All Submission Categories

The Qubit Model: A Platonic and Exceptional Quantum Theory

Authors: Lucian M Ionescu
Comments: 17 Pages.

Recently, GUTs based on the exceptional Lie algebras attempt unification of interactions of the Standard Model as a gauge field theory, e.g. Garrett Lisi's E8-TOE. But the modern growing trend in quantum physics is based on the Quantum Information Processing paradigm (QIP). The present proposal will develop the Qubit Model, a QIP analog of the Quark Model within the SM framework. The natural principle that "quantum interactions should be discrete", technically meaning the reduction of the gauge group to finite subgroups of SO(3)/SU(2), implies that qubit-frames (3D-pixels), playing the role of baryons, have the Platonic symmetries as their Klein Geometry (Three generations of flavors): T,O,I, and hence their "doubles", the binary point groups are the root systems E6,7,8 of the exceptional Lie algebras, which control their Quantum Dynamics. The Qubit Model conceptually reinterprets the experimental heritage modeled into the SM, and has clear prospects of explaining the mass spectrum of elementary particles, consistent with the works of other researchers, including Mac Gregor and Palazzi regarding the quatization of mass (Elementary Particles), or Moon and Cook regarding the structure of the nucleus (Nuclear Phsyics).
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Radiophysicists Composites 5G Devices

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 76 Pages.

TSU radiophysicists are forming a database of properties of composite materials that can be used to create 5G and space communication devices operating in the terahertz range. [43] Scientists at the University of California, Los Angeles present new research on a curious cosmic phenomenon known as "whistlers"-very low frequency packets of radio waves that race along magnetic field lines. [42] Plasma particle accelerators more powerful than existing machines could help probe some of the outstanding mysteries of our universe, as well as make leaps forward in cancer treatment and security scanning-all in a package that's around a thousandth of the size of current accelerators. [41] The Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory has started to assemble a new facility for revolutionary accelerator technologies that could make future accelerators 100 to 1,000 times smaller and boost their capabilities. [40] The authors designed a mechanism based on the deployment of a transport barrier to confine the particles and prevent them from moving from one region of the accelerator to another. "There is strong experimental evidence that there is indeed some new physics lurking in the lepton sector," Dev said. [38] Now, in a new result unveiled today at the Neutrino 2018 conference in Heidelberg, Germany, the collaboration has announced its first results using antineutrinos, and has seen strong evidence of muon antineutrinos oscillating into electron antineutrinos over long distances, a phenomenon that has never been unambiguously observed. [37] The Precision Reactor Oscillation and Spectrum Experiment (PROSPECT) has completed the installation of a novel antineutrino detector that will probe the possible existence of a new form of matter. [36] The MINERvA collaboration analyzed data from the interactions of an antineutrino-the antimatter partner of a neutrino-with a nucleus. [35]
Category: Astrophysics

A Kinetic Study on the Oxidation of Pharmaceutically Significant PEG–400 by Periodate

Authors: K. V. S. Koteswara Rao, R. Venkata Nadh, M. Narasaiah
Comments: 5 Pages.

Polyethylene glycol-400 (PEG-400) has a spectrum of applications in pharmaceutical field. PEG-400 oxidation was carried out in alkaline medium by using potassium periodate as an oxidant. Rate of the reaction was found to be first order dependence on the oxidant concentration. In the studied range, substrate concentration didn’t change the reaction rate. Increase of alkali concentration decreased the reaction rate and order of the reaction with respect to alkali was inverse fractional. Effect of temperature on reaction rate was studied and then Arrhenius parameters were calculated. A suitable rate law was proposed based on the observed experimental results.
Category: Chemistry

Part 3: On Stairs, Symmetries and Polarities Within the Existence and Their Process of Unification

Authors: Tomas S Kunendzis
Comments: 80 Pages.

This article is a third part of the text "On Stairs, Symmetries and Polarities etc." which was published previously. In this part a logic/antilogic polarity is defined and developed. Contact (email) is the same (included in the first part).
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Gravitational Wave Explanation of Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Friedwardt Winterberg
Comments: 14 Pages.

A deterministic interpretation of quantum mechanics is given where the non-local hidden variables of Bell’s theorem are in reality Watt-less high-energy gravitational waves with an energy well above the Greisen-Zapetsin-Kuzmin (GZK) cosmic ray energy limit of 5 ⋅ 1010������. The gravitational waves are emitted by Schrödinger’s “Zitterbewegung” (quivering motion) from pole-dipole particles, where a large positive mass ��+ is gravitationally bound to a likewise large negative mass ��−, with a small excess in the positive mass equal to the positive gravitational binding energy of ��+ to ��−. Setting this mass equal to the mass of an electron, one obtains for the oscillating energy of the Zitterbewegung 3.31 ⋅ 1011������, well above the GZK limit. Support for this hypothesis are the rare cosmic ray events of about the same energy, coming from the Ursa Major constellation which have been detected by the Dugway Proving Ground Cosmic Ray Observatory in Utah
Category: Quantum Physics

Scalable Iot Solutions with the Amazon Echo Flex Model for 3P Integrations.

Authors: Bheemaiah, Anil Kumar
Comments: 9 Pages.

IaC is also CaC, Circuits as Code, we introduce a uniform framework for IOT based sensor fusion and automated persistence to AWS S3 using the per-observer design pattern defined in reactive streams. A uniform scalable IoT architecture is in the automated code generation of Alexa Skills with both AlexaPi and the flex echo. We introduce CaC using the TOMU board, an open source ARM v7 based architecture. Keywords: IaC, CloudFormation, CaC, Circuits as Code, AWS, stack, SaaS, AIaaS, IoT, ARM What: The Amazon Echo Flex, retailing at $24.99 is presented as an attractive scalable IOT platform for use with grid compatible IOT solutions, in conjunction with the open source Tomu and Fomu platforms for multi sensor integrated IOT with Alexa skills and AWS Lambda cloud functions. We compare this with the AlexPi solution, enabling IOT with inexpensive hardware like the raspberry pi zero W or orange pi, or any scalable browser based device, as an IOT solution with Alexa. The marketing pitch for the echo flex, remains as a power source for all the hardware supported by AlexaPi or any other computing needing a 5v USB-A bus and thus supplements the AlexaPi. A case study of flooding in the Lilydale Regional Park in St Paul is presented where a scalable network of Tomu based water level indicators is hypothesized to predict flooding for closure of the park. How: Simple resistive water level monitoring sensors are integrated with Tomu and Echo Flex boards using the Alexa Gadget API, USB function for an Rx formulation of Alexa IOT interactions. This allows periodic uploading of water level information to AWS S3 for data mining and predictive analytics. A hypothetical model to compute the operations of such a ‘N’ node grid is presented with a case study of lilydale park and the Mississippi river. Why: Simplicity , robustness and cost effective solutions , lead to the evolution of the IOT or things network, while Lora or SigFox are touted as solutions we present a simpler approach using WiFi and VUI based echo flex units for IOT. Applications: IoT for AI for Earth series, starring Early Bird Warning for Flood Prediction Analytics, an AIaaS data mining Lambda of S3 data from a network of IoT nodes with river level sensors.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The “ladder Paradox” Decision.

Authors: Genrih Leonidovich Arutyunov
Comments: 5 Pages.

The “ladder paradox”, a decision, for the first time in 110 years. In the represented earlier by me Poincare’s theory of relativity, I said, what the converselength contraction are virtual (unrealistic) and are a consequence of the “virtual time” introduced by Poincare, which I called “local Poincare time.” Now we consider this in more detail, using the so-called "Ladder paradox" as an example
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Remark on the Erd\'{o}s-Straus Conjecture

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this paper we discuss the Erd\'{o}s-Straus conjecture. Using a very simple method we show that for each $L\in \mathbb{N}$ with $L>n-1$ there exist some $(x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_n)\in \mathbb{N}^n$ with $x_i\neq x_j$ for all $1\leq i<j\leq n$ such that \begin{align}\frac{n}{L}\ll \sum \limits_{j=1}^{n}\frac{1}{x_j}\ll \frac{n}{L}\nonumber \end{align}In particular, for each $L\geq 3$ there exist some $(x_1,x_2,x_3)\in \mathbb{N}^3$ with $x_1\neq x_2$, $x_2\neq x_3$ and $x_3\neq x_1$ such that \begin{align}c_1\frac{3}{L}\leq \frac{1}{x_1}+\frac{1}{x_2}+\frac{1}{x_3}\leq c_2\frac{3}{L}\nonumber \end{align}for some $c_1,c_2>1$.
Category: Number Theory

The Little $\ell$ Function

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this short note we introduce a function which iteratively behaves in a similar fashion compared to the factorial function. However the growth rate of this function is not as dramatic and sudden as the factorial function. We also propose an approximation for this function for any given input, which holds for sufficiently large values of n.
Category: Number Theory

Surgical Analysis of Functions

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 12 Pages.

In this paper we introduce the concept of surgery. This concept ensures that almost all discontinuous functions can be made to be continuous without redefining their support. Inspite of this, it preserves the properties of the original function. Consequently we are able to get a handle on the number of points of discontinuities on a finite interval by having an information on the norm of the repaired function and vice-versa.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Determination of Unidirectional Speed of Light in an Inertial System.

Authors: Szostek Karol
Comments: 6 Pages.

In the article, was derived formulas for unidirectional speed of light in vacuum and material medium. Unidirectional speed of light is one of the important elements that distinguishes special theory of relativity from ether theory. The calculations are based on space-time transformation of ether theory.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Wyznaczenie Jednokierunkowej Prędkość światła W Układzie Inercjalnym

Authors: Szostek Karol
Comments: 6 Pages. in Polish language

W artykule zostały wyprowadzone zależności na jednokierunkową prędkość światła w próżni oraz ośrodku materialnym. Jednokierunkowa prędkość światła jest jednym z istotnych elementem, który rozróżnia szczególną teorię względności od teorii eteru. Przedstawione obliczenia oparte są na transformacji czasoprzestrzennej teorii eteru.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

History of Printing - From Gutenberg to the Laser Printer

Authors: Rochelle Forrester
Comments: 5 Pages.

The ultimate cause of much historical, social and cultural change is the gradual accumulation of knowledge of the environment. Human beings use the materials in their environment to meet their needs and increased human knowledge of the environment enables human needs to be met in a more efficient manner. Humans have a need to communicate, as they are social beings, and the development of printing enabled them to communicate in a more efficient manner. The human environment has a particular structure so that human knowledge of the environment is acquired in a particular order. The simplest knowledge is acquired first and more complex knowledge is acquired later. Inevitably, printing was invented after the invention of writing, as it is a more efficient way of writing. Printing, as developed in Europe in the 15th century, also required the prior invention of paper, the knowledge of which had spread from China, and of moveable metal type, inks and presses. The order of discovery determined the course of human social and cultural history as knowledge of new and more efficient means of communication, resulted in the spread of new scientific ideas and technology, and in the development of new social and ideological ideas, such as the reformation, the enlightenment and democracy. This means human social and cultural history, has to follow a particular course, a course that is determined by the structure of the human environment.
Category: Social Science

`(st)ringy' Proof the Poincar\'{e} Conjecture

Authors: Kohji Suzuki
Comments: 7 Pages.

We prove the Poincar\'{e} Conjecture using `(st)ring theory'.
Category: General Mathematics

The Connection Between X^2+1 and Balancing Numbers

Authors: Kelly Harris
Comments: 4 Pages.

Balancing numbers as introduced by Behera and Panda [1] can be shown to be connected to the formula x^2+1=N in a very simple way. The goal of this paper is to show that if a balancing number exists for the balancing equation 1+ 2+ ... + (y-1) = (y+1)+(y+2)+...+(y+m), then there is a corresponding(2y)^2+1=N, where N is composite. We will also show how this can be used to factor N.
Category: Number Theory

Spin Quantum Heat Engine

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 63 Pages.

"The so-called 'quantum thermodynamics' are currently under development," Roberto Serra, one of the researchers who carried out the study, told Phys.org. [40] A team of scientists from the Research Center "Fundamental Problems of Thermophysics and Mechanics," of Samara Polytech is engaged in the construction of new mathematical models and the search for methods for their study in relation to a wide range of local nonequilibrium transport processes in various physical systems. [39] Researchers at the Center for Soft and Living Matter, within the Institute for Basic Science (IBS, South Korea) found that the temperature increase caused by the probe beam could be utilized to generate a signal per se for detecting objects. [38] Scientists at the University of Würzburg have been able to boost current super-resolution microscopy by a novel tweak. [37] "We put the optical microscope under a microscope to achieve accuracy near the atomic scale," said NIST's Samuel Stavis, who served as the project leader for these efforts. [36] Researchers have designed an interferometer that works with magnetic quasiparticles called magnons, rather than photons as in conventional interferometers. [35] A technique to manipulate electrons with light could bring quantum computing up to room temperature. [34] The USTC Microcavity Research Group in the Key Laboratory of Quantum Information has perfected a 4-port, all-optically controlled non-reciprocal multifunctional photonic device based on a magnetic-field-free optomechanical resonator. [33] To address this technology gap, a team of engineers from the National University of Singapore (NUS) has developed an innovative microchip, named BATLESS, that can continue to operate even when the battery runs out of energy. [32] Stanford researchers have developed a water-based battery that could provide a cheap way to store wind or solar energy generated when the sun is shining and wind is blowing so it can be fed back into the electric grid and be redistributed when demand is high. [31] Researchers at AMOLF and the University of Texas have circumvented this problem with a vibrating glass ring that interacts with light. They thus created a microscale circulator that directionally routes light on an optical chip without using magnets. [30]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

On a Local Spectra Inequality

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this note we show that under certain conditions the inequality holds \begin{align}\sum \limits_{\lambda_i\in \mathrm{Spec}(ab^{T})}\mathrm{min}\{\log |t-\lambda_i|\}_{[||a||,||b||]}&\leq \# \mathrm{Spec}(ab^T)\log\bigg(\frac{||b||+||a||}{2}\bigg)\nonumber \\&+\frac{1}{||b||-||a||}\sum \limits_{\lambda_i\in \mathrm{Spec}(ab^T)}\log \bigg(1-\frac{2\lambda_i}{||b||+||a||}\bigg).\nonumber \end{align}Also under the same condition, the inequality also holds\begin{align}\int \limits_{||a||}^{||b||}\log|\mathrm{det}(ab^{T}-tI)|dt&\leq \# \mathrm{Spec}(ab^T)(||b||-||a||)\log\bigg(\frac{||b||+||a||}{2}\bigg)\nonumber \\&+\sum \limits_{\lambda_i\in \mathrm{Spec}(ab^T)}\log \bigg(1-\frac{2\lambda_i}{||b||+||a||}\bigg).\nonumber \end{align}
Category: Algebra

A Proof of the Twin Prime Conjecture

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 7 Pages. Proof technique greatly simplified with detailed exposition.

In this paper we prove the twin prime conjecture by showing that \begin{align} \sum \limits_{\substack{p\leq x\\p,p+2\in \mathbb{P}}}1\geq (1+o(1))\frac{x}{2\mathcal{C}\log^2 x}\nonumber \end{align}where $\mathcal{C}:=\mathcal{C}(2)>0$ fixed and $\mathbb{P}$ is the set of all prime numbers. In particular it follows that \begin{align} \sum \limits_{p,p+2\in \mathbb{P}}1=\infty\nonumber \end{align}by taking $x\longrightarrow \infty$ on both sides of the inequality. We start by developing a general method for estimating correlations of the form \begin{align} \sum \limits_{n\leq x}G(n)G(n+l)\nonumber \end{align}for a fixed $1\leq l\leq x$ and where $G:\mathbb{N}\longrightarrow \mathbb{R}^{+}$.
Category: Number Theory

Nanoparticles Enter the Brain

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 52 Pages.

A group of scientists from the Russian Academy of Sciences (ICG SB RAS) and the TSU Biological Institute has established a path through which nanoparticles of viruses and organic and inorganic substances from the environment enter the brain. [34] A new analysis of people’s brain waves when surrounded by different magnetic fields suggests that people have a “sixth sense” for magnetism. [33] Measuring optical blood flow in the resting human brain to detect spontaneous activity has for the first time been demonstrated by Wright State University imaging researchers, holding out promise for a better way to study people with autism, Alzheimer's and depression. [32]
Category: Physics of Biology

Naturally Numbers Are Three Plus One Dimensional

Authors: Surajit Ghosh
Comments: 34 Pages.

Riemann hypothesis stands proved in three different ways.To prove Riemann hypothesis from the functional equation concept of Delta function is introduced similar to Gamma and Pi function. Other two proofs are derived using Eulers formula and elementary algebra. Analytically continuing gamma and zeta function to an extended domain, poles and zeros of zeta values are redefined. Hodge conjecture, BSD conjecture are also proved using zeta values. Other prime conjectures like Goldbach conjecture, Twin prime conjecture etc.. are also proved in the light of new understanding of primes. Numbers are proved to be multidimensional as worked out by Hamilton. Logarithm of negative and complex numbers are redefined using extended number system. Factorial of negative and complex numbers are redefined using values of Delta function.
Category: Number Theory

Mathematical Connections Between the Formula Concerning the Coefficients of the '5th Order' Ramanujan’s Mock Theta Function, the Mass of Mesons in String Model, Various Parameters of Particle Physics and Cosmology.

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 109 Pages.

In this research thesis, we have described new possible mathematical connections between the formula concerning the coefficients of the '5th order' Ramanujan’s mock theta function, the mass of mesons in string model, various parameters of Particle Physics and Cosmology.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Rewriting Quantum Mechanics

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 78 Pages.

Working as a hobby alongside their jobs in the Finnish government, and Lindgren's Ph.D. work in systems analysis at Aalto, the researchers devised a new method for expressing the laws of quantum mechanics using stochastic methods, a type of mathematics that deals with random chance and probability. [49] Quantum mechanics and the general theory of relativity form the bedrock of the current understanding of physics-yet the two theories don't seem to work together. [48] A groundbreaking study conducted by researchers from the National University of Singapore (NUS) has revealed a method of using quantum mechanical wave theories to "lock" heat into a fixed position. [47] Researchers at the University of Konstanz have recently carried out a study exploring the quantum states of light and vacuum fluctuations, as well as their interplay with time. [46] Physicists at the University of Innsbruck are proposing a new model that could demonstrate the supremacy of quantum computers over classical supercomputers in solving optimization problems. [45] Using data from the CMS experiment there, the researchers studied the entropy resulting from entanglement within the proton. [44] A German-Austrian research team is now presenting the largest entangled quantum register of individually controllable systems to date, consisting of a total of 20 quantum bits. [43] Neill is lead author of the group's new paper, "A blueprint for demonstrating quantum supremacy with superconducting qubits," now published in the journal Science. [42] Physicists at ETH Zurich have now demonstrated an elegant way to relax this intrinsic incompatibility using a mechanical oscillator formed by a single trapped ion, opening up a route for fundamental studies and practical uses alike. [41]
Category: Quantum Physics

Unsorted Collection of Unruly Random Thoughts: Started for no Good Reason in A.D. 2019

Authors: Waldemar Puszkarz
Comments: 5 pages.

Sometimes abstracts are best served as warnings. Here is one: If you are humor challenged, cannot think in metaphors, or (much worse) believe in the honesty of politicians (and that’s a metaphor too), this may not be suitable for you. Here is another: this document will most likely be expanded.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Quantized Iron-Based Superconductor

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 51 Pages.

When a semiconducting nanowire is coupled to a superconductor, it can be tuned to topological quantum states thought to host localized quasiparticles known as Majorana Zero Modes (MZM). [31] Ultimately, Li said, the combination of a superconducting and a magnetic system allows for precise coupling and decoupling of the magnon and photon, presenting opportunities for manipulating quantum information. [30] Great hope rests on so-called cuprates, copper and oxygen based compounds also called high-temperature superconductors, where the scientific community is focusing its efforts. [29] Discovered more than 100 years ago, superconductivity continues to captivate scientists who seek to develop components for highly efficient energy transmission, ultrafast electronics or quantum bits for next-generation computation. [27] One of the greatest mysteries in condensed matter physics is the exact relationship between charge order and superconductivity in cuprate superconductors. [26] Cuprates hold the record high superconducting temperature at ambient pressure so far, but understanding their superconducting mechanism remains one of the great challenges of physical sciences listed as one of 125 quests announced by Science. [25] Now, scientists at Tokyo Institute of Technology (Tokyo Tech), the University of Tokyo and Tohoku University report curious multi-state transitions of these superconductors in which they change from superconductor to special metal and then to insulator. [24] Researchers at the Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute and the Southern Scientific Center of RAS, in Russia, have recently fabricated quasi-2-D superconductors at the interface between a ferroelectric Ba0.8Sr0.2TiO3 film and an insulating parent compound of La2CuO4. [23] Scientists seeking to understand the mechanism underlying superconductivity in "stripe-ordered" cuprates-copper-oxide materials with alternating areas of electric charge and magnetism-discovered an unusual metallic state when attempting to turn superconductivity off. [22]
Category: Quantum Physics

New Concept of Mathematical Modeling

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 62 Pages.

A team of scientists from the Research Center "Fundamental Problems of Thermophysics and Mechanics," of Samara Polytech is engaged in the construction of new mathematical models and the search for methods for their study in relation to a wide range of local nonequilibrium transport processes in various physical systems. [39] Researchers at the Center for Soft and Living Matter, within the Institute for Basic Science (IBS, South Korea) found that the temperature increase caused by the probe beam could be utilized to generate a signal per se for detecting objects. [38]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Hot Carriers for Solar Cells

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 63 Pages.

Two-dimensional solar materials may offer a way to extract more energy from sunlight. By tuning the structure of a 2-D perovskite solar material, researchers from KAUST and the Georgia Institute of Technology have shown they can prolong the lifetime of highly energetic hot carriers generated by light striking the material. [40] A team of scientists from the Research Center "Fundamental Problems of Thermophysics and Mechanics," of Samara Polytech is engaged in the construction of new mathematical models and the search for methods for their study in relation to a wide range of local nonequilibrium transport processes in various physical systems. [39] Researchers at the Center for Soft and Living Matter, within the Institute for Basic Science (IBS, South Korea) found that the temperature increase caused by the probe beam could be utilized to generate a signal per se for detecting objects. [38] Scientists at the University of Würzburg have been able to boost current super-resolution microscopy by a novel tweak. [37] "We put the optical microscope under a microscope to achieve accuracy near the atomic scale," said NIST's Samuel Stavis, who served as the project leader for these efforts. [36] Researchers have designed an interferometer that works with magnetic quasiparticles called magnons, rather than photons as in conventional interferometers. [35] A technique to manipulate electrons with light could bring quantum computing up to room temperature. [34] The USTC Microcavity Research Group in the Key Laboratory of Quantum Information has perfected a 4-port, all-optically controlled non-reciprocal multifunctional photonic device based on a magnetic-field-free optomechanical resonator. [33] To address this technology gap, a team of engineers from the National University of Singapore (NUS) has developed an innovative microchip, named BATLESS, that can continue to operate even when the battery runs out of energy. [32] Stanford researchers have developed a water-based battery that could provide a cheap way to store wind or solar energy generated when the sun is shining and wind is blowing so it can be fed back into the electric grid and be redistributed when demand is high. [31]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Klaus von Klitzing Formula and Stability Frequency

Authors: Moises Dominguez-Espinosa
Comments: 2 pages

In this paper, we build the von Klitzing formula from the stability formula that arises in the dynamic quantization model.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Moral Philosophy of Nature: Spiritual Amazonian Conceptualizations of the Environment

Authors: Luis Gregorio Abad Espinoza
Comments: 42 Pages.

It is well known the harmful effects that savage capitalism has been causing to the environment since its introduction in a sphere in which a different logic and approach to nature are the essential conditions for the maintenance of the ecosystem and its complex relations between humans and non-human organisms. The amazon rainforest is a portion of the planet in which for thousands of years its human dwellers have been interacting with nature that it is understood beyond its physical condition. Thus, to what extent Amazonian’s approaches to nature could be considered as a moral philosophy through which the way of conceptualizing nature and its non-human denizens enhances the continuity of life and the intimate relations between entities? To answer this question, I will explore the cosmological system of the Shuar of the Ecuadorian Amazon with whom I lived for 5 months between July and November 2018, and thereby elucidate the spiritual relations that this society has with the metaphysical domain of nature.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

The Rethinking and Enhancement of the Natural and Cultural Heritage of the Cultural Landscapes: the Case of Sečovlje and Janubio Saltpans

Authors: Luis Gregorio Abad Espinoza
Comments: 23 Pages.

Cultural landscapes represent a complex category where the nature-culture dichotomy seem to not be able to unfold the main features and the profound relations that humans have with the environment. Drawing on ethnographic data collected in the saltpans of Se-ovlje (Slovene Istria) and Janubio (Lanzarote--Canary Islands) this article examines informant`s perceptions about the awareness of the importance and the enhancement of the holistic values of both saltpans, as well as the impacts and benefits of tourism. Comparing these perceptions about both cultural landscapes, I try to suggest that the complex fruitfully relations between humans and nature in these saltpans are at odds with the neoliberal logic of nature which exploit and commoditize its resources depriving them of their respective agency. A sustainability to contrast the harmful activities of the market ought to be understood not as a simply isolation and fencing of nature for the sake of conservation, but as a preservation that need to foster the continuity of the deep interactions between human culture and non-human nature which are the core of the cultural landscapes.
Category: Social Science

On Some Ramanujan Formulas: New Possible Mathematical Connections with Various Parameters of Particle Physics, Dark Matter, Dark Energy and Cosmology II.

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 130 Pages.

In this research thesis, we have analyzed further Ramanujan formulas and described new possible mathematical connections with various parameters of Particle Physics, Dark Matter, Dark Energy and Cosmology
Category: Number Theory

Golden Ratio Geometry and the Fine-Structure Constant

Authors: Michael A. Sherbon
Comments: 8 Pages. Journal of Advances in Physics 16 (1) 362-368 (2019) CC 4.0

The golden ratio is found to be related to the fine-structure constant, which determines the strength of the electromagnetic interaction. The golden ratio and classical harmonic proportions with quartic equations give an approximate value for the inverse fine-structure constant the same as that discovered previously in the geometry of the hydrogen atom. With the former golden ratio results, relationships are also shown between the four fundamental forces of nature: electromagnetism, the weak force, the strong force, and the force of gravitation.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Self-Organized Critical Markets: Implied Volatility and Avalanche Intensity

Authors: Romain Bocher
Comments: 5 Pages.

Assuming self-organized criticality to characterize capital markets, this paper seeks to explain why equity implied volatility is a relevant proxy for avalanche intensity. Historical data analysis of the CBOE Volatility Index (VIX) shows that implied volatility spikes are distributed following a power law, making financial stress similar to earthquakes as anticipated long ago by Bak.
Category: Economics and Finance

Nanofiber Biomaterials Proteins

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 34 Pages.

In a new study, now on Scientific Reports, Theresa Bentele and a team of researchers in the departments of Medicine, Molecular Evolution and Genomics and the Institute of Physical Chemistry in Germany, Australia and Japan, expressed recombinant Cnidoin and CPP-1 proteins in Escherichia coli. [20] Scientists from ITMO in collaboration with international colleagues have proposed new DNA-based nanomachines that can be used for gene therapy for cancer. [19] CRISPR is a technique that is revolutionizing biomedical research through high-precision genome editing. [18] The DNA molecules are chiral, which means they can exist in two forms which are mirror images, like a left and right hand. The phenomenon was dubbed "chiral induced spin selectivity" (CISS), and over the last few years, several experiments were published allegedly showing this CISS effect, even in electronic devices. [17] Chemist Ivan Huc finds the inspiration for his work in the molecular principles that underlie biological systems. [16] What makes particles self-assemble into complex biological structures? [15] Scientists from Moscow State University (MSU) working with an international team of researchers have identified the structure of one of the key regions of telomerase-a so-called "cellular immortality" ribonucleoprotein. [14] Researchers from Tokyo Metropolitan University used a light-sensitive iridium-palladium catalyst to make "sequential" polymers, using visible light to change how building blocks are combined into polymer chains. [13] Researchers have fused living and non-living cells for the first time in a way that allows them to work together, paving the way for new applications. [12] UZH researchers have discovered a previously unknown way in which proteins interact with one another and cells organize themselves. [11] Dr Martin Sweatman from the University of Edinburgh's School of Engineering has discovered a simple physical principle that might explain how life started on Earth. [10]
Category: Physics of Biology

Basics of Years Purchase

Authors: Betasha Felix Chawaza
Comments: 6 Pages.

Every investment on planet earth has a price of purchase. This price can or may be seen as its capital value. An investor about to purchase an investment may want to know the maximum amount he can pay to purchase the investment. Now, Year’s Purchase is a capitalization factor and a multiplier which when applied to the Net Income it gives the capital value. It is occasionally known by different names depending on the subject country. In Nigeria, it is known by valuers as Year’s Purchase (Y.P). To determine the year’s purchase of an investment, the investment must produce an income (Net Income). Net Income is the actual income received from an investment after all expenses have been deducted. Expenses is known as expenditure or outgoings example: Salary, Wages, Service charge, Electricity bills, Utility bills, Tax, Etc
Category: General Science and Philosophy

On a Possible Internal Structure of the Tau

Authors: Fabrizio Vassallo
Comments: 3 Pages.

The mass of the tau is found to be three times that of a preon described in precedent articles. From this we make an hypothesis about its internal structure.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Brain Sense Earth's Magnetic Field

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 50 Pages.

A new analysis of people’s brain waves when surrounded by different magnetic fields suggests that people have a “sixth sense” for magnetism. [33] Measuring optical blood flow in the resting human brain to detect spontaneous activity has for the first time been demonstrated by Wright State University imaging researchers, holding out promise for a better way to study people with autism, Alzheimer's and depression. [32] UCLA biologists report they have transferred a memory from one marine snail to another, creating an artificial memory, by injecting RNA from one to another. [31] Scientists at the Wellcome Trust/ Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, have identified a new type of stem cell in the brain which they say has a high potential for repair following brain injury or disease. [30]
Category: Physics of Biology

DNA Replication Selection

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 37 Pages.

In research published in Nature on Dec. 25th, 2019, Dr. LI Guohong and Dr. ZHU Mingzhao from the Institute of Biophysics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences have demonstrated that the histone variant H2A.Z facilitates the licensing and activation of early DNA replication origins. [22] Scientists at the University of Sheffield studying ancient DNA have created a tool allowing them to more accurately identify ancient Eurasian populations, which can be used to test an individual's similarity to ancient people who once roamed the earth. [12] In new research, Hao Yan of Arizona State University and his colleagues describe an innovative DNA walker, capable of rapidly traversing a prepared track. [20] Just like any long polymer chain, DNA tends to form knots. Using technology that allows them to stretch DNA molecules and image the behavior of these knots, MIT researchers have discovered, for the first time, the factors that determine whether a knot moves along the strand or "jams" in place. [19] Researchers at Delft University of Technology, in collaboration with colleagues at the Autonomous University of Madrid, have created an artificial DNA blueprint for the replication of DNA in a cell-like structure. [18] An LMU team now reveals the inner workings of a molecular motor made of proteins which packs and unpacks DNA. [17] Chemist Ivan Huc finds the inspiration for his work in the molecular principles that underlie biological systems. [16] What makes particles self-assemble into complex biological structures? [15] Scientists from Moscow State University (MSU) working with an international team of researchers have identified the structure of one of the key regions of telomerase-a so-called "cellular immortality" ribonucleoprotein. [14] Researchers from Tokyo Metropolitan University used a light-sensitive iridium-palladium catalyst to make "sequential" polymers, using visible light to change how building blocks are combined into polymer chains. [13]
Category: Physics of Biology

Malaria Parasites in Human Blood Cells

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 41 Pages.

Now, researchers have detailed a comprehensive interaction network map of how malaria traffics between human host cells. [31] Focused ultrasound from outside the body can safely and reversibly open the blood-brain barrier in patients with Alzheimer's disease, researchers in Canada have shown for the first time. [30] Small vessel vasculitis-inflammation of the small blood vessels-appears as a stain of tiny, red dots covering the skin that, depending on the severity, can evolve into painful pustules or ulcers. [29] Scientists from the University of Freiburg have developed materials systems that are composed of biological components and polymer materials and are capable of perceiving and processing information. [28] Nanotechnology may provide an effective treatment for Parkinson's disease, a team of researchers suggests. [27] Recent research from Kumamoto University in Japan has revealed that polyoxometalates (POMs), typically used for catalysis, electrochemistry, and photochemistry, may also be used in a technique for analyzing quantum dot (QD) photoluminescence (PL) emission mechanisms. [26] Researchers have designed a new type of laser called a quantum dot ring laser that emits red, orange, and green light. [25] The world of nanosensors may be physically small, but the demand is large and growing, with little sign of slowing. [24] In a joint research project, scientists from the Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy (MBI), the Technische Universität Berlin (TU) and the University of Rostock have managed for the first time to image free nanoparticles in a laboratory experiment using a highintensity laser source. [23] For the first time, researchers have built a nanolaser that uses only a single molecular layer, placed on a thin silicon beam, which operates at room temperature. [22] A team of engineers at Caltech has discovered how to use computer-chip manufacturing technologies to create the kind of reflective materials that make safety vests, running shoes, and road signs appear shiny in the dark. [21]
Category: Physics of Biology

Programmed Cell Death

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 45 Pages.

Kashkar lab has now showed that the pathogen that causes shigellosis (Shigella), a typical cause of acute inflammatory diarrhoea, blocks apoptosis by efficiently blocking certain enzymes, so-called caspases, which act as engines that initiate apoptosis. [26] A Virginia Commonwealth University researcher has developed a procedure for identifying the source of cells present in a forensic biological sample that could change how cell types are identified in samples across numerous industries. [25] In work at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the University of Maryland in College Park, researchers have devised and demonstrated a new way to measure free energy. [24] A novel technique developed by researchers at the ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP) will help shine new light on biological questions by improving the quality and quantity of information that can be extracted in fluorescence microscopy. [23] Micro-computed tomography or "micro-CT" is X-ray imaging in 3-D, by the same method used in hospital CT (or "CAT") scans, but on a small scale with massively increased resolution. [22] A new experimental method permits the X-ray analysis of amyloids, a class of large, filamentous biomolecules which are an important hallmark of diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. [12] Thumb through any old science textbook, and you'll likely find RNA described as little more than a means to an end, a kind of molecular scratch paper used to construct the proteins encoded in DNA. [20] Just like any long polymer chain, DNA tends to form knots. Using technology that allows them to stretch DNA molecules and image the behavior of these knots, MIT researchers have discovered, for the first time, the factors that determine whether a knot moves along the strand or "jams" in place. [19] Researchers at Delft University of Technology, in collaboration with colleagues at the Autonomous University of Madrid, have created an artificial DNA blueprint for the replication of DNA in a cell-like structure. [18]
Category: Physics of Biology

Revelatory Relationship

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 47 Pages.

A new study of the ecology of an enigmatic group of novel unicellular organisms by scientists from Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet (LMU) in Munich supports the idea hydrogen played an important role in the evolution of Eukaryota, the first nucleated cells. [27] Kashkar lab has now showed that the pathogen that causes shigellosis (Shigella), a typical cause of acute inflammatory diarrhoea, blocks apoptosis by efficiently blocking certain enzymes, so-called caspases, which act as engines that initiate apoptosis. [26] A Virginia Commonwealth University researcher has developed a procedure for identifying the source of cells present in a forensic biological sample that could change how cell types are identified in samples across numerous industries. [25] In work at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the University of Maryland in College Park, researchers have devised and demonstrated a new way to measure free energy. [24] A novel technique developed by researchers at the ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP) will help shine new light on biological questions by improving the quality and quantity of information that can be extracted in fluorescence microscopy. [23] Micro-computed tomography or "micro-CT" is X-ray imaging in 3-D, by the same method used in hospital CT (or "CAT") scans, but on a small scale with massively increased resolution. [22] A new experimental method permits the X-ray analysis of amyloids, a class of large, filamentous biomolecules which are an important hallmark of diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. [12] Thumb through any old science textbook, and you'll likely find RNA described as little more than a means to an end, a kind of molecular scratch paper used to construct the proteins encoded in DNA. [20]
Category: Physics of Biology

Twin Prime Conjecture(newer Version)

Authors: Toshiro_Takami
Comments: 5 Pages.

I proved the Twin Prime Conjecture. The probability twin prime approximately is slightly lower than 4/3 times the square of the probability that a prime will appear in. I investigated up to 5$\times10^{12}$.\\ When the number grows to the limit, the primes to be produced rarely, but since Twin Primes are slightly lower than 4/3 times the square of the distribution of primes, the frequency of production of Twin Primes is very equal to 0.\\ However, it is not 0. Because, primes continue to be produced. Therefore, Twin Primes continue to be produced.\\ If the Twin Primes is finite, the primes is finite.\\ This is because slightly lower than 4/3 times the square of the probability of primes is the probability of Twin Primes.\\ This is contradiction. Because there are an infinite of primes.\\ \ \\ $[Probability\ of\ the\ Existence\ of\ primes]^2\times4/3$=\\ (Probability\ of\ the\ Existence\ of\ Twin\ Primes)\\ When the number becomes extreme, the generation of prime numbers becomes extremely small. However, it is not 0.\\ Very few, but prime numbers are generated.\\ Therefore, even if the number reaches the limit, twin prime numbers are also generated.\\ That is, Twin Primes exist forever.\\
Category: Number Theory

Why Einstein was an Ignorant Fool

Authors: James Carter
Comments: 15 Pages. An alternative to special and general relativity theories

Being ignorant of most of today’s modern experimental measurements, Einstein largely ignored experimental physics when he foolishly imagined his arbitrary unmeasured relativity theories to be true. He then went on to fool generations of theoretical physicists into believing in impossible things like infinite gravitational fields, massless photons, equivalent force and motion, non-local gravity, and the many metaphysical assumptions of the Big Bang creation myth. Einstein’s interpretations and definitions of Mass, Space, Time, and Gravity and their relationships of Momentum, Force, and Energy were often upside down, backwards, and inside out from their physical parameters.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Machine Learning in Asset Management—Part 1: Portfolio Construction—Trading Strategies

Authors: Derek Snow
Comments: 14 Pages.

This is the first in a series of articles dealing with machine learning in asset management. Asset management can be broken into the following tasks: (1) portfolio construction, (2) risk management, (3) capital management, (4) infrastructure and deployment, and (5) sales and marketing. This article focuses on portfolio construction using machine learning. Historically, algorithmic trading could be more narrowly defined as the automation of sell-side trade execution, but since the introduction of more advanced algorithms, the definition has grown to include idea generation, alpha factor design, asset allocation, position sizing, and the testing of strategies. Machine learning, from the vantage of a decision-making tool, can help in all these areas.
Category: Economics and Finance

The End of Laissez-Faire and Rise of Algorithmic Management and Politics.

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 4 Pages.

The ground breaking research and article in the November 2019 Scientific American from Bruce Boghosian and team in “The Inescapable Casino” is discussed, quoted often, and extended into other areas. The general idea being that systems involving transactions between humans will inevitably lead to oligopolies and that this is not only seen in economies but also organizations and politics and that their recommendations intimate a much larger impact from the conclusions of their research.
Category: Economics and Finance

The Sun is A Very Young Star

Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 6 Pages.

Calculations are done to determine the age of the Sun using data collected by the Genesis Space Craft, and interpretation is accomplished with the General Theory of Stellar Metamorphosis. As it turns out, when D/H ratios found on the Earth and other celestial bodies are pitted against one another, a much different picture of the solar system comes to light. I have calculated the Sun as being between 5.8 and 13.13 million years old. This means it is nowhere near the proposed 4.5 billion years accepted and taught by the mainstream. As well the author's previous calculations were also off. Explanation is provided.
Category: Astrophysics

Libreflix: the Collaborative Culture Audiovisual on a Streaming Platform

Authors: Jamerson dos Santos Farias Soares
Comments: 18 Pages.

This article is the result of an analytical study on the video streaming platform: Libreflix. A digital platform based on freedom of expression, free screening of films and series, sharing of independent audiovisual productions and productions that help in critical thinking. We researched and analyzed the interface of the platform, it show the interaction between her and the public occurs, and its importance for the diffusion of film products for those who do not have many financial conditions. In conceptualization and association Ideas were consulted articles, books, reports and opinions of scholars in the area. There was also Free Culture research, the Free Software movement, the role of Web 3.0 in consumer Data Science, the Culture of Convergence, Collective, Collaborative and participatory. The purpose of this paper is to understand and investigate the assumptions of Libreflix thatway this format makes art and culture available to the community, its etymology, as everything began, which concepts were used for the idealization and creation of the platform. Also, as procedures for selection and dissemination of copyright productions are given, and what are the differences between Libreflix and the current major movie and series production company, Netflix. The analysis is developed from site visits, platform Android app, conversations with the creator of the free service, comparing other sites that agree with the idea of ​​the platform, such as also tabulating data on how many accounts have already been created and what type of audience houses theirown footage on the site.
Category: Education and Didactics

Energy Release Mechanism of White Hole and Accurate Calculation of Solar System Orbit

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 36 Pages. 7 Figure; 1 table. Including Russian abstract and Chinese Version. The file is about 1MB.

The white hole hypothesis can explain various problems faced by spiral galaxies more than the black hole hypothesis. At present, the main problems still focus on the theoretical model of white holes. White hole solutions can also be obtained from general relativity. However, negative time must be used, and this article demonstrates very briefly that time inversion does not exist through the example of returning to youth age. This problem can be solved very well using virtual space-time physics. Under the framework of virtual space-time physics, a white hole model can be constructed without time inversion. In this paper, a white hole model is used for numerical calculations to obtain the trajectory of the solar system from the center of the Milky Way to the periphery of the Milky Way. Comparing the calculation results with the actual patterns of the Milky Way, it can be seen that the calculation results coincide well with the actual patterns. The calculation results show that the solar system orbit is an expanding elliptical spiral orbit. There is a clear demarcation point between the orbits in the center of the Milky Way and the orbits around the galaxy. This may be the reason for the bulge structure in the center of the Milky Way. The solar system has been in the center of the Milky Way for about 2.8 billion years. So far, the solar system has been running for about 1.8 billion years outside the center of the Milky Way, and about 600 to 700 million years have been far from the center of the Milky Way. This is basically consistent with the evolution of life on Earth.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Deep Learning Disease Mutations

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 54 Pages.

A research team led by Professor Hongzhe Sun from the Department of Chemistry at the University of Hong Kong (HKU), in collaboration with Professor Junwen Wang from Mayo Clinic, Arizona in the United States (a former HKU colleague), implemented a robust deep learning approach to predict disease-associated mutations of the metal-binding sites in a protein. [33] Researchers at the US Department of Energy's (DOE's) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) employed a suite of deep-learning techniques to identify and observe these temporary yet notable structures. [32] As part of a team of scientists from IBM and New York University, my colleagues and I are looking at new ways AI could be used to help ophthalmologists and optometrists further utilize eye images, and potentially help to speed the process for detecting glaucoma in images. [31] A team of EPFL scientists has now written a machine-learning program that can predict, in record time, how atoms will respond to an applied magnetic field. [30] Researchers from the University of Luxembourg, Technische Universität Berlin, and the Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society have combined machine learning and quantum mechanics to predict the dynamics and atomic interactions in molecules. [29] For the first time, physicists have demonstrated that machine learning can reconstruct a quantum system based on relatively few experimental measurements. [28] AlphaZero plays very unusually; not like a human, but also not like a typical computer. Instead, it plays with "real artificial" intelligence. [27] Predictions for an AI-dominated future are increasingly common, but Antoine Blondeau has experience in reading, and arguably manipulating, the runes-he helped develop technology that evolved into predictive texting and Apple's Siri. [26] Artificial intelligence can improve health care by analyzing data from apps, smartphones and wearable technology. [25] Now, researchers at Google's DeepMind have developed a simple algorithm to handle such reasoning-and it has already beaten humans at a complex image comprehension test. [24]
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Diet Effects on Sperm Quality

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 37 Pages.

Sperm are influenced by diet, and the effects arise rapidly. This is the conclusion of a study by researchers at Linköping University, in which healthy young men were fed a diet rich in sugar. [24] Researchers analyzed semen from 49 men whose partners had lost three or more consecutive pregnancies before the 20-week mark. [23] Single-molecule fluorescent measurements provide fresh insights into a process for keeping errors out of our genomes. [22] Histones are proteins that regulate the unwinding of DNA in the cell nucleus and the expression of genes based on chemical modifications or "marks" that are placed on their tails. [21] Now, in a new paper published in Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, Mayo researchers have determined how one DNA repair protein gets to the site of DNA damage. [20] A microscopic thread of DNA evidence in a public genealogy database led California authorities to declare this spring they had caught the Golden State Killer, the rapist and murderer who had eluded authorities for decades. [19] Researchers at Delft University of Technology, in collaboration with colleagues at the Autonomous University of Madrid, have created an artificial DNA blueprint for the replication of DNA in a cell-like structure. [18] An LMU team now reveals the inner workings of a molecular motor made of proteins which packs and unpacks DNA. [17] Chemist Ivan Huc finds the inspiration for his work in the molecular principles that underlie biological systems. [16] What makes particles self-assemble into complex biological structures? [15] Scientists from Moscow State University (MSU) working with an international team of researchers have identified the structure of one of the key regions of telomerase-a so-called "cellular immortality" ribonucleoprotein. [14]
Category: Quantitative Biology

Financial Investment 1 Bonds, Stock and Shares

Authors: Betasha Felix Chawaza
Comments: 7 Pages.

In line with the sustainable development SDG goal number one ‘End Poverty’, this study tends to give the general public an overview on financial investment (Bonds, Stocks and Shares) which can help them in earning more income to enable them tackle poverty. It is in human nature since the earth creation to plan for the rainy days. A person must plan and keep aside some part of his money for any unavoidable circumstance which might araise likely in days to come. Future is uncertain and one must invest wisely to avoid crisis financially at any point in time.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Germany's Alcatraz Virus

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 41 Pages.

Since the tests are for vaccines that can save millions of animals, protect farmers' livelihoods and alleviate hunger, Beer said they were "justified". [25] Sperm are influenced by diet, and the effects arise rapidly. This is the conclusion of a study by researchers at Linköping University, in which healthy young men were fed a diet rich in sugar. [24] Researchers analyzed semen from 49 men whose partners had lost three or more consecutive pregnancies before the 20-week mark. [23] Single-molecule fluorescent measurements provide fresh insights into a process for keeping errors out of our genomes. [22] Histones are proteins that regulate the unwinding of DNA in the cell nucleus and the expression of genes based on chemical modifications or "marks" that are placed on their tails. [21] Now, in a new paper published in Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, Mayo researchers have determined how one DNA repair protein gets to the site of DNA damage. [20] A microscopic thread of DNA evidence in a public genealogy database led California authorities to declare this spring they had caught the Golden State Killer, the rapist and murderer who had eluded authorities for decades. [19] Researchers at Delft University of Technology, in collaboration with colleagues at the Autonomous University of Madrid, have created an artificial DNA blueprint for the replication of DNA in a cell-like structure. [18] An LMU team now reveals the inner workings of a molecular motor made of proteins which packs and unpacks DNA. [17] Chemist Ivan Huc finds the inspiration for his work in the molecular principles that underlie biological systems. [16] What makes particles self-assemble into complex biological structures? [15]
Category: Physics of Biology

Seed Germination Events

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 43 Pages.

Seed germination is controlled by several plant hormones, which are researched intensely. However, not much was known about the processes that need to take place to allow the hormones to function. [26] Since the tests are for vaccines that can save millions of animals, protect farmers' livelihoods and alleviate hunger, Beer said they were "justified". [25] Sperm are influenced by diet, and the effects arise rapidly. This is the conclusion of a study by researchers at Linköping University, in which healthy young men were fed a diet rich in sugar. [24] Researchers analyzed semen from 49 men whose partners had lost three or more consecutive pregnancies before the 20-week mark. [23] Single-molecule fluorescent measurements provide fresh insights into a process for keeping errors out of our genomes. [22] Histones are proteins that regulate the unwinding of DNA in the cell nucleus and the expression of genes based on chemical modifications or "marks" that are placed on their tails. [21] Now, in a new paper published in Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, Mayo researchers have determined how one DNA repair protein gets to the site of DNA damage. [20] A microscopic thread of DNA evidence in a public genealogy database led California authorities to declare this spring they had caught the Golden State Killer, the rapist and murderer who had eluded authorities for decades. [19] Researchers at Delft University of Technology, in collaboration with colleagues at the Autonomous University of Madrid, have created an artificial DNA blueprint for the replication of DNA in a cell-like structure. [18] An LMU team now reveals the inner workings of a molecular motor made of proteins which packs and unpacks DNA. [17] Chemist Ivan Huc finds the inspiration for his work in the molecular principles that underlie biological systems. [16]
Category: Quantitative Biology

Dividing Cells Control their DNA

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 41 Pages.

A study published today in the journal eLife has shown that a protein called Astrin is important for the timely and even separation of chromosomes during cell division. [24] Disruption of certain DNA structures-called topologically associating domains, or TADs-is linked with the development of disease, including some cancers. [23] A virus that infects koalas is steadily integrating itself into their DNA, ensuring that it is passed down from generation to generation. But the koala genome is defending itself, revealing that DNA has its own immune system to shut down invaders. [22] Scientists reveal how a 'molecular machine' in bacterial cells prevents fatal DNA twisting, which could be crucial in the development of new antibiotic treatments. [21] In new research, Hao Yan of Arizona State University and his colleagues describe an innovative DNA walker, capable of rapidly traversing a prepared track. [20] Just like any long polymer chain, DNA tends to form knots. Using technology that allows them to stretch DNA molecules and image the behavior of these knots, MIT researchers have discovered, for the first time, the factors that determine whether a knot moves along the strand or "jams" in place. [19] Researchers at Delft University of Technology, in collaboration with colleagues at the Autonomous University of Madrid, have created an artificial DNA blueprint for the replication of DNA in a cell-like structure. [18] An LMU team now reveals the inner workings of a molecular motor made of proteins which packs and unpacks DNA. [17] Chemist Ivan Huc finds the inspiration for his work in the molecular principles that underlie biological systems. [16] What makes particles self-assemble into complex biological structures? [15] Scientists from Moscow State University (MSU) working with an international team of researchers have identified the structure of one of the key regions of telomerase-a so-called "cellular immortality" ribonucleoprotein. [14]
Category: Physics of Biology

On Some Ramanujan Formulas: New Possible Mathematical Connections with Various Parameters of Particle Physics, Dark Matter, Dark Energy and Cosmology I.

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 117 Pages.

In this research thesis, we have analyzed further Ramanujan formulas and described new possible mathematical connections with various parameters of Particle Physics, Dark Matter, Dark Energy and Cosmology
Category: Mathematical Physics

High Precise Newtonian Constant of Gravitation with Correlation of Earth Rotation and Solar Mass

Authors: JianFei Chen
Comments: 5 Pages.

Newtonian constant of gravitation G is an important fundamental constants, but its value is still inaccurate. Because Universal Gravitation is too small, the complex environment in the laboratory seriously affects the accuracy of experiment. Calculating with planet orbit is an effective way to get its accurate value. Author found that there is a strict logical relationship between the energy waves of mean solar day and solar mass. With this relationship, we can get the precise value of solar mass. With the earth orbit, got the value of Newtonian constant of gravitation. G=6.672 148 4714(267) × 10-11 m3/kg s2, its relative uncertainty is 4.0 ppb. This is much more precise than the current value. [eastear@outlook.com, eastear@163.com]
Category: Astrophysics

Model of Galactic Center-Pleiades-Sun

Authors: JianFei Chen
Comments: 4 Pages.

Author found that distance from Sun to Pleiades and the Bohr radius of hydrogen atoms meets the condition for energy wave resonating. The energy from the Bohr radius of huge amount of atoms in the universe, makes Sun and Pleiades to resonate with the current distance. Sun and Pleiades are strongly linked as a group, and Sun revolves around Pleiades. Finally the model of Galactic Center-Pleiades-Sun was set up. The greatest significance of this paper is to link the macroscopic structure of the universe with the microscopic atomic structure. [eastear@outlook.com, eastear@163.com]
Category: Astrophysics

Machine Learning Gene Regulation

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 31 Pages.

Quantitative biologists Justin B. Kinney and Ammar Tareen have a strategy to design advanced machine learning algorithms that are easier for biologists to understand. [21] Marculescu, along with ECE Ph.D. student Chieh Lo, has developed a machine learning algorithm-called MPLasso-that uses data to infer associations and interactions between microbes in the GI microbiome. [20] A team of researchers from the University of Muenster in Germany has now demonstrated that this combination is extremely well suited to planning chemical syntheses-so-called retrosyntheses-with unprecedented efficiency. [19] Two physicists at ETH Zurich and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem have developed a novel machine-learning algorithm that analyses large data sets describing a physical system and extract from them the essential information needed to understand the underlying physics. [18]
Category: Artificial Intelligence

New Formula to Generate All Pythagorean Triples with Proof and Geometrical Interpretation

Authors: Roberto Amato
Comments: 7 Pages. Summary of results extracted from the work [1] R. Amato, A characterization of pythagorean triples, JP Journal of Algebra, Number Theory and Applications, 39, (2017), 221–230

This way has the convenience to find easily all Pythagorean triples x, y, z ∈ N, where x is a predetermined integer, which means finding all right triangles whose sides have integer measures and one cathetus is predetermined.
Category: Number Theory

Giacomo LEOPARDI’S “L’INFINITO” and Decision Limit Problems

Authors: Arturo Tozzi
Comments: 4 Pages.

When an observer stares out at a horizon that is miles away, the sight of an object caught in the middle allows her mind to imagine the occurrence of the infinity beyond the edge. According to this psychological account of infinity, put forward by Giacomo Leopardi in his masterpiece “L’infinito”, a restricted view is required for our imagination to work properly: in absence of a bounded object with edges, our mind is unable to think about infinity. Here we show how Leopardi’s account is correlated with recent topological approaches to closed curves, and with long-lasting medieval debates on decision limit problems: when a boat disappears over the horizon, what is the instant (o the minimum spatial range) of change between visibility and non visibility?
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Appendices to Works on Galilean Space Приложения к работам о галилеевом пространстве

Authors: Valery Timin
Comments: 10 Pages. In Russian

This work is used as a General application for other works on wave propagation in Galilean space. The main task of this work is to solve General questions related to the propagation of waves in Galilean space. When considering this issue, it is assumed that the source of the wave is not a point object that propagates a spherical wave, but is the source of a monochromatic wave that fills the entire space. It is also assumed that the time of the wave source and distance are synchronized with the time and distance of the Galilean space.
Category: Classical Physics

New Interpretation of the Schwarzschild Radius

Authors: Zane Andrea Quintili
Comments: 3 Pages.

The Schwarzschild radius describes the radius of the event horizon within which no object can exit and which sees a singularity at its center. The mathematical expression of this ray without resorting to the complex mathematical formalism of general relativity can be summarized as follows by simply using the kinetic energy and the gravitational potential energy of the body in question. 1/2 mc^2=G mM/d Rs=(2G M)/c^2 At this point, however, nothing in the mathematical expression tells us if that "2" is linked to Newton's mass or gravitational constant so that we can also freely interpret "2" as twice the mass, or two masses. This new interpretation completely reverses the information we have for the Schwarzschild radius which, using Planck's units, will become: Rs=(G 2Mp)/c^2 =2Lp
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Spintronic RAMs

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 45 Pages.

Scientists at Tokyo Institute of Technology (Tokyo Tech) report a new material combination that sets the stage for magnetic random access memory based on spin, an intrinsic property of electrons. [34] The team utilized analytical and ab-initio theories to establish a link between this spin engine concept and room-temperature experiments on a solid-state spintronic device called a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ). [33] Scientists at Tokyo Institute of Technology proposed new quasi-1-D materials for potential spintronic applications, an upcoming technology that exploits the spin of electrons. [32] They do this by using "excitons," electrically neutral quasiparticles that exist in insulators, semiconductors and in some liquids. [31] Researchers at ETH Zurich have now developed a method that makes it possible to couple such a spin qubit strongly to microwave photons. [30] Quantum dots that emit entangled photon pairs on demand could be used in quantum communication networks. [29] Researchers successfully integrated the systems-donor atoms and quantum dots. [28] A team of researchers including U of A engineering and physics faculty has developed a new method of detecting single photons, or light particles, using quantum dots. [27] Recent research from Kumamoto University in Japan has revealed that polyoxometalates (POMs), typically used for catalysis, electrochemistry, and photochemistry, may also be used in a technique for analyzing quantum dot (QD) photoluminescence (PL) emission mechanisms. [26] Researchers have designed a new type of laser called a quantum dot ring laser that emits red, orange, and green light. [25]
Category: Quantum Physics

Superconducting Electron Pairs

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 17 Pages.

Now, Sadashige Matsuo of the RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science and colleagues have created a device called a Josephson junction, which can efficiently split these Cooper pairs as they travel from a superconductor into two one-dimensional normal conductors. [30] Using a clever technique that causes unruly crystals of iron selenide to snap into alignment, Rice University physicists have drawn a detailed map that reveals the "rules of the road" for electrons both in normal conditions and in the critical moments just before the material transforms into a superconductor. [29] Superconducting quantum microwave circuits can function as qubits, the building blocks of a future quantum computer. [28] Physicists have shown that superconducting circuits-circuits that have zero electrical resistance-can function as piston-like mechanical quantum engines. The new perspective may help researchers design quantum computers and other devices with improved efficiencies. [27] This paper explains the magnetic effect of the superconductive current from the observed effects of the accelerating electrons, causing naturally the experienced changes of the electric field potential along the electric wire. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the wave particle duality and the electron's spin also, building the bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The changing acceleration of the electrons explains the created negative electric field of the magnetic induction, the Higgs Field, the changing Relativistic Mass and the Gravitational Force, giving a Unified Theory of the physical forces. Taking into account the Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators also, we can explain the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions. Since the superconductivity is basically a quantum mechanical phenomenon and some entangled particles give this opportunity to specific matters, like Cooper Pairs or other entanglements, as strongly correlated materials and Exciton-mediated electron pairing, we can say that the secret of superconductivity is the quantum entanglement.
Category: Quantum Physics

Fermat's Last Theorem

Authors: Ananthakrishnan S
Comments: 4 Pages.

“It is impossible to separate a cube into two cubes, or a biquadrate into two biquadrates, or in general any power higher than the second into two powers of like degree; I have discovered a truly remarkable proof which this margin is too small to contain." I have discovered the shortest proof by using trigonometric principles.
Category: Number Theory

Electromyographic Analysis Palm Muscle

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 45 Pages.

Surface electromyography (sEMG) is widely used to investigate human motion including athletic performance. Baseball pitchers require very precise movements to pitch the ball to the strike zone, where the palm muscle plays a key role during movement. [24] Disruption of certain DNA structures-called topologically associating domains, or TADs-is linked with the development of disease, including some cancers. [23] A virus that infects koalas is steadily integrating itself into their DNA, ensuring that it is passed down from generation to generation. But the koala genome is defending itself, revealing that DNA has its own immune system to shut down invaders. [22] Scientists reveal how a 'molecular machine' in bacterial cells prevents fatal DNA twisting, which could be crucial in the development of new antibiotic treatments. [21] In new research, Hao Yan of Arizona State University and his colleagues describe an innovative DNA walker, capable of rapidly traversing a prepared track. [20] Just like any long polymer chain, DNA tends to form knots. Using technology that allows them to stretch DNA molecules and image the behavior of these knots, MIT researchers have discovered, for the first time, the factors that determine whether a knot moves along the strand or "jams" in place. [19] Researchers at Delft University of Technology, in collaboration with colleagues at the Autonomous University of Madrid, have created an artificial DNA blueprint for the replication of DNA in a cell-like structure. [18] An LMU team now reveals the inner workings of a molecular motor made of proteins which packs and unpacks DNA. [17] Chemist Ivan Huc finds the inspiration for his work in the molecular principles that underlie biological systems. [16] What makes particles self-assemble into complex biological structures? [15] Scientists from Moscow State University (MSU) working with an international team of researchers have identified the structure of one of the key regions of telomerase-a so-called "cellular immortality" ribonucleoprotein. [14]
Category: Physics of Biology

Thin Films Electronic Properties

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 66 Pages.

Scientists have created thin films made from barium zirconium sulfide (BaZrS3) and confirmed that the materials have alluring electronic and optical properties predicted by theorists. [43] Researchers have succeeded in making the thinnest ever optical device in the form of a waveguide just three atomic layers thick. [42] With the development of nanotechnologies, scientists’ efforts have centred on synchronizing oscillatory nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS), for applications such as on-chip time keeping, and mass, gas, and force sensors. [41]
Category: Condensed Matter

Speed of Light in FG5 Gravimeter

Authors: Eric Su
Comments: 5 Pages. Note that the author does not read Disqus comments here, please respond by email. Including a list of publications is also a healthy gesture.

The absolute gravimeter measures the gravitational constant by dropping a corner cube retro-reflector in a vacuum. The light reflected by the corner cube interferes with another light from the same emission. The interference pattern can not be explained by the theory if the speed of light remains constant upon reflection. Two research teams were obliged to propose new definition of acceleration to match their test data. Neither team understands that the speed of light actually changes upon reflection by a moving mirror. The definition of acceleration should remain intact. The speed of reflected light should increase to match the observed fringe pattern from the gravimeter.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Long-Distance Silicon Quantum Bits

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 45 Pages.

Now a team based at Princeton University has overcome this limitation and demonstrated that two quantum-computing components, known as silicon "spin" qubits, can interact even when spaced relatively far apart on a computer chip. [32] Scientists from the University of Bristol, in collaboration with the Technical University of Denmark (DTU), have successfully developed chip-scale devices that are able to harness the applications of quantum physics by generating and manipulating single particles of light within programmable nanoscale circuits. [31] Physicists in China and Austria have shown for the first time they can teleport multi-dimensional states of photons. [30] A workshop on exploring extreme-field QED and the physics phenomena it creates will be held at SLAC in late summer. [29] University of Toronto Engineering researchers have combined two emerging technologies for next-generation solar power-and discovered that each one helps stabilize the other. [28] Photoresponsive flash memories made from organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) that can be quickly erased using just light might find use in a host of applications, including flexible imaging circuits, infra-red sensing memories and multibit-storage memory cells. [27] Recent research from Kumamoto University in Japan has revealed that polyoxometalates (POMs), typically used for catalysis, electrochemistry, and photochemistry, may also be used in a technique for analyzing quantum dot (QD) photoluminescence (PL) emission mechanisms. [26] Researchers have designed a new type of laser called a quantum dot ring laser that emits red, orange, and green light. [25] The world of nanosensors may be physically small, but the demand is large and growing, with little sign of slowing. [24] In a joint research project, scientists from the Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy (MBI), the Technische Universität Berlin (TU) and the University of Rostock have managed for the first time to image free nanoparticles in a laboratory experiment using a highintensity laser source. [23] For the first time, researchers have built a nanolaser that uses only a single molecular layer, placed on a thin silicon beam, which operates at room temperature. [22]
Category: Quantum Physics

Lasers Learn Spot Space Junk

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 79 Pages.

Chinese researchers have improved the accuracy in detecting space junk in earth's orbit, providing a more effective way to plot safe routes for spacecraft maneuvers. [45] A vacuum is generally thought to be nothing but empty space. But in fact, a vacuum is filled with virtual particle-antiparticle pairs of electrons and positrons that are continuously created and annihilated in unimaginably short time-scales. [44] If you're not a plasma physicist, exploding electrical wires underwater may sound like a bad idea. [43] Researchers at MIT's Plasma Science and Fusion Center (PSFC) have now demonstrated how microwaves can be used to overcome barriers to steady-state tokamak operation. [42]
Category: Astrophysics

The Enigmatic Positron Confounds Atomic Theory

Authors: David Lindsay Johnson
Comments: 6 Pages. Minor corrections to Beta Decay included

Positrons satisfy the Dirac wave equations as equally well as do electrons, but remain enigmatic because they result from high energy particle/matter interactions and are not explained by current atomic theory. Specifically, the question remains as to whether they are dynamically created or pre-exist, and are thus released from matter by such interactions. The latter option implies that free positrons can exist within matter: at very least this would mean that positive holes, the functional equivalent of positrons, would no longer be required to explain electric current formation within semiconductors. However it would also mean that a major overhaul of the current conventional orbital atomic model would be required.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Create a Star on Earth

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 76 Pages.

Now, scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) have found that sprinkling a type of powder into the plasma could aid in harnessing the ultra-hot gas within a tokamak facility to produce heat to create electricity without producing greenhouse gases or long-term radioactive waste. [43] Scientists seeking to capture and control on Earth fusion energy, the process that powers the sun and stars, face the risk of disruptions—sudden events that can halt fusion reactions and damage facilities called tokamaks that house them. [42]
Category: Astrophysics

Relativists Were Ridiculed in Germany 27 Years (1905 1931), in America 50 (?) Years and Persecuted 14 Years (1932 1945). Glorification of Relativists 102 Years (1918 2019). Why?

Authors: Lubomir Vlcek
Comments: 9 Pages. The theory of relativity is a mathematical and not a physical theory.

Begins of glorification [1]: 12 In 1919 it had carried an article [13 autor Alexander Moszkowski (1851-1934), 15 editor-in-chief was Arnold Berliner (1862-1942)] announcing the results of the British solar eclipse expedition that rose to laudatory hyperbole, not shying away from declaring that “a highest truth, beyond Galileo and Newton, beyond Kant” had been unveiled by “an oracular saying from the depth of the skies.” 16 on December 14, 1919, the front page of the Berliner Illustrirte Zeitung [17 This newspaper had been founded by Leopold Ullstein (1826-1899)] carried a large close-up portrait of Einstein whose caption read: “A new eminence in the history of the world: Albert Einstein, whose researches signify a complete revolution of our understanding of Nature and whose insights equal in importance those of a Copernicus, Kepler, and Newton.” 2 The huge public acclaim that was accorded Einstein. It also vexed conservative academics (e.g. the Nobel Laureate Philipp Lenard have felt that the theoretical physicist Einstein had captured too much of the limelight, while other, experimental physicists were not appreciated enough.) For nearly 100 years ago have been Nobel Prize winners said: "- The theory of relativity is a mathematical and not a physical theory.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Strengthen Spacecraft Payloads

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 80 Pages.

The University of Surrey has developed a robust multi-layed nano-barrier for ultra-lightweight and stable carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRPs) that could be used to build high precision instrument structures for future space missions. [46] Chinese researchers have improved the accuracy in detecting space junk in earth's orbit, providing a more effective way to plot safe routes for spacecraft maneuvers. [45] A vacuum is generally thought to be nothing but empty space. But in fact, a vacuum is filled with virtual particle-antiparticle pairs of electrons and positrons that are continuously created and annihilated in unimaginably short time-scales. [44]
Category: Astrophysics

Arrangement of Atoms in Silicene

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 95 Pages.

Now, physicists from the University of Basel have been able to precisely determine this corrugated structure. [58] Researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have demonstrated a new type of sensor that uses atoms to receive commonly used communications signals. [57] "We will also work on initiating two-qubit quantum gates between the atoms to build a 2D quantum processor based on so-called Rydberg interactions," reveals Birkl, "and implement large-scale quantum entanglement and quantum simulation." [56] Scientists from the University of Bath, working with a colleague at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, have devised an ingenious method of controlling the vapour by coating the interior of containers with nanoscopic gold particles 300,000 times smaller than a pinhead. [55] Significant technical and financial issues remain towards building a large, fault-tolerant quantum computer and one is unlikely to be built within the coming decade. [54] Chemists at Friedrich Schiller University in Jena (Germany) have now synthesised a molecule that can perform the function of a computing unit in a quantum computer. [53] The research team developed the first optical microchip to generate, manipulate and detect a particular state of light called squeezed vacuum, which is essential for HYPERLINK "https://phys.org/tags/quantum/" quantum computation. [52] Australian scientists have investigated new directions to scale up qubits-utilising the spin-orbit coupling of atom qubits-adding a new suite of tools to the armory. [51]
Category: Condensed Matter

On (An)Abelian Geometry and Deformation Theory with Applications to Quantum Physics

Authors: Lucian M. Ionescu
Comments: 7 Pages.

The Betti-de Rham period isomorphism ("Abelian Geometry") is related to algebraic fundamental group (Anabelian Geometry), in analogy with the classical context of Hurewicz Theorem. To investigate this idea, the article considers an "Abstract Galois Theory", as a separated abstract structure from, yet compatible with, the Theory of Schemes, which has its historical origin in Commutative Algebra and motivation in the early stages of Algebraic Topology. The approach to Motives via Deformation Theory was suggested by Kontsevich as early as 1999, and suggests Formal Manifolds, with local models formal pointed manifolds, as the source of motives, and perhaps a substitute for a "universal Weil cohomology". The proposed research aims to gain additional understanding of periods via a concrete project, the discrete algebraic de Rham cohomology, a follow-up of author's previous work. The connection with Arithmetic Gauge Theory should provide additional intuition, by looking at covering maps as flat connection spaces, and considering branching covers of the Riemann sphere as the more general case. The research on Feynman/Veneziano Amplitudes and Gauss/Jacobi sums, allows to deepen the parallel between the continuum and discrete frameworks: an analog of Virasoro algebra in finite characteristic. A larger project is briefly considered, consisting in deriving Motives from the Theory of Deformations, as suggested by Kontsevich. Following Soibelman and Kontsevich, the idea of defining Formal Manifolds as groupoids of pointed formal manifolds (after Maurer-Cartan ``exponentiation''), with associated torsors as ``gluing data'' (transition functions) is suggested. This framework seems to be compatible with the ideas from Theory of Periods, sheaf theory / etale maps and Grothedieck's development of Galois Theory (Anabelian Geometry). The article is a preliminary evaluation of a research plan of the author. Further concrete problems are included, since they are related to the general ideas mentioned above, and especially relevant to understanding the applications to scattering amplitudes in quantum physics.
Category: Mathematical Physics

A New Discovery

Authors: Yahya A.Sharif
Comments: 1 Page. Email:yahya-sharif@hotmail.com

A new discovery related to our body weight and its muscles strength compared to normal calculations.
Category: Classical Physics

Speed of Light C=0, so "Proven" by Special Relativity, Indisputably!

Authors: Cameron Wong
Comments: 6 Pages. Special relativity rejects its own 2nd postulate.

The key for the “successful” derivation of the special relativity lies on convincing people to believe the following two spherical equations representing only one sphere that is created by light propagation: x^2 + y^2 + z^2=(ct)^2, and x’^2 + y’^2 + z'^2=(ct’)^2. The reason that the readers have so easily believed such convincing for more than a century is because of the acceptance of the second postulate. Unfortunately, verification using relativity’s own rule regarding the relationship between length , time and speed must fail the second postulate. The 2nd postulate gone, relativity loses must end up self-refuted.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Anyon Statistics and the Topology of Dark Matter

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 13 Pages. Work in progress.

Matching current observations on non-baryonic Dark Matter (DM), Cantor Dust was recently conjectured to emerge as large-scale topological structure in the early Universe. The mechanism underlying the formation of Cantor Dust hinges on dimensional condensation of spacetime endowed with minimal fractality. It is known that anyons are quasiparticles exhibiting anomalous statistics and fractional charges in 2+1 spacetime. This brief report is a preliminary exploration of the intriguing analogy between anyons and the Cantor Dust picture of DM.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Solving the Cosmological Constant Problem

Authors: Stephen H. Jarvis
Comments: 31 Pages.

In following on from the preceding papers [1-13], this paper presents the case for the disparity between vacuum energy [14] and the associated metric expansion of space energy requirements. A solution is provided to this problem while correctly deriving the value for the Lamb shift radiation as evidence for vacuum energy marrying up correctly with a newly proposed large scale cosmological model, such in the context of a revised understanding of the redshift effect and associated scaling system for the Planck constant [13]. The process of proof presented here is by taking a close look at the theory behind the metric expansion of space, those calculations, and any of those associated assumptions of theory and modelling of time and space in those calculations and observations that could lead to the cosmological constant problem, and thus determine in fact why the value for the proposed energy of space needs to be so disproportionate compared to the known vacuum energy value. Above all, this paper shall present proof for vacuum energy in a steady-state reality, such by using the fundamental basis of the phi-quantum wave-function scaling system in deriving the temperature value of the CMBR and Boltzmann constant, and finally proof for the precession of the perihelion of Mercury which is demonstrated to be directed related to the vacuum energy of space and CMBR.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Chip-to-Chip Quantum Teleportation

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 43 Pages.

Scientists from the University of Bristol, in collaboration with the Technical University of Denmark (DTU), have successfully developed chip-scale devices that are able to harness the applications of quantum physics by generating and manipulating single particles of light within programmable nanoscale circuits. [31] Physicists in China and Austria have shown for the first time they can teleport multi-dimensional states of photons. [30] A workshop on exploring extreme-field QED and the physics phenomena it creates will be held at SLAC in late summer. [29] University of Toronto Engineering researchers have combined two emerging technologies for next-generation solar power-and discovered that each one helps stabilize the other. [28] Photoresponsive flash memories made from organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) that can be quickly erased using just light might find use in a host of applications, including flexible imaging circuits, infra-red sensing memories and multibit-storage memory cells. [27] Recent research from Kumamoto University in Japan has revealed that polyoxometalates (POMs), typically used for catalysis, electrochemistry, and photochemistry, may also be used in a technique for analyzing quantum dot (QD) photoluminescence (PL) emission mechanisms. [26] Researchers have designed a new type of laser called a quantum dot ring laser that emits red, orange, and green light. [25] The world of nanosensors may be physically small, but the demand is large and growing, with little sign of slowing. [24] In a joint research project, scientists from the Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy (MBI), the Technische Universität Berlin (TU) and the University of Rostock have managed for the first time to image free nanoparticles in a laboratory experiment using a highintensity laser source. [23] For the first time, researchers have built a nanolaser that uses only a single molecular layer, placed on a thin silicon beam, which operates at room temperature. [22] A team of engineers at Caltech has discovered how to use computer-chip manufacturing technologies to create the kind of reflective materials that make safety vests, running shoes, and road signs appear shiny in the dark. [21]
Category: Quantum Physics

Neurons in Action in the Brain

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 54 Pages.

In a recent report, Mengke Yang and colleagues at the Brain Research Instrument Innovation Center, Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Systems Neuroscience and Optical System Advanced Manufacturing Technology in China, Germany and the U.K. developed a new technique named the multiarea two-photon real-time in vitro explorer (MATRIEX). [33] Measuring optical blood flow in the resting human brain to detect spontaneous activity has for the first time been demonstrated by Wright State University imaging researchers, holding out promise for a better way to study people with autism, Alzheimer's and depression. [32] UCLA biologists report they have transferred a memory from one marine snail to another, creating an artificial memory, by injecting RNA from one to another. [31] Scientists at the Wellcome Trust/ Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, have identified a new type of stem cell in the brain which they say has a high potential for repair following brain injury or disease. [30]
Category: Physics of Biology

Photons on a 2-D Quantum Walk

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 22 Pages.

"This work is an important step toward more practical photonic-based quantum random walks," says Waks. "Exploring how these systems behave and how we can control them will allow us to perform more complex quantum simulations." [12] Now, researchers at Caltech and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), which is managed by Caltech for NASA, have come up with a new design for an optical atomic clock that holds promise to be the most accurate and precise yet (accuracy refers to the ability of the clock to correctly pin down the time, and precision refers to its ability to tell time in fine detail). [11] Using two types of "designer" quantum dots, researchers are creating double-pane solar windows that generate electricity with greater efficiency and create shading and insulation for good measure. [10] Nearly 75 years ago, Nobel Prize-winning physicist Erwin Schrödinger wondered if the mysterious world of quantum mechanics played a role in biology. A recent finding by Northwestern University's Prem Kumar adds further evidence that the answer might be yes. [9] A UNSW Australia-led team of researchers has discovered how algae that survive in very low levels of light are able to switch on and off a weird quantum phenomenon that occurs during photosynthesis. [8] This paper contains the review of quantum entanglement investigations in living systems, and in the quantum mechanically modeled photoactive prebiotic kernel systems. [7] The human body is a constant flux of thousands of chemical/biological interactions and processes connecting molecules, cells, organs, and fluids, throughout the brain, body, and nervous system. Up until recently it was thought that all these interactions operated in a linear sequence, passing on information much like a runner passing the baton to the next runner. However, the latest findings in quantum biology and biophysics have discovered that there is in fact a tremendous degree of coherence within all living systems. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the Wave-Particle Duality and the electron's spin also, building the Bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions by the diffraction patterns. The Weak Interaction changes the diffraction patterns by moving the electric charge from one side to the other side of the diffraction pattern, which violates the CP and Time reversal symmetry. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the Relativistic Quantum Theory and making possible to understand the Quantum Biology.
Category: Quantum Physics

Computing with Molecular Spintronics

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 54 Pages.

Spintronics or spin electronics in contrast to conventional electronics uses the spin of electrons for sensing, information storage, transport, and processing. [37] With the advantage of small size and long-lived spins, it is only a matter of time before they cement their spot in the roadmap for quantum technologies. [36] The characteristics of a new, iron-containing type of material that is thought to have future applications in nanotechnology and spintronics have been determined at Purdue University. [35]
Category: Quantum Physics

Near-Infrared Light-Emitting Diodes

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 63 Pages.

A research team led by Prof TAN Zhi Kuang from the Department of Chemistry and the Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore (SERIS), NUS has developed high-efficiency, near-infrared LEDs that can cover an area of 900 mm 2 using low-cost solution-processing methods. [39] Physicists at the University of Alberta have created a molecular colourant that can emit light in a wider range of colours than any other molecule currently available. [38] When molecules interact with the oscillating field of a laser, an instantaneous, time-dependent dipole is induced. [37] Researchers from Würzburg and London have succeeded in controlling the coupling of light and matter at room temperature. [36] Researchers have, for the first time, integrated two technologies widely used in applications such as optical communications, bio-imaging and Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) systems that scan the surroundings of self-driving cars and trucks. [35] The unique platform, which is referred as a 4-D microscope, combines the sensitivity and high time-resolution of phase imaging with the specificity and high spatial resolution of fluorescence microscopy. [34] The experiment relied on a soliton frequency comb generated in a chip-based optical microresonator made from silicon nitride. [33] This scientific achievement toward more precise control and monitoring of light is highly interesting for miniaturizing optical devices for sensing and signal processing. [32] It may seem like such optical behavior would require bending the rules of physics, but in fact, scientists at MIT, Harvard University, and elsewhere have now demonstrated that photons can indeed be made to interact-an accomplishment that could open a path toward using photons in quantum computing, if not in light sabers. [31] Optical highways for light are at the heart of modern communications. But when it comes to guiding individual blips of light called photons, reliable transit is far less common. [30] Theoretical physicists propose to use negative interference to control heat flow in quantum devices. [29]
Category: Quantum Physics

The Mystery of Planck-Extended Version

Authors: Leonardo Rubino
Comments: 2 Pages.

Mysterious numerical coincidences to be explained.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Il Neutrone e la Natura Pseudo-Vettoriale Della Massa

Authors: Francesco Ferrara
Comments: 18 Pages.

L'articolo descrive un nuovo modello per il neutrone, basato sui fondamenti teorici profusi da alcuni ricercatori italiani. Il modello vede il neutrone costituito da due anelli di corrente giacenti su due piani paralleli,aventi diversi raggi, uno generato da una sferetta carica positivamente e l'altro da una sferetta carica negativamente che si muovono, in verso opposto l'una rispetto all'altra, alla velocità della luce.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Is There A Contradiction Between SR And GR?

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 22 Pages.

Let's summarize the contradiction point in following: (1) Lorentz Transformations tell us that – Particle 4 values are changing with high- velocity motion – these values are: Particle Mass, Length, Distance And Time In our previous discussion- we have concluded that – we have to accept the particle length contraction and mass increasing as real phenomena which can't be illusion of measurements – we have reach to this conclusion based on 2 reasons – (1st) because of the empirical proves for these features (length contraction- mass increasing)- where we need to protect the physical experimental measurements credibility and (2nd) Because we don't want to make ourselves as The Universe Reference Point. Shortly Lorentz Transformations tell that Particle Mass, Length, Distance And Time are changed by the same reason – i.e. they are dealt as similar to each other (2) The special theory of relativity is built on Lorentz Transformations But In The General Theory of relativity Einstein tells us "The existence of gravitational field is inseparably bound up with the existence of Space. On the other hand a part of Space may very well be imagined without electromagnetic field," … ……..Since according to our present conceptions the elementary particles matter are also, in their essence, nothing else than condensations of the electromagnetic field…. Namely gravitational ether and electromagnetic field or – as they might also be called – Space And Matter The Contradiction Point Lorentz Transformations deal with Space and Matter as equal ….But The General theory of relativity distinguishes between the space and matter Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

Wyprowadzenie Licznych Dynamik Szczególnej Teorii Względności Dla Trzech Wymiarów Przestrzennych (In Polish)

Authors: Roman Szostek
Comments: 10 Pages. There are many dynamics in STR, and not one, it is believed (in Polish).

W artykule przedstawiono wyprowadzenie licznych dynamik dla kinematyki Szczególnej Teorii Względności dla trzech wymiarów przestrzennych. Jest to kontynuacja artykułu, w którym wyprowadzone zostały liczne dynamiki STW dla jednego wymiaru. Pokazane zostało, że z każdej dynamiki jednowymiarowej jednoznacznie wynika dynamika trójwymiarowa. Przedstawiona została dyskusja na temat paradoksu dźwigni kątowej oraz paradoksu nierównoległości wektorów. Wyjaśnienie paradoksów w ramach różnych dynamik może być metodą ich teoretycznego badania oraz oceny.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Speed of Light Electronics

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 37 Pages.

A European team of researchers including physicists from the University of Konstanz has found a way of transporting electrons at times below the femtosecond range by manipulating them with light. [24] You've felt the heat before-the smartphone that warms while running a navigation app or the laptop that gets too hot for your lap. [23] A team of scientists from the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), in collaboration with researchers from Monash University Australia, has succeeded in significantly increasing the stability and biocompatibility of special light-transducing nanoparticles. [22] Diagnosing diseases and understanding the processes that take place within cells at the molecular level require sensitive and selective diagnostic instruments. [21] A single-molecule DNA "navigator" that can successfully find its way out of a maze constructed on a 2D DNA origami platform might be used in artificial intelligence applications as well as in biomolecular assembly, sensing, DNA-driven computation and molecular information and storage. [20] The way DNA folds largely determines which genes are read out. John van Noort and his group have quantified how easily rolled-up DNA parts stack. [19] Researchers at Delft University of Technology, in collaboration with colleagues at the Autonomous University of Madrid, have created an artificial DNA blueprint for the replication of DNA in a cell-like structure. [18] An LMU team now reveals the inner workings of a molecular motor made of proteins which packs and unpacks DNA. [17] Chemist Ivan Huc finds the inspiration for his work in the molecular principles that underlie biological systems. [16] What makes particles self-assemble into complex biological structures? [15] Scientists from Moscow State University (MSU) working with an international team of researchers have identified the structure of one of the key regions of telomerase-a so-called "cellular immortality" ribonucleoprotein. [14]
Category: Quantum Physics

Objects Absorb and Emit Light

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 38 Pages.

Princeton researchers have uncovered new rules governing how objects absorb and emit light, fine-tuning scientists' control over light and boosting research into next-generation solar and optical devices. [25] A European team of researchers including physicists from the University of Konstanz has found a way of transporting electrons at times below the femtosecond range by manipulating them with light. [24] You've felt the heat before-the smartphone that warms while running a navigation app or the laptop that gets too hot for your lap. [23] A team of scientists from the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), in collaboration with researchers from Monash University Australia, has succeeded in significantly increasing the stability and biocompatibility of special light-transducing nanoparticles. [22] Diagnosing diseases and understanding the processes that take place within cells at the molecular level require sensitive and selective diagnostic instruments. [21] A single-molecule DNA "navigator" that can successfully find its way out of a maze constructed on a 2D DNA origami platform might be used in artificial intelligence applications as well as in biomolecular assembly, sensing, DNA-driven computation and molecular information and storage. [20] The way DNA folds largely determines which genes are read out. John van Noort and his group have quantified how easily rolled-up DNA parts stack. [19] Researchers at Delft University of Technology, in collaboration with colleagues at the Autonomous University of Madrid, have created an artificial DNA blueprint for the replication of DNA in a cell-like structure. [18] An LMU team now reveals the inner workings of a molecular motor made of proteins which packs and unpacks DNA. [17] Chemist Ivan Huc finds the inspiration for his work in the molecular principles that underlie biological systems. [16] What makes particles self-assemble into complex biological structures? [15]
Category: Quantum Physics

New Mathematical Connections Between Various Solutions of Ramanujan's Equations, Approximations to π and Some Parameters of Particle Physics (Yukawa’s Pion) and Cosmology (Value of Cosmological Constant). XV

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 79 Pages.

In this research thesis, we have analyzed further Ramanujan formulas and described further possible mathematical connections with some parameters of Particle Physics (Yukawa’s Pion) and Cosmology, principally the value of Cosmological Constant.
Category: Mathematical Physics

On Linear Algebra

Authors: Henry Wong
Comments: 1 Page.

An addendum to linear algebra.
Category: Algebra

Graphical User Interface (Gui) for Visualization of Solutions of Initial Value Problems Using Runge-Kutta Methods

Authors: Folaranmi Akinola Davidson
Comments: 14 Pages. The source code for the GUI may be downloaded from

In this paper, a successful approach for the visualization of the solutions of initial value problems using different Runge-Kutta methods by developing a new graphical user interface (GUI), has been introduced. The main objective of the paper is to apply the tkinter, numpy[1] and matplotlib[2] modules of the Python programming language in developing a GUI that would enable the user to appreciate the accuracy of each Runge-Kutta method at different step size/increment. The second purpose of this paper is to develop a python module that contains functions that can be imported to .py files when the need to implement Runge-Kutta methods on initial value problems arises. The GUI was used to solve and plot the solutions of an initial value problem. The variations in the graph patterns illustrate the accuracy of the output of each method. Keywords GUI, Runge-Kutta methods
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Electron-Positron Pairs

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 42 Pages.

In new research published in EPJ D, Paul-Antoine Hervieux at the University of Strasbourg, France and Himadri Chakraborty at Northwest Missouri State University, USA, reveal the characteristics of positronium formation within football-shaped nanoparticles, C60, for the first time. [28] An HZB team at BESSY II has, for the first time, experimentally assessed the principal microscopic process of ultra-fast magnetism. [27] Scientists at Harvard have developed a bismuth-based, two-dimensional superconductor that is only one nanometer thick. [26] Cuprates hold the record high superconducting temperature at ambient pressure so far, but understanding their superconducting mechanism remains one of the great challenges of physical sciences listed as one of 125 quests announced by Science. [25]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Tweezer Clock

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 20 Pages.

Now, researchers at Caltech and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), which is managed by Caltech for NASA, have come up with a new design for an optical atomic clock that holds promise to be the most accurate and precise yet (accuracy refers to the ability of the clock to correctly pin down the time, and precision refers to its ability to tell time in fine detail). [11] Using two types of "designer" quantum dots, researchers are creating double-pane solar windows that generate electricity with greater efficiency and create shading and insulation for good measure. [10] Nearly 75 years ago, Nobel Prize-winning physicist Erwin Schrödinger wondered if the mysterious world of quantum mechanics played a role in biology. A recent finding by Northwestern University's Prem Kumar adds further evidence that the answer might be yes. [9] A UNSW Australia-led team of researchers has discovered how algae that survive in very low levels of light are able to switch on and off a weird quantum phenomenon that occurs during photosynthesis. [8] This paper contains the review of quantum entanglement investigations in living systems, and in the quantum mechanically modeled photoactive prebiotic kernel systems. [7] The human body is a constant flux of thousands of chemical/biological interactions and processes connecting molecules, cells, organs, and fluids, throughout the brain, body, and nervous system. Up until recently it was thought that all these interactions operated in a linear sequence, passing on information much like a runner passing the baton to the next runner. However, the latest findings in quantum biology and biophysics have discovered that there is in fact a tremendous degree of coherence within all living systems. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the Wave-Particle Duality and the electron's spin also, building the Bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions by the diffraction patterns. The Weak Interaction changes the diffraction patterns by moving the electric charge from one side to the other side of the diffraction pattern, which violates the CP and Time reversal symmetry. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the Relativistic Quantum Theory and making possible to understand the Quantum Biology.
Category: Quantum Physics

Non-Hermitian Topological Invariants

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 22 Pages.

So far, most constructions of non-Hermitian topological invariants have been based on a nice geometrical object known as the generalized Brillouin zone (GBZ), which was first introduced last year by a team of researchers at Tsinghua University in China. [12] Now, researchers at Caltech and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), which is managed by Caltech for NASA, have come up with a new design for an optical atomic clock that holds promise to be the most accurate and precise yet (accuracy refers to the ability of the clock to correctly pin down the time, and precision refers to its ability to tell time in fine detail). [11] Using two types of "designer" quantum dots, researchers are creating double-pane solar windows that generate electricity with greater efficiency and create shading and insulation for good measure. [10] Nearly 75 years ago, Nobel Prize-winning physicist Erwin Schrödinger wondered if the mysterious world of quantum mechanics played a role in biology. A recent finding by Northwestern University's Prem Kumar adds further evidence that the answer might be yes. [9] A UNSW Australia-led team of researchers has discovered how algae that survive in very low levels of light are able to switch on and off a weird quantum phenomenon that occurs during photosynthesis. [8] This paper contains the review of quantum entanglement investigations in living systems, and in the quantum mechanically modeled photoactive prebiotic kernel systems. [7] The human body is a constant flux of thousands of chemical/biological interactions and processes connecting molecules, cells, organs, and fluids, throughout the brain, body, and nervous system. Up until recently it was thought that all these interactions operated in a linear sequence, passing on information much like a runner passing the baton to the next runner. However, the latest findings in quantum biology and biophysics have discovered that there is in fact a tremendous degree of coherence within all living systems. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the Wave-Particle Duality and the electron's spin also, building the Bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions by the diffraction patterns. The Weak Interaction changes the diffraction patterns by moving the electric charge from one side to the other side of the diffraction pattern, which violates the CP and Time reversal symmetry. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the Relativistic Quantum Theory and making possible to understand the Quantum Biology.
Category: Quantum Physics

From Periods to Anabelian Geometry and Quantum Amplitudes

Authors: Lucian M. Ionescu
Comments: 14 Pages. IHES GP May 2019

To better understand and investigate Kontsevich-Zagier conjecture on abstract periods, we consider the case of algebraic Riemann Surfaces representable by Belyi maps. The category of morphisms of Belyi ramified maps and Dessins D'Enfant, will be investigated in search of an analog for periods, of the Ramification Theory for decomposition of primes in field extensions, controlled by theirs respective algebraic Galois groups. This suggests a relation between the theory of (cohomological, Betti-de Rham) periods and Grothendieck's Anabelian Geometry (homotopical/ local systems), towards perhaps an algebraic analog of Hurwitz Theorem, relating the the algebraic de Rham cohomology and algebraic fundamental group, both pioneered by A. Grothendieck. There seem to be good prospects of better understanding the role of absolute Galois group in the physics context of scattering amplitudes and Multiple Zeta Values, with their incarnation as Chen integrals on moduli spaces, as studied by Francis Brown, since the latter are a homotopical analog of de Rham Theory. The research will be placed in the larger context of the ADE-correspondence, since, for example, orbifolds of finite groups of rotations have crepant resolutions relevant in String Theory, while via Cartan-Killing Theory and exceptional Lie algebras, they relate to TOEs. Relations with the author's reformulation of cohomology of cyclic groups as a discrete analog of de Rham cohomology and the Arithmetic Galois Theory will provide a purely algebraic toy-model of the said algebraic homology/homotopy group theory of Grothendieck as part of Anabelian Geometry. It will allow an elementary investigation of the main concepts defining periods and algebraic fundamental group, together with their conceptual relation to algebraic numbers and Galois groups. The Riemann surfaces with Platonic tessellations, especially the Hurwitz surfaces, are related to the finite Hopf sub-bundles with symmetries the ``exceptional'' Galois groups. The corresponding Platonic Trinity leads to connections with ADE-correspondence, and beyond, e.g. TOEs and ADEX-Theory. Quantizing "everything" (cyclotomic quantum phase and finite Platonic-Hurwitz geometry of qubits/baryons) could perhaps be The Eightfold (Petrie polygon) Way to finally understand what quark flavors and fermion generations really are.
Category: General Mathematics

The Laws Of Physics Inside A Black Hole Must Be Equivalent To Those Outside It

Authors: Cavași Ioan Abel
Comments: 4 Pages.

We present the generalization of Einstein's principle of equivalence and highlight the consequences of this generalization regarding black holes.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Experimental Interactions of Mass, Space, Time, and Gravity

Authors: James Carter
Comments: 7 Pages. New Experimental Principles of Mass, Space, Time, and Gravity

There is a great deal of confusion and contradiction in the standard model relativity theories of physics and the Big Bang. There is little consensus about the true experimental nature of Mass, Space, Time and Gravity and their mea- sured physical quantities of Momentum, Force, and Energy. Most theoretical physicists calculate and believe that mass, momentum, Force, and energy are stand along entities that can be physically separated from one another. Einstein’s primary theoretical mistake was his metaphysical assumption of massless photons containing single and separate quantities of energy and mo- mentum. Physical measurements of photons calculate them to be eternal units of a yin yang dichotomy of Energy/Mass = cC. Big Bang’s initial assumption of a singularity of pure energy (e = mc2) has never been reconciled with the measured Energy/Mass (E/M = CC) contained in the electrons, protons, photons, atoms, and stars in today’s cosmos. The conservation of momentum as calculated by the Lorentz transformation is the primary parameter of all physical measurements. Energy is the secondary parameter used in calculating a change in momentum. Einstein’s second theoretical mistake was his metaphysical assumption of the Equivalence Principle with its downward direction of accelerating gravitational motion and force. All measurements with clocks and accelerometers clearly show that measured upward deceleration of Earth’s gravitational momentum produces an upward gravitational force and a deceleration of time. The Force of gravity F = MS/T2 extends no further than the surface of each atom. Gravity is measured as changing momentum and then calculated as kinetic energy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Secret Lives of Quasars

Authors: James Carter
Comments: 6 Pages. A new explanation of quasars

Ever since they were first discovered, the true nature of quasars has long been one of the most difficult paradoxes in cosmology and astrophysics. There is nothing in the initial assumptions of the Big Bang and Relativity theories that would lead to the creation of quasars. Also, the principles of relativity theories and quantum mechanics offer no solutions to the gigantic energies that quasars are purported to produce. The experimental observations of over two thousand quasars lead to the inescapable conclusion that all of these peculiar stars reside within the Milky Way.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Case that Had Been Diagnosed as Having a Nasal Odor and Fearing Self-Odor

Authors: Toshiro Takami
Comments: 14 Pages.

An example in which a patient was referred to a psychiatric referral by the Otolaryngologist for a fear of self-odor due to a nasal smell is shown below. The case actually had a strong nasal smell. Otorhinolaryngology has ruled out malodorous diseases such as atrophic rhinitis. と If you look over the Internet, many people suffer from similar illness. Almost all complain of an abnormally dry nose. Staphylococcus aureus grows abnormally in the devastated nasal nasal mucosa, and in the warm season, Pseudomonas aeruginosa abnormally grows in the nasopharynx. It was not possible, and it was considered that he had a strong nasal smell. It was also considered that Staphylococcus lugdunensis, which produces a substance that prevents the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, was not present. However, it is thought that Pseudomonas aeruginosa abnormally grows in the warm season because blue mucus comes out when you wake up in the morning and spit in the washroom. Although the frequency of this disease is high, it has been diagnosed as a fear of self-odor by neglect or psychiatry. Named nasal secretion deficiency syndrome. This is a new concept of nose disease. There was no crusting and atrophy of the proper nasal cavity, and only nasal mucosa was found to be degraded by an endoscope.Because it was hidden by a veil of atrophic rhinitis and odorous nose, it was not noticed or noticed. Not considered a serious illness. Many people say that it gets worse during the cold and dry season. However, a small crust is formed near the posterior part of the middle turbinate, and it is also conceivable that the odor is giving off the odor. It can be said that all women at least have self-odor fear.
Category: Mind Science

Microworld_58. Unsolved Problems of Physics_ 18 Xxviii. Comparison of Quantum and "CLASSICAL" Concepts of the Material World

Authors: N.N.Leonov
Comments: 33 Pages. English and russian texts

The "new physics" concepts of the material world structure - quantum theory and theory of relativity - are compared with the concepts of the theory of nonlinear oscillations operating in "classical" and Newton’s methods.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Artificial Proteins Grasp on Metal

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 53 Pages.

A team of scientists led by Berkeley Lab has developed a library of artificial proteins or "peptoids" that effectively "chelate" or bind to lanthanides and actinides, heavy metals that make up the so-called f-block elements at the bottom of the periodic table. [35] Friedrich Simmel and Aurore Dupin, researchers at the Technical University of Munich (TUM), have for the first time created artificial cell assemblies that can communicate with each other. [34] Researchers at Queen's University Belfast have developed a highly innovative new enzyme biomarker test that has the potential to indicate diseases and bacterial contamination saving time, money and possibly lives. [33] Medical physicist Dr. Aswin Hoffmann and his team from the Institute of Radiooncology-OncoRay at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) have combined magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a proton beam, thus demonstrating for the first time that in principle, this commonly used imaging method can work with particle beam cancer treatments. [32] Washington State University researchers for the first time have shown that they can use electrical fields to gain valuable information about the tiny, floating vesicles that move around in animals and plants and are critically important to many biological functions. [31] Finding a fast and inexpensive way to detect specific strains of bacteria and viruses is critical to food safety, water quality, environmental protection and human health. [30] In the perspective, Gabor and Song collect early examples in electron metamaterials and distil emerging design strategies for electronic control from them. [29] Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) researchers are working to make better electronic devices by delving into the way nanocrystals are arranged inside of them. [28] Self-assembly and crystallisation of nanoparticles (NPs) is generally a complex process, based on the evaporation or precipitation of NP-building blocks. [27] New nanoparticle-based films that are more than 80 times thinner than a human hair may help to fill this need by providing materials that can holographically archive more than 1000 times more data than a DVD in a 10-by-10-centimeter piece of film. [26]
Category: Condensed Matter

Coolest LEGO in the Universe

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 43 Pages.

For the first time, LEGO has been cooled to the lowest temperature possible in an experiment which reveals a new use for the popular toy. [25] Nothing in nature is known to hit the temperatures achieved in laboratories like CAL, which means the orbiting facility is regularly the coldest known spot in the universe. [24] There's an oddball in most families, but Rice University physicist Emilia Morosan has discovered an entire clan of eccentric compounds that could help explain the mysterious electronic and magnetic workings of other quantum materials engineers are eying for next-generation computers and electronics. [23] TU Wien (Vienna) and several research groups from China have now developed new ideas and implemented them in an experiment. [22] Light and high-frequency acoustic sound waves in a tiny glass structure can strongly couple to one another and perform a dance in step. [21] Researchers from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, ETH Zurich, and Argonne National Laboratory, U.S, have described an extended quantum Maxwell's demon, a device locally violating the second law of thermodynamics in a system located one to five meters away from the demon. [20] "We've experimentally confirmed the connection between information in the classical case and the quantum case," Murch said, "and we're seeing this new effect of information loss." [19] It's well-known that when a quantum system is continuously measured, it freezes, i.e., it stops changing, which is due to a phenomenon called the quantum Zeno effect. [18] Physicists have extended one of the most prominent fluctuation theorems of classical stochastic thermodynamics, the Jarzynski equality, to quantum field theory. [17]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Behavior of Gas Reveals the Existence of Antigravity Gaseous Nature More Precisely Described by Gravity-Antigravity Forces

Authors: C.K. Gamini Piyadasa
Comments: 14 Pages.

The gravitational attraction force has been accepted as proportional to mass for several hundred years now. However, gravitational attraction, acting on matter has been totally neglected in the thermodynamic calculations in the derivation of the ideal gas law. In addition to the gravitational attraction, this researchers work has revealed that a gravitational repulsion force which is proportional to the content of thermal energy of the particle is in existence in nature. Both the gravitational force and this speculated antigravity force have to be accommodated for an authentic elucidation of ideal gas behavior. The author has explained the behavior of large systems such as floating clouds in mid-air and the expansion and the acceleration of universe using both the gravity and antigravity forces. This article discusses how antigravity works along with gravity at microscopic level like in the gaseous state of air molecules under varying temperature.
Category: Classical Physics

Super-Resolution Thermal Detection

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 61 Pages.

Researchers at the Center for Soft and Living Matter, within the Institute for Basic Science (IBS, South Korea) found that the temperature increase caused by the probe beam could be utilized to generate a signal per se for detecting objects. [38] Scientists at the University of Würzburg have been able to boost current super-resolution microscopy by a novel tweak. [37] "We put the optical microscope under a microscope to achieve accuracy near the atomic scale," said NIST's Samuel Stavis, who served as the project leader for these efforts. [36] Researchers have designed an interferometer that works with magnetic quasiparticles called magnons, rather than photons as in conventional interferometers. [35] A technique to manipulate electrons with light could bring quantum computing up to room temperature. [34] The USTC Microcavity Research Group in the Key Laboratory of Quantum Information has perfected a 4-port, all-optically controlled non-reciprocal multifunctional photonic device based on a magnetic-field-free optomechanical resonator. [33] To address this technology gap, a team of engineers from the National University of Singapore (NUS) has developed an innovative microchip, named BATLESS, that can continue to operate even when the battery runs out of energy. [32] Stanford researchers have developed a water-based battery that could provide a cheap way to store wind or solar energy generated when the sun is shining and wind is blowing so it can be fed back into the electric grid and be redistributed when demand is high. [31] Researchers at AMOLF and the University of Texas have circumvented this problem with a vibrating glass ring that interacts with light. They thus created a microscale circulator that directionally routes light on an optical chip without using magnets. [30] Researchers have discovered three distinct variants of magnetic domain walls in the helimagnet iron germanium (FeGe). [29] Magnetic materials that form helical structures-coiled shapes comparable to a spiral staircase or the double helix strands of a DNA molecule-occasionally exhibit exotic behavior that could improve information processing in hard drives and other digital devices. [28]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Graphene Heterostructures Limitations

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 76 Pages.

Researchers at the University of Manchester have uncovered interesting phenomena when multiple two-dimensional materials are combined into van der Waals heterostructures (layered "sandwiches" of different materials). [48] "The junctions were reproducible over several devices and operated from 20 Kelvin up to room temperature. Our approach represents a simple but powerful strategy for the future integration of molecule-based functions into stable and controllable nanoelectronic devices." [47] The team has turned graphene oxide (GO) into a soft, moldable and kneadable play dough that can be shaped and reshaped into free-standing, three-dimensional structures. [46] A team of researchers based at The University of Manchester have found a low cost method for producing graphene printed electronics, which significantly speeds up and reduces the cost of conductive graphene inks. [45] Graphene-based computer components that can deal in terahertz "could be used, not in a normal Macintosh or PC, but perhaps in very advanced computers with high processing rates," Ozaki says. This 2-D material could also be used to make extremely high-speed nanodevices, he adds. [44] Printed electronics use standard printing techniques to manufacture electronic devices on different substrates like glass, plastic films, and paper. [43] A tiny laser comprising an array of nanoscale semiconductor cylinders (see image) has been made by an all-A*STAR team. [42] A new instrument lets researchers use multiple laser beams and a microscope to trap and move cells and then analyze them in real-time with a sensitive analysis technique known as Raman spectroscopy. [41]
Category: Condensed Matter

New Materials for Solar Panels

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 43 Pages.

A chemist from RUDN University has synthesized new types of optically active materials with the structure of the mineral perovskite. [30] Human pathogens, such as HIV and viruses causing respiratory tract infection, have molecular fingerprints that are difficult to distinguish. To better detect these pathogens, sensors in diagnostic tools need to manipulate light on a nanoscale. [29] Scientists are using nanoparticle screening on personal care products and finding previously thought toxic chemicals may not be harmful. [28] Metal oxide frameworks, or MOFs, are solid materials which can behave like ultra-fine sponges. The cavities in the sponge are of nanosize-about the size of individual molecules. [27] Now researchers in France reckon they have finally found convincing evidence for the transformation, having built new devices for pressurizing and observing tiny samples of hydrogen. [26] The phenomenon of metastability, in which a system is in a state that is stable but not the one of least energy, is widely observed in nature and technology. [25] Four decades after it was predicted, scientist create a skyrmion, and take one step towards efficient nuclear fusion. [24] While standard quantum hardware entangles particles in two states, the team has found a way to generate and entangle pairs of particles that each has 15 states. [23]
Category: Condensed Matter

Quantized Speeds Hidden Within the Relativistic Dirac Energy Levels of the H Atom

Authors: John Suss
Comments: 18 Pages.

There is a hidden construction scheme within the relativistic Dirac energy levels of the H atom. Internal quantized speeds appear in the expression for the levels so that they have the form of mass times quantized speeds. It is possible to represent the levels in terms of normals to a hyperboloid of one-sheet or normals to a hyperboloid of two-sheet in Minkowski space-time. The energy levels reside in the tangent space of either hyperboloids, depending on the choice of representation. The normals do not have defined directions, they really represent entire cone-like regions making quantized hyperbolic angles with the axis of either hyperboloid. The projections of the normals quantize the time-like direction in integral or optionally, half integral units of 1/α if the hyperboloid of two-sheet is chosen. It quantizes any space-like direction in integral or optionally, half integral units of 1/α if the hyperboloid of one-sheet is chosen.
Category: Quantum Physics

Particle Wave Duality

Authors: Ilija Barukčić
Comments: 25 Pages. (C) Ilija Barukčić, 2019, Jever, Germany. All rights reserved.

Objective: In spite of countless attempts, the considerable efforts on relativistic wave equations for particles and waves were not crowned with an ultimate success, the book on this topic is still not closed completely. Methods: In this publication, Einstein’s relativistic energy momentum relation has been re-analyzed again. An entirely novel approach has been adopted to solve the problem of relativistic wave equations. Results: In particular, a normalized relativistic energy momentum relation is derived. The derived normalized relativistic energy momentum relation has been combined together with the Schrödinger equation to establish a wave equation consistent with special relativity theory. Conclusions: A special relativity theory consistent wave equation as the mathematical foundation of relativistic quantum theory has been derived. Keywords: Special theory of relativity, Schrödinger equation, Relativistic quantum theory. E-mail: Barukcic@t-online.de Received: December 22th, 2019; Accepted December 22th, 2019; Published: December 22th, 2019
Category: Quantum Physics

Fractals: Patterns in Nature

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 16 Pages.

Fractal patterns in nature are discussed with examples. Connections between religion and science are suggested.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Energy, Market, Ecology and the Challenge of Civilization-3

Authors: V. A. Kasimov.
Comments: 8 Pages. English, Russian

The General statement of the problem is presented [1]. The thermodynamic solution general algorithm given in [2] is given here. 1. V. A. Kasimov. Energy, market, ecology and the challenge of civilization 2. V. A. Kasimov. Energy, market, ecology and the challenge of civilization-2
Category: Physics of Biology

Understanding Crystal Formation

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 59 Pages.

Researchers at The University of Tokyo Institute of Industrial Science conducted simulations considering and neglecting hydrodynamic interactions to determine whether or not these interactions cause the large discrepancy observed between experimental and calculated nucleation rates for hard-sphere colloidal systems, which are used to model crystallization. [36] In a new study now published on Science Advances, Junseong Song and colleagues at the departments of Energy Science, Nanostructure Physics, Environmental Science and Materials Science in the Republic of Korea developed an unprecedented structure of the Zintl phase. [35] TSU physicists, working with scientists from Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Germany and Korea, have discovered new nanomechanical properties of diamonds mined at the Skalnoe deposit of the Popigai astrobleme. [34] A team of scientists are seeking to kick-start a wearable technology revolution by creating flexible fibres and adding acids from red wine. [33] An inexpensive way to make products incorporating nanoparticles-such as high-performance energy devices or sophisticated diagnostic tests-has been developed by researchers. [32] Researchers from Empa and ETH Zurich, together with colleagues from IBM Research Zurich, have recently been able to create this effect with long-range ordered nanocrystal superlattices. [31] The optical tweezer is revealing new capabilities while helping scientists understand HYPERLINK "https://phys.org/tags/quantum+mechanics/" quantum mechanics, the theory that explains nature in terms of subatomic particles. [30] In the perspective, Gabor and Song collect early examples in electron metamaterials and distil emerging design strategies for electronic control from them. [29] Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) researchers are working to make better electronic devices by delving into the way nanocrystals are arranged inside of them. [28] Self-assembly and crystallisation of nanoparticles (NPs) is generally a complex process, based on the evaporation or precipitation of NP-building blocks. [27]
Category: Condensed Matter

Space-Time Metasurface Reflect Light

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 63 Pages.

Recently, scientists developed a new type of optical metasurface with which phase modulation in both space and time is imposed on the reflected light, leading to different paths for the forward and backward light propagation. [38] Physicists in the US have shown that light hitting a conductive metal surface at an angle can cause free electrons in the metal to move either in the same direction or in the opposite direction as the photons, depending on its surrounding environment. [37] Researchers from Würzburg and London have succeeded in controlling the coupling of light and matter at room temperature. [36] Researchers have, for the first time, integrated two technologies widely used in applications such as optical communications, bio-imaging and Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) systems that scan the surroundings of self-driving cars and trucks. [35] The unique platform, which is referred as a 4-D microscope, combines the sensitivity and high time-resolution of phase imaging with the specificity and high spatial resolution of fluorescence microscopy. [34] The experiment relied on a soliton frequency comb generated in a chip-based optical microresonator made from silicon nitride. [33] This scientific achievement toward more precise control and monitoring of light is highly interesting for miniaturizing optical devices for sensing and signal processing. [32] It may seem like such optical behavior would require bending the rules of physics, but in fact, scientists at MIT, Harvard University, and elsewhere have now demonstrated that photons can indeed be made to interact-an accomplishment that could open a path toward using photons in quantum computing, if not in light sabers. [31] Optical highways for light are at the heart of modern communications. But when it comes to guiding individual blips of light called photons, reliable transit is far less common. [30] Theoretical physicists propose to use negative interference to control heat flow in quantum devices. [29] Particle physicists are studying ways to harness the power of the quantum realm to further their research. [28]
Category: Quantum Physics

Further Mathematical Connections Between Various Solutions of Ramanujan's Equations and Some Particle Masses and Cosmological Parameters: Pion Meson (139.57 Mev), Higgs Boson, Scalar Meson F0(1710), Hypothetical Gluino and Cosmological Constant Value. Xiv

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 101 Pages.

In this research thesis, we have analyzed further Ramanujan formulas and described further possible mathematical connections with some parameters of Particle Physics and Cosmology: Pion meson mass (139.57 MeV), Higgs boson mass, scalar meson f0(1710) mass, hypothetical gluino mass and Cosmological Constant value.
Category: Number Theory

Body Cells Spy Out Bacteria

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 47 Pages.

Researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology in Berlin have discovered that the body has a receptor, which doesn't recognize bacteria themselves, but spies out their communication. [35] The research team used a microfluidic device, known as the mother machine, to localize thousands of individual bacteria in microscopic channels. [34] A new way of detecting chemicals secreted by stem cells as they differentiate into bone cells could make it possible to electrically monitor the differentiation process in real time. [33] University of Groningen scientists, led by Associate Professor of Chemical Biology Giovanni Maglia, have designed a nanopore system that is capable of measuring different metabolites simultaneously in a variety of biological fluids, all in a matter of seconds. [32]
Category: Physics of Biology

Artificial Intelligence Behavioral Analyst

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 47 Pages.

With their experimental setup, the neurobiologists disassembled a complex behavior into individual components recognizable by the computer. [29] Biomedical engineers at Duke University have developed an automated process that can trace the shapes of active neurons as accurately as human researchers can, but in a fraction of the time. [28] Imagine a future technology that would provide instant access to the world's knowledge and artificial intelligence, simply by thinking about a specific topic or question. [27] Just like living ecosystems, web services form a complex artificial system consisting of tags and the user-generated media associated with them, such as photographs, movies and web pages. [26]
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Airbag Protects Cells Against Stress

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 74 Pages.

Scientists at the Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC) have identified the molecular mechanisms that allow cells to survive mechanical stress. [49] Researchers have found that changing the mechanical properties of individual cells disrupts their ability to remain stable, profoundly affecting their health and the health of the tissue that comprises them. [48] Biochemists at the University of Bayreuth and the University of Bonn have now discovered a way to regulate this process which is central to gene expression: Certain actinobacteria contain a protein that binds RNA molecules under blue light and can thereby deactivate them. [47]
Category: Physics of Biology

How to Bind Matter to Matter: The Nature of Time

Authors: D. Chakalov
Comments: 6 Pages. One reference added and typos corrected.

Three characteristics of the human mind are described, which cannot have material correlates. The question of how to bind mind to matter, posed in the initial paper from 15 January 1990, has been reexamined by scrutinizing the postulate of locality and the invariant speed of light in “vacuum”, after the Michelson-Morley experiment. It is shown that, in the so-called doctrine of trialism, the question of how to bind mind to matter depends on the underlying phenomenon of matter interacting with matter, by following the Heraclitean flow of Time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Doppler Effect and the Law of Conservation of Energy-Momentum.

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych, Bezverkhniy Vitaliy Volodymyrovich.
Comments: 8 Pages.

Using the law of conservation of energy-momentum and the postulate of the constancy of the speed of light, the dependences for the length of the electromagnetic wave with red and blue shift when the Doppler effect are derived. Moreover, using this approach, general formulas for the gravitational shift (red and blue) are derived, and the Compton effect is explained from these positions. It is also shown that for any redshift, galaxies will always have a speed lower than the speed of light in a vacuum. Taking the speed of light in vacuum, as the escape velocity for the visible part of the Universe, the mass of the Universe is calculated.
Category: Quantum Physics

This is the Spirit

Authors: Toshiro Takami
Comments: 1 Page.

In quantum mechanics, whenever a red board comes out, the other always comes out blue, which is the spirit. It still seems to be a mystery, but I wrote in my previous book (Thoughts Are Faster Than Light viXra: 1910.0131) to explain that we are living at the same time as another dimension . As a psychiatrist, I have been focusing on research on hallucinations. Hallucinations suggest that we are living at the same time as another dimension. The reason that two related colors always emit different colors (red and blue) is said to be tied, but it is unknowingly tied by human will. The two are tied together by the deep unconsciousness of a person. It is tied to the deep unconsciousness of people who are difficult to understand with current science. My previous work (Thoughts Are Faster Than Light ViXra: 1910.0131) was written to explain it. People live next to another dimension. The human brain is simply an organ that commands this movement, and it is common sense that we are thinking of a different dimension located behind the human occipital area (only I But you may think so.) The brain doesn't think. The upper dimension behind the brain is thinking.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Navier-Stokes Fluid Millennium Prize Problem

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 5 Pages.

The Millennium Prize problem is solved because inconsistency of Navier-Stokes fluid and the perfect fluid is found. In several examples, the inconsistency of known Physics of fluid is shown.
Category: Astrophysics

Einstein's Equation Expanded - Space Time - Moving Photons Mass & Gravity

Authors: S.C. Gaudie
Comments: 12 pages; A4 paper; portrait orientation; mostly font 12; UK English; Freelance scientist;;tetrahedron_1_3_6@aim.com

(This has about 40 changes of viewpoint from “standard physics”!) <<[A]>> Einstein's equation ##(1) Einstein's equation is E = m*c^2 can be rewritten as m = E / (c)^2, where (c)^2 = [L*L] / [t*t] = ["Area of space"} / ["Area of time”] ##(2) Einstein's "space time" should be ["Area of space"] / ["Area of time] OR [length / time]^2 <<[B]>> The "sequence of a mass particle moving through space". ##(3) The "sequence of a “stationary, energy-mass form particle” moving through space". ##(4) The "stationary, energy-mass form” (as a particle) transforms into a "moving, energy wave form". ##(5) This "moving, energy wave form" moves through a "space area" [l(x);l(y)]; (a face of a "space cube"). It passes through along the other axis [l(z)]. ##(6) Immediately the energy starts moving through the "space area", this process, itself, starts moving through the "time area". ##(7) This "moving, energy wave form” that's moving through the "space area" then starts moving through its "time area" [t(x);t(y)]; (a face of a "time cube"). It passes through along the other axis t(z)]. (There is currently no known detector or animal that can detect any hint of this 3 dimensional time!) ##(8) The "bulk" that the “stationary, energy-mass form particle” occupied, before it "disappeared down the “rabbit hole” of a "space area" & a "time area", is now a "space void". The space immediately surrounding the "space void" collapses into the void, creating a void further out, which also collapses! There ripple of collapsing space spreads out, in an ever-expanding sphere, to the edge of the universe! It collapses like toppling dominoes! The universe is like a rubber band ball, with the tension of the bands being like the inter connecting gravity holding every particle of matter to every other particle. Every pull, pulls it tighter together, but a small "push from within" easily gets "swamped" & is very local. ##(9) The "collapse of space" creates a small gravity void, which creates an “incoming wave”, which recreates the “stationary, energy-mass form particle”. The recreation of the “stationary, energy-mass form particle, creates the "bulk" that the “stationary, energy-mass form particle” needs to occupy. The sudden increase in "bulk" creates a "moving, energy wave form". This is then back to ##(4) in the cycle of an “stationary, energy-mass form particle” moving through space! ##(10) The collapsing space creates the gravity, which recreates the “stationary, energy-mass form particle”, which expands the space, which creates a "moving, energy wave form", which "disappears down the “rabbit hole” of a "space area" & then a "time area", which restarts the cycle over again! This is how matter moves in our universe! There are no gravitons, just collapsing space, that cause “gravity”! This is how gravity can cross the 3 dimensional, event horizon, barrier”! This ABSTRACT has had to be reduced from 2100 to about 500 words, so the other ABSTRACT subsections have only titles listed here! CONTENTS -Sections <<[A]>> Einstein's equation <<[B]>> The "sequence of a “stationary, energy-mass form particle” moving through space". <<[C]>> Further insights into “stationary, energy-mass form particle” moving through space. >>Ballistical, Orbital, Inertial Trajectory (B.O.I.T.) <<[D]>> Understanding Gravity <<[E]>> Measurement <<[F]>> The "sequence of photons moving through space". <<[G]>> Predestination <<[H]>> The universe that merged into "our own universe" <<[I]>> The "unneeded”, "esoteric ideas" of quantum theory <<[J]>> Additional thoughts on:- {A} Newton’s Laws {B} Gravity & orbits {C} “Observer measurement” {D} Young’s slit experiment {E} Predestination
Category: Classical Physics

Glimpsing into the Interesting World of Understanding & Exploring Semantics of Python Using Isabelle-HOL/JikesRVM – Research Virtual Machine in the Context of Heterogeneous Computing Environments.

Authors: Nirmal Tej Kumar
Comments: 1 Page. Short Communication-Review

Glimpsing into the Interesting World of Understanding & Exploring Semantics of Python Using Isabelle-HOL/JikesRVM – Research Virtual Machine in the Context of Heterogeneous Computing Environments.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

The Schrodinger and the Heisenberg Operators

Authors: Anamitra Palit
Comments: 6 Pages.

This brief article in the first section brings out the fact that the Heisenberg and the Schrodinger operators become identical if the operators correspond to a conserved quantity. In Section II solutions we show that for time independent operators ���� that satisfy [����,��]=0 where �� satisfies the Schrodinger equation ��ℏ��������=���� we have ����=�� where ‘a’ is an eigen value of the stated equation. It is independent of space and time coordinates.
Category: Quantum Physics

Counting Photons Need Standards

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 50 Pages.

Single-photon detectors (SPDs) are now key to research areas ranging from optical communications and astrophysics to cutting-edge information technologies based on quantum physics, such as quantum cryptography and quantum teleportation. [32] "The realization of such all-optical single-photon devices will be a large step towards deterministic multi-mode entanglement generation as well as high-fidelity photonic quantum gates that are crucial for all-optical quantum information processing," says Tanji-Suzuki. [31] Researchers at ETH have now used attosecond laser pulses to measure the time evolution of this effect in molecules. [30] A new benchmark quantum chemical calculation of C2, Si2, and their hydrides reveals a qualitative difference in the topologies of core electron orbitals of organic molecules and their silicon analogues. [29] A University of Central Florida team has designed a nanostructured optical sensor that for the first time can efficiently detect molecular chirality-a property of molecular spatial twist that defines its biochemical properties. [28] UCLA scientists and engineers have developed a new process for assembling semiconductor devices. [27] A new experiment that tests the limit of how large an object can be before it ceases to behave quantum mechanically has been proposed by physicists in the UK and India. [26] Phonons are discrete units of vibrational energy predicted by quantum mechanics that correspond to collective oscillations of atoms inside a molecule or a crystal. [25] This achievement is considered as an important landmark for the realization of practical application of photon upconversion technology. [24] Considerable interest in new single-photon detector technologies has been scaling in this past decade. [23] Engineers develop key mathematical formula for driving quantum experiments. [22]
Category: Quantum Physics

On Control of Earth Civilization by Extraterrestrial Civilizations

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 15 Pages. Including Russian abstract and Chinese Version

This article explores the possibility of the existence of extraterrestrial civilizations that are more advanced than earth civilizations. If such a more advanced extraterrestrial civilization exists, even from the perspective of the existing scientific and technological developments on the earth, advanced extraterrestrial civilizations should be able to send various control signals to the earth to control the evolution of life on earth And the way of thinking of human beings, thus changing the development of human civilization. Of course, this article also explores the situation where extraterrestrial civilizations do not emit such control signals to the earth. This article believes that this means that the development of existing science and technology is actually limited, and it cannot promote the Communication. Whether or not such a control signal of extraterrestrial civilization exists, it will have a profound impact on the development of human civilization on earth.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

New Mathematical Connections Between Various Solutions of Ramanujan's Equations and Some Parameters of Particle Physics and Cosmology (Value of Cosmological Constant). Xiii

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 97 Pages.

In this research thesis, we have analyzed further Ramanujan formulas and described further possible mathematical connections with some parameters of Particle Physics and Cosmology, principally the value of Cosmological Constant
Category: Mathematical Physics

Light Encrypt Communication

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 62 Pages.

Researchers of the UT found a new way to protect data from attacks with quantum computers. [39] Available to download as a free e-book now, the anthology presents 37 stories shortlisted in three editions of the international Quantum Shorts competition. [38] A team led by Austrian experimental physicist Rainer Blatt has succeeded in characterizing the quantum entanglement of two spatially separated atoms by observing their light emission. [37] Researchers have demonstrated the first quantum light-emitting diode (LED) that emits single photons and entangled photon pairs with a wavelength of around 1550 nm, which lies within the standard telecommunications window. [36] JILA scientists have invented a new imaging technique that produces rapid, precise measurements of quantum behavior in an atomic clock in the form of near-instant visual art. [35] The unique platform, which is referred as a 4-D microscope, combines the sensitivity and high time-resolution of phase imaging with the specificity and high spatial resolution of fluorescence microscopy. [34] The experiment relied on a soliton frequency comb generated in a chip-based optical microresonator made from silicon nitride. [33] This scientific achievement toward more precise control and monitoring of light is highly interesting for miniaturizing optical devices for sensing and signal processing. [32] It may seem like such optical behavior would require bending the rules of physics, but in fact, scientists at MIT, Harvard University, and elsewhere have now demonstrated that photons can indeed be made to interact-an accomplishment that could open a path toward using photons in quantum computing, if not in light sabers. [31] Optical highways for light are at the heart of modern communications. But when it comes to guiding individual blips of light called photons, reliable transit is far less common. [30] Theoretical physicists propose to use negative interference to control heat flow in quantum devices. [29]
Category: Quantum Physics

Intrinsic Magnetic Topological Insulator

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 56 Pages.

The team that includes DIPC researchers Mikhail Otrokov (CFM Ikerbasque Research Fellow), Evgueni Chulkov (UPV/EHU, Euskadi Research Prize 2019), María Blanco Rey (UPV/EHU) and Pedro M. Echenique (UPV/EHU, DIPC President), has predicted theoretically the first intrinsic magnetic topological insulator, with chemical formula MnBi2Te4. [35] Since their discovery in 2006, topological insulators have been widely discussed as a promising avenue for energy efficient electronics. [34] For the first time, a group of researchers from Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IBM, ETH Zurich, MIT and Harvard University have observed topological phases of matter of quantum states under the action of temperature or certain types of experimental imperfections. [33] With their insensitivity to decoherence, Majorana particles could become stable building blocks of quantum computers. [32] A team of researchers at the University of Maryland has found a new way to route photons at the micrometer scale without scattering by building a topological quantum optics interface. [31] Researchers at the University of Bristol's Quantum Engineering Technology Labs have demonstrated a new type of silicon chip that can help building and testing quantum computers and could find their way into your mobile phone to secure information. [30] Theoretical physicists propose to use negative interference to control heat flow in quantum devices. [29] Particle physicists are studying ways to harness the power of the quantum realm to further their research. [28]
Category: Quantum Physics

Cyclone on a Silicon Chip

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 23 Pages.

The paper, "Coherent vortex dynamics in a strongly interacting superfluid on a silicon chip," is published today in Science. [15] ICFO researchers created a novel type of liquid 100 million times more dilute than water and 1 million times thinner than air. The experiments, published in Science, exploit a fascinating quantum effect to produce droplets of this exotic phase of matter. [14] "In a quantum spin liquid, spins continually fluctuate due to quantum effects and never enter a static ordered arrangement, in contrast to conventional magnets," Kelley said. "These states can host exotic quasiparticles that can be detected by inelastic neutron scattering." [13] An international team of researchers have found evidence of a mysterious new state of matter, first predicted 40 years ago, in a real material. This state, known as a quantum spin liquid, causes electrons-thought to be indivisible building blocks of nature-to break into pieces. [12] In a single particle system, the behavior of the particle is well understood by solving the Schrödinger equation. Here the particle possesses wave nature characterized by the de Broglie wave length. In a many particle system, on the other hand, the particles interact each other in a quantum mechanical way and behave as if they are "liquid". This is called quantum liquid whose properties are very different from that of the single particle case. [11] Quantum coherence and quantum entanglement are two landmark features of quantum physics, and now physicists have demonstrated that the two phenomena are "operationally equivalent"-that is, equivalent for all practical purposes, though still conceptually distinct. This finding allows physicists to apply decades of research on entanglement to the more fundamental but less-well-researched concept of coherence, offering the possibility of advancing a wide range of quantum technologies. [10] The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the Wave-Particle Duality and the electron's spin also, building the Bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions by the diffraction patterns. The Weak Interaction changes the diffraction patterns by moving the electric charge from one side to the other side of the diffraction pattern, which violates the CP and Time reversal symmetry. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the relativistic quantum theory. The asymmetric sides are creating different frequencies of electromagnetic radiations being in the same intensity level and compensating each other. One of these compensating ratios is the electron-proton mass ratio. The lower energy side has no compensating intensity level, it is the dark energy and the corresponding matter is the dark matter.
Category: Quantum Physics

Invariance of the Speed of Light and Time Dilation in the General Relativity Theory

Authors: Giacomo Roccaforte
Comments: 10 Pages. This version is in Italian

In this research is highlight a situation in which the fact that the speed of light is constant in all reference systems would imply that even the flow of the time should be the same in all reference systems , a conclusion that is exactly and paradoxically opposed to the Theory Of Relativity The first research about this matter has been published at http://vixra.org/abs/1911.0225 in a typical Special Theory's scenario. In this case, taking into consideration the so-called elevator experiment, used by Einstein for the development of the General RelativityTheory. In the same scenario and setting acceleration = 0, we refer back to Special Relativity Theory, taking into consideration what happens inside the elevator, which in this case for greater clarity becomes an airplane.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Screening Retrieves Single Bacteria

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 46 Pages.

The research team used a microfluidic device, known as the mother machine, to localize thousands of individual bacteria in microscopic channels. [34] A new way of detecting chemicals secreted by stem cells as they differentiate into bone cells could make it possible to electrically monitor the differentiation process in real time. [33] University of Groningen scientists, led by Associate Professor of Chemical Biology Giovanni Maglia, have designed a nanopore system that is capable of measuring different metabolites simultaneously in a variety of biological fluids, all in a matter of seconds. [32] In clinical diagnostics, it is critical to monitor biomolecules in a simple, rapid and sensitive way. [31]
Category: Physics of Biology

Laser Ultrasound Images of Humans

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 63 Pages.

Now, MIT engineers have come up with an alternative to conventional ultrasound that doesn't require contact with the body to see inside a patient. [44] A team of researchers is using ultrasonic nondestructive testing (NDT) that involves amplifying the signal from a photoacoustic laser source using laser-absorbing patch made from an array of nanoparticles from candle soot and polydimethylsiloxane. [43] An explosion is a complex event involving quickly changing temperatures, pressures and chemical concentrations. [42]
Category: Physics of Biology

Conjectures About the Difference of the Sequence of Radicals of First Grade Polynomial Sequences

Authors: Edoardo Gueglio
Comments: 3 Pages.

CONJECTURES ABOUT THE DIFFERENCE OF THE SEQUENCE OF RADICALS OF FIRST GRADE POLYNOMIAL SEQUENCES
Category: Number Theory

Measuring Light Power

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 58 Pages.

Always on the lookout for better ways to measure all kinds of things, researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have published a detailed study suggesting an "elegant" improved definition for the standard unit of light power, the optical watt. [36] Scientists at Tokyo Institute of Technology have fabricated a multiplexer/demultiplexer module based on a property of light that was not being exploited in communications systems: the optical vortex. [35] Optical chips are still some way behind electronic chips, but we're already seeing the results and this research could lead to a complete revolution in computer power. [34] Electronics could work faster if they could read and write data at terahertz frequency, rather than at a few gigahertz. [33] A team of researchers led by the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory has demonstrated a new method for splitting light beams into their frequency modes. [32] Quantum communication, which ensures absolute data security, is one of the most advanced branches of the "second quantum revolution". [31] Researchers at the University of Bristol's Quantum Engineering Technology Labs have demonstrated a new type of silicon chip that can help building and testing quantum computers and could find their way into your mobile phone to secure information. [30] Theoretical physicists propose to use negative interference to control heat flow in quantum devices. [29] Particle physicists are studying ways to harness the power of the quantum realm to further their research. [28]
Category: Quantum Physics

Chemical Analysis Of Plain Distilled Water May Refute Mass-Energy Equivalence Of E=mc²

Authors: Chan Rasjid Kah Chew
Comments: 5 Pages.

Despite E= mc² being a foundational equation of modern physics, it has not been experimentally verified. Though four eminent physicists claimed ‘A direct test of E=mc²’ (Nature 2006) giving verification accurate to 1:10⁶, the experiment was not any verification of E=mc², but rather an alternative experiment to deduce the mass of the neutron. Instead of the usual Deuteron interaction, they used the nuclear interaction involving sulfur S-32 and silicon Si-28. The claim of accuracy of 1:10⁶ is about the comparison of the new value with the accepted value of the mass of the neutron. This paper shows that a chemical analysis (with a good analytical balance) of the mass composition of oxygen and hydrogen in plain distilled water may show that the law of conservation of mass is universally valid without the need for the hypothesis of mass-energy equivalence; this would also imply an unequivocal refutation of the equation E=mc². Such an experiment could easily be carried out by any laboratory in today’s universities. The experiment should be simple and straightforward, yet its outcome may have enormous consequences for the world of physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is Black Hole the hole?

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 5 Pages.

Presented evidence, that Black Hole is hole. Namely right behind the black surface (event horizon for non-rotational BH) there are no space nor time. No spacetime. Just as it would be prior to the Big Bang. First composite image of Black Hole from Event Horizon Telescope is another evidence for that, with the resulting correction of the reported mass.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Speculation on the Purpose of Pyramids of Giza as Universal Clock for Solar System

Authors: Manfred U.E.Pohl
Comments: 5 Pages.

The idea Pyramdis of Giza could relate to Orion (only) doesn’t seem to make sense. Building such Pyramids “only” to house the remains of the deceased pharaohs who ruled over Ancient Egypt doesn’t make sense. What is the “real” purpose? Gerges Francis Tawdrous [1] analysed a possible relation to a cycle of moon, Mercury, Saturn and Venus : „The 2737 Egyptian Astronomic Phenomenon and Its Identical Distance“. This author suggests that if using ToE-Framewor [2] [3] , a perfect clock for universe could be build if the sphere surface of earth could be related to the sphere surface of cosmos using in order to align the movements on surface and in Volume of earth to movements in sphere and Volume of cosmos.
Category: Astrophysics

Global Warming Largely Due to Urban Heat Islands with Humidity Forcing, A Feasibility Assessment

Authors: Alec Feinberg
Comments: 7 Pages. Key Words: Urban Heat Islands, Albedo Forcing, Humidity Forcing, Hydro-hotspots, Highly Evaporating Surfaces, Rainwater management,, Ocean Evaporation, City Evaporation Rates, CO2 theory

In this paper we provide a feasibility study to show that global warming could be largely due to Urban Heat Islands (UHI) with Humidity Forcing (HF) from Hydro-HotSpots (HHS). We denote hydro-hotspot as precipitation evaporation and bulk heating from low albedo manmade type roads and city surfaces, including cars and engine hoods. This includes both Highly Evaporating Surfaces (HES) and bulk warm waste Rain Water Management (RWM). Such Humidity Forcing (HF) root cause is then albedo forcing due to the creation of HHS. This leads to the conclusion that changing the albedo of cities and roads could be the strong solution to Global Warming (GW).
Category: Climate Research

Quantum Dots Biomedical Imaging

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 49 Pages.

The combined biocompatible FeSe QDs and multiphoton imaging can open a new method to realize noninvasive in situ bioimaging within live subjects. [30] Full-color photodetectors that can convert light to electric signals without sophisticated color filters and interferometric optics have gained considerable attention for widespread applications. [29] Nanoparticles derived from tea leaves inhibit the growth of lung cancer cells, destroying up to 80% of them, new research by a joint Swansea University and Indian team has shown. [28] A team of researchers including U of A engineering and physics faculty has developed a new method of detecting single photons, or light particles, using quantum dots. [27]
Category: Physics of Biology

Single Photon Experiment on the Proof of Pilot Wave Existence

Authors: V.A. Skrebnev
Comments: 9 Pages.

The experiment measured the absorption of single photons by absorbers with various absorption coefficients, in one of the beams, after the photons interacted with the beam splitter. The measurements showed that the absorption corresponds to single photon traveling in either one or another beam. The results of our measurements and of singlephoton interference experiments, combined together, demonstrate the existence of the pilot wave. The need to perform further experiments is emphasized.
Category: Quantum Physics

Exceptional Surface Points

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 71 Pages.

Working in collaboration with the Imperial College London, for example, they have conducted research on a phenomenon in information processing systems called "exceptional points." [46] Physicists at the University of Alberta in Canada have developed a new way to build quantum memories, a method for storing delicate quantum information encoded into pulses of light. [45] Now, an Australian research team has experimentally realised a crucial combination of these capabilities on a silicon chip, bringing the dream of a universal quantum computer closer to reality. [44] A theoretical concept to realize quantum information processing has been developed by Professor Guido Burkard and his team of physicists at the University of Konstanz. [43] As the number of hacks and security breaches rapidly climbs, scientists say there may be a way to make a truly unhackable network by using the laws of quantum physics. [42] This world-first nanophotonic device, just unveiled in Nature Communications, encodes more data and processes it much faster than conventional fiber optics by using a special form of 'twisted' light. [41] Purdue University researchers created a new technique that would increase the secret bit rate 100-fold, to over 35 million photons per second. [40] Physicists at The City College of New York have used atomically thin two-dimensional materials to realize an array of quantum emitters operating at room temperature that can be integrated into next generation quantum communication systems. [39] Research in the quantum optics lab of Prof. Barak Dayan in the Weizmann Institute of Science may be bringing the development of such computers one step closer by providing the "quantum gates" that are required for communication within and between such quantum computers. [38]
Category: Quantum Physics

Organic Transistor Bone Cell

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 45 Pages.

A new way of detecting chemicals secreted by stem cells as they differentiate into bone cells could make it possible to electrically monitor the differentiation process in real time. [33] University of Groningen scientists, led by Associate Professor of Chemical Biology Giovanni Maglia, have designed a nanopore system that is capable of measuring different metabolites simultaneously in a variety of biological fluids, all in a matter of seconds. [32] In clinical diagnostics, it is critical to monitor biomolecules in a simple, rapid and sensitive way. [31] Researchers at the Ruhr-Universität Bochum have discovered why bioelectrodes containing the photosynthesis protein complex photosystem I are not stable in the long term. [30]
Category: Physics of Biology

Newton's Three-Body Problem

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 32 Pages.

Now, an international team, led by astrophysicist Dr. Nicholas Stone at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem's Racah Institute of Physics, has taken a big step forward in solving this conundrum. [16] A University of Oklahoma research group is reporting the detection of extragalactic planet-mass objects in a second and third galaxy beyond the Milky Way after the first detection in 2018. [15] UZH researchers have analyzed the composition and structure of faraway exoplanets using statistical tools. [14] A carbon cycle anomaly discovered in carbonate rocks of the Neoproterozoic Hüttenberg Formation of northeastern Namibia follows a pattern similar to that found right after the Great Oxygenation Event, hinting at new evidence for how Earth's atmosphere became fully oxygenated. [13] The conditions for life surviving on planets entirely covered in water are more fluid than previously thought, opening up the possibility that water worlds could be habitable, according to a new paper
Category: Astrophysics

The Vacuum Catastrophe

Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 4 Pages.

The Heisenberg uncertainty principle leads us to the conclusion that even the vacuum has fluctuations of energy (zero point energy) which increases as the measurement time decreases. This energy is assumed to be generated by virtual particle pairs of matter and anti-matter that pop in and out of existence. This strange phenomena was demonstrated through the Casimir effect. This vacuum energy is supposed to be represented by Einstein’s cosmological constant and assumed to be the source for the dark energy which was measured by the accelerating expansion of the universe.When integrating all the expected energy due to vacuum fluctuations we receive an expected dark energy which is larger in 120 orders of magnitude from the observed expansion of the universe. This prediction failure of the theory versus observations leads to the vacuum catastrophe. This paper will suggest an approach that will enable to solve this major failure between predictions and observations.
Category: Quantum Physics

Ultrafast Electronics Theory

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 23 Pages.

In the emerging research area of next-generation microelectronics, for example, improved tuning and control of the metal-insulator transition holds the promise of a great leap forward in low-power and ultrafast microelectronics for computers that simulate brain processes. [15] Konstanz physicist Professor Peter Baum and his team have succeeded in spatially and temporally directing and controlling ultrashort electron pulses directly by using the light cycles of laser light instead of microwaves. [14] In new research, scientists at the University of Minnesota used a first-of-its-kind device to demonstrate a way to control the direction of the photocurrent without deploying an electric voltage. [13] Brown University researchers have demonstrated for the first time a method of substantially changing the spatial coherence of light. [12] Researchers at the University of Central Florida have generated what is being deemed the fastest light pulse ever developed. [11] Physicists at Chalmers University of Technology and Free University of Brussels have now found a method to significantly enhance optical force. [10] Nature Communications today published research by a team comprising Scottish and South African researchers, demonstrating entanglement swapping and teleportation of orbital angular momentum 'patterns' of light. [9] While physicists are continually looking for ways to unify the theory of relativity, which describes large-scale phenomena, with quantum theory, which describes small-scale phenomena, computer scientists are searching for technologies to build the quantum computer using Quantum Information. In August 2013, the achievement of "fully deterministic" quantum teleportation, using a hybrid technique, was reported. On 29 May 2014, scientists announced a reliable way of transferring data by quantum teleportation. Quantum teleportation of data had been done before but with highly unreliable methods. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the Wave-Particle Duality and the electron's spin also, building the Bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions by the diffraction patterns. The Weak Interaction changes the diffraction patterns by moving the electric charge from one side to the other side of the diffraction pattern, which violates the CP and Time reversal symmetry. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the Relativistic Quantum Theory and making possible to build the Quantum Computer with the help of Quantum Information.
Category: Condensed Matter

New Mathematical Connections Between the Possible Developments and Solutions of Ramanujan's Equations and Various Parameters of Particle Physics and Cosmology. Xii

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 79 Pages.

In this research thesis, we have analyzed further Ramanujan formulas and described further possible mathematical connections with some parameters of Particle Physics and Cosmology
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Uncertainty Principle (Revised)

Authors: Matthew Taylor
Comments: 1 Page. Original work. All rights reserved.

This paper will argue for the expansion of the (Heisenberg) Uncertainty Principle (UP). Also, this paper will explore the cause of the UP based upon a general context not through any specific application thereof.
Category: Quantum Physics

On-Chip Light Source Wavelengths

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 30 Pages.

Researchers have designed a new chip-integrated light source that can transform infrared wavelengths into visible wavelengths, which have been difficult to produce with technology based on silicon chips. [20] Hybrid organic or inorganic halide perovskites are a unique class of solar cell materials that break some of the material design rules that have been in place for over 30 years. [19] Efficient near-infrared (NIR) light-emitting diodes of perovskite have been produced in a laboratory at Linköping University. The external quantum efficiency is 21.6 percent, which is a record. The results have been published in Nature Photonics. [18] Very recently, an NTU team lead by Assoc. Prof. Wang Hong, demonstrated high light extraction efficiency of perovskite photonic crystals fabricated by delicate electron-beam lithography. [17] A quasiparticle is a disturbance or excitation (e.g. spin waves, bubbles, etc.) that behaves as a particle and could therefore be regarded as one. Long-range interactions between quasiparticles can give rise to a 'drag,' which affects the fundamental properties of many systems in condensed matter physics. [16] Researchers have recently been also interested in the utilization of antiferromagnets, which are materials without macroscopic magnetization but with a staggered orientation of their microscopic magnetic moments. [15] A new method that precisely measures the mysterious behavior and magnetic properties of electrons flowing across the surface of quantum materials could open a path to next-generation electronics. [14] The emerging field of spintronics aims to exploit the spin of the electron. [13] In a new study, researchers measure the spin properties of electronic states produced in singlet fission-a process which could have a central role in the future development of solar cells. [12] In some chemical reactions both electrons and protons move together. When they transfer, they can move concertedly or in separate steps. Light-induced reactions of this sort are particularly relevant to biological systems, such as Photosystem II where plants use photons from the sun to convert water into oxygen. [11] EPFL researchers have found that water molecules are 10,000 times more sensitive to ions than previously thought. [10]
Category: Condensed Matter

MRI on the Atomic Scale

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 99 Pages.

Researchers at QuTech, a collaboration of TU Delft and TNO, have developed a new magnetic quantum sensing technology that can image samples with atomic-scale resolution. [59] Researchers at the Center for Quantum Nanoscience (QNS) within the Institute for Basic Science (IBS) at Ewha Womans University have made a major scientific breakthrough by performing the world's smallest magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). [58] Researchers at the University of Southampton and the Korea Institute for Advanced Study have recently showed that supersymmetry is anomalous in N=1 superconformal quantum field theories (SCFTs) with an anomalous R symmetry. [57] Researchers at ETH Zurich have developed a method that allows them to characterize the fluctuations in detail. [56] A team of researchers from Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (NTU Singapore) and Griffith University in Australia have constructed a prototype quantum device that can generate all possible futures in a simultaneous quantum superposition. [55] Physicists have proposed an entirely new way to test the quantum superposition principle-the idea that a quantum object can exist in multiple states at the same time. [54] Researchers have developed a new device that can measure and control a nanoparticle trapped in a laser beam with unprecedented sensitivity. [53] Researchers have discovered a 'blind spot' in atomic force microscopy-a powerful tool capable of measuring the force between two atoms, imaging the structure of individual cells and the motion of biomolecules. [52] Australian scientists have investigated new directions to scale up qubits-utilising the spin-orbit coupling of atom qubits-adding a new suite of tools to the armory. [51] A team of international researchers led by engineers from the National University of Singapore (NUS) have invented a new magnetic device to manipulate digital information 20 times more efficiently and with 10 times more stability than commercial spintronic digital memories. [50]
Category: Quantum Physics

$e, \pi, \chi \cdots \alpha?$

Authors: Lucian M Ionescu
Comments: 30 Pages.

Feynman amplitudes are periods, and also coefficients of the QED partition function with a formal deformation parameter the fine structure constant $\alpha$. Moreover, this truly fundamental mathematical constant is the ratio of magnetic (fluxon) vs. electric charge, as well as the grading of the decay lifetimes telling apart weak from strong ``interactions''. On the other (Mathematical) hand $e$ is the ``inverse'' of $\pi$, another deformation parameter (no ordinary period), as Euler's famous identity $exp(2\pi i)=1$ suggests. In a recent work, Atiyah related $\alpha$ and the Todd function. But Todd classes are inverses of Chern classes, suggesting further ``clues'' to look for conceptual relationships between these mathematical constants, in an attempt to catch a a Platonic and Exceptional Universe by the TOE.
Category: Mathematical Physics

On Deviation Equation

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 9 Pages.

Due to his solution of Energy Localization problem in General Relativity, the author finds out, that tidal forces of Black Hole can compress the falling astronaut instead of ripping him into parts. Moreover, found necessity of inclusion mathematical correction made "by hand" into first order Deviation equation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Phantom Energy and Cosmic Doomsday

Authors: Michael John Sarnowski
Comments: 3 Pages.

Robert R. Caldwell, Marc Kamionkowski, and Nevin N. Weinberg, wrote a paper Phantom Energy and Cosmic Doomsday (1). They wrote an equation for the expiration date of the universe and used an example where the expiration date of the universe is 22 billion years. In spinning sphere theory, matter is created by imperfections forming in the universe. The imperfections are absence defects similar to Shottky defects in material science.(2) It is proposed that repulsive gravity pushes on these defects out to the edge of the universe. During that time of travel to the edge of the universe, stars, galaxies, and galaxy clusters are formed and age. Over 22 billion years, the edge of the universe is reached and all matter goes into non-existence. New matter is continually formed on the interior of the universe. Old matter is destroyed at the edge of the universe. The following paper shows the equation for calculating the amount of time it takes for matter to be pushed out of the universe by repulsive gravity. In spinning sphere theory, the universe is about 3.018 billion light years in radius. If were to use the Hubble sphere radius of 13.8 billion years, the cosmic doomsday would be about 97.5 billion light years.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Uniqueness Theorem of the Curvature Tensor

Authors: Wenceslao Segura González
Comments: 8 Pages.

This paper develops the uniqueness theorem of the curvature tensor, which states that the Riemann-Christoffel tensor (and its linear combinations) is the only tensor that depends on the connection and is linear with respect to the second derivatives of the metric tensor. From this result, Cartan's theorem is obtained, according to which Einstein's tensor is the only second-order tensor that depends on the metric tensor, on its first derivatives, is linear with respect to the second derivatives of the metric tensor and its covariant divergence is null, admitting that the coefficients of these second derivatives are tensors derived from the metric tensor.
Category: Geometry

An Theorem About Square Root

Authors: Shinichi Kumakura, Rose Redrabbit
Comments: 4 Pages.

Use Properties of exponents and Characteristic equation to derive an formula of square root.
Category: General Mathematics

A Generalized Statement of Scientific Ethics Intended to Cover All Forms of Scientific Endeavor with the Primary Purpose of Protecting the Independent Researcher

Authors: Peter Bissonnet
Comments: 12 Pages.

The author finds that it is necessary to post a generalized statement of scientific ethics intended to cover all forms of scientific endeavor as society, government, and Science change and evolve. The author’s method of research is based on 1) his own experiential interaction with publishers and universities, 2) what he sees happening politically around the world today, and 3) his own belief system, common sense, and logic on how to make Science better. Consequently, the author believes that a more stringent and specific statement of scientific ethics should be made. Plagiarism is one of the dirtiest activities in the world of Science today. It is practiced by desperate scientists and universities, both of whom desire personal aggrandizement and accolades to which they are not entitled. This practice seems to the author to be most prevalent by the larger scientific concerns against those of whom are referred to as “independent researchers”. There are two research aims in this paper: 1) the main aim is to protect and alert “independent researchers” to nefarious practices being carried out and 2) the secondary aim is to suggest strongly to all scientists that the independence of Science as an “institution” is critical, before it is irretrievably swallowed up by government and the military, collectively called the State.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Entropy in Complex Plasmas

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 77 Pages.

Since the end of the 19th century, physicists have known that the transfer of energy from one body to another is associated with entropy. [43] Researchers at MIT's Plasma Science and Fusion Center (PSFC) have now demonstrated how microwaves can be used to overcome barriers to steady-state tokamak operation. [42] Plasma particle accelerators more powerful than existing machines could help probe some of the outstanding mysteries of our universe, as well as make leaps forward in cancer treatment and security scanning—all in a package that's around a thousandth of the size of current accelerators. [41]
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Quantum Entangled Readers

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 61 Pages.

Available to download as a free e-book now, the anthology presents 37 stories shortlisted in three editions of the international Quantum Shorts competition. [38] A team led by Austrian experimental physicist Rainer Blatt has succeeded in characterizing the quantum entanglement of two spatially separated atoms by observing their light emission. [37] Researchers have demonstrated the first quantum light-emitting diode (LED) that emits single photons and entangled photon pairs with a wavelength of around 1550 nm, which lies within the standard telecommunications window. [36] JILA scientists have invented a new imaging technique that produces rapid, precise measurements of quantum behavior in an atomic clock in the form of near-instant visual art. [35] The unique platform, which is referred as a 4-D microscope, combines the sensitivity and high time-resolution of phase imaging with the specificity and high spatial resolution of fluorescence microscopy. [34] The experiment relied on a soliton frequency comb generated in a chip-based optical microresonator made from silicon nitride. [33] This scientific achievement toward more precise control and monitoring of light is highly interesting for miniaturizing optical devices for sensing and signal processing. [32] It may seem like such optical behavior would require bending the rules of physics, but in fact, scientists at MIT, Harvard University, and elsewhere have now demonstrated that photons can indeed be made to interact-an accomplishment that could open a path toward using photons in quantum computing, if not in light sabers. [31] Optical highways for light are at the heart of modern communications. But when it comes to guiding individual blips of light called photons, reliable transit is far less common. [30] Theoretical physicists propose to use negative interference to control heat flow in quantum devices. [29] Particle physicists are studying ways to harness the power of the quantum realm to further their research. [28]
Category: Quantum Physics

On Proofs of the Poincare Conjecture

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 4 Pages.

On December 22, 2006, the journal Science honored Perelman's proof of the Poincare Conjecture as the scientific ``Breakthrough of the Year", the first time this honor was bestowed in the area of mathematics. However, I have critical questions about Perelman's proof of Poincare Conjecture. The conjecture states, that ``Every simply connected, closed 3-manifold is homeomorphic to the 3-sphere.'' The ``homeomorphic" means that by non-singular deformation one produces perfect sphere - the equivalent of initial space. However, pasting in foreign caps will not make such deformation. My short proofs are given.
Category: Topology

Quantum Dot Photodetector

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 45 Pages.

Full-color photodetectors that can convert light to electric signals without sophisticated color filters and interferometric optics have gained considerable attention for widespread applications. [29] Nanoparticles derived from tea leaves inhibit the growth of lung cancer cells, destroying up to 80% of them, new research by a joint Swansea University and Indian team has shown. [28] A team of researchers including U of A engineering and physics faculty has developed a new method of detecting single photons, or light particles, using quantum dots. [27]
Category: Quantum Physics

Perovskite Thin Films Dynamics

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 29 Pages.

Hybrid organic or inorganic halide perovskites are a unique class of solar cell materials that break some of the material design rules that have been in place for over 30 years. [19] Efficient near-infrared (NIR) light-emitting diodes of perovskite have been produced in a laboratory at Linköping University. The external quantum efficiency is 21.6 percent, which is a record. The results have been published in Nature Photonics. [18] Very recently, an NTU team lead by Assoc. Prof. Wang Hong, demonstrated high light extraction efficiency of perovskite photonic crystals fabricated by delicate electron-beam lithography. [17]
Category: Condensed Matter

Gene Expression Data Misinterpretation

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 39 Pages.

New research by a Tel Aviv University group identifies a frequent technical bias in data generated by RNA-seq technology, which often leads to false results. [25] An LMU team has improved both the sensitivity and efficiency of a popular method for single-cell RNA sequencing, which yields a molecular fingerprint for individual cells based on their patterns of gene activity. [24] The goal is to find bits of DNA in common between the known relatives and the unidentified remains, suggesting both belong to a particular lineage. One analysis develops a profile that combines what's found at 23 spots in the DNA, for example. [23] A new method allows researchers to systematically identify specialized proteins that unpack DNA inside the nucleus of a cell, making the usually dense DNA more accessible for gene expression and other functions. [22]
Category: Physics of Biology

DNA Structure Influence Disease

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 39 Pages.

Disruption of certain DNA structures-called topologically associating domains, or TADs-is linked with the development of disease, including some cancers. [23] A virus that infects koalas is steadily integrating itself into their DNA, ensuring that it is passed down from generation to generation. But the koala genome is defending itself, revealing that DNA has its own immune system to shut down invaders. [22] Scientists reveal how a 'molecular machine' in bacterial cells prevents fatal DNA twisting, which could be crucial in the development of new antibiotic treatments. [21] In new research, Hao Yan of Arizona State University and his colleagues describe an innovative DNA walker, capable of rapidly traversing a prepared track. [20] Just like any long polymer chain, DNA tends to form knots. Using technology that allows them to stretch DNA molecules and image the behavior of these knots, MIT researchers have discovered, for the first time, the factors that determine whether a knot moves along the strand or "jams" in place. [19] Researchers at Delft University of Technology, in collaboration with colleagues at the Autonomous University of Madrid, have created an artificial DNA blueprint for the replication of DNA in a cell-like structure. [18] An LMU team now reveals the inner workings of a molecular motor made of proteins which packs and unpacks DNA. [17] Chemist Ivan Huc finds the inspiration for his work in the molecular principles that underlie biological systems. [16] What makes particles self-assemble into complex biological structures? [15] Scientists from Moscow State University (MSU) working with an international team of researchers have identified the structure of one of the key regions of telomerase-a so-called "cellular immortality" ribonucleoprotein. [14] Researchers from Tokyo Metropolitan University used a light-sensitive iridium-palladium catalyst to make "sequential" polymers, using visible light to change how building blocks are combined into polymer chains. [13]
Category: Physics of Biology

Q-Analogs of Sinc Sums and Integrals

Authors: Martin Nicholson
Comments: 8 Pages.

$q$-analogs of sum equals integral relations $\sum_{n\in\mathbb{Z}}f(n)=\int_{-\infty}^\infty f(x)dx$ for sinc functions and binomial coefficients are studied. Such analogs are already known in the context of $q$-hypergeometric series. This paper deals with multibasic `fractional' generalizations that are not $q$-hypergeometric functions.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Fuzzy and Axion-Like Dark Matter as an Illusion

Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 3 Pages.

Here we show that masses of dark-matter (DM) loops in the massive spiral galaxies have the same values as masses of the postulated fuzzy and axion-like DM particles. The DM loops are not fuzzy and, contrary to the spin-zero axion-like DM particles, spin of them is quantized. The DM loops in galactic halos interact with stars via the weak interactions of the virtual electron-positron pairs created spontaneously in spacetime. Such interactions decrease radii of the DM loops and simultaneously increase the orbital speeds of stars. We calculated also the small-scale cutoff for such loop-like DM.
Category: Astrophysics

Unification of Gravity with Quantum Mechanics The Beauty and the Beast

Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 20 Pages.

Isaac Newton did not invent the gravity constant G, nor did he use it or need it. Newton’s original formula was F = Mm/r^2 and not the formula F = GMm/r^2 , which had evolved over time. Newton’s formula can easily be unified with quantum mechanics, while the modification to his formula can only be unified with quantum mechanics by introducing a very akward notation as shown in this paper. Modern physics indirectly uses two different definitions for mass without knowing it; one for gravity and another for the rest of physics. This, we will prove, has made it impossible to unify quantum mechanics with gravity. However, once we understand the cause of the problem, it can be fixed easily by going back to the key insight given by Newton, which leads to a beautiful simple unified theory, in both conception and notation. Alternatively, one can arrive at the same theory, but with unattractive notation that hides the beauty at the depth of reality. We will show a beautiful way to unify gravity and quantum mechanics and also an ugly way. Both are the essentially the same, but only one way, the Newton inspired way, gives the deep insight on matter, energy, time, space, and gravity and even quantum mechanics. Modern physics has ignored Newton’s insight on matter and altered the mass definition, and therefore Newton’s gravity formula was modified as well, such that a unified theory seemed to become impossible. Newton himself would probably not have approved of the gravity constant; it is a flaw on the foundation of his theory and his gravity formula. Still, when one understands what the gravity constant really represents, one can unify standard physics, by adding it in other places, as needed. As an example of its power, our new quantum gravity theory can predict galaxy rotation based on baryonic matter only. This strongly indicates that dark matter is an extraneous and awkward factor used in today’s standard gravity model in order to get an incomplete model to fit observations.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Cosmic Dance of Lord Shiva.

Authors: Durgadas Datta.
Comments: 12 Pages. PHILOSOPHY AND PHYSICS.

We look at our universe as the cosmic dance of LORD SHIVA.
Category: Quantum Physics

Space Matter. Unified Theory

Authors: Vladimir Pastushenko
Comments: 10 Pages. http://pva1.mya5.ru

Here, in axioms of dynamic space-matter, the single theory of all math and physical theories is introduced, with a possibility of researches of energy levels of a singularity. These are initial elements quantum gravity. Mass field. They follow from the equation of the General Theory of the Relativity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Quantum Material Hide from Infrared Cameras

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 58 Pages.

Infrared cameras detect people and other objects by the heat they emit. Now, researchers have discovered the uncanny ability of a material to hide a target by masking its telltale heat properties. [33] Rice University physicist Qimiao Si began mapping quantum criticality more than a decade ago, and he's finally found a traveler that can traverse the final frontier. [32] Physicists studying the strange behavior of metal alloys called heavy fermions have made a surprising discovery that could be useful in safeguarding the information stored in quantum bits, or qubits, the basic units of encoded information in quantum computers. [31] Properties of complex materials are often determined by the interplay of several electron properties. TU Wien (Vienna) has now succeeded in disentangling this mess. [30] Physicists have found "electron pairing," a hallmark feature of superconductivity, at temperatures and energies well above the critical threshold where superconductivity happens. [29] It was a three-hour nighttime road trip that capped off a journey begun seven years ago. [28] Discovered more than 100 years ago, superconductivity continues to captivate scientists who seek to develop components for highly efficient energy transmission, ultrafast electronics or quantum bits for next-generation computation. [27] One of the greatest mysteries in condensed matter physics is the exact relationship between charge order and superconductivity in cuprate superconductors. [26] Cuprates hold the record high superconducting temperature at ambient pressure so far, but understanding their superconducting mechanism remains one of the great challenges of physical sciences listed as one of 125 quests announced by Science. [25] Now, scientists at Tokyo Institute of Technology (Tokyo Tech), the University of Tokyo and Tohoku University report curious multi-state transitions of these superconductors in which they change from superconductor to special metal and then to insulator. [24]
Category: Quantum Physics

Higher Accuracy Order in Differentiation-by-Integration

Authors: Andrej Liptaj
Comments: 16 Pages.

In this text explicit forms of several higher precision order kernel functions (to be used in he differentiation-by-integration procedure) are given for several derivative orders. Also, a system of linear equations is formulated which allows to construct kernels with an arbitrary precision for an arbitrary derivative order. A computer study is realized and it is shown that numerical differentiation based on higher precision order kernels performs much better (w.r.t. errors) than the same procedure based on the usual Legendre-polynomial kernels. Presented results may have implications for numerical implementations of the differentiation-by-integration method.
Category: General Mathematics

Quantum Waves Surfing

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 37 Pages.

Two physicists from the University of Luxembourg have now unambiguously shown that quantum-mechanical wavelike interactions are indeed crucial even at the scale of natural biological processes. [23] Monika Aidelsburger uses a special type of optical lattice to simulate quantum many-body phenomena that are otherwise inaccessible to experimental exploration. [22] University of Illinois Professor Harry Hilton brought together several mathematical and physical theories to help look at problems in more unified ways and solve physical engineering problems. [21] A team of physicists from RUDN, JINR (Dubna), and the University of Hamburg (Germany) developed a mathematical model for describing physical processes in hybrid systems that consists of atoms and ions cooled down to temperatures close to absolute zero. [20] Recently, extensive study shows that the parity-time symmetry breaking in open systems leads to exceptional points, promising for novel applications leasers and sensing. [19]
Category: Physics of Biology

Light Heat Fight Disease

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 38 Pages.

An emerging technology involving tiny particles that absorb light and turn it into localized heat sources shows great promise in several fields, including medicine. [24] Two physicists from the University of Luxembourg have now unambiguously shown that quantum-mechanical wavelike interactions are indeed crucial even at the scale of natural biological processes. [23] Monika Aidelsburger uses a special type of optical lattice to simulate quantum many-body phenomena that are otherwise inaccessible to experimental exploration. [22] University of Illinois Professor Harry Hilton brought together several mathematical and physical theories to help look at problems in more unified ways and solve physical engineering problems. [21] A team of physicists from RUDN, JINR (Dubna), and the University of Hamburg (Germany) developed a mathematical model for describing physical processes in hybrid systems that consists of atoms and ions cooled down to temperatures close to absolute zero. [20] Recently, extensive study shows that the parity-time symmetry breaking in open systems leads to exceptional points, promising for novel applications leasers and sensing. [19] A recent discovery by William & Mary and University of Michigan researchers transforms our understanding of one of the most important laws of modern physics. [18] Now, a team of physicists from The University of Queensland and the NÉEL Institute has shown that, as far as quantum physics is concerned, the chicken and the egg can both come first. [17] In 1993, physicist Lucien Hardy proposed an experiment showing that there is a small probability (around 6-9%) of observing a particle and its antiparticle interacting with each other without annihilating-something that is impossible in classical physics. [16]
Category: Physics of Biology

The Electron Magnetic Moment is Another Proof for Ferent Quantum Gravity

Authors: Adrian Ferent
Comments: 471 Pages. © 2014 Adrian Ferent

“The electron magnetic moment is another proof for Ferent Quantum Gravity” Adrian Ferent “The electron has a magnetic field due to the photon inside the electron” Adrian Ferent All the Scientists were not capable to explain what the electron is, what the electric charge is, what the “spin ħ/2" of the electron is… The electron magnetic moment is caused by its intrinsic properties of spin and electric charge. You learned at university that the electron is thought to be an elementary particle because has no known components or substructure. “The electron is not an elementary particle, because it is composed of a Photon and a Dark electron” Adrian Ferent “The Standard Model is wrong because the electron is not an elementary particle, and it does not include Dark Matter particles” Adrian Ferent “The electron equation: Adrian Ferent Where Ψ is the wave function of the electron. “The Dark Matter electron is the Dark Matter inside the electron” Adrian Ferent For you the electric charge is an intrinsic property, because all Nobel Laureates, the greatest scientists, your professors…were not able to explain the electric charge of the electron. “I calculated the charge created by the photon with f = 10^20 Hz inside the electron Q = 1.6 × 10^(-19) C, the electron charge” Adrian Ferent “Due to the photon inside the electron, the electron interacts with the electromagnetic field” Adrian Ferent For you the spin is an intrinsic property, because all Nobel Laureates, the greatest scientists, your professors…were not able to explain the "spin ħ/2" of the electron. I calculated the spin of the electron, the spin ħ/2: “The Spin of the electron is the Orbital angular momentum of the photon within the electron” Adrian Ferent “The circumference of the electron is λ / 2, half of photon wavelength” Adrian Ferent “The electron has an electric field due to the photon inside the electron” Adrian Ferent What scientists, the Nobel Laureates, your professors… did not understand? They did not understand Gravitation, Dark Matter, the electron… The problem is that the Universities do not payback the money to students for wrong theories like Einstein Gravitation theory, the Standard Model, Cold Dark Matter theory, String theory, Loop Quantum Gravity theory… “The Ferent mechanism gives the electron Mass, not the wrong Higgs mechanism” Adrian Ferent “The photon confined inside the electron has mass and electric charge” Adrian Ferent “The photon inside the electron is the charge, is the electric field inside a volume equivalent with the electric field created by an electric charge. An electric field surrounds an electric charge; the same thing inside the electron, the electric field of the photon surrounds the center of the electron. Electric charge doesn't exist, was invented by scientists because they were not capable to explain the electric charge and what is inside the electron!” Adrian Ferent The magnetic moment µ, is used to measure the tendency of an object to interact with an external magnetic field. The electron magnetic moment or the electron magnetic dipole moment is the magnetic moment of the electron caused by its intrinsic properties of spin and electric charge. The electromagnetic waves are synchronized oscillations of electric and magnetic fields. In Ferent Quantum Gravity the spin and the electric charge are not intrinsic properties: “The electron has a magnetic field due to the photon inside the electron” Adrian Ferent I calculated the charge created by the photon inside the electron, e, is the unit of elementary charge. A rotating electrically charged creates a magnetic dipole. “Inside the electron, the rotating electrically charged has the speed of light” Adrian Ferent For the electron as a charged particle with the angular momentum L, the magnetic dipole moment μ: The electron magnetic moment is created by a tiny current I traveling around the area A μ = IA = (qv/2πr)πr2 μ = qvr/2 = qL/2m where: q = - e m = me The classical result is corrected by multiplying it with a dimensionless correction factor g. The electron magnetic moment: The electron magnetic moment in terms of the Bohr magneton μB: Spin electron magnetic moment In quantum mechanics is another kind of angular momentum L, the spin angular momentum, represented by the spin operator S. The spin of the electron is ħ/2. This means: μ = - 9.2 × 10^(-24) J/T The z component of the electron magnetic moment Orbital magnetic dipole moment Total magnetic dipole moment μ is the total magnetic moment, from both orbital angular momentum and spin of an electron; J = L + S is its total angular momentum. “The electron magnetic moment is another proof for Ferent Quantum Gravity” Adrian Ferent 285. I am the first who discovered that the electron magnetic moment is another proof for Ferent Quantum Gravity 286. I am the first who discovered that the electron has a magnetic field due to the photon inside the electron
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Nanovaccine Cancer Immunotherapy

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 52 Pages.

Researchers at the University of Helsinki have discovered a novel system to generate an artificially enveloped oncolytic adenovirus to direct the immune response against cancer. [34] Using the latest advances in imaging and computing, Johns Hopkins Medicine researchers have developed a framework that's able to reveal the structural and functional changes in the blood vessel network required for growth of a tumour. [33] Medical physicist Dr. Aswin Hoffmann and his team from the Institute of Radiooncology-OncoRay at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) have combined magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a proton beam, thus demonstrating for the first time that in principle, this commonly used imaging method can work with particle beam cancer treatments. [32] Washington State University researchers for the first time have shown that they can use electrical fields to gain valuable information about the tiny, floating vesicles that move around in animals and plants and are critically important to many biological functions. [31] Finding a fast and inexpensive way to detect specific strains of bacteria and viruses is critical to food safety, water quality, environmental protection and human health. [30] In the perspective, Gabor and Song collect early examples in electron metamaterials and distil emerging design strategies for electronic control from them. [29] Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) researchers are working to make better electronic devices by delving into the way nanocrystals are arranged inside of them. [28] Self-assembly and crystallisation of nanoparticles (NPs) is generally a complex process, based on the evaporation or precipitation of NP-building blocks. [27] New nanoparticle-based films that are more than 80 times thinner than a human hair may help to fill this need by providing materials that can holographically archive more than 1000 times more data than a DVD in a 10-by-10-centimeter piece of film. [26] Researches of scientists from South Ural State University are implemented within this area. [25]
Category: Physics of Biology

Photon Pairs of Different Colors

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 47 Pages.

Physicists from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and their colleagues have achieved a major new feat-creating a bizarre "quantum" interference between two photons of markedly different colors, originating from different buildings on the University of Maryland campus. [32] Physicists at C2N have demonstrated for the first time the direct generation of light in a state that is simultaneously a single photon, two photons, and no photon at all. [31] A team of researchers from Xiamen University, the University of Ottawa and the University of Rochester has shown that it is possible to entangle photons with correlations between their radial and momentum states. [30] In a new study, researchers demonstrate creative tactics to get rid of loopholes that have long confounded tests of quantum mechanics. [29] This is a very interesting quantum phenomenon called "magnon crystallization," in which the magnons are said to be in a "frustrated" state. [28] In a new paper, have proposed the first practical protocol for anonymous communication in quantum networks. [27] Researchers from QuTech have achieved a world's first in quantum internet technology. [26] The achievement represents a major step towards a "quantum internet," in which future computers can rapidly and securely send and receive quantum information. [25] Scientists have used precisely tuned pulses of laser light to film the ultrafast rotation of a molecule. [24] Recently, researchers have been investigating how these quantum fingerprints might one day be used as an inexpensive form of ID to protect users' personal information for technologies in the emerging network of internet-connected devices known as the Internet of Things. [23]
Category: Quantum Physics

New Mathematical Connections Between the Possible Developments and Solutions of Ramanujan's Equations and Various Parameters of Particle Physics and Cosmology. XI

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 111 Pages.

In this research thesis, we have analyzed further Ramanujan formulas and described further possible mathematical connections with some parameters of Particle Physics and Cosmology
Category: Number Theory

Reasons of Appearing of Closed Electric Lines Circulating in Constant Magnets

Authors: Kobil Kazakbayev
Comments: 11 Pages. The work is about magnets in the inner and upper site of the Earth

MikelFaradey answered to the question “ What is the electrical field?” this way in 1850. The main characteristics of it is the effect with any power to the electric charges: E=F/q Where is the power which influences from the stressing field in instant magnets? If the French scientist Amper said in 1820, if closed waves circulating in instant magnets appear magnet power lines, how do these circulating closed lines appear?
Category: Astrophysics

Solution to the “Problem of Time” II + III

Authors: Manfred U.E.Pohl
Comments: corrected mistake in equation page 5, update equation page 2

Within the first article „Solution to the Problem of Time“ [3] the author explored the origin of time and suggested the Unified Principles of Nature that must be applied in order to unify Quantum Gravity and General Relativity without contradiction. To emphasis the urging conclusion out of the Solution to the „Problem of Time“ the author summarize in this paper the claim to reintroduce rational thought and argument in science in order to solve pressing problems in human society. Science must consider the Scientific God to unite Quantum Theory and General Relativity into a theory that can describe and predict reality.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Brain-Like Nanoscale Device

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 29 Pages.

UCLA scientists James Gimzewski and Adam Stieg are part of an international research team that has taken a significant stride toward the goal of creating thinking machines. [19] U.S. Army Research Laboratory scientists have discovered a way to leverage emerging brain-like computer architectures for an age-old number-theoretic problem known as integer factorization. [18] Now researchers at the Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) and UC Berkeley have come up with a novel machine learning method that enables scientists to derive insights from systems of previously intractable complexity in record time. [17]
Category: Quantum Physics

Oesteoconductivity of Biomaterials

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 43 Pages.

In a new study published on Scientific Reports, Mohammad-Hossein Beigi and a research team in the departments of Engineering and Applied Science and Cellular Biotechnology in Canada and Iran described a new method to form biocompatible biomaterials for bone tissue engineering. [29] Gold nanoparticles possess unique optical properties that are used in nanomedicine for anti-cancer therapy and imaging. [28] Gene editing is one of the hottest topics in cancer research. A Chinese research team has now developed a gold-nanoparticle-based multifunctional vehicle to transport the "gene scissors" to the tumor cell genome. [27]
Category: Physics of Biology

Separate Chiral Molecules

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 46 Pages.

Now, a research team from DESY, Universität Hamburg and University College London have come up with an innovative new approach to separate mirror molecules and in doing so introduced a new theoretical framework to understand the phenomenon. [30] Scientists used spiraling X-rays at the Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) to observe, for the first time, a property that gives handedness to swirling electric patterns-dubbed polar vortices-in a synthetically layered material. [28] To build tomorrow's quantum computers, some researchers are turning to dark excitons, which are bound pairs of an electron and the absence of an electron called a hole. [27] Concerning the development of quantum memories for the realization of global quantum networks, scientists of the Quantum Dynamics Division led by Professor Gerhard Rempe at the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics (MPQ) have now achieved a major breakthrough: they demonstrated the long-lived storage of a photonic qubit on a single atom trapped in an optical resonator. [26] Achieving strong light-matter interaction at the quantum level has always been a central task in quantum physics since the emergence of quantum information and quantum control. [25] Operation at the single-photon level raises the possibility of developing entirely new communication and computing devices, ranging from hardware random number generators to quantum computers. [24] Considerable interest in new single-photon detector technologies has been scaling in this past decade. [23] Engineers develop key mathematical formula for driving quantum experiments. [22] Physicists are developing quantum simulators, to help solve problems that are beyond the reach of conventional computers. [21] Engineers at Australia's University of New South Wales have invented a radical new architecture for quantum computing, based on novel 'flip-flop qubits', that promises to make the large-scale manufacture of quantum chips dramatically cheaper-and easier-than thought possible. [20]
Category: Condensed Matter

Multidimensional Optical Tech

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 61 Pages.

A new design of optical chips enables light to experience multiple dimensions, which could underpin versatile platforms for advanced communications and ultra-fast artificial intelligence technologies. [39] Quantum computers, which use light particles (photons) instead of electrons to transmit and process data, hold the promise of a new era of research in which the time needed to realize lifesaving drugs and new technologies will be significantly shortened. [38] In the paper titled "Statistical Assertions for Validating Patterns and Finding Bugs in Quantum Programs," Huang and Margaret Martonosi, a professor of Computer Science at Princeton, identify three key difficulties in debugging quantum programs, and evaluate their solutions in addressing those difficulties. [37] Researchers at the University of Chicago published a novel technique for improving the reliability of quantum computers by accessing higher energy levels than traditionally considered. [36] An international team of researchers has taken an important step towards solving a difficult variation of this problem, using a statistical approach developed at the University of Freiburg. [35] Storing information in a quantum memory system is a difficult challenge, as the data is usually quickly lost. At TU Wien, ultra-long storage times have now been achieved using tiny diamonds. [34] Electronics could work faster if they could read and write data at terahertz frequency, rather than at a few gigahertz. [33] A team of researchers led by the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory has demonstrated a new method for splitting light beams into their frequency modes. [32] Quantum communication, which ensures absolute data security, is one of the most advanced branches of the "second quantum revolution". [31] Researchers at the University of Bristol's Quantum Engineering Technology Labs have demonstrated a new type of silicon chip that can help building and testing quantum computers and could find their way into your mobile phone to secure information. [30]
Category: Quantum Physics

Euler and Navier-Stokes Equations - From 2015-May-11 to 2019-December-15

Authors: Valdir Monteiro dos Santos Godoi
Comments: 345 Pages. In ascending order of time of first versions.

My papers about Euler and Navier-Stokes Equations, from 2015-May-11 to 2019-December-15.
Category: Functions and Analysis

A Proposed Diatom Stratospheric Life-form

Authors: Lincoln Stoller
Comments: 34 Pages.

We propose a species of diatom that conducts its full life cycle in the lower stratosphere by suggesting physical, chemical, and electrical mechanisms to maintain its location and metabolism. The life-form we propose exploits hydrogen sulfates to create water for hydration, hydrogen for buoyancy, and energy for metabolic processes. We detail a mechanism for harvesting negative ions by stable altitude cycling in the stratosphere's voltage gradient. This theoretical, predictive approach can be applied to terrestrial and extra-terrestrial atmospheric biomes. We suggest life-forms of this sort have been undetected residents in the stratosphere for the last 200 million years, and argue for new observations that preserve the in vivo conditions of the sampling environment, as is necessary to discover fragile, airborne life-forms.
Category: Quantitative Biology

A New Sieve in the Study of Prime Numbers

Authors: S.Ao, L.Lu
Comments: 25 Pages.

We developed a new Sieve, A-Sieve, and produced some new ways in the study of prime numbers. By using this new method, we can prove that for any natural number k, there are infinitely many pairs of primes that differ by 2k.
Category: Number Theory

Глобальная история человечества от начала расселения до нашей эры.

Authors: Александр И. Дубинянский и Юлия А. Крупенина.
Comments: 10 Pages. dubinyansky@mail.ru

Показана последовательность расселения народов и передвижения гаплогрупп в период с 65.000 лет до нашей эры. Обоснован новый взгляд на происхождение монголоидов, русских и других народов.
Category: Archaeology

The Global History of Mankind from the Beginning of Settlement BC.

Authors: Alexander I. Dubinyansky, Julia A. Krupenina.
Comments: 10 Pages. dubinyansky@mail.ru

The sequence of the resettlement of peoples and the movement of haplogroups from 65,000 years BC is shown. A new view on the origin of the Mongoloids, Russians and other peoples is substantiated.
Category: Archaeology

Gold Nanoparticles in Cells

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 38 Pages.

Gold nanoparticles possess unique optical properties that are used in nanomedicine for anti-cancer therapy and imaging. [28] Gene editing is one of the hottest topics in cancer research. A Chinese research team has now developed a gold-nanoparticle-based multifunctional vehicle to transport the "gene scissors" to the tumor cell genome. [27] Cells can be programmed like a computer to fight cancer, influenza, and other serious conditions – thanks to a breakthrough in synthetic biology by the University of Warwick. [26]
Category: Physics of Biology

Quantum Dot Atoms and Molecules

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 38 Pages.

Nanotechnology, is reinventing the concept of the periodic table but for artificial atoms, otherwise known as colloidal quantum dots. [29] Researchers successfully integrated the systems-donor atoms and quantum dots. [28] A team of researchers including U of A engineering and physics faculty has developed a new method of detecting single photons, or light particles, using quantum dots. [27] Recent research from Kumamoto University in Japan has revealed that polyoxometalates (POMs), typically used for catalysis, electrochemistry, and photochemistry, may also be used in a technique for analyzing quantum dot (QD) photoluminescence (PL) emission mechanisms. [26] Researchers have designed a new type of laser called a quantum dot ring laser that emits red, orange, and green light. [25] The world of nanosensors may be physically small, but the demand is large and growing, with little sign of slowing. [24] In a joint research project, scientists from the Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy (MBI), the Technische Universität Berlin (TU) and the University of Rostock have managed for the first time to image free nanoparticles in a laboratory experiment using a highintensity laser source. [23] For the first time, researchers have built a nanolaser that uses only a single molecular layer, placed on a thin silicon beam, which operates at room temperature. [22] A team of engineers at Caltech has discovered how to use computer-chip manufacturing technologies to create the kind of reflective materials that make safety vests, running shoes, and road signs appear shiny in the dark. [21] In the September 23th issue of the Physical Review Letters, Prof. Julien Laurat and his team at Pierre and Marie Curie University in Paris (Laboratoire Kastler Brossel-LKB) report that they have realized an efficient mirror consisting of only 2000 atoms. [20] Physicists at MIT have now cooled a gas of potassium atoms to several nanokelvins-just a hair above absolute zero-and trapped the atoms within a two-dimensional sheet of an optical lattice created by crisscrossing lasers. Using a high-resolution microscope, the researchers took images of the cooled atoms residing in the lattice. [19]
Category: Quantum Physics

Cold Atom Dynamics

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 62 Pages.

By tracking the motions of cold atom clouds, astronomers can learn much about the physical processes which play out in the depths of space. [34] A physicist from RUDN University has proposed a new theoretical model for the interaction of spinor and gravitational fields. [33] Therefore, the most interesting result of our paper is not that the universe appears to be curved rather than flat, but the fact that it may force us to rearrange the pieces of the cosmic puzzle in a completely different way. [32]
Category: Astrophysics

Mathematical Connections Between Various Cosmological Parameters and Several Ramanujan’s Equations

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 176 Pages.

In this research thesis, we have analyzed further Ramanujan formulas and described other possible mathematical connections with various Cosmology parameters.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Comparison of the Solar System Orbit and the Evolutionary Process of the Earth's Biology

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 16 Pages.

Based on a model of a huge white hole in the Galactic Center, this article analyzes the orbit of the solar system in the Milky Way. It is pointed out that the motion of the solar system in the Milky Way can be divided into two parts. The first part lasts about three to four billion years. During this time, the solar system made elliptical movements in an elongated bar structure at the Galactic Center. A large number of galaxies perform elliptical motion around the Galactic Center, forming the elongated bar structure near the Galactic Center. When the solar system gradually moves away from the Galactic Center and reaches a certain distance, the solar system will be ejected from the elongated bar structure of the Galactic Center and enter the spiral orbit outside the Milky Way. Moving outside the Milky Way, the Solar System flies away from the Milky Way following a parabolic trajectory. For simplicity of calculation, this article uses a straight line instead of this parabola. Calculation shows that the solar system has been flying for at least 600 million years after flying far away from the elongated bar structure of the Galactic Center. Comparing these 600 million years with the evolutionary process of life on Earth, it can be found that this period is the time when a large number of higher organisms on the earth evolved. Including the emergence of fish, the concentrated evolution of dinosaurs, and the emergence of humans. This article points out that this is related to the fact that the entire Earth's environment is more suitable for the growth of higher organisms after the solar system flies from the elongated bar structure of the Galactic Center. Since the earth has obtained biological prosperity and the development of human civilization in this way, it is believed that galaxies similar to the solar system are ubiquitous in the Milky Way. Therefore, there will also be extraterrestrial civilizations similar to Earth civilization on the periphery of the Milky Way. This article analyzes some areas in the spiral structure of the Milky Way that require attention, and points out that the development of civilization in these areas may exceed the development of human civilization on Earth by more than millions of years. If we can obtain important information about these civilized societies, it will help us better grasp the destiny of human civilization on earth.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Quanton Based Model of Field Interactions

Authors: Ayman Kassem
Comments: 68 Pages.

the mechanism of the universe’s inflation is variation of energy in space and in time , the relationship between space and time varying energy fields is governed by energy constraining inside a quantum entity : the quanton as energy varies in space or in time, it creates associated fields and through their interactions, inflationary momentum and the fundamental forces are generated this model comes in three parts : energy constraining , where the evolution of the quanton and its different transitions are discussed the second part , electromagnetic waves in terms of space and time varying energy fields and role of Maxwell equations in the evolution of the quanton the third part , energy fields and their interactions , while using basic physics concepts , this model shows that the origin many of the physical phenomena can be traced back to the quanton based world
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Topological Insulator Band Gap

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 53 Pages.

Since their discovery in 2006, topological insulators have been widely discussed as a promising avenue for energy efficient electronics. [34] For the first time, a group of researchers from Universidad Complutense de Madrid, IBM, ETH Zurich, MIT and Harvard University have observed topological phases of matter of quantum states under the action of temperature or certain types of experimental imperfections. [33] With their insensitivity to decoherence, Majorana particles could become stable building blocks of quantum computers. [32] A team of researchers at the University of Maryland has found a new way to route photons at the micrometer scale without scattering by building a topological quantum optics interface. [31] Researchers at the University of Bristol's Quantum Engineering Technology Labs have demonstrated a new type of silicon chip that can help building and testing quantum computers and could find their way into your mobile phone to secure information. [30] Theoretical physicists propose to use negative interference to control heat flow in quantum devices. [29] Particle physicists are studying ways to harness the power of the quantum realm to further their research. [28] A fundamental barrier to scaling quantum computing machines is "qubit interference." In new research published in Science Advances, engineers and physicists from Rigetti Computing describe a breakthrough that can expand the size of practical quantum processors by reducing interference. [26] The search and manipulation of novel properties emerging from the quantum nature of matter could lead to next-generation electronics and quantum computers. [25]
Category: Quantum Physics

An Optimization Approach to Fermat's Last Theorem

Authors: Hassine Saidane
Comments: 1 Page.

The so-called Fermat's last theorem is actually a conjecture that was proposed by Pierre de Fermat in 1637 where he stated that the Diophantine equation xn +yn = zn, with x, y, z and n being positive integers, has no nonzero solution for n > 2. This conjecture was one of the most notable unsolved problems of mathematics. It was finally proven by Wiles and R. Taylor in late 1994 at the cost of long and complex analysis using new mathematical tools that are not analytically accessible to most mathematicians. In this note, we present a short and easy to grasp solution that is based on an optimization approach.
Category: Number Theory

Leptons Tracking New Physics

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 66 Pages.

Do the anomalies observed in the LHCb experiment in the decay of B mesons hide hitherto unknown particles from outside the currently valid and well-tested Standard Model? [39] "There is strong experimental evidence that there is indeed some new physics lurking in the lepton sector," Dev said. [38] Now, in a new result unveiled today at the Neutrino 2018 conference in Heidelberg, Germany, the collaboration has announced its first results using antineutrinos, and has seen strong evidence of muon antineutrinos oscillating into electron antineutrinos over long distances, a phenomenon that has never been unambiguously observed. [37] The Precision Reactor Oscillation and Spectrum Experiment (PROSPECT) has completed the installation of a novel antineutrino detector that will probe the possible existence of a new form of matter. [36] The MINERvA collaboration analyzed data from the interactions of an antineutrino-the antimatter partner of a neutrino-with a nucleus. [35] The inclusion of short-range interactions in models of neutrinoless double-beta decay could impact the interpretation of experimental searches for the elusive decay. [34] The occasional decay of neutrons into dark matter particles could solve a long-standing discrepancy in neutron decay experiments. [33] The U.S. Department of Energy has approved funding and start of construction for the SuperCDMS SNOLAB experiment, which will begin operations in the early 2020s to hunt for hypothetical dark matter particles called weakly interacting massive particles, or WIMPs. [32] Thanks to low-noise superconducting quantum amplifiers invented at the University of California, Berkeley, physicists are now embarking on the most sensitive search yet for axions, one of today's top candidates for dark matter. [31]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Theoretical Consideration of Current Trend and Direction of Development of Wireless Power Transmission Technology

Authors: Un Chol Ri, Gum Chol Ri, Chang Il Ri
Comments: 7 Pages.

Wireless power transmission technology is widely used in various areas of our lives, including phone charging and automobile Wireless charging, and its role is increasing.In this paper, based on the comprehensive consideration of the wireless power transmission technology currently being studied in the world, the scientific and technical problems to be solved in this field are described.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Entanglement for Quantum Communication

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 60 Pages.

Entanglement, once called "spooky action at a distance" by Einstein, is the phenomenon in which the quantum states of separated particles cannot be described independently. [40] Physicists at The City College of New York have used atomically thin two-dimensional materials to realize an array of quantum emitters operating at room temperature that can be integrated into next generation quantum communication systems. [39] Research in the quantum optics lab of Prof. Barak Dayan in the Weizmann Institute of Science may be bringing the development of such computers one step closer by providing the "quantum gates" that are required for communication within and between such quantum computers. [38] Calculations of a quantum system's behavior can spiral out of control when they involve more than a handful of particles. [37] Researchers from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill have reached a new milestone on the way to optical computing, or the use of light instead of electricity for computing. [36] The key technical novelty of this work is the creation of semantic embeddings out of structured event data. [35] The researchers have focussed on a complex quantum property known as entanglement, which is a vital ingredient in the quest to protect sensitive data. [34] Cryptography is a science of data encryption providing its confidentiality and integrity. [33] Researchers at the University of Sheffield have solved a key puzzle in quantum physics that could help to make data transfer totally secure. [32]
Category: Quantum Physics

Letter Nª1: Integrals

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 1 Page.

We give three integrals
Category: Number Theory

Letter Nª2: Two Curious Integrals

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 2 Pages.

We recall two curious integrals.
Category: Number Theory

Letter Nª3: Elementary Formula

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 2 Pages.

We recall a elementary formula involving Pi.
Category: General Mathematics

Essential Problems on the Origins of Mathematics; Division by Zero Calculus and New World

Authors: Saburou Saitoh
Comments: 12 Pages. I am writing a book on the division by zero calculus; these series may be considered as the materials for the book.

Based on the preprint survey paper (What Was Division by Zero?; Division by Zero Calculus and New World, viXra:1904.0408 submitted on 2019-04-22 00:32:30) we will give a viewpoint of the division by zero calculus from the origins of mathematics that are the essences of mathematics. The contents in this paper seem to be serious for our mathematics and for our world history with the materials in the preprint. So, the author hopes that the related mathematicians, mathematical scientists and others check and consider the topics from various viewpoints.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Fractional Calculus, Irreversible Time, and Hubble's Law

Authors: Yuli Vladimirsky
Comments: 13 Pages.

In this essay we suggest that description of processes in classical physics based on differential calculus of integer order is an approximation. We propose use of fractional calculus with orders very close to integers to replace classical equations. We define time axiomatically in terms of set theory: time is partially ordered, can be continuous or discrete, homogeneous, and, generally, nonuniform. Use of fractional calculus predicts irreversible time, temporal indefinitism, and evolution of the Universe, as described by the Hubble's Law of expansion. Dimensionless Hubble and Cosmological constants are numerically equated to first and second fractional derivatives deviations from corresponding integers. The deviations are extremely small and their ratio corresponds to the Universe expansion deceleration parameter.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Different Assessment: "From Small to Large" and "From Nothing to Existing"

Authors: Sotiri Karanikola
Comments: 16 Pages.

If a beginning point is unavoidable for everything that exists, a different approach can be presented at the zero- point. From the smallest particle to the largest object, and from the lowest energy level to the highest energies, this difference entails going beyond the configurations and processes that arise in various related embodiments. If something can exist from nothing, so can that thing disappear. The existence of zero-point has to be determined with the least amount of mistakes, only then the path to disappearance becomes clear. The term vacuum means the temporary or permanent disappearance of matter and energy and the return to zero in the fields forming the space which is filled by matter and energy. Zero points are the fields with potential. This potential is in a state of equilibrium with the potential of matter and energy. This can be likened to the energy (x) time uncertainty, but there is the effect of vacuum instead of time here. This equilibrium or disequilibrium is the main characteristic on which the model is based. The process beginning from the zero-point creates two structures opposed to each other that can be damping each other like the same waves. Positive energy and negative energy. These energies, not only opposed to each other but also interconnected, became the raw material of the particles. As the enormous vacuum field filled with enormous positive and enormous negative energy, how come did such tiny particles form and our universe come into existence? This transformation depends on the behavioural characteristics of negative and positive energies. Types of particles are formed when these energies gathered in different combinations. However, positive and negative energy did not only form the particles but also made the particles move. Due to the vacuum (x) energy equilibrium I mentioned above, the particles again faced disappearance. Thus, the vacuum (x) energy equilibrium turned into an existence-disappearance equilibrium. This led to the emergence of all forces.
Category: Classical Physics

CRISP Targets Antibiotic-Resistant Genes

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 36 Pages.

Taking advantage of powerful advances in CRISPR gene editing, scientists at the University of California San Diego have set their sights on one of society's most formidable threats to human health. [23] A research collaboration between Tufts University and the Chinese Academy of Sciences has led to the development of a significantly improved delivery mechanism for the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing method in the liver, according to a study published recently in the journal Advanced Materials. [22] Scientists at the University of Kent have developed a new method of determining gene function in a breakthrough that could have major implications for our understanding of the processes of life. [21]
Category: Physics of Biology

Nanotubes with the Right Twist

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 70 Pages.

In a recently published paper in Science Advances, Feng Ding of the Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials and colleagues have achieved the creation of a specific type of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with a selectivity of 90 percent, and expanded the current theory that explains the synthesis of these promising nanocylinders. [46] An international team of scientists led by researchers from the Laboratory of Nanomaterials at the Skoltech Center for Photonics and Quantum Materials (CPQM) has shown that the nonlinear optical response of carbon nanotubes can be controlled by electrochemical gating. [45]
Category: Condensed Matter

Ongoing Developments in Proton Therapy

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 53 Pages.

Hywel Owen from the University of Manchester gave meeting attendees an introduction to the UK's two NHS-funded proton therapy centres, at The Christie in Manchester and UCLH in London. [30] Researchers have moved closer to the real-time verification of hadron therapy, demonstrating the in vivo accuracy of simulations that predict particle range in the patient. [29] A biomimetic nanosystem can deliver therapeutic proteins to selectively target cancerous tumors, according to a team of Penn State researchers. [28] Sunlight is essential for all life, and living organisms have evolved to sense and respond to light. [27] Using X-ray laser technology, a team led by researchers of the Paul Scherrer Institute PSI has recorded one of the fastest processes in biology. [26] A Virginia Commonwealth University researcher has developed a procedure for identifying the source of cells present in a forensic biological sample that could change how cell types are identified in samples across numerous industries. [25] In work at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the University of Maryland in College Park, researchers have devised and demonstrated a new way to measure free energy. [24] A novel technique developed by researchers at the ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP) will help shine new light on biological questions by improving the quality and quantity of information that can be extracted in fluorescence microscopy. [23] Micro-computed tomography or "micro-CT" is X-ray imaging in 3-D, by the same method used in hospital CT (or "CAT") scans, but on a small scale with massively increased resolution. [22]
Category: Physics of Biology

CERN Streamlines with Theoretical Physicists

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 15 Pages.

Together, these developments mark a new approach to open and reproducible research at the LHC. The ATLAS Collaboration will continue to focus on creating rich, preservable open access tools-such as the open likelihoods-and looks forward to the compelling new insights they create. [11] The Higgs boson was discovered in 2012 by the ATLAS and CMS Experiments at CERN, but its coupling to other particles remains a puzzle. [10] Higgs boson decaying into bottom quarks. Now, scientists are tackling its relationship with the top quark. [9] Usha Mallik and her team used a grant from the U.S. Department of Energy to help build a sub-detector at the Large Hadron Collider, the world's largest and most powerful particle accelerator, located in Switzerland. They're running experiments on the sub-detector to search for a pair of bottom quarks-subatomic yin-and-yang particles that should be produced about 60 percent of the time a Higgs boson decays. [8] A new way of measuring how the Higgs boson couples to other fundamental particles has been proposed by physicists in France, Israel and the US. Their technique would involve comparing the spectra of several different isotopes of the same atom to see how the Higgs force between the atom's electrons and its nucleus affects the atomic energy levels. [7] The magnetic induction creates a negative electric field, causing an electromagnetic inertia responsible for the relativistic mass change; it is the mysterious Higgs Field giving mass to the particles. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate by the diffraction patterns. The accelerating charges explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the wave particle duality and the electron's spin also, building the bridge between the Classical and Relativistic Quantum Theories. The self maintained electric potential of the accelerating charges equivalent with the General Relativity space-time curvature, and since it is true on the quantum level also, gives the base of the Quantum Gravity. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the relativistic quantum theory.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Modeling the Evolution of the Universe

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 61 Pages.

A physicist from RUDN University has proposed a new theoretical model for the interaction of spinor and gravitational fields. [33] Therefore, the most interesting result of our paper is not that the universe appears to be curved rather than flat, but the fact that it may force us to rearrange the pieces of the cosmic puzzle in a completely different way. [32]
Category: Astrophysics

Matter Creation Known Features (Analytical Study)

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 9 Pages.

How the matter is created? Let's summarize the known features in following: 1-Lorentz Transformations tell us that – Particle length and Mass are effected (changed) with high velocity motion – which tells us that- Particle Data may be created relative to its motion. 2-Gauss Law tells us that – the net electric charges of conductor resides entirely on its surface –referring to that the matter geometrical shape is created relative to any electromagnetic field may effect on it. 3-Light reflection and refraction tell us that – the matter different types are created relative to light effects on them 4-Electric Field defines the motions direction – which tells that – the electric field was necessary for the solar planets creation to save planets motions unified direction around the sun 5-Planets Data shows That Matter Is Created Depending On A Period Of Time 6-Planets Diameters & Masses Show A Dependency On Each Other Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

Living Cosmos: An Alternative to the Big Bang Theory

Authors: James Carter
Comments: 16 Pages. A new version of Big Bang theory without the metaphysical assumptions.

Abstract The Living Cosmos is an alternative explanation to the Big Bang theories of cosmic creation and evolution. It differs from the Big Bang on two major points. First, the Big Bang began suddenly with a singularity containing an undetermined amount of “pure energy” that was not conserved as it spread out into the universe and eventually transformed into atoms and photons. The evolution of the Living Cosmos begins with a single, matter/antimatter duality containing equal and inseparable quantities of Energy and Mass E/M = CC that remain independently conserved throughout the entire evolutionary process. Second, Big Bang theories all begin with the often unstated metaphysical assumption that the electron/proton mass ratio of e/p = 1/1836 is a universal and eternal constant that has not changed since the beginning of time. The Living Cosmos creation process begins with an electron/proton mass ratio of e/p = 1.0/1.0 that has slowly evolved throughout cosmological time to its present value of e/p = 1/1836. This new cosmic model uses Big Bang’s astronomical observations and measurements to illustrate a cosmic reproduction process producing equal quantities of atomic matter and antimatter. Instead of a nearly instant inflation followed by slow gravitational collapse, the Living Cosmos was formed through evolutionary reproduction and separation processes lasting billions of years. The galaxies, stars and atoms reached their present structures and locations through first weak nuclear, then strong nuclear, and finally electromagnetic interactions. Gravity played only a minor role in this organizational process. Contrary to Big Bang models, this new cosmic model strictly adheres to the principles of the scientific method of experimental measurement as they apply to quantum mechanics, electrodynamics, and the laws of gravitational force and motion,. The Living Cosmos examines the basic values and events in cosmological history from perspectives that are sometimes upside down, backwards, and inside out from standard Big Bang ideas. In this non-linear synchronous creation, antineutrons reproduced first, then atoms formed as they emitted photons. Galaxies formed before stars and then stars were created before protons, electrons, and photons. The conclusions reached from the slowly evolving electron/proton mass ratio provide new explanations for matter/antimatter equality, Hubble red shifts, Dark Energy, the homogeneous 2.7 K temperature of the cosmic blackbody radiation, the enormous energy of cosmic rays, the constant energy output of the sun, plate tectonics, and even the very large size of dinosaur bones.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New Theory of Cosmology Without the Curving Spacetime of the Equivalence Principle

Authors: James Carter
Comments: 15 Pages. Definitive disproof that starlight is deflected by the sun.

The above photo of the Andromeda Galaxy is definitive proof there is absolutely no change in the momentum vectors of any photons when they pass through the extended gravitational fields of stars. If each photon in this picture was not lined up perfectly in Euclidian space and time with its emitting star, the photo would appear as a quite dim homogenous grey cloud. Any photons moving through a non-Euclidian curving gravitational spacetime would completely blur astronomical observations beyond recognition. There can be no gravitational deflection of any photon’s path through empty space without the ultimate destruction of astronomy. All photons, from gamma rays to radio waves, would be jumbled together and coming to us on trajectories far removed from their original emission vectors. Actual physical measurements of the solar deflection of photons show the effect to be an optical illusion without any change in a photon’s actual path through Euclidian space. The apparent angle of curvature is measured as changes in the gravitational momentum of Earth and not by any gravitational effect of the sun. These measurements show conclusively that the downward pointing gravity of Einstein’s equivalent principle is false and verify that Earth falls up.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Ridiculous Aberrations of the International System of Unity

Authors: The ridiculous aberrations of the International System of Unity
Comments: 11 Pages. in French, submitted to Le CEP

The recent reformulation of the International System of Unity is correctly based on a logical return to the Planck fundamental constant. But the ancient error of introducing arbitrary constants in electric units are not corrected. The return to a number of only three fundamental unities would re conciliate research and teaching, as well as milit for a conciliation of different disciplines, such as Biology, Particle Physics and Cosmology, as illustrated by the Topological axis, which rehabilitates the string theory, but refuting the Big Bang model.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On Several Ramanujan’s Equations: Further Mathematical Connections with Various Parameters of Particle Physics, Principally the Higgs Boson Mass, π Meson Mass 139.57 and Cosmology. X

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 110 Pages.

In this research thesis, we have analyzed further Ramanujan formulas and described further possible mathematical connections with some parameters of Particle Physics and Cosmology
Category: Mathematical Physics

Polygonal Defined by Basic Scheme with Angular Step (C) Through the Management of the (Pc) Step of the Circles (Cs).

Authors: Dante Servi
Comments: 14 Pages.

Analysis of the polygonal type resulting from the types with step (Pc) of the circles (Cs) manageable, foreseen in the list of types with angular step (C). The list is in sheet 8/14 of my article "How and why to use my graphic method" revision v4. To find all my articles on this subject grouped in a single page, just click on author's name: Dante Servi.
Category: Geometry

Models for Elementary Particles, Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and Galaxies

Authors: Thomas J. Buckholtz
Comments: 74 Pages.

We show theory that spans tiny and vast aspects of physics. We suggest descriptions for new elementary particles, dark matter, and dark energy. We use those descriptions to explain data regarding dark matter effects, dark energy effects, and galaxy formation. Our mathematics-based modeling, descriptions, and explanations embrace and augment standard physics theory and modeling. One basis for our modeling is an extension to mathematics for harmonic oscillators.
Category: Astrophysics

Beyond Light Range :A Mathematical Solution

Authors: Yahya Awad Sharif Mohammed
Comments: 2 Pages. Email:yahya-sharif@hotmail.com

This article aims to present a mathematical solution to the problem of light value beyond its range by using Lorentz transformation.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Exomoons in Stellar Metamorphosis

Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 4 Pages.

A "moon" is an object that orbits a larger object, not classified as a "star" in the mainstream. This is problematic though, as stars are young hot exoplanets in the general theory. This means the Earth, Jupiter, Uranus, etc. are all "moons" of the Sun. The word Moon originally just meant "month", where the phases of the Moon signaled the months, or simply passing of time in stages. This leaves us questioning the term "exomoons". It is suggested instead of going off the deep end as astronomers have done with big bang, black holes and dark matter, we correct the simple, important issues by using the general theory. This simple correction will allow us to be more consistent and accurate (scientific) with our terminology, as the original word "moon" was never intended to describe what is currently being discovered.
Category: Astrophysics

A Collection of Mathematical Formulas Involving pi

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito, Rodrigo Valdebenito
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this note we give a collection of mathematical formulas involving Pi.
Category: Number Theory

Could the Universe be a Gravitational Field?

Authors: Donghui Wang
Comments: 11 Pages.

Scientists have explained the phenomenon of redshift in the universe by using the viewpoint of cosmic expansion, while the phenomenon of blueshift has perplexed academic circles for a long time. To solve this problem, the author conducted a thought experiment. The focus of the experiment was to let an elevator box at high altitude fall along a track and then compare the results observed by a person inside the box with the phenomena of redshift and blueshift observed by people on Earth. The results show that redshift and blueshift in the universe can be simulated above the Earth, indicating that cosmic space may have the features of a gravitational field. Thus, the author assumed that cosmic space is a gravitational field, analysed the movement pattern of celestial bodies in this context, and gave reasonable explanations for Earth’s rotation deceleration, Venus’s abnormal auto-rotation and global warming. Based on further association, the author argues that the continuous increase in the Ground’s gravity may be the cause for the largest animal on the Earth becoming progressively lighter, and this derivation can be verified by correlated detection.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Calculating the Planck Constant

Authors: Michael John Sarnowski
Comments: 3 Pages.

It is becoming clear, that experimental physics will not be enough to develop the model for the construction of the Universe. Statistical Probability will be necessary for developing the model and proving the model. The equations in this paper predict a value for the Planck Constant, from other fundamental constant for each Codata year since 1969. The data below shows a calculating equation that predicts a Planck constant within 0.2 sigma of the actual Codata value for the Planck constant over six publications of Codata in a row, since 1986. The data below shows a calculating equation that predicts a Planck constant consistently nearly equal to the actual Codata value for the Planck constant over all eight publications of Codata in a row, since 1973. To randomly generate an equation to do this, when the data has become more accurate by a factor of 700 times over this time period, is highly unlikely, perhaps as unlikely as one out of a 100000. In addition, Equation 2, below, predicted a more accurate Planck constant, than the Codata value of the respective Codata publication. This again is unlikely, but not unheard of. The sum of these data show that the mechanism for determining the Planck constant, may be mirroring the calculations, and may be measuring the same phenomena. Data for 2018 CODATA are included. The value calculated using spinning sphere theory, of 6.6260701507*10^-34 continues to be compatible with the CODATA value of 6.62607015*10^-34.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Colliding Molecules and Antiparticles

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 82 Pages.

Marcos Barp and Felipe Arretche from the Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil have modelled the interaction between simple molecules and antiparticles known as positrons and found that this model agreed well with experimental observations. [46] Researchers from Sweden's Chalmers University of Technology and the University of Gothenburg present a new method which can double the energy of a proton beam produced by laser-based particle accelerators. [45] Approximately one year ago, a spectacular dive into Saturn ended NASA's Cassini mission—and with it a unique, 13-year research expedition to the Saturnian system. [44]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Pi , A Short Letter

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 1 Page.

We give a formula for Pi.
Category: General Mathematics

Trapping Light in Photonic Crystals

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 51 Pages.

A new approach to trapping light in artificial photonic materials by a City College of New York-led team could lead to a tremendous boost in the transfer speed of data online. [31] The first system for reshaping the time-varying profiles of individual photons has been created by Olivier Morin and colleagues at the Max-Planck-Institute for Quantum Optics in Garching, Germany. [30] Recently, the chemists Sebastian Mai and Leticia González from the Faculty of Chemistry of the University of Vienna succeeded in simulating the extremely fast spin flip processes that are triggered by the light absorption of metal complexes. [29] University of Tokyo researchers have announced a new approach for electrical cooling without the need for moving parts. [28] When electrons that repel each other are confined to a small space, they can form an ordered crystalline state known as a Wigner crystal. [27] A new experiment that tests the limit of how large an object can be before it ceases to behave quantum mechanically has been proposed by physicists in the UK and India. [26] Phonons are discrete units of vibrational energy predicted by quantum mechanics that correspond to collective oscillations of atoms inside a molecule or a crystal. [25] This achievement is considered as an important landmark for the realization of practical application of photon upconversion technology. [24] Considerable interest in new single-photon detector technologies has been scaling in this past decade. [23] Engineers develop key mathematical formula for driving quantum experiments. [22] Physicists are developing quantum simulators, to help solve problems that are beyond the reach of conventional computers. [21]
Category: Quantum Physics

Nanoscience Probing Particles

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 51 Pages.

Scientists at Tokyo Institute of Technology (Tokyo Tech) have developed a new methodology that allows researchers to assess the chemical composition and structure of metallic particles with a diameter of only 0.5 to 2 nm. [30] The nano research team led by professors Helge Weman and Bjørn-Ove Fimland at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology's (NTNU) Department of Electronic Systems has succeeded in creating light-emitting diodes, or LEDs, from a nanomaterial that emits ultraviolet light. [29] Researchers at Tokyo Tech have developed a nanosized container bearing photoswitches that takes up hydrophobic compounds of various size and shape in water and subsequently releases them quantitatively by non-invasive light stimulus. [28] By studying how electrons in two-dimensional graphene can literally act like a liquid, researchers have paved the way for further research into a material that has the potential to enable future electronic computing devices that outpace silicon transistors. [27] This research is a therefore a step towards basic and technological research into 3-D analogues of QSH insulators, and may ultimately lead to new electronic and spintronic technologies. [26] Topological insulators (TIs) host exotic physics that could shed new light on the fundamental laws of nature. [25] A new study by scientists from the University of Bristol brings us a significant step closer to unleashing the revolutionary potential of quantum computing by harnessing silicon fabrication technology to build complex on-chip quantum optical circuits. [24] Two teams of scientists from the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology have collaborated to conduct groundbreaking research leading to the development of a new and innovative scientific field: Quantum Metamaterials. [23]
Category: Condensed Matter

Synthetic Nanopores made from DNA

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 27 Pages.

In 2015, the first commercial nanopore DNA sequencing device was introduced by Oxford Nanopore Technologies. [15] In the journal PNAS this week, researchers at Boston Children's Hospital and MIT show that these mini-antibodies, shrunk further to create so-called nanobodies, may help solve a problem in the cancer field: making CAR T-cell therapies work in solid tumors. [14] What if the brain could detect its own disease? Researchers have been trying to create a material that "thinks" like the brain does, which would be more sensitive to early signs of neurological diseases such as Parkinson's. [13] University Professor of Applied Physics Stephen Arnold and his team at the New York University Tandon School of Engineering have made a discovery that could lead to Star Trek-like biosensor devices capable of flagging the barest presence in blood of a specific virus or antibody, or protein marker for a specific cancer; or sniffing out airborne chemical warfare agents while they are still far below toxic levels. [12] Lead researcher Dr Jonathan Breeze, from Imperial's Department of Materials, said: "This breakthrough paves the way for the widespread adoption of masers and opens the door for a wide array of applications that we are keen to explore. We hope the maser will now enjoy as much success as the laser." [11] Japanese researchers have optimized the design of laboratory-grown, synthetic diamonds. [10] Nearly 75 years ago, Nobel Prize-winning physicist Erwin Schrödinger wondered if the mysterious world of quantum mechanics played a role in biology. A recent finding by Northwestern University's Prem Kumar adds further evidence that the answer might be yes. [9] A UNSW Australia-led team of researchers has discovered how algae that survive in very low levels of light are able to switch on and off a weird quantum phenomenon that occurs during photosynthesis. [8] This paper contains the review of quantum entanglement investigations in living systems, and in the quantum mechanically modeled photoactive prebiotic kernel systems. [7] The human body is a constant flux of thousands of chemical/biological interactions and processes connecting molecules, cells, organs, and fluids, throughout the brain, body, and nervous system. Up until recently it was thought that all these interactions operated in a linear sequence, passing on information much like a runner passing the baton to the next runner. However, the latest findings in quantum biology and biophysics have discovered that there is in fact a tremendous degree of coherence within all living systems. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the Wave-Particle Duality and the electron's spin also, building the Bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions by the diffraction patterns. The Weak Interaction changes the diffraction patterns by moving the electric charge from one side to the other side of the diffraction pattern, which violates the CP and Time reversal symmetry. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the Relativistic Quantum Theory and making possible to understand the Quantum Biology.
Category: Physics of Biology

Single-Layer Graphene Superconductivity

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 47 Pages.

In a new study published in The European Physical Journal B, Jacques Tempere and colleagues at the University of Antwerp in Belgium demonstrate that an existing technique is better suited for probing superconductivity in pure, single-layer graphene than previously thought. [29] Scientists at HZB have found evidence that double layers of graphene have a property that may let them conduct current completely without resistance. [28] US researchers studying high-temperature cuprate superconductors outside the superconducting regime have used cutting-edge X-ray scattering to detect long-predicted-but never previously observed-excitations called plasmons perpendicular to the material's atomic planes. [27] Using solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) techniques, scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy's Ames Laboratory discovered a new quantum criticality in a superconducting material, leading to a greater understanding of the link between magnetism and unconventional superconductivity. [26] Improving these devices could mean more powerful computers, better detectors of disease and technological advances scientists can't even predict yet. [25] Researchers at the Schliesser Lab at the Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, have demonstrated a new way to address a central problem in quantum physics: at the quantum scale, any measurement disturbs the measured object. [24] An answer to a quantum-physical question provided by the algorithm Melvin has uncovered a hidden link between quantum experiments and the mathematical field of Graph Theory. [23] Engineers develop key mathematical formula for driving quantum experiments. [22] Physicists are developing quantum simulators, to help solve problems that are beyond the reach of conventional computers. [21]
Category: Quantum Physics

Some Problems about the Source of Mass in the Electroweak Theory

Authors: Ting-Hang Pei
Comments: 24 Pages.

In the electroweak theory, the Higgs mechanism makes the gauge bosons obtain their mass. If the vacuum states of the Higgs fields are the sources of mass for the massive gauge bosons W and Z even electron e-, then this lowest energy v of the Higgs field must be smaller than the Higgs boson of 125 GeV and even the electron’s rest mass 0.511 MeV. Surprisingly, v is equal to 246 GeV revealed in some textbooks. Furthermore, the scalar Higgs boson is charge-zero (q=0) and spin-zero (S=0) so the vacuum states of the Higgs fields have the same characteristics. However, the W and Z bosons are all spin-1 (S=1) and moreover, W bosons are charged. Therefore, how to constitute those massive gauges bosons from the Higgs vacuum states becomes a questionable concept. On the other hand, due to the local gauge invariance, all mass terms are removed and the Yukawa coupling can provide electron’s mass through the Higgs mechanism. How to constitute the electron’s mass and other fermions from the vacuum states is another serious problem. Especially, the electron-positron pair production from two photons directly reveals electron and positron from the photon fields above 1.022 MeV, not from the Higgs field, and no coupling exists between the photon and Higgs fields in the standard model. The mass-energy equivalence shows the mass of particle coming from energy such as high-energy photons, the vacuum states of Higgs fields don’t possess stable energy to support electron with almost infinite lifetime.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Galactic Center may be a White Hole

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 8 Pages. 3 Figure; 1 Table

It has long been assumed that the Galactic Center is a huge black hole. However, from some existing data, if the Galactic Center is a black hole, the surrounding mass will move around the Galactic Center. This will cause the outer mass of the Milky Way to move faster than the mass of the inner Milky Way. But this is not consistent with observations over the years. Although it can be explained by the existence of dark matter, direct evidence for the existence of dark matter is still lacking. If there is dark matter around the earth that has a serious effect on gravitation, there should be many experimental results that violate the law of conservation of energy. However, various experiments conducted on the earth for more than 100 years have shown that energy is conserved. However, if the Galactic Center is a white hole, the white hole continuously ejects masses, and at the same time the white hole is still rotating at a high speed, the distribution of the surrounding mass is like a spiral firework, and it has a spiral shape. Combined with my previous works, I concluded that the scope of gravitation is limited at the cosmic scale. Therefore, the motion of the galaxy's peripheral mass around the Galactic Center can be simplified to a linear fluid motion, and its velocity is equal everywhere. This can be used to explain the observations of galactic rotation curves.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Why Does Menstruation Cycle Synchronize with Moon Cycle?

Authors: Wan-Chung Hu
Comments: 4 Pages.

Primates are mammals with menstruation cycle. The menstruation cycle is around 28-35 days in most primates. The cycle is synchronizing with moon period. Why does menstruation cycle synchronize moon cycle? Here, I propose that the phenomenon is because primates and bats need to increase the change of fertilization. Primates can stand with two legs. In majority of time, they maintain the straight position of their bodies. In this position, sperms will need swim against gravity toward Fallopian tube after intercourse. They will need to take 1-12 hours to meet the oocytes. Straight body position will increase the difficulty to let sperms to meet oocytes. Thus, gravity force can affect the chance of fertilization. Moon is the major source of tidal force. The moon cycle will affect the magnitude of gravity force. Thus, primates and bats evolve menstruation cycles to let the ovulation occur during the less-gravity period. So, menstruation cycle is synchronizing the moon cycle. That is the reason why primates and bats, not other mammals, have menstruation cycles.
Category: Physics of Biology

Proton Spin Precession Tuning

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 83 Pages.

Scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory have developed a non-invasive way to measure the "spin tune" of polarized protons at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC)—an important factor for maintaining these spinning particles' alignment. [46] “Spin has surprises. Everybody thought it’s simple … and it turns out it’s much more complicated,” Aschenauer says. [45] Approximately one year ago, a spectacular dive into Saturn ended NASA's Cassini mission—and with it a unique, 13-year research expedition to the Saturnian system. [44]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Molecular Arrange of Nanoscale Pie

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 24 Pages.

Now, a team of researchers led by Dongsheng Li, a materials scientist at PNNL, and collaborators at the University of Michigan and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, have unlocked the secret to one of the most useful nanostructures: the five-fold twin. [18] The researchers have generated femtosecond laser pulses, with tailor-made, temporally varying polarizations, which are themselves chiral. [17] The scientists identified a shortlist, a kind of "periodic table" of the most designable knot types, i.e. those knots that could easily self-assemble under appropriate physical and chemical conditions. [16] Scientists have now observed for the first time how diamonds grow from seed at an atomic level, and discovered just how big the seeds need to be to kick the crystal growing process into overdrive. [15] The researchers engineered diamond strings that can be tuned to quiet a qubit's environment and improve memory from tens to several hundred nanoseconds, enough time to do many operations on a quantum chip. [14] Intel has announced the design and fabrication of a 49-qubit superconducting quantum-processor chip at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas. To improve our understanding of the so-called quantum properties of materials, scientists at the TU Delft investigated thin slices of SrIrO3, a material that belongs to the family of complex oxides. [12] New research carried out by CQT researchers suggest that standard protocols that measure the dimensions of quantum systems may return incorrect numbers. [11] Is entanglement really necessary for describing the physical world, or is it possible to have some post-quantum theory without entanglement? [10] A trio of scientists who defied Einstein by proving the nonlocal nature of quantum entanglement will be honoured with the John Stewart Bell Prize from the University of Toronto (U of T). [9] While physicists are continually looking for ways to unify the theory of relativity, which describes large-scale phenomena, with quantum theory, which describes small-scale phenomena, computer scientists are searching for technologies to build the quantum computer using Quantum Information. In August 2013, the achievement of "fully deterministic" quantum teleportation, using a hybrid technique, was reported. On 29 May 2014, scientists announced a reliable way of transferring data by quantum teleportation. Quantum teleportation of data had been done before but with highly unreliable methods. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the Wave-Particle Duality and the electron's spin also, building the Bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions by the diffraction patterns. The Weak Interaction changes the diffraction patterns by moving the electric charge from one side to the other side of the diffraction pattern, which violates the CP and Time reversal symmetry. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the Relativistic Quantum Theory and making possible to build the Quantum Computer with the help of Quantum Information.
Category: Condensed Matter

How does Lubrication Work

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 26 Pages.

In a recent paper in Science Advances, researchers from the University of Amsterdam present new experimental insight into how lubrication works. [19] Now, a team of researchers led by Dongsheng Li, a materials scientist at PNNL, and collaborators at the University of Michigan and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, have unlocked the secret to one of the most useful nanostructures: the five-fold twin. [18] The researchers have generated femtosecond laser pulses, with tailor-made, temporally varying polarizations, which are themselves chiral. [17] The scientists identified a shortlist, a kind of "periodic table" of the most designable knot types, i.e. those knots that could easily self-assemble under appropriate physical and chemical conditions. [16] Scientists have now observed for the first time how diamonds grow from seed at an atomic level, and discovered just how big the seeds need to be to kick the crystal growing process into overdrive. [15] The researchers engineered diamond strings that can be tuned to quiet a qubit's environment and improve memory from tens to several hundred nanoseconds, enough time to do many operations on a quantum chip. [14] Intel has announced the design and fabrication of a 49-qubit superconducting quantum-processor chip at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas. To improve our understanding of the so-called quantum properties of materials, scientists at the TU Delft investigated thin slices of SrIrO3, a material that belongs to the family of complex oxides. [12] New research carried out by CQT researchers suggest that standard protocols that measure the dimensions of quantum systems may return incorrect numbers. [11] Is entanglement really necessary for describing the physical world, or is it possible to have some post-quantum theory without entanglement? [10] A trio of scientists who defied Einstein by proving the nonlocal nature of quantum entanglement will be honoured with the John Stewart Bell Prize from the University of Toronto (U of T). [9] While physicists are continually looking for ways to unify the theory of relativity, which describes large-scale phenomena, with quantum theory, which describes small-scale phenomena, computer scientists are searching for technologies to build the quantum computer using Quantum Information. In August 2013, the achievement of "fully deterministic" quantum teleportation, using a hybrid technique, was reported. On 29 May 2014, scientists announced a reliable way of transferring data by quantum teleportation. Quantum teleportation of data had been done before but with highly unreliable methods. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the Wave-Particle Duality and the electron's spin also, building the Bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions by the diffraction patterns. The Weak Interaction changes the diffraction patterns by moving the electric charge from one side to the other side of the diffraction pattern, which violates the CP and Time reversal symmetry. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the Relativistic Quantum Theory and making possible to build the Quantum Computer with the help of Quantum Information.
Category: Condensed Matter

Superbugs Destroyed by Molecular Drills

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 26 Pages.

Molecular drills have gained the ability to target and destroy deadly bacteria that have evolved resistance to nearly all antibiotics. In some cases, the drills make the antibiotics effective once again. [19] Now, a team of researchers led by Dongsheng Li, a materials scientist at PNNL, and collaborators at the University of Michigan and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, have unlocked the secret to one of the most useful nanostructures: the five-fold twin. [18] The researchers have generated femtosecond laser pulses, with tailor-made, temporally varying polarizations, which are themselves chiral. [17] The scientists identified a shortlist, a kind of "periodic table" of the most designable knot types, i.e. those knots that could easily self-assemble under appropriate physical and chemical conditions. [16]
Category: Physics of Biology

The Einstein-Seiberg-Witten Equations

Authors: Antoine Balan
Comments: 2 pages, written in english

The Einstein-Seiberg-Witten equations are defined for a spin-c four dimensionnal manifold with riemannian metric.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Self-Cleaning Surface Repels Superbugs

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 27 Pages.

A team of researchers at McMaster University has developed a self-cleaning surface that can repel all forms of bacteria, preventing the transfer of antibiotic-resistant superbugs and other dangerous bacteria in settings ranging from hospitals to kitchens. [20] Molecular drills have gained the ability to target and destroy deadly bacteria that have evolved resistance to nearly all antibiotics. In some cases, the drills make the antibiotics effective once again. [19] Now, a team of researchers led by Dongsheng Li, a materials scientist at PNNL, and collaborators at the University of Michigan and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, have unlocked the secret to one of the most useful nanostructures: the five-fold twin. [18] The researchers have generated femtosecond laser pulses, with tailor-made, temporally varying polarizations, which are themselves chiral. [17] The scientists identified a shortlist, a kind of "periodic table" of the most designable knot types, i.e. those knots that could easily self-assemble under appropriate physical and chemical conditions. [16] Scientists have now observed for the first time how diamonds grow from seed at an atomic level, and discovered just how big the seeds need to be to kick the crystal growing process into overdrive. [15] The researchers engineered diamond strings that can be tuned to quiet a qubit's environment and improve memory from tens to several hundred nanoseconds, enough time to do many operations on a quantum chip. [14] Intel has announced the design and fabrication of a 49-qubit superconducting quantum-processor chip at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas. To improve our understanding of the so-called quantum properties of materials, scientists at the TU Delft investigated thin slices of SrIrO3, a material that belongs to the family of complex oxides. [12] New research carried out by CQT researchers suggest that standard protocols that measure the dimensions of quantum systems may return incorrect numbers. [11] Is entanglement really necessary for describing the physical world, or is it possible to have some post-quantum theory without entanglement? [10] A trio of scientists who defied Einstein by proving the nonlocal nature of quantum entanglement will be honoured with the John Stewart Bell Prize from the University of Toronto (U of T). [9] While physicists are continually looking for ways to unify the theory of relativity, which describes large-scale phenomena, with quantum theory, which describes small-scale phenomena, computer scientists are searching for technologies to build the quantum computer using Quantum Information. In August 2013, the achievement of "fully deterministic" quantum teleportation, using a hybrid technique, was reported. On 29 May 2014, scientists announced a reliable way of transferring data by quantum teleportation. Quantum teleportation of data had been done before but with highly unreliable methods. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the Wave-Particle Duality and the electron's spin also, building the Bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions by the diffraction patterns. The Weak Interaction changes the diffraction patterns by moving the electric charge from one side to the other side of the diffraction pattern, which violates the CP and Time reversal symmetry. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the Relativistic Quantum Theory and making possible to build the Quantum Computer with the help of Quantum Information.
Category: Physics of Biology

The Special Theory of Relativity Analysis (Questions and Answers) (I)

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 13 Pages.

The paper provides questions and answers concern the special theory of relativity, trying to see its depth… the questions are in order as following: Question No. 1 Is Lorentz Length Contraction A Real Phenomenon Or Illusion Of Measurements? Question No. 2 Why Light Velocity Is Constant In All Frames? Question No. 3 How Can Observer Effect On Observation Results? Question No. 4 Is There A Contradiction In The Physics Book? Question No. 5 Are There Relativistic Effects In The Solar System? Question No. 6 Is The Solar Planets Order In Harmony With The Sun Gravity Concept? Question No. 7 Do We Understand The Solar System Geometry? Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

A Possible Theory of Mathematical Connections Between Various Ramanujan's Formulas and the Equations of Inflationary Cosmology and the Standard Model Concerning the Scalar Field ϕ, the Inflaton Mass, the Higgs Boson Mass and the Pion Meson π^± Mass. II

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 21 Pages.

In this paper we have shown a possible theoretical connection between some parameters of inflationary cosmology, of particle masses (Higgs boson and Pion meson ��±) and some fundamental equations of Ramanujan’s mathematics.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Отклонение луча света в гравитационном поле

Authors: Киров
Comments: 7 Pages. Rus lang

Исправлена ошибка в расчёте Зольднера отклонения луча света в гравитационном поле
Category: Astrophysics

Born's Reciprocal Relativity Theory, Curved Phase Space, Finsler Geometry and the Cosmological Constant

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 18 Pages.

A brief introduction of the history of Born's Reciprocal Relativity Theory, Hopf algebraic deformations of the Poincare algebra, de Sitter algebra, and noncommutative spacetimes paves the road for the exploration of gravity in $curved$ phase spaces within the context of the Finsler geometry of the cotangent bundle $T^* M$ of spacetime. A scalar-gravity model is duly studied, and exact nontrivial analytical solutions for the metric and nonlinear connection are found that obey the generalized gravitational field equations, in addition to satisfying the $zero$ torsion conditions for $all$ of the torsion components. The $curved$ base spacetime manifold and internal momentum space both turn out to be (Anti) de Sitter type. The most salient feature is that the solutions capture the very early inflationary and very-late-time de Sitter phases of the Universe. A $regularization$ of the $8$-dim phase space action leads naturally to an extremely small effective cosmological constant $ \Lambda_{eff}$, and which in turn, furnishes an extremely small value for the underlying four-dim spacetime cosmological constant $ \Lambda$, as a direct result of a $correlation$ between $ \Lambda_{eff} $ and $ \Lambda$ resulting from the field equations. The rich structure of Finsler geometry deserves to be explore further since it can shine some light into Quantum Gravity, and lead to interesting cosmological phenomenology.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Quantum Sensors Watch Materials

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 21 Pages.

Researchers from Berkeley Lab; UC Berkeley; Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität, Germany; Iowa State University; Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D.C.; and Ames Laboratory participated in the work. [13] Quantum behavior plays a crucial role in novel and emergent material properties, such as superconductivity and magnetism. [12] A source of single photons that meets three important criteria for use in quantum-information systems has been unveiled in China by an international team of physicists. Based on a quantum dot, the device is an efficient source of photons that emerge as solo particles that are indistinguishable from each other. The researchers are now trying to use the source to create a quantum computer based on "boson sampling". [11] With the help of a semiconductor quantum dot, physicists at the University of Basel have developed a new type of light source that emits single photons. For the first time, the researchers have managed to create a stream of identical photons. [10] Optical photons would be ideal carriers to transfer quantum information over large distances. Researchers envisage a network where information is processed in certain nodes and transferred between them via photons. [9] While physicists are continually looking for ways to unify the theory of relativity, which describes large-scale phenomena, with quantum theory, which describes small-scale phenomena, computer scientists are searching for technologies to build the quantum computer using Quantum Information. In August 2013, the achievement of "fully deterministic" quantum teleportation, using a hybrid technique, was reported. On 29 May 2014, scientists announced a reliable way of transferring data by quantum teleportation. Quantum teleportation of data had been done before but with highly unreliable methods. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the Wave-Particle Duality and the electron's spin also, building the Bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions by the diffraction patterns. The Weak Interaction changes the diffraction patterns by moving the electric charge from one side to the other side of the diffraction pattern, which violates the CP and Time reversal symmetry. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the Relativistic Quantum Theory and making possible to build the Quantum Computer with the help of Quantum Information.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Classical Explanation of Compton Scattering

Authors: Jean Louis Van Belle
Comments: 17 Pages.

In this paper, we bring the Zitterbewegung electron model and our photon model together to provide a classical explanation of the scattering of photons by electrons. We understand electron-photon interference (which is usually referred to as Compton scattering) as two electromagnetic oscillations interfering (classically) with each other. While developing the model, we offer some reflections on the Uncertainty Principle (Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics). We conclude there is no need for it: God doesn’t play dice.
Category: Quantum Physics

Tumor Molecular Structure

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 51 Pages.

“Identifying tissues not only by their structure and morphology, as is done today, but also by their unique molecular signatures can assist in diagnosis and decision-making,” says lead author Alexander Golberg, professor of environment and earth sciences at Tel Aviv University. [32] A particularly aggressive, metastasizing form of cancer, HER2-positive breast cancer, may be treated with nanoscopic particles "imprinted" with specific binding sites for the receptor molecule HER2. [31]
Category: Physics of Biology

A New Possible Theory of Mathematical Connections Between Some Ramanujan's Equations and Approximations to π, the Equations of Inflationary Cosmology Concerning the Scalar Field ϕ, the Inflaton Mass, the Higgs Boson Mass and the Pion Meson π^± Mass

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 172 Pages.

In this research thesis, we have described a new possible Theory of Mathematical Connections between some Ramanujan's equations and Approximations to π, the equations of Inflationary Cosmology concerning the scalar field ϕ, the Inflaton mass, the Higgs boson mass and the Pion meson π^± mass
Category: Mathematical Physics

Nanoscience Nuclear Waste Storage

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 49 Pages.

Safe nuclear waste storage, new ways of generating and storing hydrogen, and technologies for capturing and reusing greenhouse gases are all potential spinoffs of a new study by University of Guelph researchers. [31] Apart from carrying small objects to various spots of a microfluidic device, the researchers can also localize them with high spatial resolution and then take them away if necessary. This capability may open up new avenues in nanoscale assembly and sensing. [30] Scientists at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory have devised a new process for using nano-particles to build powerful lasers that are more efficient and safer for your eyes. [29] Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) researchers are working to make better electronic devices by delving into the way nanocrystals are arranged inside of them. [28] Self-assembly and crystallisation of nanoparticles (NPs) is generally a complex process, based on the evaporation or precipitation of NP-building blocks. [27] New nanoparticle-based films that are more than 80 times thinner than a human hair may help to fill this need by providing materials that can holographically archive more than 1000 times more data than a DVD in a 10-by-10-centimeter piece of film. [26] Researches of scientists from South Ural State University are implemented within this area. [25] Following three years of extensive research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HU) physicist Dr. Uriel Levy and his team have created technology that will enable computers and all optic communication devices to run 100 times faster through terahertz microchips. [24] When the energy efficiency of electronics poses a challenge, magnetic materials may have a solution. [23] An exotic state of matter that is dazzling scientists with its electrical properties, can also exhibit unusual optical properties, as shown in a theoretical study by researchers at A*STAR. [22]
Category: Condensed Matter

Conjectures About the Difference of the Sequence of Radicals of the Natural Numbers

Authors: Edoardo Gueglio
Comments: 2 Pages.

CONJECTURES ABOUT THE DIFFERENCE OF THE SEQUENCE OF RADICALS OF THE NATURAL NUMBERS
Category: Number Theory

Kagome Metal Electronic Structure

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 52 Pages.

Last year, the MIT team members and their colleagues reported that Fe3Sn2, a compound with a three to two ratio of iron to tin, generates Dirac fermions—a special kind of electronic state in which the spin of the electron and the orbit of the electron are coupled to each other. [37] Scientists at the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST) report an approach for studying charge transfer that does not rely on complicated equipment—simplifying the real-time observation of catalysis. [36] invented a groundbreaking method that allows for easy determination of the surface free energy of particles as a quantitative measure of particle hydrophobicity. [35] A research team of Ehime University paved a way to achieve unexplored III-V semiconductor nanostructures. [34] Evening gowns with interwoven LEDs may look extravagant, but the light sources need a constant power supply from devices that are as well wearable, durable, and lightweight. [33] Rice University scientists have found revealing information where light from a molecule meets light from a nanoparticle. [32] A University of Wyoming researcher and his team have shown, for the first time, the ability to globally align single-wall carbon nanotubes along a common axis. [31] The fight against global antibiotic resistance has taken a major step forward with scientists discovering a concept for fabricating nanomeshes as an effective drug delivery system for antibiotics. [30] The solution consisting of colloidal quantum dots is inkjet-printed, creating active photosensitive layer of the photodetector. [29] I'm part of a group of nanotechnology and neuroscience researchers at the University of Washington investigating how quantum dots behave in the brain. [28] Nanotechnology may provide an effective treatment for Parkinson's disease, a team of researchers suggests. [27]
Category: Condensed Matter

Discipline of Knowledge and the Graphical Law, Part II

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 76 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study Oxford English dictionaries of economics, geography and psychology; look into Concise Oxford English dictionaries of linguistics and medical and consult Dorland’s pocket medical dictionary respectively. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We find that the graphs are closer to the curves of reducedmagnetisation vs reduced temperature for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Isingmodel with four nearest neighbours, in absence and presence of little temperature dependent external magnetic fields i.e. magnetisation curves for various constant values of βH. For economics, geography and two medical dictionaries βH is zero. For linguistics and psychology dictionaries βH is 0.02. Moreover, we have redone the analysis for the Oxford Dictionary of Construction, Surveying andCivil Engineering as well as for the Oxford Dictionary of Science and have found that the entries underlie magnetisation curves for the the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Isingmodel with four nearest neighbours with βH=0.02 and βH=0.01 respectively. β is 1/(k_B T) where, T is temperature, H is external magnetic field and k_B is the Boltzmann constant.
Category: Condensed Matter

Masses Reach the Speed of Light at the Time They Vanish

Authors: Yahya Awad sharif Mohammed
Comments: 2 Pages. Email:yahya-sharif@hotmail.com

An object at motion decreases in its mass and converts it into energy and vanishes when reaching the speed of light c, the kinetic energy in this case is the mass energy adding to it energy due to motion , the kinetic energy will travel with the speed of light as photon , the total energy of the rest mass is conserved , part of it change to energy and part of it still solid until it vanishes
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Spinning Bosonic Stars

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 62 Pages.

Researchers at Universidade de Lisboa, Universitat de València and Universidade de Aveiro have recently carried out a fascinating study exploring the dynamics of spinning bosonic stars, which are stars formed from clusters of ultra-light bosons. [35] MIT physicists are reigniting the possibility, which they previously had snuffed out, that a bright burst of gamma rays at the center of our galaxy may be the result of dark matter after all. [34] Dark matter particles may scatter against each other only when they hit the right energy, say researchers in Japan, Germany, and Austria in a new study. [33] A team led by the Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe constructed a map of dark matter throughout the history of the universe by analysing images of more than ten million galaxies. [32]
Category: Astrophysics

Ghost Imaging Super-Resolution Microscopy

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 58 Pages.

Researchers have used advanced imaging approaches to achieve super-resolution microscopy at unprecedented speeds. [35] The unique platform, which is referred as a 4-D microscope, combines the sensitivity and high time-resolution of phase imaging with the specificity and high spatial resolution of fluorescence microscopy. [34] The experiment relied on a soliton frequency comb generated in a chip-based optical microresonator made from silicon nitride. [33] This scientific achievement toward more precise control and monitoring of light is highly interesting for miniaturizing optical devices for sensing and signal processing. [32]
Category: Quantum Physics

Less Quantum Noise is More

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 31 Pages.

A group of researchers from Osaka University led by Prof. Masayuki Abe and Prof. Hiroshi Toki of the Graduate School of Engineering Science developed a high precision 3-D circuit simulator in the time-domain for quantifying electromagnetic (EM) noise and elucidated its origin, allowing for electronic and electrical circuit layout to reduce EM noise. [19] This method, called atomic spin squeezing, works by redistributing the uncertainty unevenly between two components of spin in these measurements systems, which operate at the quantum scale. [18] Researchers from the University of Cambridge have taken a peek into the secretive domain of quantum mechanics. [17] Scientists at the University of Geneva (UNIGE), Switzerland, recently reengineered their data processing, demonstrating that 16 million atoms were entangled in a one-centimetre crystal. [15] The fact that it is possible to retrieve this lost information reveals new insight into the fundamental nature of quantum measurements, mainly by supporting the idea that quantum measurements contain both quantum and classical components. [14] Researchers blur the line between classical and quantum physics by connecting chaos and entanglement. [13] Yale University scientists have reached a milestone in their efforts to extend the durability and dependability of quantum information. [12] Using lasers to make data storage faster than ever. [11] Some three-dimensional materials can exhibit exotic properties that only exist in "lower" dimensions. For example, in one-dimensional chains of atoms that emerge within a bulk sample, electrons can separate into three distinct entities, each carrying information about just one aspect of the electron's identity-spin, charge, or orbit. The spinon, the entity that carries information about electron spin, has been known to control magnetism in certain insulating materials whose electron spins can point in any direction and easily flip direction. Now, a new study just published in Science reveals that spinons are also present in a metallic material in which the orbital movement of electrons around the atomic nucleus is the driving force behind the material's strong magnetism. [10] Currently studying entanglement in condensed matter systems is of great interest. This interest stems from the fact that some behaviors of such systems can only be explained with the aid of entanglement. [9] Researchers from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) and the University of Cambridge in the UK have demonstrated that it is possible to directly generate an electric current in a magnetic material by rotating its magnetization. [8] This paper explains the magnetic effect of the electric current from the observed effects of the accelerating electrons, causing naturally the experienced changes of the electric field potential along the electric wire. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the wave particle duality and the electron's spin also, building the bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The changing acceleration of the electrons explains the created negative electric field of the magnetic induction, the changing relativistic mass and the Gravitational Force, giving a Unified Theory of the physical forces. Taking into account the Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators also, we can explain the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions.
Category: Quantum Physics

Planet-Mass Objects in Extragalactic Systems

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 31 Pages.

A University of Oklahoma research group is reporting the detection of extragalactic planet-mass objects in a second and third galaxy beyond the Milky Way after the first detection in 2018. [15] UZH researchers have analyzed the composition and structure of faraway exoplanets using statistical tools. [14] A carbon cycle anomaly discovered in carbonate rocks of the Neoproterozoic Hüttenberg Formation of northeastern Namibia follows a pattern similar to that found right after the Great Oxygenation Event, hinting at new evidence for how Earth's atmosphere became fully oxygenated. [13]
Category: Astrophysics

Improve Cancer Immunotherapy

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 52 Pages.

Children's Research Hospital scientists have identified a new therapeutic strategy that enhanced cancer immunotherapy, slowed tumor growth and extended the lives of mice with cancer. [34] Using the latest advances in imaging and computing, Johns Hopkins Medicine researchers have developed a framework that's able to reveal the structural and functional changes in the blood vessel network required for growth of a tumour. [33] Medical physicist Dr. Aswin Hoffmann and his team from the Institute of Radiooncology-OncoRay at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) have combined magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a proton beam, thus demonstrating for the first time that in principle, this commonly used imaging method can work with particle beam cancer treatments. [32] Washington State University researchers for the first time have shown that they can use electrical fields to gain valuable information about the tiny, floating vesicles that move around in animals and plants and are critically important to many biological functions. [31] Finding a fast and inexpensive way to detect specific strains of bacteria and viruses is critical to food safety, water quality, environmental protection and human health. [30] In the perspective, Gabor and Song collect early examples in electron metamaterials and distil emerging design strategies for electronic control from them. [29] Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) researchers are working to make better electronic devices by delving into the way nanocrystals are arranged inside of them. [28] Self-assembly and crystallisation of nanoparticles (NPs) is generally a complex process, based on the evaporation or precipitation of NP-building blocks. [27] New nanoparticle-based films that are more than 80 times thinner than a human hair may help to fill this need by providing materials that can holographically archive more than 1000 times more data than a DVD in a 10-by-10-centimeter piece of film. [26] Researches of scientists from South Ural State University are implemented within this area. [25]
Category: Physics of Biology

Gravitational Wave Detectors Cutting Quantum Noise

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 33 Pages.

Physicists have successfully developed a new instrument that significantly reduces quantum-level noise that has thus far limited experiments' ability to spot gravitational waves. [20] A group of researchers from Osaka University led by Prof. Masayuki Abe and Prof. Hiroshi Toki of the Graduate School of Engineering Science developed a high precision 3-D circuit simulator in the time-domain for quantifying electromagnetic (EM) noise and elucidated its origin, allowing for electronic and electrical circuit layout to reduce EM noise. [19] This method, called atomic spin squeezing, works by redistributing the uncertainty unevenly between two components of spin in these measurements systems, which operate at the quantum scale. [18] Researchers from the University of Cambridge have taken a peek into the secretive domain of quantum mechanics. [17] Scientists at the University of Geneva (UNIGE), Switzerland, recently reengineered their data processing, demonstrating that 16 million atoms were entangled in a one-centimetre crystal. [15] The fact that it is possible to retrieve this lost information reveals new insight into the fundamental nature of quantum measurements, mainly by supporting the idea that quantum measurements contain both quantum and classical components. [14] Researchers blur the line between classical and quantum physics by connecting chaos and entanglement. [13] Yale University scientists have reached a milestone in their efforts to extend the durability and dependability of quantum information. [12] Using lasers to make data storage faster than ever. [11] Some three-dimensional materials can exhibit exotic properties that only exist in "lower" dimensions. For example, in one-dimensional chains of atoms that emerge within a bulk sample, electrons can separate into three distinct entities, each carrying information about just one aspect of the electron's identity-spin, charge, or orbit. The spinon, the entity that carries information about electron spin, has been known to control magnetism in certain insulating materials whose electron spins can point in any direction and easily flip direction. Now, a new study just published in Science reveals that spinons are also present in a metallic material in which the orbital movement of electrons around the atomic nucleus is the driving force behind the material's strong magnetism. [10] Currently studying entanglement in condensed matter systems is of great interest. This interest stems from the fact that some behaviors of such systems can only be explained with the aid of entanglement. [9] Researchers from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) and the University of Cambridge in the UK have demonstrated that it is possible to directly generate an electric current in a magnetic material by rotating its magnetization. [8] This paper explains the magnetic effect of the electric current from the observed effects of the accelerating electrons, causing naturally the experienced changes of the electric field potential along the electric wire. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the wave particle duality and the electron's spin also, building the bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The changing acceleration of the electrons explains the created negative electric field of the magnetic induction, the changing relativistic mass and the Gravitational Force, giving a Unified Theory of the physical forces. Taking into account the Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators also, we can explain the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Unification of Gravitation, Black Matter and Black Energy Expression of the Universal Constants C and G

Authors: Khalid Jerrari
Comments: 14 Pages.

I carried out a reflection that aims to understand the influence of space on the laws of cosmology.According to my work, space is a substance that would be the source of universal gravitation, the" matter and the expansion of the universe, I present in this paper a theory that unifies all these laws by means of specific properties of space.First of all, the invariance of the velocity of light, leads me to introduce the notion of own space, which translates that every material body forms a pair "mass / volume of space." Moreover, according to my theory, the presence of a body in space generates an action of the space that manifests itself in the form of a spatial tension In this publication, I express universal gravitation, the expansion of the universe and "dark matter" in the form of a universal acceleration that derives from this tension. I led a reflection that aims to understand The influence of space on the laws of cosmology According to my work, space is a substance that is at the origin of universal gravitation, "dark matter" and the expansion of universe. I present in this paper a theory that unifies all these laws with the specific properties of space. First of all, the invariance of the speed of light leads me to introduce the notion of proper space, which means that every material body forms a pair "mass / volume of space". Moreover, according to my theory, the presence of a body in space generates an action of space that manifests itself in the form of a spatial tension. In this publication, I express universal gravitation, the expansion of the universe and "dark matter" as a universal acceleration that derives from this tension.
Category: Astrophysics

Dark Gravitation Theory for M31 and Coma Cluster

Authors: Manuel Abarca Hernandez
Comments: 33 Pages.

The hypothesis of this work is that D.M is generated by the own gravitational field, according an Universal mechanism based on a quantum gravitation phenomenon. In order to study DM as a Universal law is studied rotation curve of M31. The theory developed for galaxies is extended successfully to Coma cluster . In this paper is published by first time the called The equivalence theorem, which is a crucial tool to extend the theory to cluster scale. Another crucial finding made in this paper is that a characteristic parameter of the theory has been calculated by data coming from Coma cluster and by data from M31. Both results match with a high precision. Briefly will be explained method followed to develop this paper. Rotation curve data come from [5] Sofue,Y.2015. Thanks this remarkable rotation curve, the regression curve of velocity depending on radius has a correlation coefficient bigger than 0.96 and data range from 40 kpc up to 300 kpc. In fourth chapter it is got the function of DM density depending on radius, called direct DM density. In fifth chapter it is demonstrated that function direct DM density is mathematically equivalent to the function DM density depending on E. Namely a power of E whose exponent is B= 1.6682. In sixth chapter it is got that for radius bigger than 40 kpc the ratio baryonic density versus DM density is under 1% . So it is reasonable to consider negligible baryonic matter density in order to simplify calculus. In seventh chapter it is got a Bernoulli differential equation for field and is solved. In eighth chapter it is made dimensional analysis for magnitudes Density, field E and universal constants G, h and c. It is demonstrated that it is needed a formula with two Pi monomials. It is found that B = 5/3 is the value coherent with Buckingham theorem and differs only two thousandth regarding B=1.6682 which was got by regression analysis.In the chapter 9, considering B= 5/3 are recalculated the others parameters a&b and A and formulas of theory are rewriting. In the tenth chapter are introduced the called reduced formulas for field, density and total mass. The variable of these functions is dimensionless, this way the formulas gain simplicity. In the eleventh chapter, is calculated masses in M31 at different radius by the reduced formula of mass. In the chapter 12 is introduced The equivalence theorem which is crucial in order to extend the dark gravitation theory to cluster scale. As mass and density are additive magnitudes it is found a new parameter D associated to the cluster, considering as start point the parameter D associated to one single galaxy. In the thirteenth chapter are developed two methods to calculate parameter D in clusters and it is demonstrated that both are mathematically equivalents. Also it is calculated three different parameter D for Coma cluster using recent measures of Coma cluster mass. In the fourteenth chapter is used the formula of total mass in Coma cluster by the three different parameter D calculated in previous chapter. Also it is discussed its result and compared with data measured of Coma cluster mass. In the fifteenth chapter is introduced the average density formula, it is applied to Coma cluster and it is shown that at virial radius Coma cluster has an average density equal to 100 times the critical density of universe, which match very well with measures. Also it is calculated the radius of the sphere where the average density is equal to the Universal average D.M. density, In the sixteenth chapter it is proposed a method to calculate parameters C and D, rightly from mass formula. This method is totally independent to the equivalence theorem, so it is highly interesting in order to compare both methods.
Category: Astrophysics

Замечание о глобальном потеплении.

Authors: Киров
Comments: 1 Page. Rus lang

Соображения о глобальном потеплении, его причинах, и роли CO2 в нём.
Category: Climate Research

A Note on Global Warming.

Authors: Kirov
Comments: 1 Page.

Considerations for global warming, its causes, and the role of CO2 in it.
Category: Climate Research

Summary of a Theory of Mathematical Connections Between Ramanujan's Formulas and the Equations of Inflationary Cosmology: the Scalar Field ϕ, the Inflaton Mass, the Higgs Boson Mass and Pion Meson π^± Mass

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 10 Pages.

This paper is a summary of a Theory of Mathematical Connections between Ramanujan's formulas of Modular Equations and Approximations to π and the equations of Inflationary Cosmology concerning the scalar field ϕ, the Inflaton mass, the Higgs boson mass and the Pion meson π^± mass
Category: Mathematical Physics

Maxwell's Electromagnetism at Nanoscale

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 42 Pages.

On Dec. 11, 2019, a general framework for incorporating and correcting for nonclassical electromagnetic phenomena in nanoscale systems will be presented in the journal Nature. [28] Now, researchers at the University of Barcelona have presented the first theoretical and experimental solution of a continuous version of Maxwell's demon in a single molecule system. [27] Lensless microscopy with X-rays, or coherent diffractive imaging, is a promising approach. It allows researchers to analyse complex three-dimensional structures, which frequently exist in nature, from a dynamic perspective. [26]
Category: Quantum Physics

Dark Matter of Milky Way

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 59 Pages.

MIT physicists are reigniting the possibility, which they previously had snuffed out, that a bright burst of gamma rays at the center of our galaxy may be the result of dark matter after all. [34] Dark matter particles may scatter against each other only when they hit the right energy, say researchers in Japan, Germany, and Austria in a new study. [33] A team led by the Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe constructed a map of dark matter throughout the history of the universe by analysing images of more than ten million galaxies. [32]
Category: Astrophysics

Quantum Weirdness Casimir Effect

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 25 Pages.

If you use a vacuum-insulated thermos to help keep your coffee hot, you may know it's a good insulator because heat energy has a hard time moving through empty space. [36] A team of researchers from the University of California at Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has found a way to make the Casimir effect attract or repulse depending on the size of the gap between two objects. [35] Researchers from the University of Maryland have for the first time measured an effect that was predicted more than 40 years ago, called the Casimir torque. [34] The properties of matter are typically the result of complex interactions between electrons. [33] Using ultracold atoms, researchers at Heidelberg University have found an exotic state of matter where the constituent particles pair up when limited to two dimensions. [32] Neutron diffraction at the Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering has clarified the absence of magnetic order and classified the superconductivity of a new next-generation of superconductors in a paper published in Europhysics Letters. [31] A potential new state of matter is being reported in the journal Nature, with research showing that among superconducting materials in high magnetic fields, the phenomenon of electronic symmetry breaking is common. [30] Researchers from the University of Geneva (UNIGE) in Switzerland and the Technical University Munich in Germany have lifted the veil on the electronic characteristics of high-temperature superconductors. Their research, published in Nature Communications, shows that the electronic densities measured in these superconductors are a combination of two separate effects. As a result, they propose a new model that suggests the existence of two coexisting states rather than competing ones postulated for the past thirty years, a small revolution in the world of superconductivity. [29] A team led by scientists at the Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory combined powerful magnetic pulses with some of the brightest X-rays on the planet to discover a surprising 3-D arrangement of a material's electrons that appears closely linked to a mysterious phenomenon known as high-temperature superconductivity. [28] Advanced x-ray technique reveals surprising quantum excitations that persist through materials with or without superconductivity. [27] This paper explains the magnetic effect of the superconductive current from the observed effects of the accelerating electrons, causing naturally the experienced changes of the electric field potential along the electric wire. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the wave particle duality and the electron's spin also, building the bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The changing acceleration of the electrons explains the created negative electric field of the magnetic induction, the Higgs Field, the changing Relativistic Mass and the Gravitational Force, giving a Unified Theory of the physical forces. Taking into account the Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators also, we can explain the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions. Since the superconductivity is basically a quantum mechanical phenomenon and some entangled particles give this opportunity to specific matters, like Cooper Pairs or other entanglements, as strongly correlated materials and Exciton-mediated electron pairing, we can say that the secret of superconductivity is the quantum entanglement.
Category: Quantum Physics

Numbers Are Three Dimensional, as Nature

Authors: Surajit Ghosh
Comments: 41 Pages.

Riemann hypothesis stands proved in three different ways.To prove Riemann hypothesis from the functional equation concept of Delta function is introduced similar to Gamma and Pi function. Other two proofs are derived using Eulers formula and elementary algebra. Analytically continuing gamma and zeta function to an extended domain, poles and zeros of zeta values are redefined.
Category: Number Theory

Orbital Angular Momentum of Light

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 28 Pages.

Currently, it is urgent to further develop novel devices that can reconfigure and switch between distinct OAM modes to fully exploit the extra degree of freedom provided by the OAM both for classical and quantum communications. [20] A compact and simple camera that can determine the full polarization of light has been developed by researchers in the US. [19] In their experiments, the researchers first transformed an ordinary laser beam into an accelerating one by reflecting the laser beam off of a spatial light modulator. [18] Researchers from Umeå University and Linköping University in Sweden have developed light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) that emit strong light at high efficiency. As such, the thin, flexible and lightweight LEC promises future and improved applications within home diagnostics, signage, illumination and healthcare. [17] Physicists from the ATLAS experiment at CERN have found the first direct evidence of high energy light-by-light scattering, a very rare process in which two photons-particles of light-interact and change direction. [16] In materials research, chemistry, biology, and medicine, chemical bonds, and especially their dynamic behavior, determine the properties of a system. These can be examined very closely using terahertz radiation and short pulses. [15] An international collaborative of scientists has devised a method to control the number of optical solitons in microresonators, which underlie modern photonics. [14] Solitary waves called solitons are one of nature's great curiosities: Unlike other waves, these lone wolf waves keep their energy and shape as they travel, instead of dissipating or dispersing as most other waves do. In a new paper in Physical Review Letters (PRL), a team of mathematicians, physicists and engineers tackles a famous, 50-year-old problem tied to these enigmatic entities. [13] Theoretical physicists studying the behavior of ultra-cold atoms have discovered a new source of friction, dispensing with a century-old paradox in the process. Their prediction, which experimenters may soon try to verify, was reported recently in Physical Review Letters. [12] Solitons are localized wave disturbances that propagate without changing shape, a result of a nonlinear interaction that compensates for wave packet dispersion.
Category: Quantum Physics

Combined Measure Nanostructure

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 50 Pages.

Researchers at Leiden University and TU Delft have combined two techniques that are used to measure the structure of biomolecules, creating a method that is 10 times more sensitive. [33] The researchers hope that these predictions will now also be tested experimentally and lead to the development of new nanostructures. Such systems can make important contributions to the further miniaturisation of electronics. [32] Researchers at Cardiff University have shown tiny light-emitting nanolasers less than a tenth of the size of the width of a human hair can be integrated into silicon chip design. [31] Large-scale plasmonic metasurfaces could find use in flat panel displays and other devices that can change colour thanks to recent work by researchers at the University of Cambridge in the UK. [30] Particles in solution can grow, transport, collide, interact, and aggregate into complex shapes and structures. [29] Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) researchers are working to make better electronic devices by delving into the way nanocrystals are arranged inside of them. [28] Self-assembly and crystallisation of nanoparticles (NPs) is generally a complex process, based on the evaporation or precipitation of NP-building blocks. [27] New nanoparticle-based films that are more than 80 times thinner than a human hair may help to fill this need by providing materials that can holographically archive more than 1000 times more data than a DVD in a 10-by-10-centimeter piece of film. [26] Researches of scientists from South Ural State University are implemented within this area. [25] Following three years of extensive research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HU) physicist Dr. Uriel Levy and his team have created technology that will enable computers and all optic communication devices to run 100 times faster through terahertz microchips. [24] When the energy efficiency of electronics poses a challenge, magnetic materials may have a solution. [23]
Category: Condensed Matter

Making Sense of Cosmological Observations and Conjectures by a Fractal Geometry Experiment

Authors: Blair D. Macdonald
Comments: Pages.

‘Fractals are everywhere’; but for the large-scale observable universe, by the 2012 WiggleZ Dark Energy Survey, they were ruled out. They were, however, granted on small cosmic scales, as claimed by its fractal-cosmology proponents; however, notwithstanding the ensuing enigma of explaining the standard model of cosmology, ‘very large’ cosmic structures (LQGs) have indeed — as predicted — have been observed in the large-scale universe since the WiggleZ survey. Can a (different) fractal model explain all these cosmological observations and conjectures, and if so, are we are modelling the fractal the universe incorrectly? An experiment was conducted on a ‘simple’ (Koch snowflake) fractal, testing the perspective of an observer within a growing/emergent fractal — ‘looking back’ in iteration-time. The fractal was inverted — to show what the retrospective fractal looks like back to its origin. New triangle sizes were held constant allowing earlier triangles in the set to expand as the set iterated. Classical kinematic equations of velocities and accelerations were calculated for total area total and the distance between points. Hubble-Lemaitre's Law and other cosmological observations and conjectures were tested for. Results showed area(s) expanded exponentially from an arbitrary starting position; and as a consequence, the distances between points — from any location within the set — receded away from the ‘observer’ at increasing velocities and accelerations. It was concluded that the fractal is a geometrical match to the cosmological problems. It explains Hubble-Lemaitre and accelerated expansion; inhomogeneous (and said fractal) galaxy distribution on the small and large scales; and other problems — including the cosmological catastrophe and the early inflationary expansion epoch of the universe. Also, the fractal offers a direct mechanism to the cosmological problem and can further explain the quantum problem — unifying the two realities as being two aspects of the same geometry.
Category: Astrophysics

The Study of the Determination Reasonable ㄷ-Type Extinction Grid Based on the Analysis of the Electromagnetic Field Between the Arcs, and the Grid in the ac Contacts Machine

Authors: Yong Chol Jong, Un Chol Ri, Gum Chol Ri, Chung Hyok Kim, Il Mo Ri, Jong Chol Chu, Maek Zhang
Comments: 4 Pages.

To improve the life of the appliance and ensure the full production capacity, it is important to improve the protection of the contactor. In the literature, due to the inability to accurately determine the type of arc-extinguishing of contactors with multiple open points[1-4]. Therefore, the researchers did not determine a reasonable ㄷ-type arc grid for enhancing the arc capacity. This paper puts forward the problem of determining the electrodynamic force acting between the arc and the grid when the contact is open. The most reasonable ㄷ-type arc grid is determined by the ANSYS application program, and the method of increasing the service life of the mechanism is introduced.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

A Study on the Improvement of Characteristics of AC Contactor by Addition of Rare Earth Element

Authors: Yong Chol Jong, Un Chol Ri, Gum Chol Ri
Comments: 4 Pages.

In the prior literature, to improve the characteristics of the AC contactor, the structural dimension of the contact point was changed or the type of contact material was changed. This section introduces a method of improving the characteristics of contact including contact resistance and electrical wear by adding a rare earth element to the Ag-Cd0 contact point, which is currently used as an AC contactor.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Microstructure and Wear Properties of Hardfacing Metal Manufactured by Smaw with Hardfacing Electrode Adding Ferroalloys Nitrided Jointly

Authors: Wonchol Son, UnChol Ri, Songgil Jong, GumChol Ri, HuiChong KANG Wonzun Ri, Sokchol Ri
Comments: 8 Pages.

In order to improve wear resistance of components such as screws with severe friction-wear, microstructure and wear resistance of Fe-C-Cr-Mo-V-Ti-N hardfacing metal were investigated. Ferroalloys added into the coating of hardfacing electrodes were nitrided jointly. The microstructure and wear resistance of hardfacing metals were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy (OM), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS). In addition, Factsage 7.0 software was used to calculate the equilibrium phase diagram of the hardfacing metals. The results show that the hardfacing layers mainly consist of martensite, austenite, α-Fe, M23C6, M7C3, V8C7-type carbides and MX-type complex precipitations (M= V, Ti; X=C, N). The Fe-C-Cr-Mo-V-Ti-N hardfacing layer possesses 1.5 times higher wear resistance than cladding layers without nitrides.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Protein Structure Biomedical Puzzles

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 51 Pages.

Researchers in Dana-Farber's cBio Center have now demonstrated a powerful 'experimental evolution' method to discover details of protein shape and function, and the method may find uses across a very broad spectrum of biomedical research. [37] The discovery, published in Nature Communications, could help uncover treatments for age-related conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease, which are often caused by accumulation of misfolded proteins. [36] Korean researchers have used light to control the binding of two separate and inactive antibody fragments and generate a specific, timely immune response to antigens. [35] A new Empa study recently published in Nature Communications shows how this amazing behavior can be improved-and even used to treat injuries and tissue damage. [34] Scientists at Johns Hopkins Medicine report they have created a tiny, nanosize container that can slip inside cells and deliver protein-based medicines and gene therapies of any size-even hefty ones attached to the gene-editing tool called CRISPR. [33] Protocells-artificial cells-that are active and mimic living cells by moving independently and that are biocompatible and enzymatically active are now possible using an improved method developed by Penn State researchers. [32] Pioneering new research into the way in which cells communicate with each other could hold the key to unlocking new, improved treatment for life-threatening diseases, including cancer. [31] Researchers at the University of Illinois at Chicago have demonstrated that magnetic nanoparticles can be used to ferry chemotherapy drugs into the spinal cord to treat hard-to-reach spinal tumors in an animal model. [30] Small vessel vasculitis-inflammation of the small blood vessels-appears as a stain of tiny, red dots covering the skin that, depending on the severity, can evolve into painful pustules or ulcers. [29] Scientists from the University of Freiburg have developed materials systems that are composed of biological components and polymer materials and are capable of perceiving and processing information. [28] Nanotechnology may provide an effective treatment for Parkinson's disease, a team of researchers suggests. [27]
Category: Physics of Biology

Molecular Sensor Emit Light

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 62 Pages.

Physicists at the University of Alberta have created a molecular colourant that can emit light in a wider range of colours than any other molecule currently available. [38] When molecules interact with the oscillating field of a laser, an instantaneous, time-dependent dipole is induced. [37] Researchers from Würzburg and London have succeeded in controlling the coupling of light and matter at room temperature. [36] Researchers have, for the first time, integrated two technologies widely used in applications such as optical communications, bio-imaging and Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) systems that scan the surroundings of self-driving cars and trucks. [35] The unique platform, which is referred as a 4-D microscope, combines the sensitivity and high time-resolution of phase imaging with the specificity and high spatial resolution of fluorescence microscopy. [34] The experiment relied on a soliton frequency comb generated in a chip-based optical microresonator made from silicon nitride. [33] This scientific achievement toward more precise control and monitoring of light is highly interesting for miniaturizing optical devices for sensing and signal processing. [32] It may seem like such optical behavior would require bending the rules of physics, but in fact, scientists at MIT, Harvard University, and elsewhere have now demonstrated that photons can indeed be made to interact-an accomplishment that could open a path toward using photons in quantum computing, if not in light sabers. [31] Optical highways for light are at the heart of modern communications. But when it comes to guiding individual blips of light called photons, reliable transit is far less common. [30] Theoretical physicists propose to use negative interference to control heat flow in quantum devices. [29] Particle physicists are studying ways to harness the power of the quantum realm to further their research. [28]
Category: Quantum Physics

Leptonic Decay D+->T+VT

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 87 Pages.

The Beijing Spectrometer III (BESIII) collaboration, a large team of researchers from universities worldwide conducting particle physics studies has recently reported the first observation of the leptonic decay D+→τ+ντ. [48] Instead, it involves smashing electrons into protons at nearly the speed of light, then measuring how far the electrons travel when they bounce off, or scatter, from the protons. [47] Ten years ago, just about any nuclear physicist could tell you the approximate size of the proton. But that changed in 2010, when atomic physicists unveiled a new method that promised a more precise measurement. [46]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Protect Enzymes by Organic Packaging

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 52 Pages.

Further research into other enzymes and the possibility to adapt the encapsulins depending on the application is needed. [38] Researchers in Dana-Farber's cBio Center have now demonstrated a powerful 'experimental evolution' method to discover details of protein shape and function, and the method may find uses across a very broad spectrum of biomedical research. [37] The discovery, published in Nature Communications, could help uncover treatments for age-related conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease, which are often caused by accumulation of misfolded proteins. [36] Korean researchers have used light to control the binding of two separate and inactive antibody fragments and generate a specific, timely immune response to antigens. [35] A new Empa study recently published in Nature Communications shows how this amazing behavior can be improved-and even used to treat injuries and tissue damage. [34] Scientists at Johns Hopkins Medicine report they have created a tiny, nanosize container that can slip inside cells and deliver protein-based medicines and gene therapies of any size-even hefty ones attached to the gene-editing tool called CRISPR. [33] Protocells-artificial cells-that are active and mimic living cells by moving independently and that are biocompatible and enzymatically active are now possible using an improved method developed by Penn State researchers. [32] Pioneering new research into the way in which cells communicate with each other could hold the key to unlocking new, improved treatment for life-threatening diseases, including cancer. [31] Researchers at the University of Illinois at Chicago have demonstrated that magnetic nanoparticles can be used to ferry chemotherapy drugs into the spinal cord to treat hard-to-reach spinal tumors in an animal model. [30] Small vessel vasculitis-inflammation of the small blood vessels-appears as a stain of tiny, red dots covering the skin that, depending on the severity, can evolve into painful pustules or ulcers. [29] Scientists from the University of Freiburg have developed materials systems that are composed of biological components and polymer materials and are capable of perceiving and processing information. [28]
Category: Physics of Biology

Dynamic Organic Plasmonics

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 53 Pages.

Researchers in the Organic Photonics and Nano-optics goup at the Laboratory of Organic Electronics have developed optical nanoantennas made from a conducting polymer. [33] The first detection of quantum dots using this approach has been outstanding. [32] Researchers from Empa and ETH Zurich, together with colleagues from IBM Research Zurich, have recently been able to create this effect with long-range ordered nanocrystal superlattices. [31] The optical tweezer is revealing new capabilities while helping scientists understand HYPERLINK "https://phys.org/tags/quantum+mechanics/" quantum mechanics, the theory that explains nature in terms of subatomic particles. [30] In the perspective, Gabor and Song collect early examples in electron metamaterials and distil emerging design strategies for electronic control from them. [29] Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) researchers are working to make better electronic devices by delving into the way nanocrystals are arranged inside of them. [28] Self-assembly and crystallisation of nanoparticles (NPs) is generally a complex process, based on the evaporation or precipitation of NP-building blocks. [27] New nanoparticle-based films that are more than 80 times thinner than a human hair may help to fill this need by providing materials that can holographically archive more than 1000 times more data than a DVD in a 10-by-10-centimeter piece of film. [26] Researches of scientists from South Ural State University are implemented within this area. [25] Following three years of extensive research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HU) physicist Dr. Uriel Levy and his team have created technology that will enable computers and all optic communication devices to run 100 times faster through terahertz microchips. [24] When the energy efficiency of electronics poses a challenge, magnetic materials may have a solution. [23]
Category: Condensed Matter

The Riemann Metrics

Authors: Antoine Balan
Comments: 1 page, written in english

We define the Riemann metrics for riemannian manifolds.
Category: Geometry

Sunqm-3s11: Using {N,n} QM’s Probability Density 3D Map to Build a Complete Solar System with Time-Dependent Orbital Movement (Semi-QM Deduction)

Authors: Yi Cao
Comments: 26 Pages.

Combining the results from the previous SunQM series papers, a (high resolution) 3D probability density map has been constructed and it is able to describe the whole Solar system with time-dependent orbital movement. It is the Eigen description of our Solar system using Schrodinger equation’s solution. In it, the Eigen n’ values of all planet have been calculated. These Eigen n’ values give both the orbital r and the surface r information for each planet. The result revealed that for all planets, their Eigen n’ values in all three dimensions are equal (n’r = n’θ = n’φ = n’). For example, for a planet at orbit {1,5//6} (in the Solar {N,n//6} QM structure), if it has Eigen n’ = n*q^w = 5*6^11 = 1.81E+9 in each of rθφ-3D dimension, then it will have an orbital r = 1.57E+11 m, and surface r = 7.89E+6 m. This is very close to Earth’s orbital r = 1.49E+11 m and surface r = 6.38E+6 m. For Asteroid belt and the cold-KBO, their Eigen n’(s) in the r- and θ-dimension are equal (n’r = n’θ). For example, Asteroid belt’s Eigen n’ = 48 in both r- and θ-dimension. We found that a planet’s wave function in the φ-dimension is composed by a group of wave functions that further forms a (group) wave packet out of the phase wave. Because Schrodinger equation/solution can accurately describe a Solar system as well as a hydrogen atom, it implies that either the whole universe or a single quark can also be described by Schrodinger equation and solution (simultaneously at the resolution levels of either quark, or proton, or star, or galaxy, or even our universe). Several lower resolution 3D probability density maps (also based on Schrodinger equation’s solution) for the whole Solar system have also been successfully built. A summary of the major results from the phase-1 study of the SunQM series has been listed. This work indisputably proved that Solar system is a QM system.
Category: Astrophysics

Metric Conventions and the FLRW Metric

Authors: Anamitra Palit
Comments: 7 Pages.

We investigate the flat space time Friedmann Lemaitre Robertson Walker model of cosmology in the light of two metric signatures:(-,+,+,+) and (+,-,-,-). We arrive at the interesting fact that with the (+,-,-,-)signature both the Ricci scalar and the energy component of the stress energy tensor are negative for all points of cosmological time. With this component we do have a positive pressure favoring the expansion of the universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Teoremas de Engenharia Analítica e Propriedades Hiperbólicas Restritas (Theorems of Analytical Engineering and Restricted Hyperbolic Properties)

Authors: Ordepte Ezurk, Síul Hodrad
Comments: 9 Pages. In Esperanto

A utilização das conjecturas demonstradas na matemática contemporânea, submetida à progressivas sentenças direcionadas à resolução de problemas, demonstra fatores errôneos no quesito de seus axiomas, a partir de vias hiperbólicas restritas. A engenharia analítica, fundamentada na adesão de axiomas definidos segundo a restritividade de Herbert K., 1987, contrapõe as perspectivas algébricas atuais, correlacionando campos do estudo previamente não unificados e possibilitando a proposição e a demonstração de teoremas anteriormente impossibilitados pela incompletude de Gödel. Este documento busca comprimir os fundamentos da teoria da engenharia analítica, os quais terão suas proposições posteriormente comprovadas por meio dos fatores restritivos hiperbólicos.

The use of conjectures demonstrated in contemporary mathematics, subject to progressive sentences aimed at solving problems, demonstrates erroneous factors in the question of their axioms, starting from your restricted hyperbolics. Analytical engineering, based on adherence to axioms defined according to the restrictiveness of Herbert K., 1987, contrasts current algebraic perspectives, correlating fields of study previously not unified and enabling the proposition and demonstration of theorems previously made impossible by Gödel's incompleteness. This document seeks to compress the foundations of the theory of analytical engineering, which will have its propositions later verified through two hyperbolic restrictive factors.
Category: General Mathematics

多 与 少 告 诉 我 们 黎 曼 伪 造 质 数 ( 2 )

Authors: Aaron chau
Comments: 2 Pages.

然而黎曼的假设，挥之不去地刺激了世界各民族的数学家。 但他们在受到了刺激之后，究竟干了一些什么呢？ 可惜有些人还在把伪造质数说成是“数学主流”, 并又靠伪造质数来争取学位，难道数学的主流就是伪造质数？ 也事实上推翻黎曼假设需要越筒单越有智慧的算术。
Category: Number Theory

Consideration of Twin Prime Conjecture\\ Average Difference is 2.296

Authors: Toshiro Takami
Comments: 4 Pages.

I considered the Twin Prime Conjecture. The probability twin prime approximately is slightly lower than 4/3 times the square of the probability that a prime will appear in.\\ When the number grows to the limit, the primes to be produced rarely, but since Twin Primes are slightly lower than 4/3 times the square of the distribution of primes, the frequency of production of Twin Primes is very equal to 0.\\ The places where prime numbers come out are filled with multiples of primes one after another, and eventually disappear almost.\\ Primes can only occur very rarely when the numbers are huge.\\ This is natural from the following equation.\\ \begin{equation} \pi(x)\sim\frac{x}{\log{x}}\ \ \ (x\to\infty) \end{equation}\\ $[Probability\ of\ the\ Existence\ of\ primes]^2\times4/3\sim$ (Probability\ of\ the\ Existence\ of\ Twin\ Primes)\\ When the number becomes extreme, the generation of primes becomes extremely small. However, it is not 0.\\ Very few, but primes are generated.\\ If the twin primes appears as two primes completely independently, Twin Prime Problem is denied.\\ However, if twin primes appear in combination and appear like primes, twin primes consist forever and Twin Prime Problem is correct.\\
Category: Number Theory

Induce Magnetism in Graphene

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 34 Pages.

For the first time, the researchers have now succeeded in producing such a structure in practice, and showed that the theory does correspond to reality. [21] University of Groningen physicists in collaboration with a theoretical physics group from Universität Regensburg have built an optimized bilayer graphene device that displays both long spin lifetimes and electrically controllable spin-lifetime anisotropy. [20] Researchers working at coupled graphene, a monolayer form of carbon, with thin layers of magnetic materials like cobalt and nickel to produce exotic behavior in electrons that could be useful for next-generation computing applications. [19] Particles can exchange their spin, and in this way spin currents can be formed in a material. [18] Researchers have shown that certain superconductors-materials that carry electrical current with zero resistance at very low temperatures-can also carry currents of 'spin'. [17] The first known superconductor in which spin-3/2 quasiparticles form Cooper pairs has been created by physicists in the US and New Zealand. [16] Now a team of researchers from the University of Maryland (UMD) Department of Physics together with collaborators has seen exotic superconductivity that relies on highly unusual electron interactions. [15] A group of researchers from institutions in Korea and the United States has determined how to employ a type of electron microscopy to cause regions within an iron-based superconductor to flip between superconducting and non-superconducting states. [14] In new research, scientists at the University of Minnesota used a first-of-its-kind device to demonstrate a way to control the direction of the photocurrent without deploying an electric voltage. [13] Brown University researchers have demonstrated for the first time a method of substantially changing the spatial coherence of light. [12] Researchers at the University of Central Florida have generated what is being deemed the fastest light pulse ever developed. [11]
Category: Condensed Matter

Almost no Primes in the Infinite World

Authors: Toshiro Takami
Comments: 4 Pages.

There are almost no primes in the infinite world. This is because the place where the primes appears is occupied by multiple of the primes. If you think about a hexagon, you can see it right away.
Category: Number Theory

Conditional Activation GAN: Improved Auxiliary Classifier GAN

Authors: Jeongik Cho, Kyoungro Yoon
Comments: 9 Pages.

Conditional Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) is a GAN that generates data with the desired condition from the latent vector. The auxiliary classifier GAN is the most used among the variations of conditional GANs. In this study, we explain the problem of auxiliary classifier GAN and propose conditional activation GAN that can replace auxiliary classifier GAN to reduce the number of hyperparameters and improve training speed. The loss function of conditional activation GAN is defined as the sum of the loss of each GAN created for each condition. Since each GAN shares all hidden layers, the GANs can be considered as a single GAN and it does not increase the amount of computation much. Also, in order to prevent ignorance of conditions in the discriminator of conditional GANs with batch normalization, we propose a mixed batch training, in which each batch for discriminator is always configured to have the same ratio of real data and generated data so that each batch always has the similar condition distribution
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Converting Graphene into Diamond Film

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 35 Pages.

Researchers of the Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM) within the Institute for Basic Science (IBS, South Korea) have reported in Nature Nanotechnology the first experimental observation of a chemically induced conversion of large-area bilayer graphene to the thinnest possible diamond-like material, under moderate pressure and temperature conditions. [22] For the first time, the researchers have now succeeded in producing such a structure in practice, and showed that the theory does correspond to reality. [21]
Category: Condensed Matter

Quantum World Images

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 72 Pages.

For the first time, researchers have been able to record, frame-by-frame, how an electron interacts with certain atomic vibrations in a solid. [47] The key to ghost imaging is to use two or more correlated beams of particles. [46] Physicists at the University of Alberta in Canada have developed a new way to build quantum memories, a method for storing delicate quantum information encoded into pulses of light. [45] Now, an Australian research team has experimentally realised a crucial combination of these capabilities on a silicon chip, bringing the dream of a universal quantum computer closer to reality. [44] A theoretical concept to realize quantum information processing has been developed by Professor Guido Burkard and his team of physicists at the University of Konstanz. [43] As the number of hacks and security breaches rapidly climbs, scientists say there may be a way to make a truly unhackable network by using the laws of quantum physics. [42] This world-first nanophotonic device, just unveiled in Nature Communications, encodes more data and processes it much faster than conventional fiber optics by using a special form of 'twisted' light. [41] Purdue University researchers created a new technique that would increase the secret bit rate 100-fold, to over 35 million photons per second. [40] Physicists at The City College of New York have used atomically thin two-dimensional materials to realize an array of quantum emitters operating at room temperature that can be integrated into next generation quantum communication systems. [39] Research in the quantum optics lab of Prof. Barak Dayan in the Weizmann Institute of Science may be bringing the development of such computers one step closer by providing the "quantum gates" that are required for communication within and between such quantum computers. [38]
Category: Quantum Physics

Secret to a Long Life

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 49 Pages.

The discovery, published in Nature Communications, could help uncover treatments for age-related conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease, which are often caused by accumulation of misfolded proteins. [36] Korean researchers have used light to control the binding of two separate and inactive antibody fragments and generate a specific, timely immune response to antigens. [35] A new Empa study recently published in Nature Communications shows how this amazing behavior can be improved-and even used to treat injuries and tissue damage. [34] Scientists at Johns Hopkins Medicine report they have created a tiny, nanosize container that can slip inside cells and deliver protein-based medicines and gene therapies of any size-even hefty ones attached to the gene-editing tool called CRISPR. [33] Protocells-artificial cells-that are active and mimic living cells by moving independently and that are biocompatible and enzymatically active are now possible using an improved method developed by Penn State researchers. [32] Pioneering new research into the way in which cells communicate with each other could hold the key to unlocking new, improved treatment for life-threatening diseases, including cancer. [31] Researchers at the University of Illinois at Chicago have demonstrated that magnetic nanoparticles can be used to ferry chemotherapy drugs into the spinal cord to treat hard-to-reach spinal tumors in an animal model. [30] Small vessel vasculitis-inflammation of the small blood vessels-appears as a stain of tiny, red dots covering the skin that, depending on the severity, can evolve into painful pustules or ulcers. [29] Scientists from the University of Freiburg have developed materials systems that are composed of biological components and polymer materials and are capable of perceiving and processing information. [28] Nanotechnology may provide an effective treatment for Parkinson's disease, a team of researchers suggests. [27] Recent research from Kumamoto University in Japan has revealed that polyoxometalates (POMs), typically used for catalysis, electrochemistry, and photochemistry, may also be used in a technique for analyzing quantum dot (QD) photoluminescence (PL) emission mechanisms. [26]
Category: Physics of Biology

Huge Bandwidth Communication Device

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 63 Pages.

Scientists at the University of Illinois have created sugar cube-sized blocks of an electromagnetic material with potential to transform communication networks. [42] Counter to intuition, in a new counterfactual communication protocol published in NPJ Quantum Information, scientists from the University of Vienna, the University of Cambridge and the MIT have experimentally demonstrated that in quantum mechanics this is not always true, thereby contradicting a crucial premise of communication theory. [41] One of these particles of light has the potential to serve as a carrier of the fragile quantum information, the other, as a messenger to provide prior notification of its twin. [40] Physicists at The City College of New York have used atomically thin two-dimensional materials to realize an array of quantum emitters operating at room temperature that can be integrated into next generation quantum communication systems. [39] Research in the quantum optics lab of Prof. Barak Dayan in the Weizmann Institute of Science may be bringing the development of such computers one step closer by providing the "quantum gates" that are required for communication within and between such quantum computers. [38] Calculations of a quantum system's behavior can spiral out of control when they involve more than a handful of particles. [37] Researchers from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill have reached a new milestone on the way to optical computing, or the use of light instead of electricity for computing. [36] The key technical novelty of this work is the creation of semantic embeddings out of structured event data. [35] The researchers have focussed on a complex quantum property known as entanglement, which is a vital ingredient in the quest to protect sensitive data. [34]
Category: Quantum Physics

Beta Decay Blackbody Model

Authors: Vladimir Aksayskiy
Comments: 3 Pages.

The energy beta spectrum of radioactive beta emitters is similar to the continuous spectra of thermal radiation, thermionic emission and bremsstrahlung. A useful and universal way of describing such spectra is the blackbody model.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Nonlinear Waves in Two-Dimensional Autonomous Cellular Neural Networks Coupled by Memristors

Authors: Makoto Itoh
Comments: 26 Pages.

In this paper, we propose two-dimensional autonomous cellular neural networks (CNNs), which are formed by connecting single synaptic-input CNN cells to each node of an ideal memristor grid. Our computer simulations show that the proposed two-dimensional autonomous CNNs can exhibit interesting and complex nonlinear waves. In many two-dimensional autonomous CNNs, we have to use a locally active memristor grid, in order for the autonomous CNNs to exhibit the continuous evolution of nonlinear waves. Some other notable features of the two-dimensional autonomous CNNs are: The autonomous Van der Poll type CNN can exhibit various kinds of nonlinear waves by changing the characteristic curve of the nonlinear resistor in the CNN cell. Furthermore, if we choose a different step size in the numerical integration, it exhibits a different nonlinear wave. This property is similar to the sensitive dependence on initial conditions of chaos. The autonomous Lotka-Volterra CNN can also exhibit various kinds of nonlinear waves by changing the initial conditions. That is, it can exhibit different response for each initial condition. Furthermore, we have to choose a passive memristor grid to avoid an overflow in the numerical integration process. Our computer simulations show that the dynamics of the proposed autonomous CNNs are more complex than we expected.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Time Evolution Operator

Authors: Anamitra Palit
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this article we have devised a simpler alternative solution to the operator equation for the usual time evolution operator. This is based on an interesting commutator relation which has been derived valid subject to a weak condition that two specific operators should not be simultaneously non invertible.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Ramanujan’s Equations: New Mathematical Connections with Various Parameters of Particle Physics and Cosmology

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 82 Pages.

In this research thesis, we have analyzed further Ramanujan formulas and described new possible mathematical connections with some parameters of Particle Physics and Cosmology
Category: Number Theory

Spin on Perovskite Research

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 32 Pages.

The spin-filters developed here are another component of perovskite-based spintronic applications. [21] Perovskites may be the next material to get the full 2D makeover, according to studies by a team of researchers at Nanjing University in China and the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and University of California, Irvine, in the US. [20] A new joint Tel Aviv University (TAU) and Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) study published in Nature Communications on February 28 demonstrates remarkable continuous lasing action in devices made from perovskites. [19] Efficient near-infrared (NIR) light-emitting diodes of perovskite have been produced in a laboratory at Linköping University. The external quantum efficiency is 21.6 percent, which is a record. The results have been published in Nature Photonics. [18] Very recently, an NTU team lead by Assoc. Prof. Wang Hong, demonstrated high light extraction efficiency of perovskite photonic crystals fabricated by delicate electron-beam lithography. [17] A quasiparticle is a disturbance or excitation (e.g. spin waves, bubbles, etc.) that behaves as a particle and could therefore be regarded as one. Long-range interactions between quasiparticles can give rise to a 'drag,' which affects the fundamental properties of many systems in condensed matter physics. [16] Researchers have recently been also interested in the utilization of antiferromagnets, which are materials without macroscopic magnetization but with a staggered orientation of their microscopic magnetic moments. [15] A new method that precisely measures the mysterious behavior and magnetic properties of electrons flowing across the surface of quantum materials could open a path to next-generation electronics. [14] The emerging field of spintronics aims to exploit the spin of the electron. [13] In a new study, researchers measure the spin properties of electronic states produced in singlet fission-a process which could have a central role in the future development of solar cells. [12]
Category: Quantum Physics

Abrikosov Superconducting Vortices

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 21 Pages.

Researchers from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, and the Institute of Solid State Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences have demonstrated the possibility of detecting Abrikosov vortices penetrating through a superconductor-ferromagnet interface. [30] An international team led by researchers at Princeton University has directly observed a surprising quantum effect in a high-temperature iron-containing superconductor. [29] Superconducting quantum microwave circuits can function as qubits, the building blocks of a future quantum computer. [28] Physicists have shown that superconducting circuits-circuits that have zero electrical resistance-can function as piston-like mechanical quantum engines. The new perspective may help researchers design quantum computers and other devices with improved efficiencies. [27] This paper explains the magnetic effect of the superconductive current from the observed effects of the accelerating electrons, causing naturally the experienced changes of the electric field potential along the electric wire. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the wave particle duality and the electron's spin also, building the bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The changing acceleration of the electrons explains the created negative electric field of the magnetic induction, the Higgs Field, the changing Relativistic Mass and the Gravitational Force, giving a Unified Theory of the physical forces. Taking into account the Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators also, we can explain the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions. Since the superconductivity is basically a quantum mechanical phenomenon and some entangled particles give this opportunity to specific matters, like Cooper Pairs or other entanglements, as strongly correlated materials and Exciton-mediated electron pairing, we can say that the secret of superconductivity is the quantum entanglement.
Category: Quantum Physics

Radiation Damping of a Rotating Dipole

Authors: Radi. I. Khrapko
Comments: 7 Pages. Optik. In Press. Other journals rejections included

Jefimenko's generalization of the Coulomb and Bio-Savard laws is used to calculate the reaction of the radiation on the rotating electric dipole. It is found that the energy taken from the dipole is equal to the recognized value of the radiated energy. At the same time, it is confirmed that the angular momentum flux exceeds the generally accepted value by the spin radiation not seen before.
Category: Classical Physics

Microscopy of Single Nanocrystals

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 51 Pages.

The first detection of quantum dots using this approach has been outstanding. [32] Researchers from Empa and ETH Zurich, together with colleagues from IBM Research Zurich, have recently been able to create this effect with long-range ordered nanocrystal superlattices. [31] The optical tweezer is revealing new capabilities while helping scientists understand HYPERLINK "https://phys.org/tags/quantum+mechanics/" quantum mechanics, the theory that explains nature in terms of subatomic particles. [30] In the perspective, Gabor and Song collect early examples in electron metamaterials and distil emerging design strategies for electronic control from them. [29] Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) researchers are working to make better electronic devices by delving into the way nanocrystals are arranged inside of them. [28] Self-assembly and crystallisation of nanoparticles (NPs) is generally a complex process, based on the evaporation or precipitation of NP-building blocks. [27] New nanoparticle-based films that are more than 80 times thinner than a human hair may help to fill this need by providing materials that can holographically archive more than 1000 times more data than a DVD in a 10-by-10-centimeter piece of film. [26] Researches of scientists from South Ural State University are implemented within this area. [25] Following three years of extensive research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HU) physicist Dr. Uriel Levy and his team have created technology that will enable computers and all optic communication devices to run 100 times faster through terahertz microchips. [24] When the energy efficiency of electronics poses a challenge, magnetic materials may have a solution. [23] An exotic state of matter that is dazzling scientists with its electrical properties, can also exhibit unusual optical properties, as shown in a theoretical study by researchers at A*STAR. [22]
Category: Condensed Matter

Charge Transport in Quantum Regime

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 27 Pages.

Caltech scientists for the first time have developed a way to predict how electrons interacting strongly with atomic motions will flow through a complex material. [18] An international collaboration, including researchers from the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) and Royal Holloway, University of London, has successfully demonstrated a quantum coherent effect in a new quantum device made out of continuous superconducting wire-the Charge Quantum Interference Device (CQUID). [17] The groundbreaking result sheds light on an elusive phenomenon whose existence, a natural outcome of the hundred-year-old theory of superconductivity, has long been speculated, but never actually observed. [16] Now a team of researchers from the University of Maryland (UMD) Department of Physics together with collaborators has seen exotic superconductivity that relies on highly unusual electron interactions. [15] A group of researchers from institutions in Korea and the United States has determined how to employ a type of electron microscopy to cause regions within an iron-based superconductor to flip between superconducting and non-superconducting states. [14] In new research, scientists at the University of Minnesota used a first-of-its-kind device to demonstrate a way to control the direction of the photocurrent without deploying an electric voltage. [13] Brown University researchers have demonstrated for the first time a method of substantially changing the spatial coherence of light. [12] Researchers at the University of Central Florida have generated what is being deemed the fastest light pulse ever developed. [11] Physicists at Chalmers University of Technology and Free University of Brussels have now found a method to significantly enhance optical force. [10] Nature Communications today published research by a team comprising Scottish and South African researchers, demonstrating entanglement swapping and teleportation of orbital angular momentum 'patterns' of light. [9] While physicists are continually looking for ways to unify the theory of relativity, which describes large-scale phenomena, with quantum theory, which describes small-scale phenomena, computer scientists are searching for technologies to build the quantum computer using Quantum Information. In August 2013, the achievement of "fully deterministic" quantum teleportation, using a hybrid technique, was reported. On 29 May 2014, scientists announced a reliable way of transferring data by quantum teleportation. Quantum teleportation of data had been done before but with highly unreliable methods. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the Wave-Particle Duality and the electron's spin also, building the Bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions by the diffraction patterns. The Weak Interaction changes the diffraction patterns by moving the electric charge from one side to the other side of the diffraction pattern, which violates the CP and Time reversal symmetry. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the Relativistic Quantum Theory and making possible to build the Quantum Computer with the help of Quantum Information.
Category: Quantum Physics

X17 Factor Solve Dark Matter Mystery

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 28 Pages.

A team of scientists in Hungary recently published a paper that hints at the existence of a previously unknown subatomic particle. [23] In an international collaboration between Japan and Sweden, scientists clarified how gravity affects the shape of matter near the black hole in binary system Cygnus X-1. [22] New research shows the first evidence of strong winds around black holes throughout bright outburst events when a black hole rapidly consumes mass. [21] Chris Packham, associate professor of physics and astronomy at The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), has collaborated on a new study that expands the scientific community's understanding of black holes in our galaxy and the magnetic fields that surround them. [20]
Category: Astrophysics

Electrons Flowing like Water

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 28 Pages.

Physicists at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel have imaged electrons flowing viscously through a nanodevice, just like water flowing through a pipe. [19] Caltech scientists for the first time have developed a way to predict how electrons interacting strongly with atomic motions will flow through a complex material. [18] An international collaboration, including researchers from the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) and Royal Holloway, University of London, has successfully demonstrated a quantum coherent effect in a new quantum device made out of continuous superconducting wire-the Charge Quantum Interference Device (CQUID). [17] The groundbreaking result sheds light on an elusive phenomenon whose existence, a natural outcome of the hundred-year-old theory of superconductivity, has long been speculated, but never actually observed. [16] Now a team of researchers from the University of Maryland (UMD) Department of Physics together with collaborators has seen exotic superconductivity that relies on highly unusual electron interactions. [15] A group of researchers from institutions in Korea and the United States has determined how to employ a type of electron microscopy to cause regions within an iron-based superconductor to flip between superconducting and non-superconducting states. [14] In new research, scientists at the University of Minnesota used a first-of-its-kind device to demonstrate a way to control the direction of the photocurrent without deploying an electric voltage. [13] Brown University researchers have demonstrated for the first time a method of substantially changing the spatial coherence of light. [12] Researchers at the University of Central Florida have generated what is being deemed the fastest light pulse ever developed. [11] Physicists at Chalmers University of Technology and Free University of Brussels have now found a method to significantly enhance optical force. [10] Nature Communications today published research by a team comprising Scottish and South African researchers, demonstrating entanglement swapping and teleportation of orbital angular momentum 'patterns' of light. [9] While physicists are continually looking for ways to unify the theory of relativity, which describes large-scale phenomena, with quantum theory, which describes small-scale phenomena, computer scientists are searching for technologies to build the quantum computer using Quantum Information. In August 2013, the achievement of "fully deterministic" quantum teleportation, using a hybrid technique, was reported. On 29 May 2014, scientists announced a reliable way of transferring data by quantum teleportation. Quantum teleportation of data had been done before but with highly unreliable methods. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the Wave-Particle Duality and the electron's spin also, building the Bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions by the diffraction patterns. The Weak Interaction changes the diffraction patterns by moving the electric charge from one side to the other side of the diffraction pattern, which violates the CP and Time reversal symmetry. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the Relativistic Quantum Theory and making possible to build the Quantum Computer with the help of Quantum Information.
Category: Quantum Physics

Accelerators Clean the Environment

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 73 Pages.

All that was needed was some intrepid scientist or engineer to come up with an accelerator that was cost-effective, compact and user-friendly enough to clean wastewater on an industrial scale. [43] Electrical engineers in the accelerator physics group at TU Darmstadt have developed a design for a laser-driven electron accelerator so small it could be produced on a silicon chip. [42] Using short laser pulses, a research team led by Misha Ivanov of the Max Born Institute in Berlin, together with scientists from the Russian Quantum Center in Moscow, has shed light on the extremely rapid processes taking place within these novel materials. [41]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Quantum Squeezing Gravitational Wave Detectors

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 21 Pages.

Quantum squeezing has been used to increase the sensitivity of the LIGO and Virgo interferometers, making them better at detecting gravitational waves. [19] A group of scientists from the Niels Bohr Institute (NBI) at the University of Copenhagen will soon start developing a new line of technical equipment in order to dramatically improve gravitational wave detectors. [18] A global team of scientists, including two University of Mississippi physicists, has found that the same instruments used in the historic discovery of gravitational waves caused by colliding black holes could help unlock the secrets of dark matter, a mysterious and as-yet-unobserved component of the universe. [17] The lack of so-called "dark photons" in electron-positron collision data rules out scenarios in which these hypothetical particles explain the muon's magnetic moment. [16] By reproducing the complexity of the cosmos through unprecedented simulations, a new study highlights the importance of the possible behaviour of very high-energy photons. In their journey through intergalactic magnetic fields, such photons could be transformed into axions and thus avoid being absorbed. [15] Scientists have detected a mysterious X-ray signal that could be caused by dark matter streaming out of our Sun's core. Hidden photons are predicted in some extensions of the Standard Model of particle physics, and unlike WIMPs they would interact electromagnetically with normal matter. In particle physics and astrophysics, weakly interacting massive particles, or WIMPs, are among the leading hypothetical particle physics candidates for dark matter. The gravitational force attracting the matter, causing concentration of the matter in a small space and leaving much space with low matter concentration: dark matter and energy. There is an asymmetry between the mass of the electric charges, for example proton and electron, can understood by the asymmetrical Planck Distribution Law. This temperature dependent energy distribution is asymmetric around the maximum intensity, where the annihilation of matter and antimatter is a high probability event. The asymmetric sides are creating different frequencies of electromagnetic radiations being in the same intensity level and compensating each other. One of these compensating ratios is the electron-proton mass ratio. The lower energy side has no compensating intensity level, it is the dark energy and the corresponding matter is the dark matter.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Thnksgiving, Relationships, Odds and Goods

Authors: Diego Liberati
Comments: 4 Pages.

exemplification about the title terms are used to implicitly infer a vision about human interactions, mainly in italian
Category: Social Science

Series and Functions

Authors: Viola Maria Grazia
Comments: 1 Page.

I talk about functions in particular I speak when the serie diverges and so when a function tends to infinity.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Properties of Quadratic Anticommutative Hypercomplex Number Systems

Authors: Katheryn Menssen
Comments: 30 Pages. Professor Karen Shuman was my faculty advisor for this research project, which I did as an undergraduate. Although she helped greatly with editing throughout the process, all the research is my own ideas.

Hypercomplex numbers are, roughly speaking, numbers of the form x_1 + i_1x_2 + … + i_nx_{n+1} such that x_1 + i_1x_2 + … + i_nx_{n+1} = y_1 + i_1y_2 + … + i_ny_{n+1} if and only if x_j = y_j for all j in {1,2,…,n}. I define a quadratic anticommutative hypercomplex numbers as hypercomplex numbers x_1 + i_1x^2 + … + i_nx_{n+1} such that i_j^2 = p_j for all j (where p_j is a real number) and i_ji_k = - i_ki_j for all k not equal to j. These numbers have some interesting properties. In particular, in this paper I prove a generalized form of the Demoivre’s formula for these numbers, and determine certain conditions required for a function on a Quadratic Anticommutative Hypercomplex plane to be analytic—including generalizations of the Cauchy-Riemann equations.
Category: General Mathematics

Quantum Effect in Water

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 45 Pages.

Researchers at EPFL have discovered that the viscosity of solutions of electrically charged polymers dissolved in water is influenced by a quantum effect. [30] In terms of physics, the interiors of neutron stars, cold atomic gasses and nuclear systems all have one thing in common: they are gaseous systems made up of highly interactive, superfluid fermions. [29] Engineers at MIT and Penn State University have found that under the right conditions, ordinary clear water droplets on a transparent surface can produce brilliant colors, without the addition of inks or dyes. [28]
Category: Quantum Physics

Stock Price Trend Forecasting and Stock Selection using Supervised Learning Methods

Authors: Priyanshi Bhola, Garima
Comments: 10 Pages.

In this paper, we are going to present and review a more feasible method to predict the stock movement with higher accuracy. The first thing we have taken into account is the dataset of the stock market prices from the previous year. The dataset was pre-processed and tuned up for real analysis. Stock market prediction is an act of trying to determine the future value of a stock other financial instrument traded on a financial exchange. This paper explains the prediction of a stock using Machine Learning. The technical and fundamental or the time series analysis is used by most of the stockbrokers while making the stock predictions. The programming language is used to predict the stock market using machine learning is Python. In this paper, we propose a Machine Learning (ML) approach that will be trained from the available stocks data and gain intelligence and then uses the acquired knowledge for an accurate prediction. In this context this study uses a machine learning technique called Support Vector Machine (SVM) to predict stock prices for the large and small capitalizations and in the three different markets, employing prices with both daily and up-to-the-minute frequencies.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Proton-Hydrogen Collision Model

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 84 Pages.

The motions of plasmas may be notoriously difficult to model, but they can be better understood by analysing what happens when protons are scattered by atoms of hydrogen. [47] Ten years ago, just about any nuclear physicist could tell you the approximate size of the proton. But that changed in 2010, when atomic physicists unveiled a new method that promised a more precise measurement. [46] “Spin has surprises. Everybody thought it’s simple … and it turns out it’s much more complicated,” Aschenauer says. [45]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Simple Underlying Picture

Authors: Luc Diluciano
Comments: 55 Pages.

What are the variable parameters in empty space that define different fields? What has changed in space to alter it from a neutral gravitational field to an electric field? One parameter we have is the speed at which light travels through space. The speed of light is supposedly constant and independent of the observer. But if we change our position from a source of light to another inertial frame of reference, that is a true change in our speed relationship with the speed of that light. It required a force to change from one reference frame to the other and changing our speed relationship. Perhaps a field which causes change in the speeds of light generate forces. My submission is an exercise to demonstrate and establish the changing parameters in space by assuming we can detect these changes in speeds. Following this assumption and a line of reasoning using only elementary principles of physics a picture starts to come into place. A good insight into the inter-relationships of fields is developed. This is an abstract concept which I feel leads to an intuitive and symmetrical interplay between bodies and fields. The concept of primary and non-primary directional space.
Category: Classical Physics

Einstein's E=mc2 and Dark Energy

Authors: Milan D. Nešić
Comments: 11 Pages.

Aristotle, Ptolemy, and geocentrism. Copernicus, Kepler and heliocentrism. Newton, the real estate stars and the universe ether. Einstein, Lemaitre and the “big bang”—homocentrism, hidden geocentrism. One has to decide: either at once all the mass of the world was created and so large one, or the mass is variable and the measure of inertia is c2=const, whatever being energy from all over the universe. The article shows that today, when we know that there are quasars moving away from us at a speed and 95% of the speed of light, Einstein's energy E=mc2 should be considered as differential dE=c2dm. So since the corresponding binomial series for v→c is divergent, along with the solution of this differential equation goes an indefinite integration constant of infinite energy wherever we take the mass of rest m0 as coordinate origin. This is where the dark energy lies. And when Perlmutter writes that “it has long been assumed that there must be some underlying symmetry that precisely cancels the vacuum energy” at least 1055 times greater than required by astrophysical data, Maxwell Newton's postulate imposes by itself, while the unity of mass and vacuum could be shown by mathematical passage through the singularity of Planck's black body radiation, that is, of particles without mass, into Maxwell Boltzmann's distribution of velocities now of particles with mass.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Special Value of Riemann Zeta Function and L Function, Approximate Calculation Formula of ζ(N), L(N)

Authors: Takamasa Noguchi
Comments: 8 Pages.

I made an approximate formula. In the formula, when N is small, the accuracy is very bad, but as N increases, the accuracy also improves.
Category: Number Theory

A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Four-Potential

Authors: James Conor O'Brien
Comments: 43 Pages.

This paper applies the Wheeler-Feynman time-symmetric theory to the electromagnetic four-potential and derives a wave equation that puts Matter on the same foundation as Maxwell's electromagnetic equation for Light waves. Applying the Wheeler-Feynman summation it derives the various physical properties for matter of mass, charge, spin, momentum, phase, electromagnetic mass, Hamiltonian action, and gives an explicit derivation of Cramer's Quantum Handshake as a standing wave of the advanced and retarded electromagnetic four-potentials. The Wheeler-Feynman summation is then applied to the derive the lepton masses of the Standard Model, this leads to the suggestion that the masses, charges and spins of all charged leptons are based on different configurations of the electromagnetic four-vector potential. Mach principle appears as a natural consequence of the free potentials of the Wheeler-Feynman summation acting on the resultant particle's charge. Gaussian units are used throughout.
Category: Quantum Physics

Both Newton & Einstein Are Wrong

Authors: Mahesh Khati
Comments: 50 Pages.

This paper proves that Newton’s inertial frame concept & Special theory of relativity of Einstein are both wrong & requires some improvement. 1)This theory solves the problem of dark energy & dark matter. 2)This can solve the problem of dual nature of particle. 3)This gives answer for mass less photon. 4)This gives answer to difference between space & vacuum.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Blue Light Activates Antibodies

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 48 Pages.

Korean researchers have used light to control the binding of two separate and inactive antibody fragments and generate a specific, timely immune response to antigens. [35] A new Empa study recently published in Nature Communications shows how this amazing behavior can be improved-and even used to treat injuries and tissue damage. [34] Scientists at Johns Hopkins Medicine report they have created a tiny, nanosize container that can slip inside cells and deliver protein-based medicines and gene therapies of any size-even hefty ones attached to the gene-editing tool called CRISPR. [33] Protocells-artificial cells-that are active and mimic living cells by moving independently and that are biocompatible and enzymatically active are now possible using an improved method developed by Penn State researchers. [32] Pioneering new research into the way in which cells communicate with each other could hold the key to unlocking new, improved treatment for life-threatening diseases, including cancer. [31] Researchers at the University of Illinois at Chicago have demonstrated that magnetic nanoparticles can be used to ferry chemotherapy drugs into the spinal cord to treat hard-to-reach spinal tumors in an animal model. [30] Small vessel vasculitis-inflammation of the small blood vessels-appears as a stain of tiny, red dots covering the skin that, depending on the severity, can evolve into painful pustules or ulcers. [29] Scientists from the University of Freiburg have developed materials systems that are composed of biological components and polymer materials and are capable of perceiving and processing information. [28] Nanotechnology may provide an effective treatment for Parkinson's disease, a team of researchers suggests. [27] Recent research from Kumamoto University in Japan has revealed that polyoxometalates (POMs), typically used for catalysis, electrochemistry, and photochemistry, may also be used in a technique for analyzing quantum dot (QD) photoluminescence (PL) emission mechanisms. [26] Researchers have designed a new type of laser called a quantum dot ring laser that emits red, orange, and green light. [25]
Category: Physics of Biology

Molecular Graphenoids Spin Centers

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 81 Pages.

This is the finding of researchers in the UK and Germany who made the dots, or “graphenoids”, using a bottom-up chemical process rather than the top-down methods usually employed to create such nanostructures. [49] The Graphene Flagship brought together top European researchers and companies to discuss the most disruptive ways graphene could enhance composites used in the aerospace, automotive and energy industries. [48] Contrary to what is believed, monolayer graphene (a sheet of carbon just one atomic layer thick) has 3D mechanical properties and they can now be properly measured and meaningfully described thanks to high-pressure Raman spectra measurements on the material. [47]
Category: Condensed Matter

Supermassive Black Holes Grow Fast

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 47 Pages.

Based on observations from telescopes on Earth and in space, we know that some black holes grew to be a billion times the mass of the sun just one billion years after the Big Bang. [30] Further investigation of how nuclear star clusters form and evolve will be needed to determine how frequently phase transitions of this kind occur in nature. [29] A new Tel Aviv University-led study published today in Nature Astronomy finds that some supermassive black holes are triggered to grow, suddenly devouring a large amount of gas in their surroundings. [28] Needless to say, we do not have the capability of performing real experiments in or near black holes yet, so scientists resort to theory and simulations to develop an understanding, by making predictions and new discoveries. [27]
Category: Astrophysics

The Pulse of the Universe

Authors: T H Ray
Comments: 5 Pages.

All life has a pulse.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

New Antiviral Treatments

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 49 Pages. 49

A team of molecular and structural biologists from Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (NTU Singapore), has found a potential new route to disabling respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) after elucidating the structure of one of its key components. [36] Korean researchers have used light to control the binding of two separate and inactive antibody fragments and generate a specific, timely immune response to antigens. [35] A new Empa study recently published in Nature Communications shows how this amazing behavior can be improved-and even used to treat injuries and tissue damage. [34] Scientists at Johns Hopkins Medicine report they have created a tiny, nanosize container that can slip inside cells and deliver protein-based medicines and gene therapies of any size-even hefty ones attached to the gene-editing tool called CRISPR. [33] Protocells-artificial cells-that are active and mimic living cells by moving independently and that are biocompatible and enzymatically active are now possible using an improved method developed by Penn State researchers. [32] Pioneering new research into the way in which cells communicate with each other could hold the key to unlocking new, improved treatment for life-threatening diseases, including cancer. [31] Researchers at the University of Illinois at Chicago have demonstrated that magnetic nanoparticles can be used to ferry chemotherapy drugs into the spinal cord to treat hard-to-reach spinal tumors in an animal model. [30] Small vessel vasculitis-inflammation of the small blood vessels-appears as a stain of tiny, red dots covering the skin that, depending on the severity, can evolve into painful pustules or ulcers. [29] Scientists from the University of Freiburg have developed materials systems that are composed of biological components and polymer materials and are capable of perceiving and processing information. [28] Nanotechnology may provide an effective treatment for Parkinson's disease, a team of researchers suggests. [27]
Category: Physics of Biology

Quantum States in Electronics

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 83 Pages.

After decades of miniaturization, the electronic components we've relied on for computers and modern technologies are now starting to reach fundamental limits. Faced with this challenge, engineers and scientists around the world are turning toward a radically new paradigm: quantum information technologies. [50] Researchers have successfully used sound waves to control quantum information in a single electron, a significant step towards efficient, robust quantum computers made from semiconductors. [49] Searching for new substances and developing new techniques in the chemical industry: tasks that are often accelerated using computer simulations of molecules or reactions. [48] Quantum networks can be practically implemented to interface with different quantum systems. In order to photonically link hybrid systems with combined unique properties of each constituent system, scientists must integrate sources with the same photon emission wavelength. [47] As reported in Nature Physics, a Berkeley Lab-led team of physicists and materials scientists was the first to unambiguously observe and document the unique optical phenomena that occur in certain types of synthetic materials called moire; superlattices. [46] Physicists at the University of Basel have now shown for the first time the combination with a third layer can result in new material properties also in a three-layer sandwich of carbon and boron nitride. [45] Graphene-based computer components that can deal in terahertz "could be used, not in a normal Macintosh or PC, but perhaps in very advanced computers with high processing rates," Ozaki says. This 2-D material could also be used to make extremely high-speed nanodevices, he adds. [44] Printed electronics use standard printing techniques to manufacture electronic devices on different substrates like glass, plastic films, and paper. [43] A tiny laser comprising an array of nanoscale semiconductor cylinders (see image) has been made by an all-A*STAR team. [42]
Category: Quantum Physics

Санация комплексного исчисления

Authors: Райков Александр Геннадьевич
Comments: 4 Pages. Язык русский. Лекция-презентация является фрагментом печатного издания «ТОМ ТРЕТИЙ»

Настоящее просветительское издание подготовлено для ознакомления широких кругов общественности и научного сообщества с переводом Комплексного Исчисления на язык объективно-статусного описания качественно-количественных форм и причинно-следственных периодических процессов материи, на основе разработанного автором принципиально нового операционно-аналитического (математического) аппарата философии диалектического материализма в качестве универсального языка научной коммуникации. Лекция-презентация является фрагментом печатного издания «ТОМ ТРЕТИЙ»
Category: General Mathematics

The Origin of Life, Cybernetic Theory of Evolution and Oxygen Catastrophe.

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych, Bezverkhniy Vitaliy Volodymyrovich.
Comments: 56 Pages.

The process of the origin of life is analyzed on the basis of "self-assembly" of DNA and RNA molecules. The minimum amounts of various DNA/RNA molecules that are necessary for the nucleation and evolution of the biosphere as a whole are calculated, since life is an integral property. A cybernetic theory of evolution is presented, which considers DNA as a genetic program of an organism written in a binary system. The stages of evolution of the biosphere are given, with the calculation of the number of all species at each stage. It is shown that oxygen catastrophe is the main cause of the evolution of the biosphere and global glaciation. Moreover, the evolution of the biosphere inevitably leads to mass extinctions, which are a simple restructuring of the biosphere according to new conditions on the planet.
Category: Biochemistry

Solid Strips Configurations

Authors: Vincenzo Nardozza
Comments: 10 Pages.

We introduce the idea of Solid Strip Configurations which is a way of construction 3-dimensional compact manifolds alternative to $\Delta$-complexes and CW complexes. The proposed method is just an idea which we believe deserve further formal mathematical investigation.
Category: Topology

Consequences of the Gravitational Red Shift of a Moving Gravity Well on The Electric Permittivity of the free space

Authors: Rayd majeed Al-Shammari
Comments: 21 Pages.

To explor the effect of the gravitational red shift of a gravity well on the electric permittivity of the free space then to expand this towards the collaboration between schwarzschild metric and lorentz transformation on electric permittivity of the free space under the unflonce of a moving gravity well .
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Orbiting Explains Gravity

Authors: Hans van Kessel
Comments: 10 Pages.

This manuscript identifies the cause of gravity. Based on this cause the gravitational force is quantified. This leads to a correction of Newton’s gravitational equation for the (very) short distance: instead of an ever growing strength –up to infinity when the distance between two objects approaches 0- we will actually find a finite repelling force instead. This manuscript concludes with 2 case studies that support the here presented outcome for gravity, and with a third case study that may allow verification.
Category: Classical Physics

A proof of Twin Prime Conjecture

Authors: Toshiro Takami
Comments: 5 Pages.

I proved the Twin Prime Conjecture. The probability that (6n -1) is a prime and (6n+1) is also a prime approximately is slightly lower than 4/3 times the square of the probability that a prime will appear in. I investigated up to 5$\times10^{12}$.\\ All Twin Primes are produced in hexagonal circulation. It does not change in a huge number (forever huge number).\\ The production of Twin Primes equal the existence of Twin Primes.\\ When the number grows to the limit, the primes to be produced rarely, but since Twin Primes are slightly lower than 4/3 times the square of the distribution of primes, the frequency of production of Twin Primes is very equal to 0.\\ However, it is not 0. Because, primes continue to be produced. Therefore, Twin Primes continue to be produced.\\ If the Twin Primes is finite, the primes is finite.\\ This is because slightly lower than 4/3 times the square of the probability of primes is the probability of Twin Primes. This is contradiction. Because there are an infinite of primes.\\
Category: Number Theory

(Schemasuplimptfumatori Version 1.0 9.12.2019 1 a4 Page) Schema DE Suplimente Alimentare Pentru Sustinerea Corpului Fumatorilor Adulti si Copii cu Varsta DE Peste 12 Ani Care nu au Vointa Necesara sa Renunte la Fumatul Activ (Romanian Version Prepri

Authors: Andrei Lucian Dragoi
Comments: 1 Page. http://dragoii.com/ALDragoi_SCHEMA_SUPLIMENTE_PT_FUMATORI_latest.pdf

Dedicatie. Cu multumiri pentru provocarea si motivarea de a scrie acest articol doamnei asistente Monica Tichie din Sectia de recuperare neuromotorie copii din Gura Ocnitei (Adanca) a Spitalului Judetean de Urgenta Targoviste (SJUT). Motto: "NU-ti poti iubi aproapele ca pe tine insuti daca NU stii sa te iubesti in primul rand pe sine: ca sa demonstrezi iubirea de sine, trebuie sa stii sa iti pretuiesti sufletul, mintea si trupul, hranind si protejand corespunzator celulele trupului care este palatul sufletului si al mintii!" (dr. Andrei-Lucian Drăgoi, 5.12.2019)
Category: Biochemistry

On the Metric Coefficients

Authors: Anamitra Palit
Comments: 5 Pages.

The article investigates the metric coefficients in the light of the Field Equations of General Relativity. We derive results connecting the metric coefficients(exclusively) that point to inconsistency in the formal [conventional] theory. They follow from the consistent application of mathematics on the existing theory of General Relativity and is quite starling in view of the fact that these results impose a an unacceptable constraint on the theory. These results do not apply where the energy density tensor has zero values.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Quantivity the Unified Theory of Everything I: Vacuum Mass/energy, and Redefining G as the Source of Negative Energy as the Counterpart of H

Authors: Sam Nassiri
Comments: 2 Pages.

This article is first of our multi-part articles covering our Unified Theory of Quantivity, which addresses the non-classical theoretical physics concepts studied in Quantum Mechanics, Relativity, and String Theory. This article has comprehensive coverage of the vacuum mass/energy We postulate that Planck mass refers to the neutral (i.e., with no charge) positive vacuum mass. This is the large mass unit (before being shared based on a sharing scheme to be covered in our future articles). This mass is combination of mass from h and G constants, which are sources of small units of positive and negative mass, respectively. For the first time here, we are referring to G as the counterpart of h, as the smallest unit of negative energy. We will show, while the Planck constant h is the source of positive mass with negative charge, while G is the source of negative mass with positive charge. We postulate that G could be behind the Dark energy/mass.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Zero Zero Off

Authors:
Comments: Pages. Correction to first version (v1) is to replace COS with SIN in the third vector, marked as (3)

No zeta zero is off the critical line. Riemann Hypothesis is false if and only if geometrical objects A, B and C are coplanar. The proof shows that A, B and C are linearly independent, so not coplanar.
Category: Number Theory

Self-Learning Computers Versus Quantum Computers

Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 3 Pages.

Here we answer the following extremely important questions. Why, contrary to obvious experimental facts, is it denied that quantum entanglement carries information at superluminal speed? Why quantum mechanics is an illusion? Why self-learning (mental) computers based on the classical superposition will be most creative?
Category: Quantum Physics

A Proof of Twin Prime Conjecture by 30 Intervals Etc.

Authors: Toshiro Takami
Comments: 8 Pages.

If (p,p+2) are twin primes, (p+30, p+2+30) or (p+60, p+2+60) or (p+90, p+2+90) or (p+120, p+2+120) or (p+150, p+2+150) ) or (p+180, p+2+180) or (p+210, p+2+210) or (p+240, p+2+240)……. is to be a twin primes.\\ There are three type of twin primes, last numbers are (1, 3)..(7, 9)..(9, 1).\\ They are lined up at intervals such as 30 or 60 or 90 or 120 or 150 or 180 or 210 or 240 or 270 or 300 etc.\ That is, it is a multiple of 30. \\ Repeat this.\\ And the knowledge about prime numbers is also taken into account.\\ That is, Twin Primes exist forever.\\
Category: Number Theory

Switches Conducting and Insulating States

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 78 Pages.

Northwestern Engineering researchers have developed a novel design strategy to identify new materials exhibiting a metal-insulator transition (MIT), a rare class of materials categorized by their ability to reversibly switch between electrically conducting and insulating states. [44] Physicists at University of California, Riverside, have designed an experiment to explain the concept of magnetic resonance. The project was carried out by undergraduate students in collaboration with local high school teachers. [43] Magnetic reconnection, a process in which magnetic field lines tear and come back together, releasing large amounts of kinetic energy, occurs throughout the universe. [42] Plasma particle accelerators more powerful than existing machines could help probe some of the outstanding mysteries of our universe, as well as make leaps forward in cancer treatment and security scanning-all in a package that's around a thousandth of the size of current accelerators. [41] The Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory has started to assemble a new facility for revolutionary accelerator technologies that could make future accelerators 100 to 1,000 times smaller and boost their capabilities. [40] The authors designed a mechanism based on the deployment of a transport barrier to confine the particles and prevent them from moving from one region of the accelerator to another. "There is strong experimental evidence that there is indeed some new physics lurking in the lepton sector," Dev said. [38] Now, in a new result unveiled today at the Neutrino 2018 conference in Heidelberg, Germany, the collaboration has announced its first results using antineutrinos, and has seen strong evidence of muon antineutrinos oscillating into electron antineutrinos over long distances, a phenomenon that has never been unambiguously observed. [37]
Category: Condensed Matter

Paradoxical Replacement Tissue

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 45 Pages.

A new Empa study recently published in Nature Communications shows how this amazing behavior can be improved-and even used to treat injuries and tissue damage. [34] Scientists at Johns Hopkins Medicine report they have created a tiny, nanosize container that can slip inside cells and deliver protein-based medicines and gene therapies of any size-even hefty ones attached to the gene-editing tool called CRISPR. [33] Protocells-artificial cells-that are active and mimic living cells by moving independently and that are biocompatible and enzymatically active are now possible using an improved method developed by Penn State researchers. [32] Pioneering new research into the way in which cells communicate with each other could hold the key to unlocking new, improved treatment for life-threatening diseases, including cancer. [31] Researchers at the University of Illinois at Chicago have demonstrated that magnetic nanoparticles can be used to ferry chemotherapy drugs into the spinal cord to treat hard-to-reach spinal tumors in an animal model. [30] Small vessel vasculitis-inflammation of the small blood vessels-appears as a stain of tiny, red dots covering the skin that, depending on the severity, can evolve into painful pustules or ulcers. [29] Scientists from the University of Freiburg have developed materials systems that are composed of biological components and polymer materials and are capable of perceiving and processing information. [28] Nanotechnology may provide an effective treatment for Parkinson's disease, a team of researchers suggests. [27] Recent research from Kumamoto University in Japan has revealed that polyoxometalates (POMs), typically used for catalysis, electrochemistry, and photochemistry, may also be used in a technique for analyzing quantum dot (QD) photoluminescence (PL) emission mechanisms. [26] Researchers have designed a new type of laser called a quantum dot ring laser that emits red, orange, and green light. [25] The world of nanosensors may be physically small, but the demand is large and growing, with little sign of slowing. [24]
Category: Physics of Biology

On the Ramanujan’s Equations Applied to Various Sectors of Particle Physics and Cosmology: New Possible Mathematical Connections with the Values of Pion Mesons and Other Baryons and Mesons.

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 147 Pages.

In this research thesis, we have analyzed further Ramanujan formulas and described new possible mathematical connections with some sectors of Particle Physics (values of Pion mesons and other baryons and mesons) and Cosmology
Category: Number Theory

High-Performance Triboelectric Materials

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 79 Pages.

Triboelectric generation is an energy harvesting technique that generates electricity through induction of triboelectric effects using discarded physical energy. [45] Northwestern Engineering researchers have developed a novel design strategy to identify new materials exhibiting a metal-insulator transition (MIT), a rare class of materials categorized by their ability to reversibly switch between electrically conducting and insulating states. [44] Physicists at University of California, Riverside, have designed an experiment to explain the concept of magnetic resonance. The project was carried out by undergraduate students in collaboration with local high school teachers. [43] Magnetic reconnection, a process in which magnetic field lines tear and come back together, releasing large amounts of kinetic energy, occurs throughout the universe. [42] Plasma particle accelerators more powerful than existing machines could help probe some of the outstanding mysteries of our universe, as well as make leaps forward in cancer treatment and security scanning-all in a package that's around a thousandth of the size of current accelerators. [41] The Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory has started to assemble a new facility for revolutionary accelerator technologies that could make future accelerators 100 to 1,000 times smaller and boost their capabilities. [40] The authors designed a mechanism based on the deployment of a transport barrier to confine the particles and prevent them from moving from one region of the accelerator to another. "There is strong experimental evidence that there is indeed some new physics lurking in the lepton sector," Dev said. [38]
Category: Condensed Matter

Negatio et Negatio Negationis

Authors: Ilija Barukčić
Comments: 23 Pages. (C) Ilija Barukčić, 2019, Jever, Germany. All rights reserved.

Objective: The relationship between the philosophical notion negation and the physical notion Lorentz factor is investigated. Methods: The axiom lex identitatis was used to explore whether there is any relationship between the philosophical notion negation and physics as such. Results: Starting with lex identitatis it was possible to provide evidence that 0/0=1. Furthermore, a general form of negation was determined. Conclusions: Overwhelming evidence suggests that the philosophical notion negation and the physical notion Lorentz factor are more or less identical. Keywords: Negatio, negatio negationis, physics.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Graphene for Planes and Cars

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 79 Pages.

The Graphene Flagship brought together top European researchers and companies to discuss the most disruptive ways graphene could enhance composites used in the aerospace, automotive and energy industries. [48] Contrary to what is believed, monolayer graphene (a sheet of carbon just one atomic layer thick) has 3D mechanical properties and they can now be properly measured and meaningfully described thanks to high-pressure Raman spectra measurements on the material. [47] The team has turned graphene oxide (GO) into a soft, moldable and kneadable play dough that can be shaped and reshaped into free-standing, three-dimensional structures. [46]
Category: Condensed Matter

A Second Note on a Possible Anomaly in the Complex Numbers

Authors: Han Geurdes
Comments: 3 Pages. Response to VRA discussion

The paper gives an additional reason why, initially, there are two different solutions associated to a quadratic equation that indicates an anomaly in complex numbers. It is demonstrated that one of the solutions is impossible but plausible \& necessary.
Category: General Mathematics

LIGO Instrument Extends

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 42 Pages.

Gravitational-wave Observatory, or LIGO, was picking up whispers of gravitational waves every month or so. Now, a new addition to the system is enabling the instruments to detect these ripples in space-time nearly every week. Achieving strong light-matter interaction at the quantum level has always been a central task in quantum physics since the emergence of quantum information and quantum control. [25] Operation at the single-photon level raises the possibility of developing entirely new communication and computing devices, ranging from hardware random number generators to quantum computers. [24] Considerable interest in new single-photon detector technologies has been scaling in this past decade. [23] Engineers develop key mathematical formula for driving quantum experiments. [22] Physicists are developing quantum simulators, to help solve problems that are beyond the reach of conventional computers. [21] Engineers at Australia's University of New South Wales have invented a radical new architecture for quantum computing, based on novel 'flip-flop qubits', that promises to make the large-scale manufacture of quantum chips dramatically cheaper-and easier-than thought possible. [20]
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Exploring the Existence of Extraterrestrial Civilizations with the Liquid Universe Model

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 12 Pages. 1 Figure; Including Russian abstract and Chinese Version

According to the liquid universe model, some of our existing ideas about extraterrestrial civilizations may need to be revised to some extent. Considering that the development of biological civilization needs to last for a relatively long time, for example, from the formation of protein on the earth to the age of dinosaurs, to the emergence of humans, it has continued for billions of years. And this time beginning was shortly after the birth of the planet. Therefore, the appearance of life on a planet is closely related to the life of the entire galaxy. Considering the liquid universe model, there are two cases. One is that the center of the galaxy is a black hole, which will continuously absorb the surrounding masses. The other is a white hole, which constantly throws masses to the outside. A common feature of both cases is that the outer masses of the galaxy exists for a long time, while the inner masses of the galaxy exists for a short time. Combining the time required for the evolution of living things, it can be judged that if advanced biological civilization is to be evolved in a galaxy, the more proliferating planets should be closer to the periphery of the galaxy, the longer the development time, the higher the civilization. According to such a conclusion, it means that at least in the Milky Way, the biological civilization on Earth should be in a very advanced position. This article also briefly discusses the various ways of detecting extraterrestrial civilizations, and gives some suggestions for the detection of extraterrestrial civilizations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Number Pi , Bernoulli Numbers

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito, Rodrigo Valdebenito
Comments: 2 Pages.

This note presents some formulas for Pi.
Category: General Mathematics

Superconducting Electronic Map

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 16 Pages.

Using a clever technique that causes unruly crystals of iron selenide to snap into alignment, Rice University physicists have drawn a detailed map that reveals the "rules of the road" for electrons both in normal conditions and in the critical moments just before the material transforms into a superconductor. [29] Superconducting quantum microwave circuits can function as qubits, the building blocks of a future quantum computer. [28] Physicists have shown that superconducting circuits-circuits that have zero electrical resistance-can function as piston-like mechanical quantum engines. The new perspective may help researchers design quantum computers and other devices with improved efficiencies. [27] This paper explains the magnetic effect of the superconductive current from the observed effects of the accelerating electrons, causing naturally the experienced changes of the electric field potential along the electric wire. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the wave particle duality and the electron's spin also, building the bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The changing acceleration of the electrons explains the created negative electric field of the magnetic induction, the Higgs Field, the changing Relativistic Mass and the Gravitational Force, giving a Unified Theory of the physical forces. Taking into account the Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators also, we can explain the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions. Since the superconductivity is basically a quantum mechanical phenomenon and some entangled particles give this opportunity to specific matters, like Cooper Pairs or other entanglements, as strongly correlated materials and Exciton-mediated electron pairing, we can say that the secret of superconductivity is the quantum entanglement.
Category: Quantum Physics

Gamma-Ray Laser

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 28 Pages.

A physicist at the University of California, Riverside, has performed calculations showing hollow spherical bubbles filled with a gas of positronium atoms are stable in liquid helium. [15] During nuclear fusion two atomic nuclei fuse into one new nucleus. In the lab this can be done by particle accelerators, when researchers use fusion reactions to create fast free neutrons for other experiments. [15] A new 3-D particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation tool developed by researchers from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and CEA Saclay is enabling cutting-edge simulations of laser/plasma coupling mechanisms that were previously out of reach of standard PIC codes used in plasma research. [14]
Category: Quantum Physics

Magnetic Resonance Experiment

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 77 Pages.

Physicists at University of California, Riverside, have designed an experiment to explain the concept of magnetic resonance. The project was carried out by undergraduate students in collaboration with local high school teachers. [43] Magnetic reconnection, a process in which magnetic field lines tear and come back together, releasing large amounts of kinetic energy, occurs throughout the universe. [42] Plasma particle accelerators more powerful than existing machines could help probe some of the outstanding mysteries of our universe, as well as make leaps forward in cancer treatment and security scanning—all in a package that's around a thousandth of the size of current accelerators. [41]
Category: Quantum Physics

Artificial Cells

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 41 Pages.

Artificial Cells Protocells-artificial cells-that are active and mimic living cells by moving independently and that are biocompatible and enzymatically active are now possible using an improved method developed by Penn State researchers. [32] Pioneering new research into the way in which cells communicate with each other could hold the key to unlocking new, improved treatment for life-threatening diseases, including cancer. [31] Researchers at the University of Illinois at Chicago have demonstrated that magnetic nanoparticles can be used to ferry chemotherapy drugs into the spinal cord to treat hard-to-reach spinal tumors in an animal model. [30] Small vessel vasculitis-inflammation of the small blood vessels-appears as a stain of tiny, red dots covering the skin that, depending on the severity, can evolve into painful pustules or ulcers. [29] Scientists from the University of Freiburg have developed materials systems that are composed of biological components and polymer materials and are capable of perceiving and processing information. [28] Nanotechnology may provide an effective treatment for Parkinson's disease, a team of researchers suggests. [27] Recent research from Kumamoto University in Japan has revealed that polyoxometalates (POMs), typically used for catalysis, electrochemistry, and photochemistry, may also be used in a technique for analyzing quantum dot (QD) photoluminescence (PL) emission mechanisms. [26] Researchers have designed a new type of laser called a quantum dot ring laser that emits red, orange, and green light. [25] The world of nanosensors may be physically small, but the demand is large and growing, with little sign of slowing. [24] In a joint research project, scientists from the Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy (MBI), the Technische Universität Berlin (TU) and the University of Rostock have managed for the first time to image free nanoparticles in a laboratory experiment using a highintensity laser source. [23] For the first time, researchers have built a nanolaser that uses only a single molecular layer, placed on a thin silicon beam, which operates at room temperature. [22]
Category: Physics of Biology

Nanocontainer Drugs into Cells

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 43 Pages.

Scientists at Johns Hopkins Medicine report they have created a tiny, nanosize container that can slip inside cells and deliver protein-based medicines and gene therapies of any size-even hefty ones attached to the gene-editing tool called CRISPR. [33] Protocells-artificial cells-that are active and mimic living cells by moving independently and that are biocompatible and enzymatically active are now possible using an improved method developed by Penn State researchers. [32] Pioneering new research into the way in which cells communicate with each other could hold the key to unlocking new, improved treatment for life-threatening diseases, including cancer. [31] Researchers at the University of Illinois at Chicago have demonstrated that magnetic nanoparticles can be used to ferry chemotherapy drugs into the spinal cord to treat hard-to-reach spinal tumors in an animal model. [30] Small vessel vasculitis-inflammation of the small blood vessels-appears as a stain of tiny, red dots covering the skin that, depending on the severity, can evolve into painful pustules or ulcers. [29] Scientists from the University of Freiburg have developed materials systems that are composed of biological components and polymer materials and are capable of perceiving and processing information. [28] Nanotechnology may provide an effective treatment for Parkinson's disease, a team of researchers suggests. [27] Recent research from Kumamoto University in Japan has revealed that polyoxometalates (POMs), typically used for catalysis, electrochemistry, and photochemistry, may also be used in a technique for analyzing quantum dot (QD) photoluminescence (PL) emission mechanisms. [26] Researchers have designed a new type of laser called a quantum dot ring laser that emits red, orange, and green light. [25]
Category: Physics of Biology

Does Particle Data Depend on Its Motion? (Lorentz Transformations Analysis)

Authors: Gerges Francis Tawdrous
Comments: 9 Pages.

My basic work is "Planet Data Analysis" – Specifically I try to know how planet data is created? – that's why my regular questions are – How the matter is created? Why Earth Circumference =40080 km? Why Saturn diameter =120536 km? or Why Jupiter Mass =1898 x1024 kg? I search behind the planet data to know how this data is created… Then I have discovered one important Discovery, let's refer to it in following: Puzzled Data (A/B) =1.0725 A & B are different distances in the solar system… Specially 18 distances of the solar system internal and orbital distances are rated to each other with this same rate 1.0725 i.e. 40% of all the solar system distances are rated to each other with 1.0725 ……why?? (These distances are provided in appendix no. 1 of this paper) All answers – whatsoever its form – give one meaning – (Pure Coincidences)! Simply no one knows how the planet orbital distance is defined nor why these distances are rated to each other by this same rate 1.0725! General Effect Because the rate 1.0725 is used with 18 distances which = 40% of all distances – I had to conclude that – this rate is not created by any planet effect – it's not related to any specific planet – on the contrary – this rate is a general effect found in the solar system - That means – A general force or cause effect on the whole solar system –causes this rate 1.0725. What's this general effect? At this junction I had to suppose that – the rate 1.0725 is found as Lorentz Length Contraction Rate – i.e. There are relativistic effects in the solar system (generally) and these relativistic effects caused the rate 1.0725 to be created as Lorentz Length Contraction Rate (Hypothesis) Lorentz Transformations Lorentz Transformations are 3 equations : 4 values are changing by high velocity motion Time – Distance – Particle Length – Particle Mass Einstein had used 2 values (Distance & Time) to create the space-time geometry – and he claimed that –particle space & time values are function in its motion velocity (even without explanation why?) But Einstein simply had ignored the other 2 values which are Particle Length and Mass If we follow Einstein steps in explanation – so we will reach to the conclusion that – Particle own data is a function of its motion Simply because Particle length and mass are changed with particle high velocity motion Then we had to ask the question… Is Lorentz length contraction a real phenomenon or illusion of measurements? The physics textbooks contradict each other in answer – and in appendix No.2 of this paper I provide the references which show the clear contradicting answers! After fighting we reach to the conclusion that the contraction is a real phenomenon and particle own length is changed by particle high velocity motion… Because (1)The measurements show this contraction and in physics what's measured is what's real (2)If we consider the length contraction is an illusion of measurements, that tells Particle properties correct definition is found when no difference in motions velocities between me and this particle, which supposes that I'm The Universe Reference Point – that's similar to a person looks at mirror – which pushes us to refuse the claim that the contraction is an illusion of measurement Particle Mass discussion is similar to the previous one – so particle data (length and mass) is changed with high velocity motion. That creates more complex situation – because – based on this conclusion – Particle Own Data must be created as a function of this particle motion! That's why Particle own length is contracted with high velocity motion If we use this conclusion for The Solar Planet – we will have serious problem – because Based on this conclusion – Particle mass (Planet Mass) is created as a function of its motion – means the motion was found before the mass So – How Does Planet Move? Where we consider that planet motion is a result of masses gravity forces between this planet and the sun – now the mass is created based on the motion which prevent the masses gravity explanation Now let's summarize the questions in following: Question No. 1 Why does Particle Own Nature change with Particle Motion Velocity? i.e. Is Particle data a function of This Particle Motion? Question No. 2 Can Lorentz Transformations help us to know how the matter is created? Question No. 3 Are the rated distances by the same rate 1.0725 which are provided in appendix No. 1 of this paper – can be a proof that – there are relativistic effects in the solar system? Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Category: Astrophysics

Unification for Gravity and Electromagnetic Field in Kerr- Newman Solution

Authors: Sangwha Yi
Comments: 4 Pages. Thank you for reading

Solutions of unified theory equations of gravity and electromagnetism has to satisfy Einstein-Maxwell equation. Specially solution of the unified theory is generally Kerr-Newman solution in vacuum. We finally found the revised Einstein gravity tensor equation with new term (2 order contravariant metric tensor two times product and the constant matrix) is right in Kerr Newman solution.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

An Alternate Resolution of the Solar Neutrino Problem

Authors: William L. Stubbs
Comments: 7 Pages.

The solar neutrino problem for the various neutrino detectors appears to lie in not understanding and analyzing adequately how the neutrinos interact with the various detector materials. The measured data were not properly interpreted, resulting in miscalculation of the neutrino fluxes measured. This gave the appearance of the detectors not seeing fractions of the neutrinos expected. By modeling nucleons as collections of electron-like and positron-like particles, I show that the ³⁷Cl, ⁷¹Ga, H₂O and D₂O detectors all saw the electron neutrino flux predicted by the Standard Solar Model.
Category: Astrophysics

Statins and Death Due to Any Cause – All Doubts Removed?

Authors: Ilija Barukčić
Comments: 29 Pages. (C) Ilija Barukčić, 2019, Jever, Germany. All rights reserved.

Objective: To date, it is quite common to claim that some patient groups benefit from statin therapy in both primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease while equally the use of higher-intensity statin therapies is emphasized. In this Review, the efficacy of statin therapy in light of the study data available is explored. Methods: All in all, 40 studies with a sample size of n = 88388 were re-analyzed. The exclusion relationship was used to test the null-hypothesis: a certain statin does exclude death due to any cause. The causal relationship k was used to test the data for causality. The level of significance was set to Alpha = 0,05. Results: The data of the studies reanalyzed provide convincing evidence that statins unfortunately do not exclude death due to any cause. An immediate statin therapy discontinuation should be considered. Conclusions: Overwhelming evidence suggests that the risk potential harmful effects of statin therapy far outweigh any real or perceived benefit. Keywords: Statins, death, causal relationship. Barukcic@t-online.de
Category: Statistics

Automatic Language Identification in Short Utterances

Authors: Diptanu Sarkar
Comments: 7 Pages.

Language Identification (LID) in Natural Language Processing (NLP) is the process of identifying the spoken language in speech utterances. In the last decade, the interest and functional application of speech processing systems have grown exponentially. The proliferated use of handsfree voice-operated devices, speech-to-speech translation systems requires low latency, reliable automatic speech identification systems. This article examines three different models to recognize languages automatically in speech. The first model uses Dynamic Hidden Markov Networks (DHMNet) for LID in utterances. Another model utilizes Deep Neural Network (DNN), and the third uses the recently developed Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) Recurrent Neural Network (RNN). Finally, comparing three different models, it is shown that a fusion of LSTM RNN and DNN model gives better results than the state-of-the-art models when applied to short utterances.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Repulsive Gravity, Gravity, and Dark Energy

Authors: Michael John Sarnowski
Comments: 2 Pages.

Science fiction has always wondered if there is repulsive gravity. If there is a positive and negative to elementary charge, why can’t there be positive and negative gravity. If the strong force and weak force are limited by distance, why not gravity. This paper proposes gravity is limited in its action distance. After this action distance is exceeded, then repulsive gravity takes over. This is the force that causes universe to look like it is expanding. This paper will propose that the limitations of gravity is about 18.93 million light years in radius. Islands of approximately 18.93 million light years in radius will form within the universe and then be pushed apart by repulsive gravity. This paper’s purpose is to propose a size limit to action distance of gravity. Later papers will analyze redshift, galaxy luminosities, surface brightness, and size, and determine if this repulsive gravity model correlates the information better than existing models. This model will also be used to try to model the non-linear Hubble Constant. People have tried to figure out how the universe went from a spec, to a very fast inflation. This is only necessary in a universe that has a finite age. In the spinning sphere universe, the universe is sectioned off into galaxy clusters. The universe may have a center galaxy cluster. New matter is probably created outside this center of this central galaxy cluster. This central galaxy cluster already has a size due to the universe being infinitely old. The central galaxy cluster pushes new matter away from the center of the universe. There may be a very odd and old galaxy cluster.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Cellular Automaton Graphics(10)

Authors: Morio Kikuchi
Comments: 207 Pages.

Developping a regular polyhedron on a plane, setting discrete coordinates on the development and applying a boundary condition of regular polyhedron to it, we realize a symmetrical graphics.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Stable Quantum Computing Platform

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 50 Pages.

Harvard University researchers have demonstrated the first material that can have both strongly correlated electron interactions and topological properties. [35] A novel technique that nudges single atoms to switch places within an atomically thin material could bring scientists another step closer to realizing theoretical physicist Richard Feynman's vision of building tiny machines from the atom up. [34] One of the most enduring "Holy Grail" experiments in science has been attempts to directly observe atomic motions during structural changes. [33] Faster and more compact memory storage devices will become a reality when physicists gain precise control of the spins of electrons. [32]
Category: Quantum Physics

Simple Prime Number Determination Method for Natural Numbers Including Carmichael Numbers

Authors: Takamasa Noguchi
Comments: 4 Pages. Explanation of effective prime number judgment method even for Carmichael number.

Explanation of effective prime number judgment method even for Carmichael number. This method of judgment does not give a 100% correct answer. Care must be taken especially for (n=p^k (P=Prime)) with primitive roots.
Category: Number Theory

Birth of Photoelectrons

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 30 Pages.

The creation of photoelectrons through ionisation is one of the most fundamental processes in the interaction between light and matter. [23] Researchers led by Tracy Northup at the University of Innsbruck have now built a quantum sensor that can measure light particles non-destructively. [22] A study by the Quantum Technologies for Information Science (QUTIS) group of the UPV/EHU's Department of Physical Chemistry, has produced a series of protocols for quantum sensors that could allow images to be obtained by means of the nuclear magnetic resonance of single biomolecules using a minimal amount of radiation. [21] An international team of physicists at ETH Zurich, Aalto University, the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, and the Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics in Moscow has demonstrated that algorithms and hardware developed originally in the context of quantum computation can be harnessed for quantum-enhanced sensing of magnetic fields. [20]
Category: Quantum Physics

Non-Abelian Class Field Theory and Langlands Program

Authors: Matanari Shimoinuda
Comments: 32 Pages.

In this article, we review the local Langlands program. I hope that this article is a useful guide to understand Langlands program.
Category: Number Theory

The Effect of Thymus Vulgaris Extract on the Rate of Calcium Oxalate Inhibition

Authors: Yasmin Bahaa Ahmed, Noura Moustafa Maklad
Comments: 10 Pages.

We all hear about kidney stones but, actually what are kidney stones? Kidney stones are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside your kidneys. On 11 September, the Chinese central government and Ministry of Health informed that several thousands of Chinese had been diagnosed with kidney stones. About 54 000 citizens have been examined, 13 000 of them are in hospitals and four deaths have been reported so far. kidney stones are formed due to dehydration, changes in the diet, hormonal changes, and infections in kidney. They present with renal pain, blood in urine, pus in urine, and fever. If the concentration of the kidney stones increased, it leads to affecting the function of the kidney and other parts of the human body. If the concentration of the kidney stones increased, it leads to affecting the function of the kidney and other parts of the human body and sometimes leads to death. As the kidney stones are a real and series problem, several treatments were developed and found. As examples for these treatments: medication, lithotripsy, tunnel surgery, ureteroscopy and more. They all have common disadvantages as high cost, unsafety and feeling lot of pain. We made a solution that is an depends on an extraction from natural plant which is thymus vulgaris that is used to fragment the kidney stones. That is an efficient, safe and economical solution.
Category: Biochemistry

Disruptive Gravity (Corrected)

Authors: Ramses BOUNKEU SAFO
Comments: 20 pages in English. Corrected version of Disruptive Gravity (vixra:1905.0264)

Viewing gravity as a spacetime bending force instead of just a spacetime curvature, we come to the conclusion of rest mass relativity since it yields equivalent equations as General Relativity. A close analysis of the Schwarzschild metric leads us naturally to the Vacuum Apparent Energy Invariance principle from which we derive the metric equation. Applying this theory to cosmology, we can explain galaxies redshift as a delayed gravitational redshift which explains Hubble diagrams with no need for Dark Energy. This theory has the same predictive power as General Relativity for every local experimental tests of the latter since it's based on a slight modification of the Schwarzchild metric.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Strong Lasers Fusion

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 27 Pages.

During nuclear fusion two atomic nuclei fuse into one new nucleus. In the lab this can be done by particle accelerators, when researchers use fusion reactions to create fast free neutrons for other experiments. [15] A new 3-D particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation tool developed by researchers from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and CEA Saclay is enabling cutting-edge simulations of laser/plasma coupling mechanisms that were previously out of reach of standard PIC codes used in plasma research. [14] Researchers from Osaka University have developed a technique for improving accuracy of laser beam shaping and wavefront obtained by conventional methods with no additional cost by optimizing virtual phase grating. [13]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Undulating Relativity +§ 29 Yukawa Potential Energy “Continuation

Authors: Alfredo Dimas Moreira Garcia
Comments: 164 Pages.

Undulating Relativity + § 29 Yukawa Potential Energy “Continuation
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Sound Drug-Delivery

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 53 Pages.

Drugs can be delivered into individual cells by using soundwaves, Melbourne researchers have discovered. [31] MIT engineers have designed tiny robots that can help drug-delivery nanoparticles push their way out of the bloodstream and into a tumor or another disease site. [30] Researchers have shown that existing optical fibre technology could be used to produce microscopic 3-D images of tissue inside the body, paving the way towards 3-D optical biopsies. [29]
Category: Physics of Biology

On the Ramanujan’s Equations Applied to Various Sectors of Particle Physics and Cosmology: New Possible Mathematical Connections. ix

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 83 Pages.

In this research thesis, we have analyzed further Ramanujan formulas and described new possible mathematical connections with some sectors of Particle Physics and Cosmology
Category: Number Theory

Convulted Blood Vessels Networks

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 58 Pages.

A team led by Professor Sylvain Martel at the Polytechnique Montréal Nanorobotics Laboratory has developed a novel approach to tackling one of the biggest challenges of endovascular surgery: how to reach the most difficult-to-access physiological locations. [38] A team of researchers from Massachusetts Institute of Technology has designed a new surgical tool that is maneuverable through some of the narrowest twisting networks of blood vessels to help treat stroke and aneurysm. [37] A new paper in Nature Photonics from researchers at CU Boulder details impressive improvements in the ability to control the propagation and interaction of light in complex media such as tissue-an area with many potential applications in the medical field. [36] The new microscopes, known as mesoSPIMs, can image the minute detail of brain tissue down to individual neurons, and can uncover the 3-D anatomy of entire small organs faster than ever before. [35] A team of researchers from Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology has found that they could use an optical tweezer array of laser-cooled molecules to observe ground state collisions between individual molecules. [34] Researchers at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign have replicated one of the most well-known electromagnetic effects in physics, the Hall Effect, using radio waves (photons) instead of electric current (electrons). [33] A team of researchers from Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology has found that they could use an optical tweezer array of laser-cooled molecules to observe ground state collisions between individual molecules. [32] "With optical tweezers, you can capture a single particle in its native state in solution and watch its structural evolution," said Linda Young, Argonne distinguished fellow. [31] The optical tweezer is revealing new capabilities while helping scientists understand quantum mechanics, the theory that explains nature in terms of subatomic particles. [30] In the perspective, Gabor and Song collect early examples in electron metamaterials and distil emerging design strategies for electronic control from them. [29]
Category: Physics of Biology

Compression Algorithm Calculating Entropy

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 35 Pages.

Now, a new Tel Aviv University study proposes a radically simple and efficient way of calculating entropy-and it probably exists on your own computer. [22] "We studied two systems: a Bose-Einstein condensate with 100,000 atoms confined in a cavity and an optomechanical cavity that confines light between two mirrors," Gabriel Teixeira Landi, a professor at the University of São Paulo's Physics Institute (IF-USP), told. [21] Search engine entropy is thus important not only for the efficiency of search engines and those using them to find relevant information as well as to the success of the companies and other bodies running such systems, but also to those who run websites hoping to be found and visited following a search. [20] "We've experimentally confirmed the connection between information in the classical case and the quantum case," Murch said, "and we're seeing this new effect of information loss." [19] It's well-known that when a quantum system is continuously measured, it freezes, i.e., it stops changing, which is due to a phenomenon called the quantum Zeno effect. [18] Physicists have extended one of the most prominent fluctuation theorems of classical stochastic thermodynamics, the Jarzynski equality, to quantum field theory. [17] In 1993, physicist Lucien Hardy proposed an experiment showing that there is a small probability (around 6-9%) of observing a particle and its antiparticle interacting with each other without annihilating-something that is impossible in classical physics. [16] Scientists at the University of Geneva (UNIGE), Switzerland, recently reengineered their data processing, demonstrating that 16 million atoms were entangled in a one-centimetre crystal. [15] The fact that it is possible to retrieve this lost information reveals new insight into the fundamental nature of quantum measurements, mainly by supporting the idea that quantum measurements contain both quantum and classical components. [14]
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Why Are Gravitational Waves Detections so Close to New/full Moon?

Authors: Kovalyov, Mikhail
Comments: 7 Pages.

Of the 11 gravitational waves detections up to date, seven occurred within 43 hours of New/Full Moon or perihelion and four within the two weeks between the 2017/8/7 and 2017/8/21 eclipses. Why do the gravitational waves coming from millions of light years away arrive to Earth so close to these lunar events? The question is investigated in more detail.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Chip-Based Optical Sensor Detects Cancer

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 49 Pages.

For the first time, researchers have used a chip-based sensor with an integrated laser to detect very low levels of a cancer protein biomarker in a urine sample. [30] Researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have made a silicon chip that distributes optical signals precisely across a miniature brain-like grid, showcasing a potential new design for neural networks. [29] Researchers have shown that it is possible to train artificial neural networks directly on an optical chip. [28] Scientists from Russia, Estonia and the United Kingdom have created a new method for predicting the bioconcentration factor (BCF) of organic molecules. [27] Predictions for an AI-dominated future are increasingly common, but Antoine Blondeau has experience in reading, and arguably manipulating, the runes-he helped develop technology that evolved into predictive texting and Apple's Siri. [26] Artificial intelligence can improve health care by analyzing data from apps, smartphones and wearable technology. [25] Now, researchers at Google's DeepMind have developed a simple algorithm to handle such reasoning-and it has already beaten humans at a complex image comprehension test. [24] A marimba-playing robot with four arms and eight sticks is writing and playing its own compositions in a lab at the Georgia Institute of Technology. The pieces are generated using artificial intelligence and deep learning. [23] Now, a team of researchers at MIT and elsewhere has developed a new approach to such computations, using light instead of electricity, which they say could vastly improve the speed and efficiency of certain deep learning computations. [22] Physicists have found that the structure of certain types of quantum learning algorithms is very similar to their classical counterparts-a finding that will help scientists further develop the quantum versions. [21] We should remain optimistic that quantum computing and AI will continue to improve our lives, but we also should continue to hold companies, organizations, and governments accountable for how our private data is used, as well as the technology's impact on the environment. [20]
Category: Physics of Biology

Diffusive Josephson Junctions

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 69 Pages.

Understanding how microwave absorption changes the transport properties of diffusive Josephson junctions is at the forefront of interest in the quantum transport community. [43] The Josephson junction is one of the most important elements in turning quantum phenomena into usable technology. [42] The ultimate degree of control for engineering would be the ability to create and manipulate materials at the most basic level, fabricating devices atom by atom with precise control. [41] A team of researchers from the University of California and Fudan University has developed a way to use a single molecule magnet as a scanning magnetometer. [40] Scientists at Tokyo Institute of Technology designed a new type of molecular wire doped with organometallic ruthenium to achieve unprecedentedly higher conductance than earlier molecular wires. [39] Quantum wells of the highest quality are typically fabricated by molecular beam epitaxy (sequential growth of crystalline layers), which is a well-established technique. [38] Scientists found that relatively slow electrons are produced when intense lasers interact with small clusters of atoms, upturning current theories. [37] Lasers that emit ultrashort pulses of light are critical components of technologies, including communications and industrial processing, and have been central to fundamental Nobel Prize-winning research in physics. [36] A newly developed laser technology has enabled physicists in the Laboratory for Attosecond Physics (jointly run by LMU Munich and the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics) to generate attosecond bursts of high-energy photons of unprecedented intensity. [35] The unique platform, which is referred as a 4-D microscope, combines the sensitivity and high time-resolution of phase imaging with the specificity and high spatial resolution of fluorescence microscopy. [34] The experiment relied on a soliton frequency comb generated in a chip-based optical microresonator made from silicon nitride. [33]
Category: Quantum Physics

Mathematics as Information Compression Via the Matching and Unification of Patterns

Authors: J Gerard Wolff
Comments: Now published in "Complexity", vol. 2019, Article ID 6427493, 25 pages, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6427493 (PDF, bit.ly/2LqUHIr).

This paper describes a novel perspective on the foundations of mathematics: how mathematics may be seen to be largely about "information compression (IC) via the matching and unification of patterns" (ICMUP). That is itself a novel approach to IC, couched in terms of non-mathematical primitives, as is necessary in any investigation of the foundations of mathematics. This new perspective on the foundations of mathematics reflects the idea that, as an aid to human thinking, mathematics is likely to be consonant with much evidence for the importance of IC in human learning, perception, and cognition. This perspective on the foundations of mathematics has grown out of a long-term programme of research developing the "SP Theory of Intelligence" and its realisation in the "SP Computer Model", a system in which a generalised version of ICMUP -- the powerful concept of "SP-multiple-alignment" -- plays a central role. The paper shows with an example how mathematics, without any special provision, may achieve compression of information. Then it describes examples showing how variants of ICMUP may be seen in widely-used structures and operations in mathematics. Examples are also given to show how several aspects of the mathematics-related disciplines of logic and computing may be understood as ICMUP. Also discussed is the intimate relation between IC and concepts of probability, with arguments that there are advantages in approaching AI, cognitive science, and concepts of probability via ICMUP. Also discussed is how the close relation between IC and concepts of probability relates to the established view that some parts of mathematics are intrinsically probabilistic, and how that latter view may be reconciled with the all-or-nothing, "exact", forms of calculation or inference that are familiar in mathematics and logic. There are many potential benefits and applications of the mathematics-as-IC perspective.
Category: General Mathematics

Atomic Music Listeners

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 60 Pages.

Atom music is a fun new way to explore the atomic world via musical synthesis techniques. [39] Researchers at the Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory have recorded the most detailed atomic movie of gold melting after being blasted by laser light. [38] A team at TU Wien now has the proof behind the speculations that water molecules can form complex bridge-like structures when they accumulate on mineral surfaces. [37] Liquid water sustains life on earth, but its physical properties remain mysterious among scientific researchers. [36]
Category: Quantum Physics

Neutron Insight into Quantum Matter

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 50 Pages.

Bose-Einstein condensates are macroscopic quantum phases of matter which appear only under very particular conditions. [35] A novel technique that nudges single atoms to switch places within an atomically thin material could bring scientists another step closer to realizing theoretical physicist Richard Feynman's vision of building tiny machines from the atom up. [34] One of the most enduring "Holy Grail" experiments in science has been attempts to directly observe atomic motions during structural changes. [33] Faster and more compact memory storage devices will become a reality when physicists gain precise control of the spins of electrons. [32]
Category: Quantum Physics

A Note on Manifolds VS Networks as Mathematics Models in Modern Physics

Authors: Lucian M Ionescu
Comments: 10 Pages.

Some stages of development of Manifold Theory are inspected, and how they evolved into the modern discrete frameworks of lattice and spin networks, with help from Topology and Homological Algebra. Recalling experimental evidence that reality is discrete, notably quantum Hall effect, includes more recent findings of quantum knots and spin-net condensates. Thus Pythagoras, Zeno and Plato were right after all: “Number rules the Uni- verse”, perhaps explaining the “unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics”, but not quite, why Quantum Physics’ scattering amplitudes are often Number Theory’s multiple zeta values.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Alternate Models of Some of the Leptons

Authors: William L. Stubbs
Comments: 9 Pages.

It is shown here that the three leptons, the electron, the muon and the tau, appear to not be fundamental as declared by the Standard Model of Particle Physics, but are, instead, made of component particles. Electron-like particles here dubbed beta electrons and beta positron make up muons and free electrons. Muons are made of 103 beta electron-beta positron pairs plus a valence beta electron or beta positron surrounding a muon neutrino or antineutrino. The electron is beta electron orbiting an electron neutrino and the positron, a beta positron orbiting an electron antineutrino. The tau also appears to be beta electrons and beta positrons surrounding a tau neutrino or antineutrino; however, a definitive model is not offered here. Consequently, all three leptons and their antiparticles appear to be made of the beta electrons and positrons and their respective neutrinos or antineutrinos.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Solving Unsolved Problems in Neuroscience

Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 3 Pages.

Here, applying the brain-mind resonance described within the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST), we solve the unsolved basic problems in neuroscience.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

About Persistent Depressive Disorder for 16 Years After Remission by Fishing

Authors: Toshiro Takami
Comments: 6 Pages.

I experienced a depressive disorder for 16 years that has dramatically remissioned by fishing. The patient has　received various treatments such as drug therapy and electric shock therapy for 16 years, but none has been effective. It was thought that uniting with nature without a heart led to remission of persistent depressive disorder. If you are enthusiastic about fishing, the annoyance of social life becomes trivial and you tend not to worry. This was thought to have greatly reduced the stress of the cases. It was thought that the modern life that departed from nature caused frequent mental disorders such as depressive disorder. It was thought that the “Ki” of the sea ameliorated the persistent depressive disorder.
Category: Mind Science

Equation of a Wave in Galilean Space Уравнение волны в галилеевом пространстве

Authors: Valery Timin
Comments: In Russian, 18 pages

This paper is devoted to the equations of propagation of harmonic waves in one of the inercial system of Galilean space-time, which can be taken as an absolute counting system for waves. The equations of wave propagation in the case of infinite spaces are derived. In addition to waves, there may also exist non-wave objects whose speed of movement is not limited by the speed of sound. The word "relativistic"is hardly used. This is the next level of abstrac-tion of the independent existence of the wave. The word "Galilean" is very often used in the work. This word is the main thing in this work. Galilean space, Galilean standard, Galilean metric. Other main phrases are associated with the word "wave" – wave in Galilean space, wave standard, wave metric, Galilean WS. Данная работа посвящена уравнениям распространения гармонических волн в одном из ИСО галилеева пространства–времени, которое можно принять как абсолютная система от-счета (АСО) для волн. Выведены уравнения распространения волн в случае бесконечных, не-ограниченных размерами пространств. Кроме волн, в ней могут существовать и не волновые объекты, скорость движения кото-рых не ограничена скоростью звука. Практически не используется слово "релятивистское". Это – следующий уровень абстракции самостоятельного существования волны. В работе очень часто используется слово "галилеево". Именно это слово – главное в этой работе. Галилеево пространство, галилеев эталон, галилева метрика. Другие главные словосо-четания связаны со словом "волна" – волна в галилеевом пространстве, волновой эталон, вол-новая метрика, галилеево ВП.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Teoria Simmetrica - Gas di Planck

Authors: Giuseppe Azzarello
Comments: 11 Pages.

Nell’articolo precedente, sulla Teoria Simmetrica, è stato mostrato che la particella di Planck è una particella simmetrica, nella condizione di unificazione gravi-elettro-magnetica. Il dominio di questa particella è il vacuum, in cui regna accoppiata nel dipolo positivo-negativo, costituendo il medium Planck. Proseguendo la teoria, mostreremo che il medium Planck, descritto dalle unità naturali introdotte da Planck, stabilisce il quanto di entropia , conferendo un nuovo significato alla costante dei gas . Vedremo la riunificazione energetica alla scala di Planck, da cui si potranno individuare delle relazioni importanti per il proseguo, e mostreremo come il medium Planck è identificabile con il gas ideale della teoria termodinamica. Successivamente ipotizzeremo un possibile sistema termodinamico, in cui il medium Planck costituisce un cosmic background (CBPM). L’introduzione del quanto di entropia prolunga, come consequenza logica, il concetto di quantizzazione alla termodinamica, ottenendo un quadro più aderente alla realtà fisica, nella direzione della riunificazione.
Category: Mathematical Physics

On the Ramanujan’s Equations Applied to Various Sectors of Particle Physics and Cosmology: New Possible Mathematical Connections. Viii

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 133 Pages.

In this research thesis, we have analyzed further Ramanujan formulas and described new possible mathematical connections with some sectors of Particle Physics and Cosmology
Category: Number Theory

Law of Planetary Gravity

Authors: Kirov
Comments: 2 Pages.

Criticism of the Law of Universal Gravitation is given, the derivation of LUG from actual physical parameters, the local nature of the action of LUG corresponding to planetary interaction is determined. The non-gravitational character of stellar interactions is determined. The magnetic character of stellar interactions is updated.
Category: Astrophysics

Small-World Networks

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 49 Pages.

Discovered in the field of social sciences in the 1960s, the phenomenon known as small-world networks has fascinated popular culture and science for decades. [29] "We basically combined advances in neural networks and machine-learning with quantum Monte Carlo tools," says Savona, referring to a large toolkit of computational methods that physicists use to study complex quantum systems. [28] As cosmologists and astrophysicists delve deeper into the darkest recesses of the universe, their need for increasingly powerful observational and computational tools has expanded exponentially. [27] Now, a team of scientists at MIT and elsewhere has developed a neural network, a form of artificial intelligence (AI), that can do much the same thing, at least to a limited extent: It can read scientific papersand render a plain-English summary in a sentence or two. [26] To address this gap in the existing literature, a team of researchers at SRI International has created a human-AI image guessing game inspired by the popular game 20 Questions (20Q), which can be used to evaluate the helpfulness of machine explanations. [25]
Category: Social Science

Snapshot of Artificial Proteins

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 51 Pages.

Protein-like molecules called "polypeptoids" (or "peptoids," for short) have great promise as precision building blocks for creating a variety of designer nanomaterials, like flexible nanosheets-ultrathin, atomic-scale 2-D materials. [29] For the first time, a University of Michigan chemist has used quantum entanglement to examine protein structures, a process that requires only a very small number of photons of light. [28] Sunlight is essential for all life, and living organisms have evolved to sense and respond to light. [27] Using X-ray laser technology, a team led by researchers of the Paul Scherrer Institute PSI has recorded one of the fastest processes in biology. [26] A Virginia Commonwealth University researcher has developed a procedure for identifying the source of cells present in a forensic biological sample that could change how cell types are identified in samples across numerous industries. [25] In work at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the University of Maryland in College Park, researchers have devised and demonstrated a new way to measure free energy. [24] A novel technique developed by researchers at the ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP) will help shine new light on biological questions by improving the quality and quantity of information that can be extracted in fluorescence microscopy. [23] Micro-computed tomography or "micro-CT" is X-ray imaging in 3-D, by the same method used in hospital CT (or "CAT") scans, but on a small scale with massively increased resolution. [22] A new experimental method permits the X-ray analysis of amyloids, a class of large, filamentous biomolecules which are an important hallmark of diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. [12] Thumb through any old science textbook, and you'll likely find RNA described as little more than a means to an end, a kind of molecular scratch paper used to construct the proteins encoded in DNA. [20]
Category: Physics of Biology

The Particles Inside the Proton

Authors: William L. Stubbs
Comments: 10 Pages.

It shows here that the results of the electron-proton deep inelastic scattering experiments can be interpreted to show that the proton and the neutron are made of eight pions. The experiments also appear to show that the pions are made of electrons and positrons. Consequently, the proton appears to be made of 917 electrons and 918 positrons.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Quantum Dots for Biomedical Applications

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 38 Pages.

Positioning is important especially for targeted therapies, e.g. photodynamic therapy, because it allows the drug to be released evenly in a particular environment and at the right speed. In addition, owing to the achieved ligands ordering, we are able to pack a lot of active drug particles on a small carrier," adds Professor Lewinski. [28] Nanotechnology may provide an effective treatment for Parkinson’s disease, a team of researchers suggests. [27] Recent research from Kumamoto University in Japan has revealed that polyoxometalates (POMs), typically used for catalysis, electrochemistry, and photochemistry, may also be used in a technique for analyzing quantum dot (QD) photoluminescence (PL) emission mechanisms. [26]
Category: Physics of Biology

Nanostructure Electron Correlations

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 48 Pages.

The researchers hope that these predictions will now also be tested experimentally and lead to the development of new nanostructures. Such systems can make important contributions to the further miniaturisation of electronics. [32] Researchers at Cardiff University have shown tiny light-emitting nanolasers less than a tenth of the size of the width of a human hair can be integrated into silicon chip design. [31] Large-scale plasmonic metasurfaces could find use in flat panel displays and other devices that can change colour thanks to recent work by researchers at the University of Cambridge in the UK. [30] Particles in solution can grow, transport, collide, interact, and aggregate into complex shapes and structures. [29] Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) researchers are working to make better electronic devices by delving into the way nanocrystals are arranged inside of them. [28] Self-assembly and crystallisation of nanoparticles (NPs) is generally a complex process, based on the evaporation or precipitation of NP-building blocks. [27] New nanoparticle-based films that are more than 80 times thinner than a human hair may help to fill this need by providing materials that can holographically archive more than 1000 times more data than a DVD in a 10-by-10-centimeter piece of film. [26] Researches of scientists from South Ural State University are implemented within this area. [25] Following three years of extensive research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HU) physicist Dr. Uriel Levy and his team have created technology that will enable computers and all optic communication devices to run 100 times faster through terahertz microchips. [24] When the energy efficiency of electronics poses a challenge, magnetic materials may have a solution. [23] An exotic state of matter that is dazzling scientists with its electrical properties, can also exhibit unusual optical properties, as shown in a theoretical study by researchers at A*STAR. [22]
Category: Condensed Matter

Van der Waals Interlayer Magnetism

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 52 Pages.

The researchers expect the work principle to manipulate 2-D magnetism by engineering unique spatially dependent spin textures for a variety of applications with vDW materials. [32] Researchers at Cardiff University have shown tiny light-emitting nanolasers less than a tenth of the size of the width of a human hair can be integrated into silicon chip design. [31] Large-scale plasmonic metasurfaces could find use in flat panel displays and other devices that can change colour thanks to recent work by researchers at the University of Cambridge in the UK. [30] Particles in solution can grow, transport, collide, interact, and aggregate into complex shapes and structures. [29] Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) researchers are working to make better electronic devices by delving into the way nanocrystals are arranged inside of them. [28] Self-assembly and crystallisation of nanoparticles (NPs) is generally a complex process, based on the evaporation or precipitation of NP-building blocks. [27] New nanoparticle-based films that are more than 80 times thinner than a human hair may help to fill this need by providing materials that can holographically archive more than 1000 times more data than a DVD in a 10-by-10-centimeter piece of film. [26] Researches of scientists from South Ural State University are implemented within this area. [25] Following three years of extensive research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HU) physicist Dr. Uriel Levy and his team have created technology that will enable computers and all optic communication devices to run 100 times faster through terahertz microchips. [24] When the energy efficiency of electronics poses a challenge, magnetic materials may have a solution. [23] An exotic state of matter that is dazzling scientists with its electrical properties, can also exhibit unusual optical properties, as shown in a theoretical study by researchers at A*STAR. [22]
Category: Condensed Matter

Закон Планетарного Тяготения

Authors: Киров
Comments: 1 Page.

Дана критика Закона Всемирного Тяготения, вывод ЗВТ из актуальных физических параметров, определен локальный характер действия ЗВТ, соответствующий планетарному взаимодействию. Определён негравитационный характер звёздных взаимодействий. Актуализирован магнитный характер звёздных взаимодействий.
Category: Astrophysics

Mathematical Connections Between Various Ramanujan’s Equations, Values of Mass and Electric Charges of Fundamental Particles and Physical Data of Kerr Supermassive Black Hole M87

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 123 Pages.

In this research thesis, we have described some mathematical connections between various Ramanujan’s equations, values of mass and electric charges of fundamental particles and physical data of Kerr Supermassive Black Hole M87. We have obtained some very interesting results concerning a possible mathematical unification between some sectors of particle and string physics and some sectors of black hole physics, through the use and development of some formulas discovered by S. Ramanujan
Category: Mathematical Physics

5th-Force is Force-Particle in Deeper-Vacuum and Fits the Universe Rthu Postulate.

Authors: Dan Visser
Comments: 7 Pages.

This article refers to the 5th-force, which is fitting in a new model for the universe called: Rotating Torus Hologram Universe (RTHU). In this new cosmological model the lenghtscale, at which a dark boson (X17) is detected, is the 5th-force, and calculated from the perspective of how the dark matter boson affects negative-charged-quarks in the Helium-4 neutron. The lengthscale, at which X17 is detected, is theoretically calculated from formulas used in the RTHU at approximately 4,82x10^-17 meter. This relates to an Hungarian-experiment, wherein an accelerated Helium-4 atom decays in vacuum in e+ (positron) and e- (electron). Moreover, a corresponding dark energy is related to X17 and also calculated. The given exercises are based on my earlier postulated of ‘duo-bits’, which represent the dark matter force (X17), and emerges according tot he RTHU from below the non existing Planck-boundary. The RTHU in general generates materialized in-time-shifted holograms, which we experience as Big Bang universa. This is a new cosmological persepective mentioned earlier in other of my artcles.
Category: Mathematical Physics

V={e, (1 2)(3 4), (1 3)(2 4),(1 4)(2 3)} is a Characteristic Subgroup of the Alternating Group of Degree 4

Authors: Henry Wong
Comments: 1 Page.

An addendum to group theory.
Category: Algebra

State of Solitary Electrons

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 38 Pages.

Scientists at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), working with the University of Latvia, the University of Berlin, Cambridge University and University College London, have developed a tomographic method to visualize the state of solitary electrons emitted from electron pumps. [26] The physicists, Sally Shrapnel, Fabio Costa, and Gerard Milburn, at The University of Queensland in Australia, have published a paper on the new quantum probability rule in the New Journal of Physics. [25] Researchers have studied how a 'drumstick' made of light could make a microscopic 'drum' vibrate and stand still at the same time. [24]
Category: Quantum Physics

The Riemann Flow (II)

Authors: Antoine Balan
Comments: 2 pages, written in english

The Riemann flow is defined with help of the Riemann curvature. The Einstein-Riemann metrics are also defined.
Category: Geometry

Dark Matter Particles Can Travel at the Speed of Light. Special Relativity and General Relativity Are Wrong

Authors: Adrian Ferent
Comments: 464 Pages. © 2014 Adrian Ferent

Dark Matter particles can travel at the speed of light. Special Relativity and General Relativity are wrong “Dark Matter particles can travel at the speed of light” Adrian Ferent “The gamma ray and the Dark Matter electron travel together at the speed of light” Adrian Ferent “Because the Dark Matter electron travels at the sped of light, Special Relativity is wrong” Adrian Ferent “Because Special Relativity is wrong, General Relativity is wrong” Adrian Ferent “In electron – positron collision gamma ray and Dark Matter electrons are created and Special Relativity and General Relativity are wrong” Adrian Ferent “The electron – positron collision is another proof that Einstein Gravitation theory is wrong and Ferent Quantum Gravity is right” Adrian Ferent You learned from Einstein, your professors that when v = c, mass and energy goes to infinity and that’s not physically possible. In particle accelerators scientists try to accelerate electrons to the speed of light. Because the scientists do not understand what the electron is, they do not understand what they do there. In Ferent Quantum Gravity, FQG, during the electron – positron collision are created gamma rays and Dark Matter electrons. I discovered that: “The electron is a photon around Dark Matter” Adrian Ferent “The Dark Matter electron is the Dark Matter inside the electron” Adrian Ferent “Between the Ferent time t = 1.294 × 10^(-86) s and the Planck time t = 5.391 × 10^(-44) s were created the Dark Matter electrons” Adrian Ferent “What the scientists, the Nobel Laureates, your professors… do not understand? When the electron is accelerated gains kinetic energy and when the electron – positron collide the kinetic energy is transferred to the photons and Dark Matter electrons” Adrian Ferent “In electron – positron collision gamma ray and Dark Matter electrons are created” Adrian Ferent The electron – positron pair is produced by a photon – photon interaction. This means: “The gamma ray and the Dark Matter electron travel together at the speed of light” Adrian Ferent “Because the Dark Matter electron travels at the sped of light, Special Relativity is wrong” Adrian Ferent “Because Special Relativity is wrong, General Relativity is wrong” Adrian Ferent “Dark Matter particles can travel at the speed of light” Adrian Ferent “In electron – positron collision gamma ray and Dark Matter electrons are created and Special Relativity and General Relativity are wrong” Adrian Ferent “The electron – positron collision is another proof that Einstein Gravitation theory is wrong and Ferent Quantum Gravity is right” Adrian Ferent 279. I am the first who discovered that Dark Matter particles can travel at the speed of light 280. I am the first who discovered that the gamma ray and the Dark Matter electron travel together at the speed of light 281. I am the first who discovered because the Dark Matter electron travels at the sped of light, Special Relativity is wrong 282. I am the first who discovered because Special Relativity is wrong, General Relativity is wrong 283. I am the first who discovered that in electron – positron collision, gamma ray and Dark Matter electrons are created and Special Relativity and General Relativity are wrong 284. I am the first who discovered that the electron – positron collision is another proof that Einstein Gravitation theory is wrong and Ferent Quantum Gravity is right
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Laser Evaluate Mental States

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 62 Pages.

Scientists at the National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Russia) along with international colleagues have studied the biomechanics of hand movements when writing and drawing and developed a unique method to evaluate the individual properties of writing speed and pencil pressure. [40] New research from the University of Rochester will enhance the accuracy of computer models used in simulations of laser-driven implosions. [39] By using an infrared laser beam to induce a phenomenon known as an electron avalanche breakdown near the material, the new technique is able to detect shielded material from a distance. [38] The light scattered by plasmonic nanoparticles is useful, but some of it gets lost at the surface and scientists are now starting to figure out why. [37] In a new review, researchers have described the fundamental physics that causes magnetoelectricity from a theoretical viewpoint. [36] Physicists at EPFL propose a new "quantum simulator": a laser-based device that can be used to study a wide range of quantum systems. [35] The DESY accelerator facility in Hamburg, Germany, goes on for miles to host a particle making kilometer-long laps at almost the speed of light. Now researchers have shrunk such a facility to the size of a computer chip. [34] University of Michigan physicists have led the development of a device the size of a match head that can bend light inside a crystal to generate synchrotron radiation in a lab. [33] A new advance by researchers at MIT could make it possible to produce tiny spectrometers that are just as accurate and powerful but could be mass produced using standard chip-making processes. [32] Scientists from the Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have demonstrated a surprisingly simple way of flipping a material from one state into another, and then back again, with single flashes of laser light. [31]
Category: Quantum Physics

Josephson Circuit Quantum Control

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 58 Pages.

Superconducting circuits, which have zero electrical resistance, could enable the development of electronic components that are significantly more energy-efficient than most chips used today. [33] Rice University physicist Qimiao Si began mapping quantum criticality more than a decade ago, and he's finally found a traveler that can traverse the final frontier. [32] Physicists studying the strange behavior of metal alloys called heavy fermions have made a surprising discovery that could be useful in safeguarding the information stored in quantum bits, or qubits, the basic units of encoded information in quantum computers. [31] Properties of complex materials are often determined by the interplay of several electron properties. TU Wien (Vienna) has now succeeded in disentangling this mess. [30] Physicists have found "electron pairing," a hallmark feature of superconductivity, at temperatures and energies well above the critical threshold where superconductivity happens. [29] It was a three-hour nighttime road trip that capped off a journey begun seven years ago. [28] Discovered more than 100 years ago, superconductivity continues to captivate scientists who seek to develop components for highly efficient energy transmission, ultrafast electronics or quantum bits for next-generation computation. [27] One of the greatest mysteries in condensed matter physics is the exact relationship between charge order and superconductivity in cuprate superconductors. [26]
Category: Quantum Physics

How Planets are Formed, How Stars Evolve

Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski, Barrington James Taylor
Comments: 7 Pages. transcript for youtube video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CM0Hi0YwAJA

Earth was shaped by the same processes in operation today. Charles Lyell and James Hutton were correct, it is ancient almost beyond measure. But why? This outline should serve as an explanation to that "why." The present is key to the past and much more is written in the sky than in the rocks.
Category: Astrophysics

Deterministic Free Will with Resonant Decision Making

Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 4 Pages.

There is the obvious incompleteness in the description of quantum mechanics (QM). QM makes it impossible to find the right solutions for the greatest secrets of nature such as the matter-antimatter asymmetry, the origin of dark matter (DM) and dark energy, or the difference of mind and brain which leads to the origin of free will and decision making. Here we show that free will is compatible with determinism and that mind is a DM structure.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Antena Maxwell para VHF

Authors: Carlos Alejandro Chiappini
Comments: 9 Pages.

La parte irradiante de la antena Maxwell para VHF es un disco plano de 327 milímetros de diámetro. Un transductor especial transfiere energía entre el disco y la línea de alimentación proveniente del equipo. Entre la salida del transmisor y el disco irradiante no existe continuidad galvánica de tipo alguno. El rendimiento es plenamente satisfactorio.
Category: Classical Physics

Allow the Wizard of oz to Reply to His Critic

Authors: John Roach
Comments: 38 Pages.

18 articles for Science & Philosophy discussion
Category: General Science and Philosophy

A Maximum Entropy Approach to Wave Mechanics

Authors: Juho Leppäkangas
Comments: 10 Pages.

We employ the maximum entropy principle, in the context of statistical inference by impersonal physical interactions, together with the experimental position-momentum uncertainty phenomenon to construct the general wave mechanical static state of a single, interacting mass particle with no internal degrees of freedom. Subsequently, using Newtonian mechanics, this physically transparent entropic approach allows us to derive the corresponding wave mechanical expectation values and the equation of motion, i.e., the Schrödinger equation.
Category: Quantum Physics

Effective Range of Gravitation

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 11 Pages. 1 figure

It is generally believed that both gravitational and electromagnetic forces belong to macroscopic interactions. However, since the smallest unit of matter is impossible to be infinitely small, the gravity or electromagnetic force cannot be infinitely small too. When these two macroscopic interactions are less than a certain value, it can be considered that there is no longer any interaction. How to determine the interaction range of gravitation, this article mainly analyzes by using the Planck length as the smallest unit of spacetime. It is assumed that if the gravitational potential changes across spacetime of Planck length less than a certain energy value, it indicates that gravitational potential cannot cross the Planck length. The gravitation will disappear as a result. From this, it is inferred that the effective interaction range of the gravitational force is related to the size of the mass. According to the gravitational effective range of the sun, the gravitational effective range of the huge mass of the galaxy's center can be calculated, and then the diameter of the galaxy's core can be calculated.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

End for the Big Bang Theory, Dark Matter and Dark Energy. A New Logical, Clear and Scientific Explanation for the Accelerating Expansion of the Universe

Authors: Vaggelis Talios
Comments: 8 Pages.

The “big bang theory” was established at the end of the third decade of the past century, when astrophysicist Edwin Hubble made the very great discovery, that the Galaxies of the Universe do not have fixed positions, but they move and even move away, which means that the “Universe is expanding”. The theory of the big bang was in completely agreement with Hubble's discovery; so although it had many doubts, it was established as a cosmological theory, provided, of course, that over the time and the advancement of science, these doubts would be clarified. However, in the 1990s-2000s decade, something unexpected happened; two independent research teams, the Supernova Cosmology Project and the High Z Supernova Team, trying to study more thoroughly the expansion of the Universe, discovered that this expansion is accelerated, something that did not agree with the big bang theory, which provides for the opposite; that the expansion of the Universe is, a slowed down expansion. Since then, all of the scientific community has been in turmoil, because an overthrow of the theory of the big bang will overthrow and most of the newer theoretical physics too, which is related to the big bang theory. Unfortunately, science attempting to explain the accelerated expansion, through the controversial concepts of “dark matter” and “dark energy”, –defined as strange cosmic “some-things” and nothing more–, has failed and so far, not produced any positive result. Following these developments, I thought it necessary to get out of my office drawer and restore forward once again the “theory of the chain reaction”, which explains the accelerated expansion, describes with credibility and scientific consistency the creation and operation of the Cosmos and answers to almost all the questions that do not answer the big bang and the other cosmological theories.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Laser Beams Meet Plasma

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 61 Pages.

New research from the University of Rochester will enhance the accuracy of computer models used in simulations of laser-driven implosions. [39] By using an infrared laser beam to induce a phenomenon known as an electron avalanche breakdown near the material, the new technique is able to detect shielded material from a distance. [38] The light scattered by plasmonic nanoparticles is useful, but some of it gets lost at the surface and scientists are now starting to figure out why. [37] In a new review, researchers have described the fundamental physics that causes magnetoelectricity from a theoretical viewpoint. [36] Physicists at EPFL propose a new "quantum simulator": a laser-based device that can be used to study a wide range of quantum systems. [35] The DESY accelerator facility in Hamburg, Germany, goes on for miles to host a particle making kilometer-long laps at almost the speed of light. Now researchers have shrunk such a facility to the size of a computer chip. [34] University of Michigan physicists have led the development of a device the size of a match head that can bend light inside a crystal to generate synchrotron radiation in a lab. [33] A new advance by researchers at MIT could make it possible to produce tiny spectrometers that are just as accurate and powerful but could be mass produced using standard chip-making processes. [32] Scientists from the Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have demonstrated a surprisingly simple way of flipping a material from one state into another, and then back again, with single flashes of laser light. [31] Materials scientists at Duke University computationally predicted the electrical and optical properties of semiconductors made from extended organic molecules sandwiched by inorganic structures. [30] KU Leuven researchers from the Roeffaers Lab and the Hofkens Group have now put forward a very promising direct X-ray detector design, based on a rapidly emerging halide perovskite semiconductor, with chemical formula Cs2AgBiBr6. [29]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Controlling Antimatter

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 32 Pages.

The success of ALPHA and ASACUSA has also inspired a new generation of antimatter experiments. [25] Mysterious radiation emitted from distant corners of the galaxy could finally be explained with efforts to recreate a unique state of matter that blinked into existence in the first moments after the Big Bang. [24] Researchers at Oregon State University have confirmed that last fall's union of two neutron stars did in fact cause a short gamma-ray burst. [23] Quark matter – an extremely dense phase of matter made up of subatomic particles called quarks – may exist at the heart of neutron stars. [22]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Population Structure, Fecundity and Morphological Characteristics of M. Vollenhovenii (Herklots, 1857) on Lower Volta River Basin Channel, Ghana

Authors: Eniade Abiodun Adeyemi, Odedeyi Dominic Olabode, Bello-Olusoji A Oluayo, Adebayo Olabode Thomas, Agyakwah Seth Koranteng
Comments: 11 Pages.

Population structure, fecundity and morphological characteristics of M. vollenhovenii were studied around Lower Volta River, Ghana subject to dirt of information on this prawn species around the study location. The most prominent morphological characteristics already documented for identification of this species was rostrum bearing 13-15 continuous teeth dorsally and 4-5 teeth on its ventral part. These morphological traits formed the principal components for identification in this study. Results showed that morphological traits on second pereiopods such as presence of spines, spinules, teeth borne within the fingers, and dense projections of setae-like features on telson and uropod were observed relevant for identification purposes. Other results revealed that maximum total length recorded in this study (150-155mm) was higher than total length ranges (≤125mm) documented for this species in earlier studies. Consequently, two adult’s classes of prawns were identified (old adult class 81-120mm; and young adults 31-80mm) and older class was observed to be more in catches than the younger prawns. Absolute fecundity revealed that oocytes estimation varied with respect to seasons, ages of prawns and body sizes of specimens examined. In conclusion, this study observed that M. vollenhovenii fishery is operating in a sustainable manner at the time of this study around the study location.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Comparative Differential Leucocyte Count and Morphometrical Analyses of Black Rats Rattus Rattus (Linnaeus, 1758) and White Rats Rattus Norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1769)

Authors: Aryadhara Das, Prafulla Kumar Mohanty
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper aims at a systematic approach to morphologically characterize of five types of white blood cells (WBC), and its nuclei from light microscopic image of blood samples. Hence, cellular and nuclei based geometric features are computed and analyzed statistically with t-test to show their discriminating potentiality among the species. In morphometry study, the length and breadth along with nucleus of leukocytes are compared between and within the species using oneway Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s pairwise comparison tests. In this study, the estimated values of Rattus rattus and Rattus norvegicus with respect to sex were compared. A total of 20 black and white rats (05 each from males and females) were collected. Blood samples were then collected from the caudal vein of anaesthetized rats. In differential leucocyte count, the parameters namely, lymphocyte, monocyte, neutrophil (p < 0.001) and eosinophil and basophil (p < 0.05) reveal significant difference. In morphometrical study, the cell length, breadth along with nucleus of lymphocyte, monocyte, neutrophil (p < 0.01) and eosinophil, basophil (p < 0.05) deviates significantly between and within the species.
Category: Biochemistry

Bacteriological Quality of Kunu-Zaki Sold on the Streets of Owerri Metropolis, Nigeria

Authors: Anumudu I. C., Anumudu C. K.
Comments: 5 Pages.

Kunu-zaki is a nourishing non-alcoholic beverage widely consumed in Nigeria. There is no standardized method for its preparation thus production practices differ amongst retailers. This study was undertaken to evaluate the bacteriological quality of kunu drink retailed in major markets of Owerri metropolis, Nigeria. Triplicate samples were obtained from four markets in Owerri and a control sample prepared in the laboratory. Kunu drink was analysed using the standard pour plate procedure. The results obtained showed that total heterotrophic bacteria count, total coliform count and total Salmonella Shigella count ranged from 1.4 x 103 – 4.5 x 104 cfu/ml, 1.2 x 103 – 3.8 x 104 cfu/ml to 0.6 x 103 – 3.1 x 104 respectively. A total of 9 bacteria genera including Staphylococcus specie, E. coli, Enterobacter specie, Proteus specie, Citrobacter specie, Serratia specie, Lactobacillus specie, Salmonella specie and Streptococcus specie were isolated with the highest percentage frequency of occurrence recorded for Staphylococcus sp. (16.66%) indicating possible low hygiene of the kunu zaki producers. The bacteria genera isolated from kunu zaki sold in Owerri and their number constitute main concerns for public health as these can cause a variety of infections or food intoxications. Thus, there is a need to establish a system of monitoring of street vended kunu zaki to make sure that it is safe for consumption.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Comparative Cytomorphometry of Red Blood Cells of Some Fishes

Authors: Gayatri Acharya, Prafulla Kumar Mohanty
Comments: 10 Pages.

This study aims to compare the size of the red blood cells of different freshwater fishes to gain knowledge of their activity. In this study, 11 different freshwater fishes of four different order like Siluriformes, Cypriniformes, Perciformes, and Osteoglossiformes were selected. For analyses of cytomorphometry of blood cells, blood was collected from caudal vein, and blood smear was prepared at the site of collection. In order to obtain size of different blood cell types, 30 cells of each cell type for each fish were photographed and dimensions of cell-like length and breadth were measured using Microscope Eyepiece Digital Camera (CatCam130 – 1.3 Mega Pixel (MP), Code No. CC130, Catalyst Biotech, Maharashtra, India, attached to Hund Wetzlar Microscope GmbH, Wetzlar-Nauborn, Germany) and computer. This study confirms the cytomorphometry of red blood cells differ significantly at p< 0.001 concerning sex and species. The study will help in diagnosis which in turn will accelerate production of fishes.
Category: Biochemistry

Investigating Genotoxicity of Eleusine Indica by Micronuclei Assay in Albino Rats

Authors: Hannah Edim Etta, Ekei Victor Ikpeme, Effiom, Helen Offiong
Comments: 8 Pages.

Genotoxicity of Eleusine indica (Nkim enang: Efik) was investigated in the Wister strain albino rat (Rattus novergicus). Nine (9) male and nine (9) female rats were randomly assigned to three (3) groups, of which two were exposed to the aqueous extract of E.indica – Group A (control-no extract)), Group B (50 mg/kg BW of E. indica) and Group C (100 mg/kg BW of E. indica). This was administered to the rats by oral gavage for 14 days after which the peripheral blood from the tail tips were collected and assayed for the presence of micronuclei, following standard procedures. Proximate analysis and phytochemical screening of the herb extract was carried out. Results obtained showed that E. indica did not cause any significant (P > 0.05) increase in the incidence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in rat peripheral blood at any of the doses administered. The polychromatic: normochromatic erythrocyte (PCE: NCE) ratio was found to be in the range of 0.50 ± 0.11 to 0.55 ± 0.02. Also, the aqueous herb extract is rich in Carbohydrates (76.17%) and Tannins (21.76%). Mean body weights (MBW) of rats showed normal distribution throughout the duration of the investigation. The results of this study demonstrate that E. indica does not confer any genotoxicity in mammals. Further in-depth study on its efficacy is recommended.
Category: Biochemistry

Quantum Entanglement in Theoretical Physics as a New Insight Into Cancer Biology

Authors: Sorush Niknamian, Spmayeh Zaminpira, Sprephanie Seneff
Comments: 12 Pages.

Quantum entanglement is a phenomenon in theoretical physics that happens when pairs or groups of particles are generated in such a way that the quantum state of each particle cannot be described independently of the others, even when the particles are separated by a large distance. Instead, a quantum state must be described for the system as a whole. Based on the theory of cancer as an evolutionary metabolic disease (Evolutionary Metabolic Hypothesis of Cancer or EMHC), the cancerous cells are eukaryotic cells with different metabolic rate from healthy cells due to the damaged or shut down mitochondria in them. Assuming each human eukaryotic cell as a particle and the whole body as a Quantum Entangled System (QES), is a new perspective on the description of cancer disease, and this link between theoretical physics and biological sciences in the field of cancer therapies can be a new insight into the cause, prevention and treatment of cancer. Additionally, this perspective admits the Lamarckian evolution in the understanding of the mentioned disease. We have presented each human eukaryotic cell containing mitochondria as a QES, and the whole body containing healthy and normal cells as a QES as well. The difference between the entropy of the healthy cells and cancer cells has also been mentioned in this research.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Variations of Biomass and Carbon Contents in Different Traits and Components of Herbaceous Species from Tropical Grassland

Authors: Preeti Verma, R. Sagar, Hariom Verma, Abhishek Rai, Pratibha Chaturvedi, Prem Pratap Singh, Kuldeep Kumar, Sandeep Kumar Singh
Comments: 32 Pages.

Grasslands play a critical role in the global storage of atmospheric carbon (C). Precise estimation of C contents in different plant components is essential to formulate a strategy for mitigating the atmospheric C. Biomass (B) and C of different herbaceous plant components at species, functional group and site levels from tropical grassland locating on the campus of Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India were estimated. For this; 117 herbaceous species just-before flowering were harvested. B and C contents for each species and component were measured and statistically analyzed. The measured C (g plant-1) across the components varied from 0.08 to 31.12. On gm-2 basis; it varied between 29 (leaf) and 49 (root). Plant components, species and functional groups in isolation caused significant differences in the measured C. In the present study; the C content of stem was greater than the leaf and root. The perennial, erect, leguminous and native traits had greater C than the others. Therefore, this observation revealed that the perennial, erect, leguminous and native plants could be a better option for reducing the atmospheric CO2 by capturing it and then converting into B through photosynthesis. Further, the fitted regression equation between the root and shoot for B and C could be used for the extrapolation of B and C of the root component based on the shoot component. The conservative field measurement methods may give precise data on B and C but are destructive to grassland, difficult, time-consuming, and costly to cover at large scale. Hence, the present work could be substantial for the estimation of root C based on shoot component.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Explaining the Benefits of Human Genome Patent

Authors: Shahima Akter Topu
Comments: 5 Pages.

Gene patenting has been facing backlash for decades now. Even Michael Crichton, science fiction novelist, as joined the bandwagon speaking against gene patent.1 Such hostility towards patents, the professional interests of academics, researchers and inventors are under the threat of losing their rights over the work they have done. The biotech industry can never be out of discoveries. With constant biological changes, new diseases are appearing and they have to dig deeper. However, not all progress is free. Rewarding the inventors is not at all unfair. This paper will demonstrate that (i) patents are a foundation of the industry. They need to innovate further progress. The reason patent law exists to protect the inventions for a limited period of time. The paper will also demonstrate that (ii) the social myths about gene patent are not really manifested in reality. It will discuss the argument against gene patenting and then will present counter arguments with empirical evidence whether the myths are really true.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Genetic and Environmental Factors in Skin Color Determination

Authors: Callixte Yadufashije, Rebero Samuel
Comments: 4 Pages.

The origin of skin color has been significantly a discussion of importance among human biology scientists, anthropologists and others interested in evolution of human skin color. Experience was done to chimpanzee and other primates shared almost the same characters with mankind, and this impressed scientists to know what makes difference in skin color among people. Different researches conducted to know the real cause of dark skin and light skin among people of the same origin. There are no other results found out of permanent variation happened to our ancestors based on geographical location. Environmental factors played a huge role in skin color determination. High UVR has been led to dark skin color and low production of UVR led to lightly skin. By natural selection genes responded to environmental conditions for a human to survive in his own environment. Melanin production came as a response to UVR to protect against consequence of UVR in low latitude regions. Depigmentation happened due migration from low latitude to high latitude regions and led lightly skinned color for our ancestors. Everyone has skin color due to ancestry antique geographical location.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Dormancy and Germination in Two Australian Native Species (Acacia Aneura and Rhodanthe Floribunda)

Authors: Paul Theophile Epee Misse
Comments: 5 Pages.

In the laboratory of plant physiology of the University of Queensland (Gatton Campus), a seed germination experiment was undertaken on seeds of two Australian native plant species – Rhodanthe floribundato and Acacia aneura. Most Acacia, including A. aneura exhibit a physical dormancy due to the waxy coat covering the seed. Comparably, just a few species of Rhodanthe are studied as to their dormancy. However, they are also known to present different forms of dormancy. To understand and describe these dormancy mechanisms, a seed germination experiment was conducted on Acacia aneura and Rhodanthe floribunda. This experiment will either add to the existing knowledge regarding these species’ dormancy or corroborate them. It is expected that both species display some form(s) of dormancy.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Analysis of Certain Biochemical Indices on Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats Administered with Protein Isolated and Purified from Vernonia Amygdalina

Authors: Ihimire I.G., Kayode E.A., Osagie V.E.
Comments: 8 Pages.

This study investigated the effect of protein isolate from leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina in diabetic rats. Thirty (30) adults male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six (6) groups of five (5) each based on their body weight. Diabetes was induced with administration of alloxan, 150 mg/kg body weight (i.p). Group A served as the control and received 1 mL/kg body weight of 5% ethanol being solvent used, Group B received 1 mL alloxan containing 150 mg/kg only. Group C, D, E and F were respectively alloxanized but treated with 1%, 3%, 5% and 7% of protein isolate obtained from V. amygdalina leaves for 14 days. On the 15th day, the animals were humanely sacrificed and their liver homogenates were prepared. Standard biochemical procedures were adopted for determination of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glucose levels. Data were subjected to one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison post-hoc test using Graph Pad, version 6 software. Results showed that CAT activity in alloxan-induced untreated rats (1.17 μmole H2O2) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than observed in control rats (2.10 mole H2O2). Treatment with the respective doses recorded comparable values to those observed in control rats. Similar observation was seen with SOD data. Rats treated with 7% protein isolate recorded the most significant (p < 0.05) decrease in serum glucose level. The study suggests that the protein isolate possesses anti-diabetic and hypoglycaemic effects on alloxan-induced diabetic rats.
Category: Biochemistry

Autophagic Processes of Normal and Malignant Metabolic Pathways

Authors: Aurelian Udristioiu, Manole Cojocaru
Comments: 13 Pages.

Autophagy is a cellular process that maintains the homeostasis of the normal cell, but autophagic dysfunction is associated with human diseases, such as cancer. In normal cells, the initial signal to form auto-phagosomes is by the class III phosphatidyl-inositol (PI) 3 kinase complex consisting of sequence genes, Beclin1/Atg6 and class III PI3K (Vps34). This process is negatively regulated by binding of Bcl-2 family members such as Bcl-xL to Beclin1 preventing Beclin1 binding to the PI3K-III complex and thereby reducing autophagy. In cancer, the autophagy can be neutral, tumor-suppressive, or tumor-promoting in different contexts. Genomic analysis of human cancers indicates that the loss or mutation of core autophagy Atg genes, whereas oncogenic events that activate autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis have been identified in malignant diseases. Optimal combination of inductors or inhibitors of autophagy with chemo or radiotherapy in a variety of tumor type, in different phases, can be successful approaches for improve the effect of anticancer therapies.
Category: Biochemistry

The Effect of Aqueous Extract of Morinda Lucida on Haematological Parameters and Intestinal Atpases, Lactase Activity and Histopathology Studies in Lactose Induced Diarrhea in Wistar Rats

Authors: Ugbeni C.O., Idiakheua D.O.
Comments: 8 Pages.

Diarrhea remains a major health burden in developing society till date. Efforts aimed at ameliorating this condition is very imminent. In this study, the antidiarrheal effect of aqueous extracts (dried and fresh forms) of M. lucida leaves was evaluated in Wistar rats. 25% lactose enriched diet was used to induce diarrhea. 25 Wistar rats of an average weight of 150g were divided equally into five groups labeled A-E. The diet was admonished for 72 h to rats in groups B-E. Fresh aqueous extract of M. lucida, dried aqueous extract of M. lucida and loperamide were then administered to groups C-E respectively for the next seven days. The animals were then sacrificed and blood collected for lactase, intestinal ATPases, and some haematological parameters were assayed using standard laboratory procedures. Histopathological examination of the small intestine was also examined. Our results showed a significant increase in the intestinal lactase activity of diarrheic rats. However, the dried extract was able to restore parity with the control. We observed a significant increase in the activities of Na+/K+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase while a decrease in the activity of Ca2+ATPase in lactose induced diarrheic rats when compared with the control. The extracts of M. lucida further increased significantly the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase when compared with the control and the untreated group. However, no significant effect of the extracts on Ca2+ATPase was observed. On haematological parameters, we observed increase in hematocrit and hemoglobin. Treatment with fresh extract and loperamide was able to reverse this increase. Furthermore results of the differential white blood cell count revealed higher lymphocyte count in the group given dried extract of M. lucida. The extracts were able to ameliorate the aberrations observed in the architecture of the intestinal lumen.
Category: Biochemistry

Salt Stress Induced Effects on Biochemical Parameters in Etiolated Maize Leaf Segments During Greening

Authors: Meeta Jain, Jayesh Vaishnav
Comments: 10 Pages.

Treatment of etiolated maize leaf segments with 0-300 mM NaCl during greening decreased the osmotic potential of leaf sap significantly. Na+ content of the leaf tissue increased significantly on supplying different concentrations of salt. Relative water content of the leaf tissue was marginally affected by the supply of NaCl. Total protein and RNA content of the maize leaf segments gradually increased when treated with lower concentrations of NaCl and subsequently decreased at higher concentrations. Decrease in DNA content was noted with increasing salt treatment in a concentration dependent manner. SDS-PAGE analysis of salt treated maize leaf tissue revealed appearance of one protein band (approx. 73 kD) in samples incubated with ≥50 mM NaCl compared to control. Protein identification performed with the Mascot search engine in NCBI database indicated extensive homology of this protein with chloroplast heat shock protein 70 of Cenchrus americanus (Protein score: 295), hypothetical proteins SELMODRAFT_267815 of Selaginella moellendorffii (Protein score: 125), VITISV_000728 of Vitis vinifera (Protein score: 118) and SELMODRAFT_230659 of Selaginella moellendorffii (Protein score: 51). The results revealed that the dark grown maize leaf segments exhibit high degree of stress due to NaCl treatment, which affects the biochemical parameters governing the metabolic activities of the leaf tissue. Further, the stress induced proteins are being synthesized in leaf tissue in response to salt stress.
Category: Biochemistry

Study of Chorioamnionitis Among Women with Preterm Birth at Ruhengeri Referral Hospital

Authors: Callixte Yadufashije, Jasmine Umugwaneza, Cedrick Izere, Emmanuel Munyeshyaka, Thierry Habyarimana
Comments: 8 Pages.

Background: Chorioamnionitis is the association of microorganisms infection in fetal membrane, placental membrane and amniotic fluid. About 2 to 4% of chorioamnionitis occurs in full-term deliveries, but higher than this prevalence in preterm birth. Objectives: The objective of this study was to detect the most dominant bacteria of chorioamnionitis and evaluate correlation of the presence of microorganisms infection in placental membrane, fetal membrane and amniotic fluids in women with preterm birth. Methods: It was cross section study where 20 women with preterm premature rupture of membrane, premature rupture of membrane or preterm birth. By caesarean section or without caesarean section with a group of control of 10 women with term delivery. After delivery immediately the samples swab of amniotic fluid, fetal membrane and placenta membrane sample were placed in separate sterile container (swabs Stuart plastic) in the hospital, where it was stored at temperatures ranging between 8oC-20oC. Culture technique, gram staining and biochemical test were used to identify the microorganisms in this study at INES-Ruhengeri Microbiology laboratory. At the Ruhengeri Referral Hospital and analyzed according to INES Microbiology Laboratory standard operating procedures. Results: in 20 women with preterm birth, the most dominant mircoroganism was yeast 28.4% and mould 28.4%, other infections were caused by Escherichia coli, with 9.3%, Klebsiella species with 3.7%, Streptococcus species with 9.3%, Staphylococcus species with 9.3%, Candida albican with 11.7%. Those microorganisms show the association in fetal membrane, placenta membrane and amniotic fluid, of all women suspected to have chorioamnionitis. In 10 samples of control group, for women with term birth, same microorganisms were found like in fetal membrane were (Staphylococcus species 11%, mould 33%, and Yeast 56%), in placenta membrane were (Staphylococcus species 20%, mould 30%, Yeast 50%) and Amniotic fluid were (Staphylococcus species 0%, mould 33%, Yeast 67%). Conclusion: Chorioamnionitis can be in women with preterm birth or with term birth, untreated microorganism infections will cause a big problem of chorioamnionitis in pregnant women this will conduct to preterm morbidity and mortality.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Artificial Neural Network (Ann) and Regression Model for Predicting the Albumin to Globulin (A/g) Ratio in a Serum Protein Electrophoresis Test

Authors: Akshansh Mishra
Comments: 10 Pages.

Multiple myeloma affects the several parts of bodies such as the spine, skull, pelvis and ribs. The cause of multiple myeloma is not known properly. The poor prognoses is associated with most cancers creates a sense of urgency for the brains behind healthcare Artificial Intelligence (AI) research. AI is able to detect cancer and other diseases earlier than possible through standard diagnostic methods, which could be lifesaving for future patients. The main objective of the research paper is to predict the Albumin to Globulin (A/G) ratio obtained by the electrophoresis test by developing regression model and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model. The results obtained showed that the Mean Square Error (MSE) obtained by ANN model is less than the MSE obtained by the regression model.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Susceptibility of Common Weeds and Cultivated Crops in Major Maize Growing Agroecological Zones of Uganda to Viruses Causing Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease

Authors: Mudde, B., Miano D. W., Olubayo, F. M., Asea, G., Kilalo, D.c., Kwemoi, D. B., Adriko, J., Ssekiwoko, F., Male, A., Kiggundu, A.
Comments: 14 Pages.

Maize lethal necrosis (MLN) disease is caused when maize plants become coinfected with Maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) and potyviruses notably Sugarcane Mosaic Virus (SCMV). Apart from maize, little is known about susceptibility of weed species and cultivated crop species usually growing in proximity with maize to MLN viruses in Uganda. The common weeds and crop plants were mechanically inoculated with combined sap from MCMV and SCMV infected maize plants. Samples were tested for MLN causing viruses by Double Antibody Sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (DAS-ELISA) and Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). The weeds that were susceptibility to MCMV were Digitaria abyssinica, Eleusine africana and Roetboellia cochinchinensis; while those susceptible to SCMV were Pennisetum purpureum, Panicum maximum and Roetboellia cochinchinensis. The cultivated crops were susceptible only to MCMV and included cassava (Manihot esculenta), groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Common weeds and cultivated crops growing close to maize in Uganda have differential susceptibility to MLN causing viruses and can act as reservoirs of MLN causing viruses. It is critical to identify non MLN hosts in cultivated crops for crop rotation and early weeding to reduce on MLN virus inoculum in cropping systems.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Effect of Dietary Substitution of Maize Meal with Finger Millet Meal on Fat Deposition on Broiler Meat

Authors: Ndlovu, N., Usai, T., Usai, E., Manhokwe, S.
Comments: 9 Pages.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a finger millet-based broiler feed on the meat quality of chicken. Proximate nutrient composition was analyzed on the finger millet meal and a feed formulated with finger millet as the main energy source. The feed was formulated on percent crude protein (CP) basis using Pearson square method. An experiment was designed and conducted on Ross Hybrid chickens to determine the effect of the feed on lean tissue development. A two-tailed t-test statistical analysis was conducted at a significance level of 5% to determine the effect of the feed on fat deposition and lean tissue development in broiler muscle. The finger millet feed increased mean lean tissue mass by 3.47%. This study showed that use of finger millet feed reduced the fat deposition and favored protein deposition in broiler muscle (increased leanness). This study also showed that finger millet feed significantly enhanced broiler growth performance. We concluded that finger millet has the potential to replace maize meal in broiler feed formulation in order to produce lean and healthier meat for consumers.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Phylogenetic and Morphological Diversity of Culturable Cyanobacteria from Lake Magadi in Kenya

Authors: Ngetha Edwin, Julia Khayeli Akhwale, Romano Mwirichia
Comments: 8 Pages.

Lake Magadi is an alkaline saline Lake in Kenya, which lies on the Great Eastern Rift valley. Although the lake is characterized by extremes of salt, pH and temperature, it supports diverse groups of cyanobacteria. In this study, we used different media to isolate novel groups of cyanobacteria. We recovered 11 isolates affiliated to the orders Chroococcales, Oscillatoriales, Pleurocapsales and Nostocales. Isolates affiliated to Chroococcidiopsis species had similarity values below 90% to currently characterized taxa indicating that these could be completely new phylotypes. This taxon has not been isolated before from the soda lake indicating the power of molecular techniques in identifying novel cyanobacterial taxa. Only two of the recovered isolates had 99% similarity to known organisms. Previous studies have mainly relied on microscopic examination and identification, which can lead to misidentification and subsequent assignment of an organism to the wrong taxon. The recovered isolates are a useful resource of more studies on taxonomy and secondary metabolite production.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Comparative Growth and Survival Performance of Sea Cucumber (Holothuria Scabra) in co-Cultured Pen System with Commercial Macroalgae

Authors: Muumin I. Hamad, Augustine W. Mwandya, Renalda S. Munubi, Sebastian Chenyambuga, Heiromin A. Lamtane.
Comments: 10 Pages.

Mariculture has recently been adopted in many parts of coastal East Africa as a source of income and employment to many women and heartbroken fishermen who are the main victim of dwindling wild stock of aquatic resources. The sea cucumber (Holothuria scabra) has for long time been collected and sold as export marine product. Macroalgae (Eucheuma denticulatum and Kappaphycus alvarezii) are the common cultured seaweed species that provide hope for future increase in mariculture production. An experiment was conducted along the intertidal lagoon of Unguja Ukuu village in Zanzibar to assess the survival and growth performance of sea cucumber (H. scabra) in two separate pens under co-cultured systems with E. denticulatum and K. alvarezii. Juvenile sea cucumber H. scabra with mean weight (± se) of 67.18 ± 2.06 were integrated with the two common commercial seaweed in pen system for 10 weeks. The results revealed that the growth rate and survival of H. scabra, E. denticulatum and K. alvarezii were better under integration system. The growth of H. scabra was higher (1.038 gd-1) in pen systems co-cultured with K. alvarezii compared to 0.898 gd-1 in pen systems co-culture with E. denticulatum. Survival rate of H. scabra was higher (76%) in the pen systems co-cultured with E. denticulatum compared to that (70%) observed in pen systems co-cultured with K. alvarezii. The results suggest that the best integration of sea cucumber and macroalgae is between H. scabra and K. alvarezii. However, reliable source of H. scabra juvenile is essential for the future expansion of pen co-culture system.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Influence of Mangrove Deforestation and Land Use Change on Trophic Organization of Fish Assemblages in Creek Systems

Authors: Augustine W. Mwandya
Comments: 15 Pages.

The impacts of human related activities on trophic structure of mangrove associated fish species, was investigated by sampling fish in mangrove creeks. Trophic organization and stable isotope signatures (δ13C and δ15N) of fish in undisturbed mangrove creeks were compared with clear-cut areas of mangrove and reservoirs for saltworks and fish farms constructed after mangrove clearing. Results showed significantly higher densities, species numbers, diversity (H’) and numbers of trophic groups in undisturbed sites compared to disturbed sites. Overall, omnivorous fish comprised the most abundant feeding guild, which dominated in the cleared sites followed in order by the uncleared sites and reservoirs. The zoobenthivores/piscivores was the most diverse group, with the highest species richness in the undisturbed areas. Multivariate analysis showed that assemblage structure of omnivores in the reservoirs was separated from those in uncleared and cleared sites, while zoobenthivores/piscivores differed between uncleared sites and disturbed areas. Stable isotope ratios of δ13C and δ15N values in fish muscles indicated significant diet shifts between undisturbed and disturbed mangrove creek systems, although the effects were species-specific. The findings suggest that mangrove deforestation combined with land-use changes, has a greater impact on the trophic structure of fish in mangrove creeks than mangrove deforestation only.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Determination Prevalence of Cymothoid Parasite Fish Families in Iwofe (Port Harcourt) Rivers State

Authors: Gloria Wonodi, Ugbomeh A.P., Gabriel U.U.
Comments: 10 Pages.

The aim of this study is to provide information on the morphology of the Cymothoid parasites of Haemulidae and Elopidae from Iwofe in Port Harcourt determine physico chemical parameter of study area. To determine the percentage prevalence of Cymothoid parasite of both fish families in the study area. To determine the species of the Cymothoid parasite in the study area. To compare the structure and morphology of the different life stages of the Cymothoids. A total of seventy six (76) fishes from Iwofe landing site were examined, forty six (46) fishes were infected with a prevalence of 68%, Pomadasys perotetei had (96.7%), Pomadasys jubelini had (57.1%), Clarias arius had (50%) and none was also isolated from Mugil curema. During the period of study no Elopidae was found in this station, samples were obtained only from Haemulidae. The fishermen said they do not always have that catch because of the kind of net they use in fishing the morphology of the Cymothoid parasites of Haemulidae and Elopidae and the sampling sites was Iwofe water side . The isolated parasite that was collected was Cymothoid parasites and they Cymothoid sodwana, Cymothoid pleibeia, Cymothoid spp1, Cymothoid spp2, Nerocila acuminata, Nerocila lomatia and Nerocila orbignyi. The physical chemical parameters of the water was analyzed and the result showed that there was a significant difference in salinity, Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Electrical Conductivity (EC) across the sampling stations. Pomadasyidae had a higher prevalence of isopods than the other fish hosts and more than one type of parasite was found in the mouth while Elopidae had the parasite on their fins and body wall and none was recorded in the mouth. The cephalon, pereomeres, pleomeres, pleotelson, eyes and marsupium was different in the Cymothoids studied. The parasite also affected the condition of the fish.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Detection of Helicobacter Pylori Among Gastritis Patients Attending Nemba District Hospital

Authors: Callixte Yadufashije, Ange Yvette Uwitonze, Yvonne Manizabayo, Thierry Habyarimana
Comments: 8 Pages.

Background: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a small, spiral-shaped bacterium that lives in the surface of the stomach and duodenum. More than half of the world’s population is colonized with H. pylori in the gastric mucosa which is the major cause of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer and also the most important etiological factor responsible for the duodenal and gastric ulcer and has an important role in the pathogenesis leading to gastric cancer. Objectives: The objectives of this study was to determine the prevalence of H. pylori among gastritis patients at Nemba district hospital, to compare sex prevalence level of H. pylori among gastritis patients and determine the prevalence of H. pylori among gastritis patients according to the age of gastritis patients. Methods: This study involved 140 patients with gastritis who attended Nemba district hospital from August to October 2018. The samples were collected and H. pylori rapid test strip was performed for all patients to diagnose H. pylori among gastritis patients. Results: Findings of the study showed that the prevalence of H. pylori infection was found to be significantly high among female participants than male participants. Despite high prevalence in females, the findings showed that there was no statistical significance of sex with H. pylori infection (χ2 = 0.6 and p > 0.05, p = 0.1). On basis of age, the prevalence of H. pylori infection was found to be high among participants and the prevalence increase between young age and old age. Results show that there was statistical significance between age and H. pylori infection with χ2 = 1.2 and p > 0.05, p = 0.04. the group of individuals with that ≥ 45 years old were more affected compared to other age groups and the prevalence of H. pylori infection was increased in older patients than younger patients. Our study showed an overall prevalence of H. pylori among gastritis patients was (45.7% n = 140). Conclusion: H. pylori infection is terrible burden of public health and affect people of all age and sex. H. pylori infection was significantly high in females and significance was found in age group of patients. Number of people are carrier of this terrible bacterium, thus hospitals are recommended to carry out early diagnosis to avoid later complication of infection.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Quantum Matrix Product Operators

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 48 Pages.

In quantum physics, scrambling is the dispersal of quantum information across a complex quantum system, such as chaotic quantum many-body systems. [28] At the Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, researchers have realized the swap of electron spins between distant quantum dots. [27] A quantum circuit that can unambiguously test for information scrambling in an experiment could help verify the calculations of quantum computers and even shed more light on what happens to quantum information when it falls into a black hole. [26] Researchers at the University of Florence and Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, in Italy, have recently proved that the invasiveness of quantum measurements might not always be detrimental. [25] Now, researchers in the UK and Israel have created miniscule engines within a block of synthetic diamond, and have shown that electronic superposition can boost their power beyond that of classical devices. [24] In the latest wrinkle to be discovered in cubic boron arsenide, the unusual material contradicts the traditional rules that govern heat conduction, according to a new report by Boston College researchers in today's edition of the journal Nature Communications. [23] Beyond the beauty of this phenomenon, which connects heating processes to topology through an elegant quantization law, the results reported in this work designate heating measurements as a powerful and universal probe for exotic states of matter. [22]
Category: Quantum Physics

Cardiac Interferometry Diagnose

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 78 Pages.

A new imaging technique developed by Biwei Yin and interdisciplinary researchers at the Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School in the U.S., provides resolution at the subcellular-level to image the heart's vascular system. [47] The key to ghost imaging is to use two or more correlated beams of particles. [46] Physicists at the University of Alberta in Canada have developed a new way to build quantum memories, a method for storing delicate quantum information encoded into pulses of light. [45] Now, an Australian research team has experimentally realised a crucial combination of these capabilities on a silicon chip, bringing the dream of a universal quantum computer closer to reality. [44] A theoretical concept to realize quantum information processing has been developed by Professor Guido Burkard and his team of physicists at the University of Konstanz. [43] As the number of hacks and security breaches rapidly climbs, scientists say there may be a way to make a truly unhackable network by using the laws of quantum physics. [42] This world-first nanophotonic device, just unveiled in Nature Communications, encodes more data and processes it much faster than conventional fiber optics by using a special form of 'twisted' light. [41] Purdue University researchers created a new technique that would increase the secret bit rate 100-fold, to over 35 million photons per second. [40] Physicists at The City College of New York have used atomically thin two-dimensional materials to realize an array of quantum emitters operating at room temperature that can be integrated into next generation quantum communication systems. [39] Research in the quantum optics lab of Prof. Barak Dayan in the Weizmann Institute of Science may be bringing the development of such computers one step closer by providing the "quantum gates" that are required for communication within and between such quantum computers. [38]
Category: Physics of Biology

Zeros of the Riemann Zeta Function Within the Critical Strip and Off the Critical Line

Authors: Jonathan W. Tooker
Comments: 22 Pages. v2: Changed wrong "at least one" condition to correct "more than one" condition in Section 5. Nice paper.

In a recent paper, the author demonstrated the existence of real numbers in the neighborhood of infinity. It was shown that the Riemann zeta function has non-trivial zeros in the neighborhood of infinity but none of those zeros lie within the critical strip. While the Riemann hypothesis only asks about non-trivial zeros off the critical line, it is also an open question of interest whether or not there are any zeros off the critical line yet still within the critical strip. In this paper, we show that the Riemann zeta function does have non-trivial zeros of this variety. The method used to prove the main theorem is only the ordinary analysis of holomorphic functions. After giving a brief review of numbers in the neighborhood of infinity, we use Robinson's non-standard analysis and Eulerian infinitesimal analysis to examine the behavior of zeta on an infinitesimal neighborhood of the north pole of the Riemann sphere. After developing the most relevant features via infinitesimal analysis, we will proceed to prove the main result via standard analysis on the Cartesian complex plane without reference to infinitesimals.
Category: Functions and Analysis

3n+1 Problem for a Number Which Never Land

Authors: BOUARFAOUI Saïd
Comments: 8 Pages. Some studies on the 3n+1 problem

In the present paper, we study the 3n+1 problem to know if there is a theoretical number such as the number never land on the cycle {4;2;1}and grows continually.We will specify the general formula such as the number of uneven steps (3��+1)and even steps (��/2)are equals.We want to know also the uneven number form 2^��+2^0 and its composition during ��uneven (3��+1)and even steps (��/2).The composition number 2��+20will be viewed in two ways :1. When the powers which compose the numbers are expanded. We will recognize the Pascal’s triangle.2. When the powers which compose the numbers are agglutinate. We will recognize (3^��) in base 2.
Category: Number Theory

Effective Asteroid Deflection Through Impulsive Influence by the Use of a High-Thrust Plasma-Propulsion Driven Platform

Authors: Danny Kirmse
Comments: 5 Pages.

One of the most significant threats from outer space is a massive celestial object with a path crossing the earth’s solar orbit. It is obvious; from a statistic point of view such an event will be rather unlikely. But it can happen, and the consequences would be dramatic. A threat is always scaled by probability and effect. And in sum it is worth to be prepared, when the probability may be low but the potential expected effect is an extensive destruction of human habitat. In general, there are two different opportunities to impact an asteroid and its orbit. One way is to try to destroy the whole asteroid by conventional or even nuclear explosives. But this procedure involves the risk that the number and sizes of the resulting pieces of the asteroid and their trajectories are almost not calculable. Therefore, it is unpredictable if one is decreasing the risk of an earth impact or even increasing it. The other way is to deflect the orbit of the asteroid and to prevent hereby a crossing with the solar orbit of the earth. Without assessing the chance of success, it seems clear that the approach of deflecting will at least not increase the threat compared with the one of destruction.
Category: Classical Physics

On the Ramanujan’s Equations Applied to Various Sectors of Particle Physics and Cosmology: New Possible Mathematical Connections. Vii

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 100 Pages.

In this research thesis, we have analyzed further Ramanujan formulas and described new possible mathematical connections with some sectors of Particle Physics and Cosmology
Category: Mathematical Physics

Kryptos - Hidden Hill Cipher

Authors: Robert Mereau
Comments: 23 Pages.

This paper is intended to provide support for those working to solve Kryptos. The hope is that the content, be it in part or complete, contains novel discoveries and mechanics that can assist the greater communities development of new approaches.
Category: General Mathematics

Electric Field and Divergence Theorem

Authors: Eric Su
Comments: 2 Pages. Note that the author does not read Disqus comments here, please respond by email. Including a list of publications is also a healthy gesture.

The divergence theorem states that the surface integral of the flux is equal to the volume integral of the divergence of the flux. This is not true if there is singularity in the volume integral. One example is the electric field flux described by Coulomb's law. Another example is the gravitational force. Consequently, Gauss's flux theorem is not applicable to the divergence of the electric field.
Category: Classical Physics

Le Politique le Vrai Projet Militaire

Authors: Rachid ELAÏDI
Comments: 105 Pages.

Egypte, Soudan, Algéeie...en est une illustration de projet militaire dont le politique est l'élement à définir. il s'agit d'un dialogue politique d'un autre temps
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Agriculture 4.0

Authors: Diego Liberati
Comments: 3 Pages.

principles and actions mutuated from Industry 4.0 are trensposed and implemented to agriculture
Category: Economics and Finance

Critical Mass (The End of General Relativity)

Authors: Matthew Taylor
Comments: 2 Pages. Original work. All rights reserved.

Having dispatched multiple, significant confirmations of General Relativity, it’s time to find out what went wrong and, if possible, fix it. (Spoiler: It can’t be fixed.)
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Neutrino Experiments

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 53 Pages.

If it turns out that neutrinos and antineutrinos oscillate in a different way from one another, this may partially account for the present-day matter–antimatter imbalance. [21] Studying this really interesting particle that's all around us, and yet is so hard to measure, that could hold the key to understanding why we're here at all, is exciting—and I get to do this for a living," says Mauger. [20] In the Standard Model of particle physics, elementary particles acquire their masses by interacting with the Higgs field. This process is governed by a delicate mechanism: electroweak symmetry breaking (EWSB). [19]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Kareem's Radiation

Authors: Kareem Muhammad
Comments: 2 Pages.

derive the formula which calculate the radiation power of 1 mole of a sodium atoms due to the earth motion around sun
Category: Classical Physics

Nanoscale Solids and Liquids

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 56 Pages.

How a liquid interacts with the surface of a solid is important in batteries and fuel cells, chemical production, corrosion phenomena, and many biological processes. [39] With international collaboration, researchers at Aalto University have now developed a nanosized amplifier to help light signals propagate through microchips. [38] Physicists at the Kastler Brossel Laboratory in Paris have reached a milestone in the combination of cold atoms and nanophotonics. [37]
Category: Condensed Matter

Controlling Solids with Acoustic Waves

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 50 Pages.

Physicists from Switzerland, Germany, and France have found that large-amplitude acoustic waves, launched by ultrashort laser pulses, can dynamically manipulate the optical response of semiconductors. [28] Scientists at Princeton University in the US have discovered that a material known as a Weaire-Phelan foam can act as an optical filter. [27] Using X-ray laser technology, a team led by researchers of the Paul Scherrer Institute PSI has recorded one of the fastest processes in biology. [26] A Virginia Commonwealth University researcher has developed a procedure for identifying the source of cells present in a forensic biological sample that could change how cell types are identified in samples across numerous industries. [25]
Category: Condensed Matter

Лекция презентация: "Механизм и таблицы периодизации химических элементов" (новая система периодизации атомов)

Authors: Райков Александр Геннадьевич
Comments: 11 Pages. Лекция презентация является фрагментом печатного издания "Том Третий"

Настоящее просветительское издание подготовлено для ознакомления широких кругов общественности и научного сообщества с новой системой периодизации химических элементов на основе универсального и всеобъемлющего механизма (закона) причинно-следственной периодичности возникновения, развития и угасания качественно-количественных форм и процессов материи. Периодизация химических элементов (атомов) выполнена на основе разработанного автором принципиально нового операционно-аналитического (математического) аппарата философии диалектического материализма. Лекция презентация является фрагментом печатного издания "Том Третий"
Category: Chemistry

Cosmological Redshift of the Universe

Authors: Michael John Sarnowski
Comments: 4 Pages.

Cosmological Redshift has typically been calculated an effect of expansion of the universe. Currently there is debate about why the Hubble constant is different depending on the method being used to calculate the Hubble constant. This paper proposes that there are at least three different contributing factors to the cosmological redshift. These are radial redshift for the acceleration of matter in the universe, transverse redshift for the spinning of the universe, and gravitational blue shift for gravitational affects on cosmological light. There are also local affects. Perhaps our area of the universe has a gravitationally bound cosmic structure, and we observe other gravitational bound. There may also be other contributions to the gravitational redshift of the universe. There may be some difficulty in calculating cosmological redshift, because we really don’t know where in the universe we really are.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Evidence for the Speed Over the Speed of Light is Equal to Imaginary Quantity

Authors: Kareem Muhammad
Comments: 2 Pages.

evidence For the speed over the speed of light is equal to imaginary quantity by the geometry of conic sections
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

QUANTIVITY The Unified Theory of Everything Part 1: Cosmological Constants as Quantized Spacetime Parameters, Vacuum Mass/Energy, and Partial Spacetime Anatomy

Authors: Sam Nassiri
Comments: 9 Pages.

Quantivity covers the fundamental concepts due to high-energy being explored in Special Relativity(SR), General Relativity(GR) Quantum Mechanics (QM) as well as String Theory (ST), and eventually reconciles them. Through our unique reverse engineering approach, we have got the big picture, we have conceptually unraveled the glorious grand design of the Universe. Our theory strongly supports the Holographic model of the universe. We claim that all the objects measurements might be turned into dimensionless frequencies, referred by us as q (or q factor), by using relevant cosmological units. It is further postulated that nature uses the same approach for objects measurements, so these q factors are compatible with each other and are capable of seamlessly being mixed with each other in any desired equation. Additionally, we strongly confirm the existence of the hidden world as mentioned in the literature, which simultaneously communicates with our visible world. While SR and GR address our visible world, and QM addresses the hidden world, QUANTIVITY addresses both. We have a comprehensive set of findings that will be published in multiple articles. In this article, as the first article of series of our articles, we concentrate on showing that the Spacetime is quantized, by deriving its grain size, rigorously, employing the previously known constants, which then consequently reveals its inverse as the number of Spacetime grains. Going into deeper discussions, we will show that, this fixed expansion of Spacetime is due to a special built-in mechanism that inflated its size vertically, due to high builtin velocity (i.e., c) and small rest mass (i.e., vacuum pos/neg masses), causing the Spacetime excitation with high frequency (coined by us as qmax, see Fig. 1). Additionally, said Spacetime inflation has caused a series of resource shortages, making objects to obey a resource sharing scheme for resources including energy, mass, space, and time. This concept might be considered as the propagation of resources, in the (vertical) Time, additional to their propagation in the (horizontal) Space. The value of this intrinsic qmax with the value of its inverse partner (qmin, as a pair of dimensionless constants) is the glorious set of numbers: 10±38.6308177. This pair behaves similar to the parameters of a balloon, wherein the size of its inflated space competes with its thickness. Further, we show that this pair of constants are being used everywhere as ultimate sizes, as well as addressing the following issues: (1) the long being sought for Cosmological Constant, (2) the ratio between the Strong Force and the Gravitational Force, (3), and the reason behind the so-called Gravity leak and/or possibly the presence of Dark Matter/Energy. Additionally, in this and our future articles we make interesting conclusions, including a postulate stating that length and space (after redefinition of space) are inverses of each other, and the time dilation, as well as the space dilation (i.e., the length contraction), lead to extreme light motion traversing the whole Spacetime almost instantly, without violating the SR’s 2nd postulate.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Four Velocity and Four Momentum

Authors: Anamitra Palit
Comments: 8 Pages.

We derive in this article that the four dot product between two arbitrary velocities is less than the square of the speed of light in vacuum and the product of two four momenta is less than the product of the two masses involved and the square of the speed of light[in vacuuo]. Finally we find a contradiction to these formulas.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gravitational Waves Debunked

Authors: Matthew Taylor
Comments: 2 Pages. Original work. All rights reserved.

Applying the Natural Mechanics model (Taylor M 2019 Natural Mechanics http://vixra.org/abs/1911.0294) to describe the decay of Binary quasar systems - necessary to forge a consensus among astrophysicists
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Equations of Wave Propagation in Cyclic Galilean Spaces Уравнения распространения волны в циклических галилеевых пространствах

Authors: Valery Timin
Comments: In Russian, 15 pages

This paper is devoted to the equations of propagation of harmonic waves in Galilean spaces with a single cyclic coordinate, in which a certain inercial reference system is distinguished as an absolute reference system for waves. The equations of wave propagation in the case of infinite, unbounded spaces are derived. Данная работа посвящена уравнениям распространения гармонических волн в галилеевых пространствах с одной циклической координатой, в которой выделяется некоторое ИСО как абсолютная система отсчета (АСО) для волн. Выведены уравнения распространения волн в случае бесконечных, неограниченных размерами пространств.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Searching for Waves in the Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equations - The Adventure

Authors: Aubery D.
Comments: 29 Pages.

This article traces a journey of discovery undertaken to search for wave phenomena in the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. From the early days of my interest in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) used for consulting purposes, and the use of various commercial solvers eventually leading to research programs, at a number of universities, spanning a number of years. It reviews research programs at Dortmund University (Dortmund, Germany), and this author’s post-graduate study at Chulalongkorn University (Bangkok, Thailand). During the latter, it was noticed that flow solutions became unstable when certain combinations of parameters were used - especially when real-life density and viscosity were used. Clarity was needed. This author had a perception that this research could lead to an understanding of the turbulence phenomenon, Tensor calculus was used to understand the macro nature of the NS Equations, and to place them firmly into the family of wave equations. My research continued in private for some 15 years, with the occasional presentation of findings at conferences, and an internet blog. In recent months major breakthroughs have been made, and now the evidence for wave phenomena is convincingly demonstrated.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Nullification of Relativity Theory Via the Sufficiency of the Galilean Velocity Transformation

Authors: John Lawrence Duval
Comments: 2 Pages.

If Relativity Theory is wrong, the error should be found at the very beginning of its derivation. This work does just that.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Ramanujan’s Equations Applied to Various Sectors of Particle Physics and Cosmology: New Possible Mathematical Connections. vi

Authors: Michele Nardelli, Antonio Nardelli
Comments: 136 Pages.

In this research thesis, we have analyzed further Ramanujan formulas and described new possible mathematical connections with some sectors of Particle Physics and Cosmology
Category: Mathematical Physics