Authors: Daniel L. Jassby
Fusion devices produce high-energy neutrons and ions by reactions between deuterons or between deuterons and tritons, but no one has ever converted the energy of fusion products to electricity. In 75 years of R&D no fusion system has produced one watt or one joule of electricity, while the device and its auxiliary systems consume multi-megajoules of electricity during each operating pulse. It’s possible that in the 2030’s one or morefusion devices may utilize clever stunts to produce a few watts, but even a modest demonstration of several kilowatts of electric output (while still consuming multi-megawatts) is two decades away. Producing net electric power from a fusion facility may never be possible because of the high power consumption of any fusion device and its auxiliary systems. The second most daunting hurdle to power production is that the burned and lost tritium fuel must be replenished in the fusion contraption itself. That is infeasible, partly because of shortcomings in "breeding" by fusion neutrons, but especially when inherently small burnup fractions result in unavoidable losses of the dispersing unburned tritium. The only practical fuel is deuterium alone. The difficulties of achieving ignition in deuterium, of developing adequate reactor technologies, and of finding pathways for reducing electricity consumption of reactor systems will push the realization of a prototype fusion power plant at least half a century away.
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