly explain the physical mechanism behind the axial anomaly of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). While instantons are routinely invoked as solution to this anomaly, they create new puzzles – the strong CP problem and the postulated existence of axions. Here we suggest that fractional field theory offers an alternative resolution to the axial anomaly, shedding new light on the strong CP problem and bypassing the axion hypothesis.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Atiyah's Physics-Mathematics Unification Confirms the Permanent Flickering Cosmology

Authors: F. M. Sanchez
Comments: 15 Pages. for submission to Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées

The Permanent Oscillatory Cosmology is confirmed by 75 formula giving the Hubble radius, with 7correlating to 10^−9. The computer shows the best formula, obtained using the Atiyah constant and the number 137, the Eddington’s integer part of the electric constant. This conforms with Atiyah’s testimony about the Physics-Mathematics unification and the central role of arithmetics in this unification process. The identification with the Eddington statistical formula gives G, compatible with the 10^−5 precise BIPM measurement and the 10^−6 precise sun-quasar non-Doppler Kotov period. The hypothesis of a computing Cosmos implies a π rationalization process which validates the Wyler’s theory and the Fermion Koide formula in the 10^−9 domain
Category: Mathematical Physics

How Relativistic Time Dilation, Length Contraction, and Frame-Dependent Synchronization Are Related: A Tutorial

Authors: A. Richard Zacher
Comments: 7 Pages.

The special theory of relativity introduces three phenomena that are absent from pre-relativity physics: Frame-dependent synchronization, time dilation, and length contraction. These features are closely related to one another, and all are related to the way in which clocks are synchronized. Although many people, including some physicists, find these features counterintuitive and disturbing, the theory depends on all three for its internal consistency. This paper is a tutorial that uses a thought experiment to illustrate the relationship between these phenomena, employing simple calculations based on the Lorentz transformation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Waves of Charge. Four Dimensional Analytic Functions.

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 10 Pages.

Basically, the paper concerns the generalization of the Cauchy-Riemann equations to spacetime, so (Hestenes, quote) “we can expect it to have a rich variety of solutions. The problem is to pick out those solutions with physical significance.” I could expect Hopfions, EVOs and so on. I write only the conclusions, skipping all the speculations and physical meanings that led me to this.
Category: Mathematical Physics

A Constraint Based K-Shortest Path Searching Algorithm for Software Defined Networking

Authors: Siddhant Ray
Comments: 9 Pages.

Software Defined Networking (SDN) is a concept in the area of computer networks in which the control plane and data plane of traditional computer networks are separated as opposed to the mechanism in conventional routers and switches. SDN aims to provide a central control mechanism in the network through a controller known as the SDN Controller. The Controller then makes use of various southbound Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) to connect to the physical switches located on the network and pass on the control information, which used to program the data plane. SDN Controller also exposes several northbound APIs to connect to the applications which can leverage the controller to orchestrate the network. The controller used with regard to this paper is the Open Network Operating System (ONOS), on which the algorithm in question is to be deployed. ONOS provides several APIs which is leveraged to connect the application to the network devices. The typical network path between any two endpoints is a shortest path fulfilling a set of constraints. The algorithm developed here is for optimal K-Shortest path searching in a given network satisfying specified constraints, controlled by ONOS.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Reflections upon Human Creativeness

Authors: Stephen I. Ternyik
Comments: 10 Pages.

With Reference to Humor & Health.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Water and Land

Authors: A.I.Somsikov
Comments: 4 Pages. -

The probable etymology of the Russian words WATER and LAND is considered
Category: Linguistics

A Case Study Into Solving Crypters/packers in Malware Obfuscation Using an SMT Approach

Authors: Jason Reaves
Comments: 15 Pages.

Obfuscation in malware is commonly employed for any number of reasons but it’s purpose is ultimately the same, to make the underlying malicious entity go unnoticed. Crypters and Packers both are heavily employed to bypass common security measures so ultimately these are just tools. Tools that are utilizing algorithms in order to take data and turn it into some other data while being able to reverse the process later, obviously these reversible algorithms can be chained together as well into ‘layers’. In this paper I explore the idea that it is easier to think of these layers as a math equation which can be solved. This has the potential of turning something that can be overwhelming at first, like writing an unpacker, into a much more manageable problem.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Diffusion Gravity: Deflection of Light by the Sun-Galaxy Gravity Equipotential Interface

Authors: DH Fulton
Comments: 14 Pages. Alternative theory of gravity for Post-Newtonian Light Deflection

Star light deflection near the sun of 1.75 arcseconds during a solar eclipse has been attributed to post-Newtonian physics for over a century; however, this can alternatively be shown as a geometric resultant of the Sun-Galaxy interface very near the Sun, and specifically conforming exactly to the curvature of the Sun’s orbit in the galaxy. It is clearly demonstrable through basic geometry that the post-Newtonian light deflection is simply due to the Sun-Milky Way Galaxy EquiPotential (EP) interface, and that a simple ratio exists to explain the galactic origin of the deflection effect. This report examines data and reviews solar eclipse deflection tests for their geometry as evidence for this alternative explanation, which we now add as a component model to Diffusion Gravity(DG) theory; moreover, we present a corresponding mechanism for deflection of light near the Sun due to virtual particle behaviors for photons. This effect of gravitational equipotential surfaces on the propagation of light occurs at the interface between gravitational scale regimes, i.e., the Sun-Galaxy interface where virtual particle (VP) streams from the Sun and galaxy form a boundary interface depletion zone, where a proportional diffusion “pressure” causes the attraction of the masses toward the depleted zone, while also manifesting light deflection-refraction effects near the Sun.
Category: Astrophysics

Australia in Flames

Authors: Ilija Barukčić
Comments: 4 Pages. (C) Ilija Barukčić, 2019, Jever, Germany. All rights reserved.

Global warming is not only dangerous, it may bring some localized benefits too. However, more than half of the world's population lives more or less within 60 km of the sea. Rising sea levels and increasingly extreme weather are becoming more frequent and intense and may force the people to move. The lack of supply of fresh water will compromise hygiene and increase the risk of water-borne diseases and diseases transmitted through insects. Even if some are likely to be more vulnerable than others, at the end, the assumption is justified that all populations will be affected by a dramatic climate change. Global warming constitutes a global health threat too, i. e. more than 70,000 additional deaths were documented in Europe during the summer 2003. Of course, it’s clear that the true problems of human mankind are much deeper -- deeper than the consumption of huge proportion of the planet’s natural resources or shortages in long lasting values, deeper even than war or evolutionary disasters. Those who don't reach out to listen to the terrible silent screams of the already extinct are itself doomed to extinction. Keywords: hurricane, climate change --- anti dot --- measures --- quick help
Category: Climate Research

Some Recent Aspects of Developments of Chern-Simon Gauge Field Theories

Authors: M. Abdel-Aty, Saeid Jafari, A.-S. F. Obada, C. Özel, I. Sener
Comments: 19 Pages.

In this chapter, we present the basic elements of Chern-Simon theory and then we review some recent aspects of developments in Chern- Simon gauge field theory as a topological quantum field theory on a threemanifold.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Optimal Metamodeling to Interpret Activity-Based Health Sensor Data

Authors: Ali Mehmani, Payam Ghassemi, Souma Chowdhury
Comments: 11 Pages.

Wearable sensors are revolutionizing the health monitoring and medical diagnostics arena. Algorithms and software platforms that can convert the sensor data streams into useful/actionable knowledge are central to this emerging domain, with machine learning and signal processing tools dominating this space. While serving important ends, these tools are not designed to provide functional relationships between vital signs and measures of physical activity. This paper investigates the application of the metamodeling paradigm to health data to unearth important relationships between vital signs and physical activity. To this end, we leverage neural networks and a recently developed metamodeling framework that automatically selects and trains the metamodel that best represents the data set. A publicly available data set is used that provides the ECG data and the IMU data from three sensors (ankle/arm/chest) for ten volunteers, each performing various activities over one-minute time periods. We consider three activities, namely running, climbing stairs, and the baseline resting activity. For the following three extracted ECG features – heart rate, QRS time, and QR ratio in each heartbeat period – models with median error of <25% are obtained. Fourier amplitude sensitivity testing, facilitated by the metamodels, provides further important insights into the impact of the different physical activity parameters on the ECG features, and the variation across the ten volunteers.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Proteins from Scratch

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 59 Pages.

David Baker, Professor of Biochemistry and Director of the Institute for Protein Design at the University of Washington will speak about how algorithmic processes such as de novo design predict protein structures, protein folding mechanisms, and new protein functions. [36] A research team at Kobe University has developed a method of artificially controlling the anchorage position of target proteins in engineered baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). [35]
Category: Physics of Biology

Protein Puts Brakes on Virus Replication

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 61 Pages.

An interdisciplinary team of researchers at Colorado State University has used computational chemistry, biochemistry and virology to uncover new information on how viruses such as West Nile, dengue and Zika replicate. [37] David Baker, Professor of Biochemistry and Director of the Institute for Protein Design at the University of Washington will speak about how algorithmic processes such as de novo design predict protein structures, protein folding mechanisms, and new protein functions. [36] A research team at Kobe University has developed a method of artificially controlling the anchorage position of target proteins in engineered baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). [35]
Category: Physics of Biology

Unification Gravitation Electromagnetism

Authors: Leonardo Rubino
Comments: 1 Page.

UNIFICATION GRAVITATION ELECTROMAGNETISM
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Analyzing Some Ramanujan Formulas: Mathematical Connections with Various Sectors of Black Hole Physics

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 177 Pages.

The purpose of this paper is to show how using certain mathematical values and / or constants from various Ramanujan expressions, we obtain some mathematical connections with several sectors of Black Hole Physics
Category: Mathematical Physics

Gene Therapies Options

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 62 Pages.

Now, a team of scientists from Purdue University and other research institutions around the world have come together to better understand the growing number of worldwide patented innovations available for gene therapy treatment. [38] An interdisciplinary team of researchers at Colorado State University has used computational chemistry, biochemistry and virology to uncover new information on how viruses such as West Nile, dengue and Zika replicate. [37] David Baker, Professor of Biochemistry and Director of the Institute for Protein Design at the University of Washington will speak about how algorithmic processes such as de novo design predict protein structures, protein folding mechanisms, and new protein functions. [36] A research team at Kobe University has developed a method of artificially controlling the anchorage position of target proteins in engineered baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). [35] Scientists have found a new way to home in on the proteins covering a particular cell's surface. The feat offers insight into how brain cells form intricate networks during development. [34]
Category: Physics of Biology

Females Second X Chromosomes

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 64 Pages.

Researchers at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) in Heidelberg and Institut Curie in Paris have shown that the protein SPEN plays a crucial role in the process of X-chromosome inactivation, whereby female mammalian embryos silence gene expression on one of their two X chromosomes. [39] Now, a team of scientists from Purdue University and other research institutions around the world have come together to better understand the growing number of worldwide patented innovations available for gene therapy treatment. [38] An interdisciplinary team of researchers at Colorado State University has used computational chemistry, biochemistry and virology to uncover new information on how viruses such as West Nile, dengue and Zika replicate. [37] David Baker, Professor of Biochemistry and Director of the Institute for Protein Design at the University of Washington will speak about how algorithmic processes such as de novo design predict protein structures, protein folding mechanisms, and new protein functions. [36] A research team at Kobe University has developed a method of artificially controlling the anchorage position of target proteins in engineered baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). [35] Scientists have found a new way to home in on the proteins covering a particular cell's surface. The feat offers insight into how brain cells form intricate networks during development. [34]
Category: Physics of Biology

Bioprinting Research

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 63 Pages.

Published today in IOP Publishing's Biofabrication, leading researchers define the status, challenges and opportunities in the field, and forecast the required advances in science & technology to overcome the challenges to a range of bioprinting techniques and applications. [43] Scientists from the University of Groningen (the Netherlands) and the University of Würzburg (Germany) have investigated a simple biomimetic light-harvesting system using advanced spectroscopy combined with a microfluidic platform. [42] Gallium nitride, a semiconductor that revolutionized energy-efficient LED lighting, could also transform electronics and wireless communication, thanks to a discovery made by Cornell researchers. [41]
Category: Physics of Biology

Embedding a Wave Space in a Galilean Space (Вложение волнового пространства в ГП)

Authors: Valery Timin
Comments: 20 Pages. In Russian

In this paper, we construct a wave space in the Galilean space that is synchronized with the absolute time and space of the Galilean space. The zero positions of the wave fronts correspond to the zero values of the coordinate axes. The grid of time coordinate values is calculated in the direction of the time axis t as the number of radiated waves at the same point of the PV. The phase of the longitudinal waves is measured in the direction of wave propagation (e.g., along the x–axis) and transverse waves perpendicular to the direction of propagation of waves in two directions (e.g., from the x – axis in perpendicular directions along the axes y and z). In this case, three reference wave coordinate spatial grids are formed simultaneously from the wave fronts of the reference frequency–along the spatial axes x, y, and z. in this case, the wave standard of time (frequency) and length is synchronized with the Galilean standards at rest. In the state of motion of the wave standard, only the time coordinate is synchronized. Thus the longitudinal wave coordinate corresponds to the number of longitudinal waves, transverse coordinate of the transverse waves in the grid construction described above, but only in a state of motion. (Translated by Yandex Translator Яндекс–Переводчик) В данной работе строится волновое пространство в ГП, синхронизированное с абсолютным временем и пространством ГП. Нулевые положения фронтов волн при этом соответствуют нулевым значениям осей координат. Сетка временных значений координат отсчитывается в направлении оси времени t как количество излученных волн в одной и той же точке ПВ. Фаза продольных волн отсчитывается в направлении распространения волны (например, по оси x), а поперечных волн – перпендикулярно направлению распространения волны в двух направлениях (например, от оси x – в перпендикулярных направлениях вдоль осей y и z). В этом случае формируются одновременно три эталонные волновые координатные пространственные сетки из фронтов волн эталонной частоты – по пространственным осям x, y и z. При этом производится синхронизация волнового эталона времени (частоты) и длины с галилеевыми эталонами в состоянии покоя. В состоянии движения волнового эталона синхронизирована только координата времени. При этом продольная волновая координата соответствует количеству продольных волн, поперечная координата – количеству поперечных волн при построении сетки указанным выше способом, но только в состоянии движения.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cooper Oxide Subnanoparticle Catalyst

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 79 Pages.

Scientists at Tokyo Institute of Technology have shown that copper oxide particles on the sub-nanoscale are more powerful catalysts than those on the nanoscale. [52] The findings describe an entirely new state of matter, the researchers say, that will require a new theoretical explanation. [51] This area of research aims to greatly accelerate the study of spintronics with organic molecules. [50] In a recent study, researchers at the NASA Ames Research Center have demonstrated that nanoscale vacuum channel transistors can be fabricated on silicon carbide wafers. [49]
Category: Condensed Matter

Gold-Based Electrocatalysts

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 41 Pages.

A RUDN chemist has synthesized an electrocatalyst based on gold nanoparticles with organic ligands that can trigger both hydrogen production reactions and oxygen reduction reactions in fuel cells. [31] Freestanding clusters of 20 gold atoms take the shape of a pyramid, researchers have discovered. [30] The multimodal nanoscience approach to studying quantum physics phenomena is, they say, a "technological leap for how scientists can explore quantum materials to unearth new phenomena and guide future functional engineering of these materials for real-world applications." [29] Researchers have developed a three-dimensional dynamic model of an interaction between light and nanoparticles. [28] Scientists from ITMO University have developed effective nanoscale light sources based on halide perovskite. [27] Physicists have developed a technique based on optical microscopy that can be used to create images of atoms on the nanoscale. [26] Researchers have designed a new type of laser called a quantum dot ring laser that emits red, orange, and green light. [25] The world of nanosensors may be physically small, but the demand is large and growing, with little sign of slowing. [24] In a joint research project, scientists from the Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy (MBI), the Technische Universität Berlin (TU) and the University of Rostock have managed for the first time to image free nanoparticles in a laboratory experiment using a highintensity laser source. [23] For the first time, researchers have built a nanolaser that uses only a single molecular layer, placed on a thin silicon beam, which operates at room temperature. [22] A team of engineers at Caltech has discovered how to use computer-chip manufacturing technologies to create the kind of reflective materials that make safety vests, running shoes, and road signs appear shiny in the dark. [21]
Category: Condensed Matter

On the Links Between Some Ramanujan Formulas, the Golden Ratio and Various Equations of Several Sectors of Black Hole Physics

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 116 Pages.

The purpose of this paper is to show the links between some Ramanujan formulas, the golden ratio and the mathematical connections with various equations of several sectors of Black Hole Physics
Category: Number Theory

The Relationship of the Speed of Light to Aether Density

Authors: Jeff Yee
Comments: 9 pages

The speed at which sound travels is known to be related to the elasticity and density of the medium in which it propagates. The same principles of sound are applied to a universe with a substance, referred to as an aether, to describe the speed of light with the same equations that apply to sound.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

They Can Get Here From There, The Pascagoula, Mississippi Craft

Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 4 Pages.

It is often claimed by academics that extraterrestrials cannot get here from their home star systems. This is an unscientific claim. The Pascagoula, Mississippi case proved that extraterrestrials can get here from their home star systems in space craft. A few points are made in this paper to explain what is going on now, outside of academics. In fact, it will be shown that the Pascagoula craft can travel 99.97% the speed of light, when certain observations and assumptions are taken into account.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Human Immortality and Electronic Civilization (V.5)

Authors: Alexander Bolonkin
Comments: 61 Pages.

Book is described the arrangement of the Immortality. This is the scientific prediction of the non-biological (electronic) civilization and immortality of human being. Such a prognosis is predicated upon a new law, discovered by the author, for the development of complex systems. According to this law, every self-copying system tends to be more complex than the previous system, provided that all external conditions remain the same. The consequences are disastrous: humanity will be replaced by a new civilization created by intellectual robots (which the author refers to as "E-humans" and "E-beings"), These creatures, whose intellectual and mechanical abilities will far exceed those of man, will require neither food nor oxygen to sustain their existence. They may have the emotion. Capable of developing science, technology and their own intellectual abilities thousands of times faster than humans can, they will, in essence, be eternal.
Category: Social Science

Absolute Velocity and Total Stellar Aberration

Authors: Miloš Čojanović
Comments: 21 Pages.

It is generally accepted that stellar annual or secular aberration is attributed to the changes in velocity of the detector. We can say it in a slightly different way. By means of the all known experiments, stellar aberration is directly or indirectly detectable and measurable, only if a detector changes its velocity. Our presumption is that stellar aberration is not caused by the changes in the velocity of the detector. It exists due to the movement of the detector regarding to an absolute inertial frame. Therefore it is just the question of how to choose such a frame. In this paper it is proposed a method to detect and measure instantaneous stellar aberration due to absolute velocity. We can call it an “absolute” stellar aberration. Combining an “annual” and an “absolute” we can define a “total” stellar aberration.
Category: Astrophysics

Absolute Velocity and Total Stellar Aberration(II)

Authors: Miloš Čojanović
Comments: 15 Pages.

n this paper, we will show that in addition to measuring annual and diurnal stellar aberration it is also possible directly to measure the angle of secular aberration caused by the motion of the solar system relative to other stars.In the manuscript [1] we dealt with this problem and gave a short description of a special telescope. Using such a telescope we would be able to measure the exact position of the cosmic objects and thus eliminate errors that occur due to the stellar aberration. Assuming that the tube of the telescope is filled with some optical medium [2], we will show that this does not significantly affect the measurement of the stellar aberration angle, but also that these differences are still large enough to enable us to determine the velocity at which the solar system moves relative to the other stars
Category: Astrophysics

Anomalies, the Fine-Structure Constant and the Proton Radius

Authors: Jean Louis Van Belle
Comments: 6 Pages.

This article discusses the concept of g-factors and anomalies in the context of the ring current or Zitterbewegung model of elementary particles. We suggest the anomalies are not anomalies at all. We think that the assumption that the pointlike zbw charge has no dimension or structure whatsoever is bound to yield these so-called anomalies between our measurements (mainly of the charge radius and the magnetic moment) and the nice theories we have about the structure of elementary particles. We illustrate the theory using the classical calculations for the electron. We then discuss the results of the 2019 PRad experiment, which yielded a point estimate of about 0.831 fm. While this value differs only slightly from the 0.841 value that was measured by Pohl (2010) and Antognini (2013), we think the PRad value is very interesting, because it is very consistent with the anomalies (radius as well as magnetic moment) one can calculate. We think it confirms that the PRad measurement is very solid.
Category: Quantum Physics

Metal Clusters Nanotechnology

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 57 Pages.

When metal atoms form small clusters of a particular size, they show interesting and potentially useful electromagnetic characteristics, which are different from those of the actual bulk metal. [39] An international research team around physicist Wolfgang Lang at the University of Vienna has succeeded in producing the world's densest complex nano arrays for anchoring flux quanta, the fluxons. [38] Optical properties of materials are based on their chemistry and the inherent subwavelength architecture, although the latter remains to be characterized in depth. [37] More than 100 years ago, Albert Einstein and Wander Johannes de Haas discovered that when they used a magnetic field to flip the magnetic state of an iron bar dangling from a thread, the bar began to rotate. [36] Researchers at the Max Born Institute have now generated directed currents at terahertz (THz) frequencies, much higher than the clock rates of current electronics. [35] Researchers at Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) have developed a simple yet accurate method for finding defects in the latest generation of silicon carbide transistors. [34] In 2017, University of Utah physicist Valy Vardeny called perovskite a "miracle material" for an emerging field of next-generation electronics, called spintronics, and he's standing by that assertion. [33] Scientists at Tokyo Institute of Technology proposed new quasi-1-D materials for potential spintronic applications, an upcoming technology that exploits the spin of electrons. [32] They do this by using "excitons," electrically neutral quasiparticles that exist in insulators, semiconductors and in some liquids. [31] Researchers at ETH Zurich have now developed a method that makes it possible to couple such a spin qubit strongly to microwave photons. [30] Quantum dots that emit entangled photon pairs on demand could be used in quantum communication networks. [29] Researchers successfully integrated the systems-donor atoms and quantum dots. [28]
Category: Condensed Matter

Nanoparticles in Mice Lungs

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 56 Pages.

Virginia Tech scientists have discovered that incredibly small particles of an unusual and highly toxic titanium oxide found in coal smog and ash can cause lung damage in mice after a single exposure, with long-term damage occurring in just six weeks. [37] Nanotechnology developed at Rutgers University-New Brunswick could boost research on stem cell transplantation, which may help people with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, other neurodegenerative diseases and central nervous system injuries. [36] Tiny silica bottles filled with medicine and a special temperature-sensitive material could be used for drug delivery to kill malignant cells only in certain parts of the body, according to a study published recently by researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology. [35]
Category: Physics of Biology

Electrolyte for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 51 Pages.

The researchers say this is the first ultralightweight polymer-based SSE that is fireproof. In fact, a battery they made from this SSE continued to function well even when it was exposed to flames. [30] The nano research team led by professors Helge Weman and Bjørn-Ove Fimland at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology's (NTNU) Department of Electronic Systems has succeeded in creating light-emitting diodes, or LEDs, from a nanomaterial that emits ultraviolet light. [29] Researchers at Tokyo Tech have developed a nanosized container bearing photoswitches that takes up hydrophobic compounds of various size and shape in water and subsequently releases them quantitatively by non-invasive light stimulus. [28] By studying how electrons in two-dimensional graphene can literally act like a liquid, researchers have paved the way for further research into a material that has the potential to enable future electronic computing devices that outpace silicon transistors. [27] This research is a therefore a step towards basic and technological research into 3-D analogues of QSH insulators, and may ultimately lead to new electronic and spintronic technologies. [26] Topological insulators (TIs) host exotic physics that could shed new light on the fundamental laws of nature. [25] A new study by scientists from the University of Bristol brings us a significant step closer to unleashing the revolutionary potential of quantum computing by harnessing silicon fabrication technology to build complex on-chip quantum optical circuits. [24] Two teams of scientists from the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology have collaborated to conduct groundbreaking research leading to the development of a new and innovative scientific field: Quantum Metamaterials. [23]
Category: Condensed Matter

Artificial Virus Against Superbugs

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 43 Pages.

Scientists at NPL, working with partners from the University of Cambridge, University of Exeter, King's College London and University College London have developed a mechanism of antibacterial persistence to combat persistent and resistant bacterial infections. [31] The fight against global antibiotic resistance has taken a major step forward with scientists discovering a concept for fabricating nanomeshes as an effective drug delivery system for antibiotics. [30] The solution consisting of colloidal quantum dots is inkjet-printed, creating active photosensitive layer of the photodetector. [29] I'm part of a group of nanotechnology and neuroscience researchers at the University of Washington investigating how quantum dots behave in the brain. [28] Nanotechnology may provide an effective treatment for Parkinson's disease, a team of researchers suggests. [27] Recent research from Kumamoto University in Japan has revealed that polyoxometalates (POMs), typically used for catalysis, electrochemistry, and photochemistry, may also be used in a technique for analyzing quantum dot (QD) photoluminescence (PL) emission mechanisms. [26] Researchers have designed a new type of laser called a quantum dot ring laser that emits red, orange, and green light. [25] The world of nanosensors may be physically small, but the demand is large and growing, with little sign of slowing. [24] In a joint research project, scientists from the Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy (MBI), the Technische Universität Berlin (TU) and the University of Rostock have managed for the first time to image free nanoparticles in a laboratory experiment using a highintensity laser source. [23] For the first time, researchers have built a nanolaser that uses only a single molecular layer, placed on a thin silicon beam, which operates at room temperature. [22] A team of engineers at Caltech has discovered how to use computer-chip manufacturing technologies to create the kind of reflective materials that make safety vests, running shoes, and road signs appear shiny in the dark. [21]
Category: Physics of Biology

Magnetic Microrobots

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 48 Pages.

New research from the School of Engineering and Applied Science shows how simple, microscopic robots, remotely driven by magnetic fields, can use capillary forces to manipulate objects floating at an oil-water interface. [31] McHenry's group, in collaboration with the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), NASA Glenn Research Center, and North Carolina State University, are designing a two and half kilowatt motor that weighs less than two and half kilograms. [30] Single-molecule magnets (SMMs) have been attracting a lot of attention recently. This is because of the increased demand for faster, longer-lasting and lower-energy IT systems, and the need for higher data storage capacity. [29] Researchers have discovered that using an easily made combination of materials might be the way to offer a more stable environment for smaller and safer data storage, ultimately leading to miniature computers. [28] demonstrated an original layout of a prototype of multiresonator broadband quantum-memory interface. [27] New nanoparticle-based films that are more than 80 times thinner than a human hair may help to fill this need by providing materials that can holographically archive more than 1000 times more data than a DVD in a 10-by-10-centimeter piece of film. [26] Researches of scientists from South Ural State University are implemented within this area. [25] Following three years of extensive research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HU) physicist Dr. Uriel Levy and his team have created technology that will enable computers and all optic communication devices to run 100 times faster through terahertz microchips. [24] When the energy efficiency of electronics poses a challenge, magnetic materials may have a solution. [23] An exotic state of matter that is dazzling scientists with its electrical properties, can also exhibit unusual optical properties, as shown in a theoretical study by researchers at A*STAR. [22]
Category: Condensed Matter

Warrior's Search for God

Authors: Rajinder Singh Modgil
Comments: 32 Pages.

This paper describes spiritual experiences the author had during the two wars of 1965 and 1971, between India and Pakistan. And at a latter date, how he was guided to the source of all Spiritual energy by Brahma Kumaris.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

A Warrior Grand Dad's True Tales: the Snow Leopard and Others

Authors: Rajinder Singh Modgil
Comments: 70 Pages.

Its describes hunting incidents during life of an army officer of Indian Army. The kills range from Leopards on one hand to small game. It also paints of a gradual arising of spiritualism in author's life - as reverence and love for life made inroads into his heart
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

My Research Basic Arguments (Part II):

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 8 Pages.

The Argument (No.10) The Planets move one unified motion, as the train moves with its carriages, So, the solar system moves with its planets together one unified motion. This Argument can be concluded from the 1st Argument "Lorentz Transformations proves "Particle Data Is Created As A Function Of Its Motion" So If Particle data is a function of its motion , that proves the claim, "the planets move together one unified motion" Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

Valley-Coherent Nanophotonics

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 70 Pages.

Scientists at the University of Groningen used a silver sawtooth nanoslit array to produce valley-coherent photoluminescence in two-dimensional tungsten disulfide flakes at room temperature. [44] A team of researchers from Bilkent University and Sabanci University SUNUM Nanotechnology Research Center has developed a way to control buckling in a nanoscale beam using electrostatic effects. [43] A nanoscale gold butterfly provides a more precise route for growing/synthesizing nanosized semiconductors that can be used in nano-lasers and other applications. [42] Magnetic vortices are nanoscale whirls that gyrate like spinning tops, tracing out paths in a clockwise or counterclockwise manner in nanometer-thick materials. [41] Now a team of Australian scientists has discovered diamond can be bent and deformed, at the nanoscale at least. [40] Researchers at the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) have fabricated a novel glass and synthetic diamond foundation that can be used to create miniscule micro-and nanostructures. [39] Osaka University-led researchers demonstrated that the perturbation of laser imprinting on a capsule for nuclear fusion fuel made from stiff and heavy materials was mitigated. [38] Scientists found that relatively slow electrons are produced when intense lasers interact with small clusters of atoms, upturning current theories. [37] Lasers that emit ultrashort pulses of light are critical components of technologies, including communications and industrial processing, and have been central to fundamental Nobel Prize-winning research in physics. [36] A newly developed laser technology has enabled physicists in the Laboratory for Attosecond Physics (jointly run by LMU Munich and the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics) to generate attosecond bursts of high-energy photons of unprecedented intensity. [35] The unique platform, which is referred as a 4-D microscope, combines the sensitivity and high time-resolution of phase imaging with the specificity and high spatial resolution of fluorescence microscopy. [34]
Category: Condensed Matter

Photon Switch in Quantum Technology

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 72 Pages.

An international team led by the Institute of Materials Science (ICMUV) of the University of Valencia has developed an optical (quantum) switch that modifies the emission properties of photons, the particles of electromagnetic radiation. [45] Scientists at the University of Groningen used a silver sawtooth nanoslit array to produce valley-coherent photoluminescence in two-dimensional tungsten disulfide flakes at room temperature. [44] A team of researchers from Bilkent University and Sabanci University SUNUM Nanotechnology Research Center has developed a way to control buckling in a nanoscale beam using electrostatic effects. [43] A nanoscale gold butterfly provides a more precise route for growing/synthesizing nanosized semiconductors that can be used in nano-lasers and other applications. [42] Magnetic vortices are nanoscale whirls that gyrate like spinning tops, tracing out paths in a clockwise or counterclockwise manner in nanometer-thick materials. [41] Now a team of Australian scientists has discovered diamond can be bent and deformed, at the nanoscale at least. [40] Researchers at the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) have fabricated a novel glass and synthetic diamond foundation that can be used to create miniscule micro-and nanostructures. [39] Osaka University-led researchers demonstrated that the perturbation of laser imprinting on a capsule for nuclear fusion fuel made from stiff and heavy materials was mitigated. [38] Scientists found that relatively slow electrons are produced when intense lasers interact with small clusters of atoms, upturning current theories. [37] Lasers that emit ultrashort pulses of light are critical components of technologies, including communications and industrial processing, and have been central to fundamental Nobel Prize-winning research in physics. [36] A newly developed laser technology has enabled physicists in the Laboratory for Attosecond Physics (jointly run by LMU Munich and the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics) to generate attosecond bursts of high-energy photons of unprecedented intensity. [35]
Category: Quantum Physics

The Spinorial Dirac Operator

Authors: Antoine Balan
Comments: 2 pages, written in english

We define a Dirac type operator called the spinorial Dirac operator.
Category: Geometry

Braiding in Non-Majorana System

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 73 Pages.

As an important branch of quantum computation, topological quantum computation has been drawing extensive attention for holding great advantages such as fault-tolerance. [46] An international team led by the Institute of Materials Science (ICMUV) of the University of Valencia has developed an optical (quantum) switch that modifies the emission properties of photons, the particles of electromagnetic radiation. [45] Scientists at the University of Groningen used a silver sawtooth nanoslit array to produce valley-coherent photoluminescence in two-dimensional tungsten disulfide flakes at room temperature. [44]
Category: Quantum Physics

Magnetoelectric Coupling in Ferroelectric Crystal

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 71 Pages.

A team of researchers at Shenzhen University has demonstrated magnetoelectric coupling in a paramagnetic ferroelectric crystal. [45] Scientists at the University of Groningen used a silver sawtooth nanoslit array to produce valley-coherent photoluminescence in two-dimensional tungsten disulfide flakes at room temperature. [44] A team of researchers from Bilkent University and Sabanci University SUNUM Nanotechnology Research Center has developed a way to control buckling in a nanoscale beam using electrostatic effects. [43] A nanoscale gold butterfly provides a more precise route for growing/synthesizing nanosized semiconductors that can be used in nano-lasers and other applications. [42]
Category: Condensed Matter

Disruptive Gravitation

Authors: Ramsès Bounkeu Safo
Comments: 18 pages in English. Updated version of Disruptive Gravity (viXra:1905.0264)

Viewing gravity as a spacetime bending force instead of just a spacetime curvature, we come to the conclusion of inertial mass relativity since it yields equivalent equations as General Relativity. A close analysis of the Schwarzschild metric leads us naturally to the Vacuum Energy Invariance principle from which we derive the metric equation. Applying this theory to cosmology, we can explain the acceleration of the universe expansion in a way that doesn't require Dark Energy. This theory has the same predictive power as General Relativity for every local experimental tests of the latter since it's based on a slight modification of the Schwarzschild metric.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The God is Proven in Theism, for there is Dogma of His Existence

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 6 Pages.

To prove something means to demonstrate, that the God agrees with you, as the knowledge of a human is the knowledge, which holds his God. The God of Knowledge. To prove God to God is easy; and so, from the fact that God is proven for theists, and for atheists the God is not debunked, it follows that God is proven for atheists as well.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

The Vomeronasal Organ Functions in Entropy Dissipation, the Communication by Pheromones for a Feedback by the Pituitary Over Brain Plasticity and the Development of the Unconscious

Authors: Alfred Bennun
Comments: 15 Pages. 4 figures

A model of human brain evolution should take in account the constitutive separation of two integrated parameters: the one for neuronal synapsis and circuits, from that by a multiple wrapped-around astrocytes and their exchanges. The main function of glial cells is the absorption of the generated, thermal-like breaking of H-bonds, from polymerized water provides the activation energy, coupled for the turnover of structural changes, between hydrophobic and hydrophilic enzyme forms. Thus, increasing rotational and vibrational kinetic activity, on the separated individual H2O molecules, but maintaining a liquid coherence, during circulation within astrocytes until the lower pressure at the vomeronasal organ (VNO) allows phase conversion to vapor, equivalent to entropy dissipation. The summation of the energy generated by metabolites and H-bond consumption allows the brain thermodynamics to support ratios between metabolite concentrations and the electrogenic action potential in dissipative states, within an open system. Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) from an evolutive disaggregation of the olfactory bulb, are still present as an olfactory epithelium, adapted for sex pheromones and behavioral responses stimulus on adenylate cyclase (AC) for cAMP-dependent unzipping of the DNA. It is a focused process to create neurons differentiated by where the cAMP is inserted, which creates specific neural circuits. Olfactory epithelium may hold the neurons with 7TM receptors for the saliva or pheromones, reaching the oral cavity with their axons crossing the BBB. This allows cffDNA response through cAMP complexing and messenger RNA expression into polypeptide holding a transitory memory during baby rearing, as a psychosomatic molecular carrier of emotional and communication needs of a newborn, which functions to form an unconscious level, which diversifies individual emotional characteristics, approaching a level of animic personalities, which when age allows a conscious level, could offer differentiable roles for social influences that allow the brain self-plasticity such as literacy.
Category: Biochemistry

Dissipation of Momenergy to a Bose Gas by An Electromagnetic Propulsion Device

Authors: Remi Cornwall
Comments: 3 Pages. 2nd version elaborating in few places more than the 1st. I may get more qualitative on the proposed potential between oscillators, I may use a transport equation to show the dissipation in later editions.

Theoretical analysis into the energetics of a novel putative electromagnetic field propulsion device by the author, found that it was able to impart momenergy to the ground state of the electromagnetic field; some rest-energy of the craft was converted to kinetic energy of the craft. Electrical analysis showed that the propulsor was always a net electrical load – if the device accelerated from one frame, then deaccelerated to the original frame, both processes would consume electrical work. The aim of this paper is to look further into this sinking of high-grade electrical energy into the field ground state and to show that an even more pernicious form of 2nd Law of Thermodynamics exists.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Solutions of Mysteries of the Universe

Authors: Edsel Chromie
Comments: 4 Pages. please acknowledge recieving this email

library pdf abstract pdf
Category: Classical Physics

My Research Basic Arguments (III)

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 12 Pages.

My Research Basic Arguments (Part III): 11th There Are Relativistic Effects In The Solar System 12th Time and Distance Values can be equivalent in the solar system 13th Earth Rate of Time is different from The sun rate of time 14th The unit definition is relative (In The Solar System) 15th The rate 99% is found to prove, "The Relativistic Effects In S.S." Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

On Various Ramanujan’s Equations (Hardy-Ramanujan Number, Taxicab Numbers, Etc) Linked to Some Parameters of Standard Model Particles and String Theory: New Possible Mathematical Connections. vi

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 94 Pages.

In this research thesis, we have described and deepened further Ramanujan equations (Hardy-Ramanujan number, taxicab numbers, etc) linked to some parameters of Standard Model Particles and String Theory. We have therefore obtained further possible mathematical connections.
Category: Mathematical Physics

An Authorization

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 2 Pages.

An Authorization to use my research materials, granted for My Teacher Ms. Svetlana Budochkina - The Mathematics Analysis Teacher - Faculty of Physics & Mathematics - Peoples' Friendship University Of Russia - Moscow – Russia Federation Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

Transition in Ferroelectrics

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 51 Pages.

In a recent study, University of Arkansas physics researchers found evidence of an inverse transition in ferroelectric ultrathin films, which could lead to advances in development of data storage, microelectronics and sensors. [30] A UNSW study published today in Nature Communications presents an exciting step towards domain-wall nanoelectronics: a novel form of future electronics based on nano-scale conduction paths, and which could allow for extremely dense memory storage. [29] Two research groups from ETH Zurich have developed a method that can simulate nanoelectronics devices and their properties realistically, quickly and efficiently. [28] Dispersible electrodes based on gold-coated magnetic nanoparticles modified with DNA can detect microRNA in unprocessed blood samples at extremely low concentrations and over a broad range-a first for sensors of this kind. [27] Engineers at the University of California San Diego have developed neutrophil "nanosponges" that can safely absorb and neutralize a variety of proteins that play a role in the progression of rheumatoid arthritis. [26] An international team of researchers has determined the function of a new family of proteins associated with cancer and autism. [25] In 2016, when we inaugurated our new IBM Research lab in Johannesburg, we took on this challenge and are reporting our first promising results at Health Day at the KDD Data Science Conference in London this month. [24] The research group took advantage of a system at SLAC's Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL) that combines machine learning-a form of artificial intelligence where computer algorithms glean knowledge from enormous amounts of data-with experiments that quickly make and screen hundreds of sample materials at a time. [23] Researchers at the UCLA Samueli School of Engineering have demonstrated that deep learning, a powerful form of artificial intelligence, can discern and enhance microscopic details in photos taken by smartphones. [22] Such are the big questions behind one of the new projects underway at the MIT-IBM Watson AI Laboratory, a collaboration for research on the frontiers of artificial intelligence. [21]
Category: Condensed Matter

Elements of Quantum Computers

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 91 Pages.

Scientists from Far Eastern Federal University (FEFU, Vladivostok, Russia), together with colleagues from FEB RAS, China, Hong Kong, and Australia, manufactured ultra-compact bright sources based on IR-emitting mercury telluride (HgTe) quantum dots (QDs), the future functional elements of quantum computers and advanced sensors. [56] Scientists from the University of Bath, working with a colleague at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, have devised an ingenious method of controlling the vapour by coating the interior of containers with nanoscopic gold particles 300,000 times smaller than a pinhead. [55] Significant technical and financial issues remain towards building a large, fault-tolerant quantum computer and one is unlikely to be built within the coming decade. [54] Chemists at Friedrich Schiller University in Jena (Germany) have now synthesised a molecule that can perform the function of a computing unit in a quantum computer. [53] The research team developed the first optical microchip to generate, manipulate and detect a particular state of light called squeezed vacuum, which is essential for HYPERLINK "https://phys.org/tags/quantum/" quantum computation. [52] Australian scientists have investigated new directions to scale up qubits-utilising the spin-orbit coupling of atom qubits-adding a new suite of tools to the armory. [51] A team of international researchers led by engineers from the National University of Singapore (NUS) have invented a new magnetic device to manipulate digital information 20 times more efficiently and with 10 times more stability than commercial spintronic digital memories. [50] Working in the lab of Mikhail Lukin, the George Vasmer Leverett Professor of Physics and co-director of the Quantum Science and Engineering Initiative, Evans is lead author of a study, described in the journal Science, that demonstrates a method for engineering an interaction between two qubits using photons. [49] Researchers with the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory have demonstrated a new level of control over photons encoded with quantum information. [48]
Category: Quantum Physics

Gold Butterfly Semiconductor Skin

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 68 Pages.

A nanoscale gold butterfly provides a more precise route for growing/synthesizing nanosized semiconductors that can be used in nano-lasers and other applications. [42] Magnetic vortices are nanoscale whirls that gyrate like spinning tops, tracing out paths in a clockwise or counterclockwise manner in nanometer-thick materials. [41] Now a team of Australian scientists has discovered diamond can be bent and deformed, at the nanoscale at least. [40] Researchers at the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) have fabricated a novel glass and synthetic diamond foundation that can be used to create miniscule micro-and nanostructures. [39] Osaka University-led researchers demonstrated that the perturbation of laser imprinting on a capsule for nuclear fusion fuel made from stiff and heavy materials was mitigated. [38] Scientists found that relatively slow electrons are produced when intense lasers interact with small clusters of atoms, upturning current theories. [37] Lasers that emit ultrashort pulses of light are critical components of technologies, including communications and industrial processing, and have been central to fundamental Nobel Prize-winning research in physics. [36] A newly developed laser technology has enabled physicists in the Laboratory for Attosecond Physics (jointly run by LMU Munich and the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics) to generate attosecond bursts of high-energy photons of unprecedented intensity. [35] The unique platform, which is referred as a 4-D microscope, combines the sensitivity and high time-resolution of phase imaging with the specificity and high spatial resolution of fluorescence microscopy. [34] The experiment relied on a soliton frequency comb generated in a chip-based optical microresonator made from silicon nitride. [33] This scientific achievement toward more precise control and monitoring of light is highly interesting for miniaturizing optical devices for sensing and signal processing. [32]
Category: Condensed Matter

Nanoscale Beam Electrostatic Effects

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 69 Pages.

A team of researchers from Bilkent University and Sabanci University SUNUM Nanotechnology Research Center has developed a way to control buckling in a nanoscale beam using electrostatic effects. [43] A nanoscale gold butterfly provides a more precise route for growing/synthesizing nanosized semiconductors that can be used in nano-lasers and other applications. [42] Magnetic vortices are nanoscale whirls that gyrate like spinning tops, tracing out paths in a clockwise or counter-clockwise manner in nanometer-thick materials. [41]
Category: Condensed Matter

Piezoresponse Microscope

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 70 Pages.

Ferroelectric materials possessing high photoelectric, piezoelectric and dielectric response are widely applied in industrial products, such as transducers, capacitors and memory devices. [44] A team of researchers from Bilkent University and Sabanci University SUNUM Nanotechnology Research Center has developed a way to control buckling in a nanoscale beam using electrostatic effects. [43] A nanoscale gold butterfly provides a more precise route for growing/synthesizing nanosized semiconductors that can be used in nano-lasers and other applications. [42] Magnetic vortices are nanoscale whirls that gyrate like spinning tops, tracing out paths in a clockwise or counterclockwise manner in nanometer-thick materials. [41] Now a team of Australian scientists has discovered diamond can be bent and deformed, at the nanoscale at least. [40] Researchers at the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) have fabricated a novel glass and synthetic diamond foundation that can be used to create miniscule micro-and nanostructures. [39] Osaka University-led researchers demonstrated that the perturbation of laser imprinting on a capsule for nuclear fusion fuel made from stiff and heavy materials was mitigated. [38] Scientists found that relatively slow electrons are produced when intense lasers interact with small clusters of atoms, upturning current theories. [37] Lasers that emit ultrashort pulses of light are critical components of technologies, including communications and industrial processing, and have been central to fundamental Nobel Prize-winning research in physics. [36] A newly developed laser technology has enabled physicists in the Laboratory for Attosecond Physics (jointly run by LMU Munich and the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics) to generate attosecond bursts of high-energy photons of unprecedented intensity. [35] The unique platform, which is referred as a 4-D microscope, combines the sensitivity and high time-resolution of phase imaging with the specificity and high spatial resolution of fluorescence microscopy. [34]
Category: Condensed Matter

Inverse Distance Coordinates for Scattered Sets of Points

Authors: Jan Hakenberg
Comments: 3 Pages.

We present meshfree generalized barycentric coordinates for scattered sets of points in d-dimensional vector space. The coordinates satisfy the Lagrange property. Our derivation is based on the projection of Shepard’s popular inverse distance weights to their best fit in the subspace of coordinates with linear reproduction. The notion of distance between a pair of points is sufficient for the construction of coordinates.
Category: Geometry

Maxwell's Equations:A Brief Exploration

Authors: Anamitra Palit
Comments: 8 Pages.

We perform a brief analysis of Maxwell’s equations in this writing to bring out a bewildering aspect that an infinitude of boundary conditions are possible for any given global source distribution of charges and currents. This concept is distinct from an infinitude of boundary conditions resulting from different source distributions. For a given source distribution inside a finite [or semi infinite] region an infinite number of boundary conditions might be possible for several distributions outside the enclosure. But for any global source distribution we do not expect an infinitude of boundary conditions. The analysis to follow lead us to certain contradictory features.
Category: Classical Physics

Nanospiral Formation by Machine Learning

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 71 Pages.

Important insights into the mechanisms underlying spiral nanostructure formation in solidifying metal alloys have been gained by Ashwin Shahani at the University of Michigan and colleagues. [44] A team of researchers from Bilkent University and Sabanci University SUNUM Nanotechnology Research Center has developed a way to control buckling in a nanoscale beam using electrostatic effects. [43] A nanoscale gold butterfly provides a more precise route for growing/synthesizing nanosized semiconductors that can be used in nano-lasers and other applications. [42] Magnetic vortices are nanoscale whirls that gyrate like spinning tops, tracing out paths in a clockwise or counterclockwise manner in nanometer-thick materials. [41] Now a team of Australian scientists has discovered diamond can be bent and deformed, at the nanoscale at least. [40] Researchers at the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) have fabricated a novel glass and synthetic diamond foundation that can be used to create miniscule micro-and nanostructures. [39] Osaka University-led researchers demonstrated that the perturbation of laser imprinting on a capsule for nuclear fusion fuel made from stiff and heavy materials was mitigated. [38] Scientists found that relatively slow electrons are produced when intense lasers interact with small clusters of atoms, upturning current theories. [37] Lasers that emit ultrashort pulses of light are critical components of technologies, including communications and industrial processing, and have been central to fundamental Nobel Prize-winning research in physics. [36] A newly developed laser technology has enabled physicists in the Laboratory for Attosecond Physics (jointly run by LMU Munich and the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics) to generate attosecond bursts of high-energy photons of unprecedented intensity. [35]
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Quantum Fluctuations Superconductor

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 30 Pages.

Calculations performed by an international team of researchers from Spain, Italy, France, Germany, and Japan show that the crystal structure of the record superconducting LaH10 compound is stabilized by atomic quantum fluctuations. [20] Scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy's Ames Laboratory have developed a method to accurately measure the "exact edge" or onset at which a magnetic field enters a superconducting material. [19] TU Wien has now made a major advance towards achieving this goal and, at the same time, has furthered an understanding of why conventional materials only become superconducting at around-200°C [18] The emerging field of spintronics leverages electron spin and magnetization. [17] The first known superconductor in which spin-3/2 quasiparticles form Cooper pairs has been created by physicists in the US and New Zealand. [16] Now a team of researchers from the University of Maryland (UMD) Department of Physics together with collaborators has seen exotic superconductivity that relies on highly unusual electron interactions. [15] A group of researchers from institutions in Korea and the United States has determined how to employ a type of electron microscopy to cause regions within an iron-based superconductor to flip between superconducting and non-superconducting states. [14] In new research, scientists at the University of Minnesota used a first-of-its-kind device to demonstrate a way to control the direction of the photocurrent without deploying an electric voltage. [13] Brown University researchers have demonstrated for the first time a method of substantially changing the spatial coherence of light. [12] Researchers at the University of Central Florida have generated what is being deemed the fastest light pulse ever developed. [11] Physicists at Chalmers University of Technology and Free University of Brussels have now found a method to significantly enhance optical force. [10] Nature Communications today published research by a team comprising Scottish and South African researchers, demonstrating entanglement swapping and teleportation of orbital angular momentum 'patterns' of light. [9] While physicists are continually looking for ways to unify the theory of relativity, which describes large-scale phenomena, with quantum theory, which describes small-scale phenomena, computer scientists are searching for technologies to build the quantum computer using Quantum Information. In August 2013, the achievement of "fully deterministic" quantum teleportation, using a hybrid technique, was reported. On 29 May 2014, scientists announced a reliable way of transferring data by quantum teleportation. Quantum teleportation of data had been done before but with highly unreliable methods. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the Wave-Particle Duality and the electron's spin also, building the Bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions by the diffraction patterns. The Weak Interaction changes the diffraction patterns by moving the electric charge from one side to the other side of the diffraction pattern, which violates the CP and Time reversal symmetry. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the Relativistic Quantum Theory and making possible to build the Quantum Computer with the help of Quantum Information.
Category: Quantum Physics

Information Metasurfaces

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 59 Pages.

In recent years, rapid developments of digital and information metasurfaces have stimulated many information processing applications, such as computational imaging, wireless communications, and performing mathematical operations. [34] The current work demonstrates how to distinguish between trivial and topological insulators at an ultra-fast rate, in other words, to "read out" the topological information of the system using laser spectroscopy. [33] Rice University physicist Qimiao Si began mapping quantum criticality more than a decade ago, and he's finally found a traveler that can traverse the final frontier. [32] Physicists studying the strange behavior of metal alloys called heavy fermions have made a surprising discovery that could be useful in safeguarding the information stored in quantum bits, or qubits, the basic units of encoded information in quantum computers. [31] Properties of complex materials are often determined by the interplay of several electron properties. TU Wien (Vienna) has now succeeded in disentangling this mess. [30] Physicists have found "electron pairing," a hallmark feature of superconductivity, at temperatures and energies well above the critical threshold where superconductivity happens. [29] It was a three-hour nighttime road trip that capped off a journey begun seven years ago. [28] Discovered more than 100 years ago, superconductivity continues to captivate scientists who seek to develop components for highly efficient energy transmission, ultrafast electronics or quantum bits for next-generation computation. [27] One of the greatest mysteries in condensed matter physics is the exact relationship between charge order and superconductivity in cuprate superconductors. [26] Cuprates hold the record high superconducting temperature at ambient pressure so far, but understanding their superconducting mechanism remains one of the great challenges of physical sciences listed as one of 125 quests announced by Science. [25] Now, scientists at Tokyo Institute of Technology (Tokyo Tech), the University of Tokyo and Tohoku University report curious multi-state transitions of these superconductors in which they change from superconductor to special metal and then to insulator. [24]
Category: Condensed Matter

Electric Energy from Physical Vacuum Space

Authors: Kiyoung Kim
Comments: 19 Pages.

The law of conservation of energy, one of the first principles in physics, has been believed without a doubt; thus, it is natural that all scientific paradigms also have been built on the basis of the first principle. However, it is true that the first principle is based on empiricism, saying that any violation of energy conservation has not been observed or confirmed in objectivity. Meanwhile, there have been many pioneering researches for free electric energy generation challenging for the first principle although none of them has been acknowledged openly in public yet. However, in the new paradigm of physics including ontological reality in 4-D complex space, the free electric energy generation is explained how it is possible and why the conventional energy conservation law is not valid.
Category: Classical Physics

ISOLDE Study Exotic Isotopes

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 46 Pages.

Researchers using CERN's nuclear-physics facility ISOLDE have now stepped into this nearly uncharted region of the nuclear chart with a first study of the neutron structure of the mercury isotope 207 Hg. [28] Researchers at Tel Aviv University have for the first time demonstrated the backflow of optical light propagating forward. [27] Bendable light beams have significant applications in optical manipulation, optical imaging, routing, micromachining and nonlinear optics. [26] Karimi's team has successfully built and operated the first-ever quantum simulator designed specifically for simulating cyclic (ringed-shaped) systems. [25] A new Tel Aviv University study explores the generation and propagation of excitons in 2D materials within an unprecedented small time frame and at an extraordinarily high spatial resolution. [24] An international team of researchers led out of Macquarie University has demonstrated a new approach for converting ordinary laser light into genuine quantum light. [23] Beyond the beauty of this phenomenon, which connects heating processes to topology through an elegant quantization law, the results reported in this work designate heating measurements as a powerful and universal probe for exotic states of matter. [22]
Category: Quantum Physics

Rydberg Atoms in Beam Traps

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 48 Pages.

Researchers at CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay in France have recently demonstrated the 3-D trapping of atoms in a Rydberg state inside holographic optical bottle beam traps. [29] Researchers using CERN's nuclear-physics facility ISOLDE have now stepped into this nearly uncharted region of the nuclear chart with a first study of the neutron structure of the mercury isotope 207 Hg. [28] Researchers at Tel Aviv University have for the first time demonstrated the backflow of optical light propagating forward. [27] Bendable light beams have significant applications in optical manipulation, optical imaging, routing, micromachining and nonlinear optics. [26] Karimi's team has successfully built and operated the first-ever quantum simulator designed specifically for simulating cyclic (ringed-shaped) systems. [25] A new Tel Aviv University study explores the generation and propagation of excitons in 2D materials within an unprecedented small time frame and at an extraordinarily high spatial resolution. [24] An international team of researchers led out of Macquarie University has demonstrated a new approach for converting ordinary laser light into genuine quantum light. [23] Beyond the beauty of this phenomenon, which connects heating processes to topology through an elegant quantization law, the results reported in this work designate heating measurements as a powerful and universal probe for exotic states of matter. [22]
Category: Quantum Physics

Analyzing Two Ramanujan Equations: Mathematical Connections with Various Parameters of Particle Physics and Cosmology II

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 75 Pages.

The purpose of this paper is to show how using certain mathematical values and / or constants from two Ramanujan equations, some important parameters of Particle Physics and Cosmology are obtained.
Category: Number Theory

Half Truths and Rant Against ECO Paradigm by Chandra Prakash

Authors: Abhas Mitra
Comments: 10 Pages. This is a detain rebuttal to (vixra.org/abs/2001.0501) entitled: ``Abhas Mitra and Eternally Collapsing Objects: A Review of 22 Years of Misconceptions"

One Chandra Pakash of unknown affiliation has publised his maiden preprint (vixra.org/abs/2001.0501) entitled: ``Abhas Mitra and Eternally Collapsing Objects: A Review of 22 Years of Misconceptions"[1]. Although there are 20 odd peer reviewed journal papers on various aspects of the ECO paradigm Prakash cites only one old paper[2] and claims to have debunked the entire research by Mitra, Leiter, Robertson and Schild spread over almost 15 years. He even uploaded a 9 min youtube video debunking not only ECO paradigm by me as a physicist. Incidentally, he happens to be one my FB friends, and had casually raised a few points. He appeared to be satisfied with my clarifications, and never told me that he had already written a preprint "debunking" the ECO paradigm. While it is likely that one of the 20 odd related papers is invalidated, the results and conclusions behind ECO paradigm remain firmly established by series of independent papers. In fact the conclusion that a collapsing massive star should turn into an ultra-hot ball of magnetized plasma (ECO, MECO) follows from 5 papers: 1 in Physical Review (D), 2 in MNRAS Letters, 1 in MNRAS and 1 in New Astronomy {3,4,5,6,7,8}; and this result is valid irrespective of any mathematical proof for non-existence of finite mass true black holes. Incidentally, the maiden proof that a true mathematical Schwarzschild black hole should have zero gravitational mass was given by L. Bel in 1969 (Bel, JMP 10, 1051, 1969)[9], three decades before I independently suggested the same result.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Bending Diamond at Nanoscale

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 65 Pages.

Now a team of Australian scientists has discovered diamond can be bent and deformed, at the nanoscale at least. [40] Researchers at the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) have fabricated a novel glass and synthetic diamond foundation that can be used to create miniscule micro- and nanostructures. [39] Osaka University-led researchers demonstrated that the perturbation of laser imprinting on a capsule for nuclear fusion fuel made from stiff and heavy materials was mitigated. [38]
Category: Condensed Matter

The Coronavirus May Have Come From Space

Authors: N Chandra Wickramasinghe, Edward J Steele
Comments: 7 Pages.

With a new coronavirus making the headlines and causing personal distress to many and extending its realm of havoc into the financial and business world the truest cause of this and other similar pandemics needs to be honestly explored. All the epidemiological, genetic, geophysical and astrophysical data are consistent with a cause associated with a meteorite explosion in North East China on October 11 2019. The sequelae of events following this event are put in historical context of pestilence and disease episodes following similar events throughout recorded human history.
Category: Physics of Biology

Nanoscale Magnetic Vortex Chaos

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 67 Pages.

Magnetic vortices are nanoscale whirls that gyrate like spinning tops, tracing out paths in a clockwise or counterclockwise manner in nanometer-thick materials. [41] Now a team of Australian scientists has discovered diamond can be bent and deformed, at the nanoscale at least. [40] Researchers at the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) have fabricated a novel glass and synthetic diamond foundation that can be used to create miniscule micro-and nanostructures. [39] Osaka University-led researchers demonstrated that the perturbation of laser imprinting on a capsule for nuclear fusion fuel made from stiff and heavy materials was mitigated. [38] Scientists found that relatively slow electrons are produced when intense lasers interact with small clusters of atoms, upturning current theories. [37] Lasers that emit ultrashort pulses of light are critical components of technologies, including communications and industrial processing, and have been central to fundamental Nobel Prize-winning research in physics. [36] A newly developed laser technology has enabled physicists in the Laboratory for Attosecond Physics (jointly run by LMU Munich and the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics) to generate attosecond bursts of high-energy photons of unprecedented intensity. [35] The unique platform, which is referred as a 4-D microscope, combines the sensitivity and high time-resolution of phase imaging with the specificity and high spatial resolution of fluorescence microscopy. [34] The experiment relied on a soliton frequency comb generated in a chip-based optical microresonator made from silicon nitride. [33] This scientific achievement toward more precise control and monitoring of light is highly interesting for miniaturizing optical devices for sensing and signal processing. [32] It may seem like such optical behavior would require bending the rules of physics, but in fact, scientists at MIT, Harvard University, and elsewhere have now demonstrated that photons can indeed be made to interact-an accomplishment that could open a path toward using photons in quantum computing, if not in light sabers. [31]
Category: Condensed Matter

Phonon Hydrodynamics in Graphite

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 50 Pages.

In a recent report on Science, Yo Machida and a research team in the department of Physics and the Laboratory of Physics and Materials in Tokyo and France monitored the evolution of thermal conductivity in thin graphite. [31] Lattice thermal conductivity strongly affects the applications of materials related to thermal functionality, such as thermal management, thermal barrier coatings and thermoelectrics. [30] A team of researchers from the Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin (HZB) and the University of Potsdam has investigated heat transport in a model system comprising nanometre-thin metallic and magnetic layers. [29] A new uncertainty relation, linking the precision with which temperature can be measured and quantum mechanics, has been discovered at the University of Exeter. [28] Physicists have demonstrated that energy quantization can improve the efficiency of a single-atom heat engine to exceed the performance of its classical counterpart. [27] A solid can serve as a medium for heat and sound wave interactions just like a fluid does for thermoacoustic engines and refrigerators-resulting in leak-free machines that can stay operating longer. [26] Like watchmakers choosing superior materials to build a fine timepiece, physicists at the Centre for Quantum Technologies (CQT) at the National University of Singapore have singled out an atom that could allow them to build better atomic clocks. [25] Yale physicists have uncovered hints of a time crystal-a form of matter that "ticks" when exposed to an electromagnetic pulse-in the last place they expected: a crystal you might find in a child's toy. [24] The research shows that concentrated electrolytes in solution affect hydrogen bonding, ion interactions, and coordination geometries in currently unpredictable ways. [23]
Category: Quantum Physics

Crystal-Stacking Process

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 59 Pages.

The magnetic, conductive and optical properties of complex oxides make them key to components of next-generation electronics used for data storage, sensing, energy technologies, biomedical devices and many other applications. [36] In a new study now published on Science Advances, Junseong Song and colleagues at the departments of Energy Science, Nanostructure Physics, Environmental Science and Materials Science in the Republic of Korea developed an unprecedented structure of the Zintl phase. [35]
Category: Condensed Matter

Analyzing a Ramanujan Equation: Mathematical Connections with Various Parameters of Particle Physics and Cosmology

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 40 Pages.

The purpose of this paper is to show how using certain mathematical values and / or constants from a Ramanujan equation, some important parameters of Particle Physics and Cosmology are obtained.
Category: Number Theory

Ultrasound Selectively Kill Cancer Cells

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 64 Pages.

A new technique could offer a targeted approach to fighting cancer: low-intensity pulses of ultrasound have been shown to selectively kill cancer cells while leaving normal cells unharmed. [34] Doctors have used focused ultrasound to destroy tumors without invasive surgery for some time. However, the therapeutic ultrasound used in clinics today indiscriminately damages cancer and healthy cells alike. [33] Scientists in the UK have shown for the first time that focused ultrasound from outside the body can improve the delivery of cancer drugs to tumors in humans. [32] The discovery could help us better understand aging and eventually could lead to new treatments for cancer. [31] A research team at the University of Delaware, led by Emily Day, an assistant professor of biomedical engineering, is laying the groundwork for a method to inhibit cancer-promoting genes in cancer cells while leaving healthy cells intact. [30] Researchers have moved closer to the real-time verification of hadron therapy, demonstrating the in vivo accuracy of simulations that predict particle range in the patient. [29] A biomimetic nanosystem can deliver therapeutic proteins to selectively target cancerous tumors, according to a team of Penn State researchers. [28] Sunlight is essential for all life, and living organisms have evolved to sense and respond to light. [27] Using X-ray laser technology, a team led by researchers of the Paul Scherrer Institute PSI has recorded one of the fastest processes in biology. [26] A Virginia Commonwealth University researcher has developed a procedure for identifying the source of cells present in a forensic biological sample that could change how cell types are identified in samples across numerous industries. [25] In work at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the University of Maryland in College Park, researchers have devised and demonstrated a new way to measure free energy. [24]
Category: Physics of Biology

The Laws of Interaction of Currents and Charges and the Determination of Magnetic Field

Authors: Alexander N. Tarakanov
Comments: 16 Pages.

Different versions of the interaction of current elements and moving charges, written in vector form, starting from the Ampère theory, are considered. It is shown that from the point of view of the classical two-body problem the most adequate is the Gauss-Grassmann-Neumann theory. An expression is obtained for magnetic induction created by a moving current element, which, in addition to usual Biot-Savart-Laplace law, includes additional terms due to both the electron spin and the mutual displacement of elements
Category: Classical Physics

Законы взаимодействия токов и зарядов и определение магнитного поля

Authors: А. Н. Тараканов
Comments: 17 Pages.

Рассматриваются различные варианты взаимодействия элементов токов и движущихся зарядов, записанные в векторной форме, начиная с теории Ампера. Показано, что с точки зрения классической проблемы двух «тел» наиболее адекватной является теория Гаусса-Грассмана-Неймана. Получено выражение для магнитной индукции, создаваемой движущимся элементом тока, которое помимо обычного закона Био-Савара-Лапласа включает дополнительные слагаемые, обусловленные как спином электрона, так и взаимным перемещением элементов
Category: Classical Physics

Optical Backflow of Light

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 45 Pages.

Researchers at Tel Aviv University have for the first time demonstrated the backflow of optical light propagating forward. [27] Bendable light beams have significant applications in optical manipulation, optical imaging, routing, micromachining and nonlinear optics. [26] Karimi's team has successfully built and operated the first-ever quantum simulator designed specifically for simulating cyclic (ringed-shaped) systems. [25] A new Tel Aviv University study explores the generation and propagation of excitons in 2D materials within an unprecedented small time frame and at an extraordinarily high spatial resolution. [24] An international team of researchers led out of Macquarie University has demonstrated a new approach for converting ordinary laser light into genuine quantum light. [23] Beyond the beauty of this phenomenon, which connects heating processes to topology through an elegant quantization law, the results reported in this work designate heating measurements as a powerful and universal probe for exotic states of matter. [22] "We studied two systems: a Bose-Einstein condensate with 100,000 atoms confined in a cavity and an optomechanical cavity that confines light between two mirrors," Gabriel Teixeira Landi, a professor at the University of São Paulo's Physics Institute (IF-USP), told. [21] Search engine entropy is thus important not only for the efficiency of search engines and those using them to find relevant information as well as to the success of the companies and other bodies running such systems, but also to those who run websites hoping to be found and visited following a search. [20] "We've experimentally confirmed the connection between information in the classical case and the quantum case," Murch said, "and we're seeing this new effect of information loss." [19]
Category: Quantum Physics

The Route from Chaotic Dynamics to Quantum Theory

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 3 Pages.

An open debate exists nowadays on how to properly connect chaos theory and strange attractors, on the one hand, to Quantum Field Theory (QFT) and Quantum Mechanics (QM) on the other. We post here a condensed flow-chart reflecting our personal view on this topic.
Category: Quantum Physics

Goldbach Conjecture

Authors: Oluwatobi Samuel Bode-Odeyemi
Comments: 2 Pages.

The short document is a proof by induction of the Goldbach Conjecture
Category: Number Theory

Russian Foreign Policy: The Return of Great Power Politics

Authors: Alireza Salehi Nejad
Comments: 3 Pages.

In Russian Foreign Policy: The Return of Great Power Politics, Jeffrey Mankoff examines the course of Russian foreign policy since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. He provides a comprehensive overview of both the continuity and the changes in Russian foreign policy from the end of the Cold War to the Putin era, and analyses Russia’s interactions with major global powers. Throughout the book, the author makes use of various theoretical approaches, including theories of international relations, classical geopolitical theory and Russian geopolitical tradition.
Category: Social Science

Relativity of Simultaneity: Disannulment Thereof

Authors: John Lawrence Duval
Comments: 8 Pages.

The Relativity of Simultaneity is the foundation of Relativity Theory. In this work we show that it is false and therefore show that Relativity Theory is false.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Analysing Political Discourse: Theory and Practice

Authors: Alireza Salehi Nejad
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this novel work, Paul Chilton expends a considerable amount of effort examining relations between the use of language and political discourse (p. xi). Many realist linguists in the past century claimed that language should be evaluated as the innate part of a human mind. The scholarly interest in the public use of language is followed by critical theory and the Frankfurt School of social theory and philosophy, which considered language rather as a social phenomenon than a mental phenomenon and intended to validate the crucial relationship between language, politics and culture.
Category: Social Science

The Invention of the Internal Combustion Engine and the Motor Car

Authors: Rochelle Forrester
Comments: 6 Pages.

The ultimate cause of much historical, social and cultural change is the gradual accumulation of human knowledge of the environment. Human beings use the materials in their environment to meet their needs and increased human knowledge of the environment enables human needs to be met in a more efficient manner. When human knowledge of the properties of gases and vacuums grew they were able to produce an internal combustion engine that greatly improved the human need for transport. Motor cars and aeroplanes were invented and agriculture and sea transport were improved. The human environment has a particular structure so that human knowledge of the environment is acquired in a particular order. The simplest knowledge is acquired first and more complex knowledge is acquired later. This resulted in improvements to both motor cars and air transport throughout the twentieth century so that people had much better and more affordable transport by the end of the century. The growth of world trade, tourism, international migration and globalization can partly be attributed to improved transport systems. This means human social and cultural history, has to follow a particular course, a course that is determined by the structure of the human environment.
Category: Social Science

Haskell + Deep Learning Informatics in the Context of Designing Image Processing R&D Algorithms– A Simple Suggestion & Short Technical Communication.

Authors: Nirmal Tej Kumar
Comments: 9 Pages. Short Communication

A Deep Learning(DL) Framework Using JIT Compiler with Haskell & LLVM in the Context of Medical Image Processing/Electron Microscopy(EM) Image Processing/Satellite Imagery Software R&D Using Mandelbrot Algorithms is suggested.Exploring Functional Programming+Deep Learning for designing Advanced Image Processing Algorithms R&D-is it the right choice ? - Keep going on with Haskell+Grenade,to refine the image processing tasks based on Deep Learning(DL) concepts.Haskell is a good choice for Image Processing R&D using Deep Learning.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 51 Pages.

The term DIQKD describes a novel form of quantum cryptography that allows honest users to certify information security using only the observed measurement statistics. [32] Quantum communication, which ensures absolute data security, is one of the most advanced branches of the "second quantum revolution". [31] Researchers at the University of Bristol's Quantum Engineering Technology Labs have demonstrated a new type of silicon chip that can help building and testing quantum computers and could find their way into your mobile phone to secure information. [30] Theoretical physicists propose to use negative interference to control heat flow in quantum devices. [29] Particle physicists are studying ways to harness the power of the quantum realm to further their research. [28] A fundamental barrier to scaling quantum computing machines is "qubit interference." In new research published in Science Advances, engineers and physicists from Rigetti Computing describe a breakthrough that can expand the size of practical quantum processors by reducing interference. [26] The search and manipulation of novel properties emerging from the quantum nature of matter could lead to next-generation electronics and quantum computers. [25]
Category: Quantum Physics

Single-Atom Quantum Information

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 53 Pages.

Sensors collect certain parameters such as temperature and air pressure in their proximity. Physicists from Kaiserslautern and a colleague from Hanover have succeeded for the first time in using a single cesium atom as a sensor for ultracold temperatures. [33] The term DIQKD describes a novel form of quantum cryptography that allows honest users to certify information security using only the observed measurement statistics. [32] Quantum communication, which ensures absolute data security, is one of the most advanced branches of the "second quantum revolution". [31] Researchers at the University of Bristol's Quantum Engineering Technology Labs have demonstrated a new type of silicon chip that can help building and testing quantum computers and could find their way into your mobile phone to secure information. [30] Theoretical physicists propose to use negative interference to control heat flow in quantum devices. [29] Particle physicists are studying ways to harness the power of the quantum realm to further their research. [28] A fundamental barrier to scaling quantum computing machines is "qubit interference." In new research published in Science Advances, engineers and physicists from Rigetti Computing describe a breakthrough that can expand the size of practical quantum processors by reducing interference. [26] The search and manipulation of novel properties emerging from the quantum nature of matter could lead to next-generation electronics and quantum computers. [25]
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Poincaré Algebra in a Complex Space-Time Manifold

Authors: Nathalie Debergh, Gilles d'Agostini, Jean-Pierre Petit
Comments: 14 Pages.

We extend the Poincar´e group to the complex Minkowski spacetime. Special attention is paid to the corresponding algebra that we achieve through matrices as well as differential operators. We also point out the generalizations of the two Casimir operators.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Electric Birkeland Current Production Between Two Herbig Haro Black Holes or even Stable Ball Lightnings on Earth.

Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 19 Pages.

In Quantum FFF Theory. ( Function Follows Form) The Form and Microstructure of elementary particles also presented as “Rigid Transformer Strings” (RTS) is supposed to be the origin of functional differences between Axion-Higgs- Graviton- Photon- and Fermion particles. As a consequence, a new splitting, accelerating and pairing massless black hole, able to convert vacuum energy (ZPE) into real electric charge differences around the BH horizon, seems to be able to explain quick Galaxy- and Star formation between Herbig Haro Hotspots ( new physics black holes), including hotspots like Sunspots, Comets and even Ball Lightning.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

X-Ray Tuberculosis and Osteoporosis

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 34 Pages.

With an advanced X-ray combination technique, scientists have traced nanocarriers for tuberculosis drugs within cells with very high precision. [20] Now an international team of researchers has found a new way to investigate how Tb bacteria inactivate an important family of antibiotics: They watched the process in action for the first time using an X-ray free-electron laser, or XFEL. [19] A protein complex called facilitates chromatin transcription (FACT) plays a role in DNA packing within a nucleus, as well as in oncogenesis. [18]
Category: Physics of Biology

Conjectures About Min/max Prime Divisor of the Natural Numbers and Prime Numbers

Authors: Edoardo Gueglio
Comments: 13 Pages.

Applying functions over prime divisors to the sequence of natural numbers and taking the differences of this sequence you can split this in subsequences by the sum equals length rule so that you can associate each subsequence to each gap between consecutive prime numbers
Category: Number Theory

Motor-Related Brain Activity

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 48 Pages.

Motor-related brain activity, particularly its accurate detection, quantification and classification capabilities, is of great interest to researchers. [33] Measuring optical blood flow in the resting human brain to detect spontaneous activity has for the first time been demonstrated by Wright State University imaging researchers, holding out promise for a better way to study people with autism, Alzheimer's and depression. [32] UCLA biologists report they have transferred a memory from one marine snail to another, creating an artificial memory, by injecting RNA from one to another. [31]
Category: Physics of Biology

Pi-Ton Quasi-Particle Discovered

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 54 Pages.

Such a quasiparticle has now been discovered in computer simulations at TU Wien (Vienna) and named pi-ton. [34] Sensors collect certain parameters such as temperature and air pressure in their proximity. Physicists from Kaiserslautern and a colleague from Hanover have succeeded for the first time in using a single cesium atom as a sensor for ultracold temperatures. [33] The term DIQKD describes a novel form of quantum cryptography that allows honest users to certify information security using only the observed measurement statistics. [32] Quantum communication, which ensures absolute data security, is one of the most advanced branches of the "second quantum revolution". [31] Researchers at the University of Bristol's Quantum Engineering Technology Labs have demonstrated a new type of silicon chip that can help building and testing quantum computers and could find their way into your mobile phone to secure information. [30] Theoretical physicists propose to use negative interference to control heat flow in quantum devices. [29] Particle physicists are studying ways to harness the power of the quantum realm to further their research. [28] A fundamental barrier to scaling quantum computing machines is "qubit interference." In new research published in Science Advances, engineers and physicists from Rigetti Computing describe a breakthrough that can expand the size of practical quantum processors by reducing interference. [26] The search and manipulation of novel properties emerging from the quantum nature of matter could lead to next-generation electronics and quantum computers. [25]
Category: Quantum Physics

The Necessity and Importance of Incorporating Media and Information Literacy into Holistic Metaliteracy

Authors: Alireza Salehi-Nejad
Comments: 7 Pages.

Digitalization and the emergence of the Internet have resulted in escalating access to information and communication. Given the circumstances that soaring access to information amounts to the intensification of misinformation and disinformation, a set of critical skills to navigate and critically assess the information is necessary. This paper outlines the significance of these skills, and provides a perspective on metaliteracy as a supplement to media and information literacy, and argues that the ability to conceptualize, access, comprehend, analyze, and use information is crucial in achieving inclusive, pluralistic, and participatory knowledge societies.
Category: Social Science

US Foreign Policy and US-China Relations in a Changing World Order: the Assessment of American Think Tanks

Authors: Alireza Salehi-Nejad
Comments: 2 Pages.

From the animosity of the Cold War era, the rapprochement in 1972, normalization of relations in 1979, to rising China and the current trade war, the US-China relationship has emerged and been regarded as an important relationship in global politics, and distinctively significant in the shaping of world order. The United States, a fount of modern think tanks, is home to approximately 30% of the total in the world. These think tanks were gradually embedded into American politics and exercise undoubtedly significant influence in the policymaking process, particularly foreign affairs. Hence, as an emerging global power, China has been the subject of US think tanks debate from different perspectives, such as economy, military, and foreign affairs. This study reviews the post-World War II US-China relations, addresses China’s economic and military rise, its territorial claims and provides policy options for balancing cooperation and conflict in each of these matters. Given that the assimilation of perspectives of American think tanks can foster comprehending the perception of the US regarding China’s rise and Washington-Beijing relations, this internet-mediated research based on foreign policy analysis with the principal focus on agency at institutional level takes a systematic approach to discuss China policy debates among the US think tanks. The objective is to offer an overall review of the China policy debate in the US over the past two decades, whereas the chief focus is dedicated to the perceptions of China in American think tanks about the concepts of “China collapse”, “China threat” and “China responsibilities”; furthermore, providing an assessment of the impact of think tanks on China’s most-favored-nation (MFN) treatment, the legislature on permanent normal trade relations (PNTR), and contemporary trade relations between the two countries.
Category: Social Science

Gauge and Coordinate Paradox for a Static Charged Sphere

Authors: Karl De Paepe
Comments: 3 Pages.

We make gauge and coordinate transformations so that the electromagnetic vector potential has unit time and zero space components. It is shown if the Einstein field equations, with electromagnetic vector potential having this form, have a metric solution then there is a metric related to this metric by a coordinate transformation that is not a solution. Since the Einstein field equations do not determine coordinates we expect this transformed metric to also be a solution.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

AI Quantum Computing

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 61 Pages.

Russian researchers from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Valiev Institute of Physics and Technology and ITMO University have created a neural network that learned to predict the behavior of a quantum system by analyzing its network structure. [37] We showed that qubit noise, typically an impediment to quantum computer use, can actually be an advantage over a classical computer for chemical simulations. [36] The standard approach to building a quantum computer with majoranas as building blocks is to convert them into qubits. However, a promising application of quantum computing-quantum chemistry-would require these qubits to be converted again into so-called fermions. [35] Scientists have shown how an optical chip can simulate the motion of atoms within molecules at the quantum level, which could lead to better ways of creating chemicals for use as pharmaceuticals. [34] Chinese scientists Xianmin Jin and his colleagues from Shanghai Jiao Tong University have successfully fabricated the largest-scaled quantum chip and demonstrated the first two-dimensional quantum walks of single photons in real spatial space, which may provide a powerful platform to boost analog quantum computing for quantum supremacy. [33] To address this technology gap, a team of engineers from the National University of Singapore (NUS) has developed an innovative microchip, named BATLESS, that can continue to operate even when the battery runs out of energy. [32] Stanford researchers have developed a water-based battery that could provide a cheap way to store wind or solar energy generated when the sun is shining and wind is blowing so it can be fed back into the electric grid and be redistributed when demand is high. [31]
Category: Quantum Physics

Current Changes the Direction of Photon Bending and Polarization

Authors: HuangWeiXiong
Comments: 3 Pages.

In 1919, British scientist Eddington found that the photon track is an arc. Two phenomena are found by studying the properties of photons. 1.In the case of unchanged emission, refraction and reflection conditions, the current can change the direction of photon bending. 2.In the case of unchanged emission, refraction and reflection conditions, the current can change the direction of photon polarization.
Category: Classical Physics

On the Ramanujan’s Mathematics Applied to Some Parameters of Extended Gauged Supergravity, Inflaton Potentials and Some Sectors of String Theory: New Possible Mathematical Connections.

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 75 Pages.

In this research thesis, we have described some Ramanujan expressions applied to several parameters of Extended Gauged Supergravity, Inflaton Potentials and some sectors of String Theory, obtaining new possible mathematical connections.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Shirdi Sai Baba the Personification of Vedic Truths

Authors: Sai Venkatesh Balasubramanian
Comments: 23 Pages.

Sri Gurubhyo Namah. This article explains how every single teaching of Sai Baba reinforces truths contained in the Vedas, while addressing some of the controversial allegations made against the Guru.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

DNA-Based Nanorobot Cancer Diagnostics

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 65 Pages.

A group of researchers from ITMO University has come up with the concept of a new drug against cancer: a nanorobot made of DNA fragments, which can potentially be used not only to destroy cancer cells, but also to locate them in the body. [40] A team of researchers at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Israel has now made such cascades in the lab by encapsulating three enzymes and enzyme cofactors in nanoreactors made from metal-organic framework nanoparticles. [39] Researchers have developed a new form of nanoparticle and associated imaging technique that can detect multiple disease biomarkers, including those for breast cancer, found in deep-tissue in the body. [38] Researchers at University of Utah Health developed a proof-of-concept technology using nanoparticles that could offer a new approach for oral medications. [37] Using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), extremely high resolution imaging of the molecule-covered surface structures of silver nanoparticles is possible, even down to the recognition of individual parts of the molecules protecting the surface. [36] A fiber optic sensing system developed by researchers in China and Canada can peer inside supercapacitors and batteries to observe their state of charge. [35] The idea of using a sound wave in optical fibers initially came from the team's partner researchers at Bar-Ilan University in Israel. Joint research projects should follow. [34] Researchers at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology have constructed a first-of-its-kind optic isolator based on resonance of light waves on a rapidly rotating glass sphere. [33] The micro-resonator is a two-mirror trap for the light, with the mirrors facing each other within several hundred nanometers. [32]
Category: Physics of Biology

About Doppler Effect

Authors: Ilgaitis Prūsis, Peteris Prūsis
Comments: 4 pages

The generally accepted explanation of the Doppler effect is that in the case, when the source of waves is moving towards the observer, each successive wave crest is emitted from a position closer to the observer than the crest of the previous wave causing an increase in the frequency and, vice versa, when the source of waves is moving away from the observer, the arrival time between successive waves is increased reducing the frequency. This statement is incomplete. It cannot explain the fact of Doppler shift conservation in photons when stars having emitted them do not exist any more. The article shows the actual reason of the Doppler effect, i.e., the independency of emitted waves from their source and Energy conservation law.
Category: Classical Physics

Nanoparticles Trick Kidney

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 66 Pages.

"Our nature-inspired approach enabled us to trick the kidney environment to let nanoparticles pass through," adds Dr. Melika Sarem who was a co-author of the study. [41] A group of researchers from ITMO University has come up with the concept of a new drug against cancer: a nanorobot made of DNA fragments, which can potentially be used not only to destroy cancer cells, but also to locate them in the body. [40] A team of researchers at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Israel has now made such cascades in the lab by encapsulating three enzymes and enzyme cofactors in nanoreactors made from metal-organic framework nanoparticles. [39] Researchers have developed a new form of nanoparticle and associated imaging technique that can detect multiple disease biomarkers, including those for breast cancer, found in deep-tissue in the body. [38] Researchers at University of Utah Health developed a proof-of-concept technology using nanoparticles that could offer a new approach for oral medications. [37] Using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), extremely high resolution imaging of the molecule-covered surface structures of silver nanoparticles is possible, even down to the recognition of individual parts of the molecules protecting the surface. [36] A fiber optic sensing system developed by researchers in China and Canada can peer inside supercapacitors and batteries to observe their state of charge. [35] The idea of using a sound wave in optical fibers initially came from the team's partner researchers at Bar-Ilan University in Israel. Joint research projects should follow. [34] Researchers at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology have constructed a first-of-its-kind optic isolator based on resonance of light waves on a rapidly rotating glass sphere. [33] The micro-resonator is a two-mirror trap for the light, with the mirrors facing each other within several hundred nanometers. [32]
Category: Physics of Biology

Bone's Electricity Promote Regeneration

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 67 Pages.

Some materials show promise promoting bone regeneration by enhancing its natural electrical properties, according to a review in the journal Science and Technology of Advanced Materials. [42] "Our nature-inspired approach enabled us to trick the kidney environment to let nanoparticles pass through," adds Dr. Melika Sarem who was a co-author of the study. [41] A group of researchers from ITMO University has come up with the concept of a new drug against cancer: a nanorobot made of DNA fragments, which can potentially be used not only to destroy cancer cells, but also to locate them in the body. [40] A team of researchers at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Israel has now made such cascades in the lab by encapsulating three enzymes and enzyme cofactors in nanoreactors made from metal-organic framework nanoparticles. [39] Researchers have developed a new form of nanoparticle and associated imaging technique that can detect multiple disease biomarkers, including those for breast cancer, found in deep-tissue in the body. [38] Researchers at University of Utah Health developed a proof-of-concept technology using nanoparticles that could offer a new approach for oral medications. [37] Using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), extremely high resolution imaging of the molecule-covered surface structures of silver nanoparticles is possible, even down to the recognition of individual parts of the molecules protecting the surface. [36] A fiber optic sensing system developed by researchers in China and Canada can peer inside supercapacitors and batteries to observe their state of charge. [35] The idea of using a sound wave in optical fibers initially came from the team's partner researchers at Bar-Ilan University in Israel. Joint research projects should follow. [34]
Category: Physics of Biology

Vibrations on a Chip

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 25 Pages.

AMOLF physicists have made mechanical vibrations on a chip behave as if they were electrical currents flowing in a magnetic field. [35] The measurement confirmed that only the spin current injection of appropriate spin orientation can excite the vibration of the cantilever. [34] Manipulating the flow of energy through superconductors could radically transform technology, perhaps leading to applications such as ultra-fast, highly efficient quantum computers. [33] University of Wisconsin-Madison engineers have added a new dimension to our understanding of why straining a particular group of materials, called Ruddlesden-Popper oxides, tampers with their superconducting properties. [32] Nuclear techniques have played an important role in determining the crystal structure of a rare type of intermetallic alloy that exhibits superconductivity. [31] A potential new state of matter is being reported in the journal Nature, with research showing that among superconducting materials in high magnetic fields, the phenomenon of electronic symmetry breaking is common. [30] Researchers from the University of Geneva (UNIGE) in Switzerland and the Technical University Munich in Germany have lifted the veil on the electronic characteristics of high-temperature superconductors. Their research, published in Nature Communications, shows that the electronic densities measured in these superconductors are a combination of two separate effects. As a result, they propose a new model that suggests the existence of two coexisting states rather than competing ones postulated for the past thirty years, a small revolution in the world of superconductivity. [29] A team led by scientists at the Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory combined powerful magnetic pulses with some of the brightest X-rays on the planet to discover a surprising 3-D arrangement of a material's electrons that appears closely linked to a mysterious phenomenon known as high-temperature superconductivity. [28] Advanced x-ray technique reveals surprising quantum excitations that persist through materials with or without superconductivity. [27] This paper explains the magnetic effect of the superconductive current from the observed effects of the accelerating electrons, causing naturally the experienced changes of the electric field potential along the electric wire. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the wave particle duality and the electron's spin also, building the bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The changing acceleration of the electrons explains the created negative electric field of the magnetic induction, the Higgs Field, the changing Relativistic Mass and the Gravitational Force, giving a Unified Theory of the physical forces. Taking into account the Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators also, we can explain the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions. Since the superconductivity is basically a quantum mechanical phenomenon and some entangled particles give this opportunity to specific matters, like Cooper Pairs or other entanglements, as strongly correlated materials and Exciton-mediated electron pairing, we can say that the secret of superconductivity is the quantum entanglement.
Category: Condensed Matter

The Hierarchy and the Absolute Values of Neutrino Masses

Authors: Zoran B.Todorovic
Comments: 10 Pages. 10

In neutrino physics, the hierarchy of neutrino masses as well as the absolute values of neutrino masses are still open-ended questions that seek answers.The greatest obstacle in the neutrino physics related to the indeterminacy in the difference of the squared neutrino masses was avoided by introducing two conjectures: one presents all three neutrinos in the form of plane waves and the other introduces the relation between interconnections of masses of neutrinos. Defining the mathematical models of the mass hierarchy it is proven in the theoretical discussion that the same number n is present on two levels: on the macroscopic level between corresponding wavelengths and on the microscopic level between corresponding squared masses differences. The mathematical model was also developed to determine the absolute values of neutrino masses. Absolute values of neutrino masses were calculated, and then, their sum was shown to be consistent with the sum of neutrino masses in the cosmology.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

3-Dimensional Rigid Transformer Strings with Composite Topological Strings

Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 27 Pages.

3-Dimensional Rigid Transformer Strings with Composite Topological Strings Leo Vuyk, Architect, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. LeoVuyk@Gmail.com Abstract, In particle physics it is an interesting challenge to postulate that the FORM and structure of elementary particles is the origin of different FUNCTIONS of these particles. In this paper we present a possible solution based on complex 3-D ring shaped particles, which are equipped with three point like hinges and one splitting point, all four locations divided equally over the ring surface. The 3-D ring itself is postulated to represent the “Virgin Mother” of all other particles and is coined Axion Higgs particle, supplied with the 3-hinges coded (OOO), which gives the particle the opportunity to transform after real mechanical collision with other particles into a different shape, with a different function. Thus in this Quantum Function Follows Form theory, (Q-FFF) the Axion Higgs is interpreted as a massless transformer particle able to create the universe by transforming its shape after real mechanical collision and merge with other shaped particles into composite and compound knots.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Origin of “Ultra Diffuse Galaxies”in Galaxy Cluster Centers and the Start Inside the Contracting Abell 520.

Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 19 Pages.

The origin of “Ultra Diffuse Galaxies” ( UDGs) in galaxy cluster centers, according to Quantum FFF Theory, is assumed to be based on very stable concentrations of multiple external electric dark matter black hole (EDMBH) configuration located around the UDGs. The start of such a UDG galaxy we may even observe inside the Galaxy contracting cluster Abell 520. . "We asked ourselves how the sensitive ultra-diffuse galaxies could survive at all in an environment as unsettled as a galaxy cluster," explains Carolin Wittmann, first author of the study
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Logical vs Mathematical Universes

Authors: Edward G. Lake
Comments: 13 Pages. minor corrections

The conflict between Quantum Mechanics and Relativity has raged for about a hundred years and is interpreted in at least a hundred different ways. The key problem, however, seems to be very simple: Quantum Mechanics cannot quantify the things that are essential to Relativity, such as variable time, variable speed of light, empty space, and motion relative to the speed of light. It appears that certain fundamental properties of our universe cannot be expressed in mathematical equations, and as a result, mathematicians argue that the universe is different from what logic and facts say.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Understanding of Numbers a Short Introduction to Division by Zero

Authors: Leszek Mazurek
Comments: 2 Pages, Full text about Division by zero here -> https://vixra.org/abs/2001.0475

This paper presents the concept how to understand numbers properly.
Category: General Mathematics

Prognosis of Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions on Daily Indexes of Solar Activity for February 2020

Authors: A.m. Eigenson, I. B. Bazylevych
Comments: 1 Page.

This article provides a forecast of earthquakes
Category: Geophysics

Illustrate the Unified of Electromagnetic, Weak, and Strong Interactions

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 7 Pages. 4 figures; Including Chinese version

The electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions can be well unified by standard models. However, this unified approach is more abstract. Here we try to describe the nature of these three interactions by way of illustration, and can intuitively point out that these three interactions are actually electromagnetic interactions.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Quantum Switch Metals to Insulators

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 73 Pages.

"We have found a new way to switch the electrical conduction in materials from on to off," said lead author Berend Zwartsenberg, a Ph.D. student at UBC's Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute (SBQMI). [45] Researchers at the University of Chicago and Argonne National Laboratory have invented an innovative way for different types of quantum technology to "talk" to each other using sound. [44] Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) is an important branch of quantum communication, based on the principles of quantum mechanics for the direct transmission of classified information. [43] The deluge of cyberattacks sweeping across the world has governments and companies thinking about new ways to protect their digital systems, and the corporate and state secrets stored within. [42] The Pentagon on Friday said there has been a cyber breach of Defense Department travel records that compromised the personal information and credit card data of U.S. military and civilian personnel. [41] Quantum secure direct communication transmits secret information directly without encryption. [40] Physicists at The City College of New York have used atomically thin two-dimensional materials to realize an array of quantum emitters operating at room temperature that can be integrated into next generation quantum communication systems. [39] Research in the quantum optics lab of Prof. Barak Dayan in the Weizmann Institute of Science may be bringing the development of such computers one step closer by providing the "quantum gates" that are required for communication within and between such quantum computers. [38] Calculations of a quantum system's behavior can spiral out of control when they involve more than a handful of particles. [37] Researchers from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill have reached a new milestone on the way to optical computing, or the use of light instead of electricity for computing. [36]
Category: Quantum Physics

Intelligent Light-Matter Interaction

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 49 Pages.