Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Accelerating Universe and the Expanding Atom-2

Authors: U .V . S. Seshavatharam, S. Lakshminarayana
Comments: 7 Pages.

Bohr radius of hydrogen atom, quanta of the angular momentum and the strong interaction range - are connected with the large scale structure of the massive universe. In the accelerating universe, as the space expands, in hydrogen atom, distance between proton and electron increases and is directly proportional to the size of the universe. Obtained value of the present Hubble constant is 70.75 Km/sec/Mpc. `Rate of decrease in fine structure ratio' is a measure of cosmic rate of expansion. Considering the integral nature of number of protons (of any nucleus), integral nature of `hbar' can be understood.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Algebraic Braids, Sub-Manifold Braid Theory, and Generalized Feynman Diagrams

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 37 Pages.

The basic challenge of quantum TGD is to give a precise content to the notion of generalization Feynman diagram and the reduction to braids of some kind is very attractive possibility inspired by zero energy ontology. The point is that no n>2-vertices at the level of braid strands are needed if bosonic emergence holds true.

1. For this purpose the notion of algebraic knot is introduced and the possibility that it could be applied to generalized Feynman diagrams is discussed. The algebraic structrures kei, quandle, rack, and biquandle and their algebraic modifications as such are not enough. The lines of Feynman graphs are replaced by braids and in vertices braid strands redistribute. This poses several challenges: the crossing associated with braiding and crossing occurring in non-planar Feynman diagrams should be integrated to a more general notion; braids are replaced with sub-manifold braids; braids of braids ....of braids are possible; the redistribution of braid strands in vertices should be algebraized. In the following I try to abstract the basic operations which should be algebraized in the case of generalized Feynman diagrams.
2. One should be also able to concretely identify braids and 2-braids (string world sheets) as well as partonic 2-surfaces and I have discussed several identifications during last years. Legendrian braids turn out to be very natural candidates for braids and their duals for the partonic 2-surfaces. String world sheets in turn could correspond to the analogs of Lagrangian sub-manifolds or two minimal surfaces of space-time surface satisfying the weak form of electric-magnetic duality. The latter opion turns out to be more plausible. Finite measurement resolution would be realized as symplectic invariance with respect to the subgroup of the symplectic group leaving the end points of braid strands invariant. In accordance with the general vision TGD as almost topological QFT would mean symplectic QFT. The identification of braids, partonic 2-surfaces and string world sheets - if correct - would solve quantum TGD explicitly at string world sheet level in other words in finite measurement resolution.
3. Also a brief summary of generalized Feynman rules in zero energy ontology is proposed. This requires the identification of vertices, propagators, and prescription for integrating over al 3-surfaces. It turns out that the basic building blocks of generalized Feynman diagrams are well-defined.
4. The notion of generalized Feynman diagram leads to a beautiful duality between the descriptions of hadronic reactions in terms of hadrons and partons analogous to gauge-gravity duality and AdS/CFT duality but requiring no additional assumptions. The model of quark gluon plasma as s strongly interacting phase is proposed. Color magnetic flux tubes are responsible for the long range correlations making the plasma phase more like a very large hadron rather than a gas of partons. One also ends up with a simple estimate for the viscosity/entropy ratio using black-hole analogy.

Evolution of TGD

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 36 Pages.

A summary about how various ideas about TGD have developed is given. This is a response to a request of Mark McWilliams. I try to represent the development chronologically but I must confess that I have forgotten precise dates so that the chronology is not exact. Very probably I have also forgotten many important ideas and many side tracks which led nowhere. Unavoidably the emphasis is on the latest ideas and there is of course the risk that some of them are not here to stay. Even during writing process some ideas developed into more concrete form. A good example is the vision about what happens in quantum jump and what the unitarity of U-matrix really means, how M-matrices generalize to form Kac-Moody type algebra, and how the notion of quantum jump in zero energy ontology (ZEO) reproduces the basic aspects of quantum measurement theory. Also a slight generalization of quantum arithmetics suggested itself during the preparation of the article.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Unifying of the Forces of Nature

Authors: Bertrand Wong
Comments: 9 Pages. The conclusion of this paper contains a number of new and important points.

This paper takes a look at the formulating of the unified field theory and the theory of everything. It shows how a unified field theory and theory of everything may be obtained.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Ulianov String Theory a New Representation for Fundamental Particles

Authors: Policarpo Yōshin Ulianov
Comments: 15 Pages.

This article introduces a new model for fundamental particles representation, named Ulianov String Theory (UST). In the UST model, the space is composed of eight dimensions, being four of them “rolled up” dimensions while the other four are ”ordinary” dimensions. Moreover, in the UST, time dimension is modeled as a complex variable and can also be “rolled up”. This new string model also defines point-like particles named Ulianov Holes (uholes), which, from the imaginary time collapse, is transformed into strings. These strings allow generation of a series of structures, which can be associated to configurations of the observed matter and energy in our universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Ribbon Dark Sector and Koide Triplets

Authors: M. D. Sheppeard
Comments: 7 Pages.

Riofrio predicted a basic total dark sector density fraction, and hypothesised an exact $1:3$ ratio for the matter and dark energy components, consistent with observations. It is suggested that the color quantum number for quark states is responsible for the factor of 3, whereby dark sector properties are a consequence of a non local quark and lepton complementarity. This factor of 3 also appears as the proton mass scale in a quark Koide triplet.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Cosmo-Logical Origin of Electromagnetic and Strong Interactions

Authors: U .V . S. Seshavatharam, S. Lakshminarayana
Comments: 1 Page. Abstract only

If mass of the present universe is, $M_0 \cong \frac{c^3}{2GH_0} \cong 9\times10^{52}$ Kg and ($m_e$ \& $m_p$) represents the rest masses of electron and proton, it is noticed that $\hbar \cong \frac{Gm_p\sqrt{M_0m_e}}{c}.$ Considering the integral nature of number of protons in the nucleus, integral nature of $\hbar$ can be understood. With reference to the classical force limt $\frac{c^{4} }{G},$ minimum distance between (point electron) and (point universe) is $d_e \cong \frac{G\sqrt{M_0m_e}}{c^2}\cong 0.213$ fm. Similarly minimum distance between (point proton) and (point universe) is $d_p \cong \frac{G\sqrt{M_0m_p}}{c^2}\cong 9.11$ fm. Geometric mean of $d_e$ and $d_p$ is 1.39 fm.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Earth Magnetic Monopole Array Field Interaction with Cyclotron Electrons Used for Levitation Systems.

Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 15 Pages. 15

Quantum FFF theory states, that the vacuum is seeded with fast oscillating massless Higgs particles, oscillating along a complex chiral tetrahedral vacuum lattice, which has the ability to transfer Photon and Graviton information in bunches of oscillations, through the vacuum lattice with the local speed of light. As a consequence there are no attraction forces on propeller shaped Fermions. Only the sum of the different kinds of vacuum impulses from all directions on Fermions are responsible for all energetic phenomena in the universe. Quantum Gravity can be interpreted as the statistical result of opposing impulse differences of two radiation fields, the massless Higgs field and the massless graviton field. Magnetism seems to be the statistical result of opposing impulse differences of the massless magnetic North monopole array field and the opposing magnetic South monopole array field. As a consequence magnetic levitation should be possible by Lorentz force creation by electron cyclotron interaction with earth magnetic monopole array fields. Graviton or Higgs field screening for levitation is not supported by “double LeSage gravity” in Q-FFF theory. Only inertial effects through rotational mass differences such as is the case in cyclotron Muonic decay, seems to be a promise for future solutions.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Toward a Quantum Conception of the Gravity

Authors: Jorge Gabriel Ales Corona
Comments: 7 Pages.

The quantum treatment of the gravity has resisted for over fifty years. The efforts were centered fundamentally in the search of the concept of “quantum gravitational field”. This article presents a new road that can allow solving this enigma. The gravitation would not have to be described with this concept; that is to say, a quantum gravitational field doesn't exist. In their place the gravity would be a simple stochastic phenomenon. The phenomena tend to occur in places of higher probability. The particles move, to be detected, to the places of greatest concentration of particles.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

To Unify the String Theory and the Strong Gravity

Authors: U .V . S. Seshavatharam, S. Lakshminarayana
Comments: 15 Pages. Please circulate this article.

Key conceptual link that connects the gravitational force and non-gravitational forces is - the classical force limit,
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Is the Threshold Curvature that Corresponds to the Onset of the Uselessness of Mass-Energy for Work a Variable Measure?

Authors: Shawn Halayka
Comments: 2 Pages.

A duality between entropy and curvature is discussed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Neutrinos Faster Than Light Speed

Authors: Stein Sivertsen
Comments: 4 Pages.

The OPERA neutrino anomaly is the detection by the OPERA experiment of subatomic particles, neutrinos, that appear to travel faster than light. This result was publicly announced on September 2011. The apparent finding is a subject of inquiry and debate. It is considered anomalous since speeds higher than that of light in a vacuum are generally thought to violate special relativity. In this paper I offer an explanation of this anomaly based upon my article: http://www.vixra.org/pdf/1010.0035v4.pdf (A Philosophical And Mathematical Theory Of Everything.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

To Implemet the Gravitational Constant and the Avogadro Number in Atomic, Nuclear and Particle Physics

Authors: U .V . S. Seshavatharam, S. Lakshminarayana
Comments: 15 Pages. Role of Avogadro number in grand unification. Hadronic Journal. Vol-33, No 5, 2010 Oct. p513.

It is very clear that, to unify 2 interactions if 5 dimensions are required, for unifying 4 interactions 10 dimensions are required. For 3+1 dimensions if there exists 4 (observed) interactions, for 10 dimensions there may exist 10 (observable) interactions. To unify 10 interactions 20 dimensions are required. From this idea it can be suggested that- with `n' new dimensions `unification' problem can not be resolved. By implementing the gravitational constant in atomic and nuclear physics, independent of the CGS and SI units, Avogadro number can be obtained very easily and its order of magnitude is $\cong N \cong 6 \times 10^{23}$ but not $6 \times 10^{26}.$ If $M_P$ is the Planck mass and $m_e$ is the rest mass of electron, semi empirically it is observed that, $M_g \cong N^{\frac{2}{3}}\cdot \sqrt{M_Pm_e} \cong 1.0044118 \times 10^{-3} \; Kg.$ If $m_{p} $ is the rest mass of proton it is noticed that $\ln \sqrt{\frac{e^{2} }{4\pi \varepsilon _{0} Gm_{P}^{2} } } \cong \sqrt{\frac{m_{p} }{m_{e} } -\ln \left(N^{2} \right)}.$ Key conceptual link that connects the gravitational force and non-gravitational forces is - the classical force limit $\left(\frac{c^{4} }{G} \right)$. For mole number of particles, if strength of gravity is $\left(N.G\right),$ any one particle's weak force magnitude is $F_{W} \cong \frac{1}{N} \cdot \left(\frac{c^{4} }{N.G} \right)\cong \frac{c^{4} }{N^{2} G} $. Ratio of `classical force limit' and `weak force magnitude' is $N^{2} $. Assumed relation for strong force and weak force magnitudes is $\sqrt{\frac{F_{S} }{F_{W} } } \cong 2\pi \ln \left(N^{2} \right)$. From SUSY point of view, `integral charge quark fermion' and `integral charge quark boson' mass ratio is $\Psi=2.262218404$ but not unity. With these advanced concepts an ``alternative" to the `standard model' can be developed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

3 Dimensional String Theory

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper examines the possibility to origin the spontaneously broken symmetries from the Planck distribution law. In this way we get for example a unification of the strong, electromagnetic and weak interactions from the interference occurrences of oscillators.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Units Independent Avogadro Number and Its Applications in Unification

Authors: U .V . S. Seshavatharam, S. Lakshminarayana
Comments: 16 Pages. Avogadro number couples the gravitational and non-gravitational interactions

By implementing the gravitational constant in atomic and nuclear physics, independent of the CGS and SI units, Avogadro number can be obtained very easily. It is observed that, either in SI system of units or in CGS system of units, value of the order of magnitude of Avogadro number $\cong N \cong 6 \times 10^{23}$ but not $6 \times 10^{26}.$ Key conceptual link that connects the gravitational force and non-gravitational forces is - the classical force limit $\left(\frac{c^{4} }{G} \right)$. For mole number of particles, if strength of gravity is $\left(N.G\right),$ any one particle's weak force magnitude is $F_{W} \cong \frac{1}{N} \cdot \left(\frac{c^{4} }{N.G} \right)\cong \frac{c^{4} }{N^{2} G} $. Ratio of `classical force limit' and `weak force magnitude' is $N^{2} $. This may be the beginning of unification of `gravitational and non-gravitational interactions'.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Gravitational Constant in Nuclear Interactions

Authors: U .V . S. Seshavatharam, S. Lakshminarayana
Comments: 13 Pages. Strange relations can not be ignored.

Till today no atomic principle implemented the gravitational constant in nuclear physics. Considering the electromagnetic and gravitational force ratio of electron and proton a simple semi empirical relation is proposed for estimating the strong coupling constant. Obtained value is $\alpha_s \cong 0.117378409.$ It is also noticed that $\alpha_s\cong \ln\left(r_Ur_D\right)$ where $r_U$ and $r_D$ are the geometric ratios of Up and Down quark series respectively. It is noticed that proton rest mass is equal to $\left(\frac{1}{\alpha}+\frac{1}{\alpha_s}\right)\sqrt{UD}.$ With reference to the the electromagnetic and gravitational force ratio of electron, 137 can be fitted at $r_U $ and 128 can be fitted at $r_D.$ Finally semi empirical mass formula energy constants are fitted.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Proposed New Model

Authors: Paul Karl Hoiland
Comments: 6 Pages.

I examine a slight modification to the so-called Higgless models that allows for a real Higg’s particle and some cosmological constant that varies over time via vacuum decay. In this Model you find Dark Matter as a Higg's decay mode, and a variable cosmological constant resulting from dark matters uncoupling from the EW scale.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A 10-Dimensional and 11-Dimensional Hidden Variables Duality Model of a ‘D-Brane and Type I String Structure’

Authors: Gary Heen
Comments: 24 Pages.

In this paper a 'hidden variables' interpretation of the quantum world is presented. A hidden variables explanation assumes current quantum mechanical theories are imperfect in that they do not incorporate a physical reality to the quantum world. At the Solvay conference of 1927, Louis De Broglie presented a hypothesis which was to be the forerunner to hidden variables theory: at the quantum level, a 'matter wave' steered particles. Under the powerful influence of Neils Bohr, Louis De Broglie's matter wave was disregarded in favor of the 'Copenhagen Interpretation' championed by Bohr himself, and the Copenhagen interpretation became the de facto accepted theory of quantum mechanics. In 1932, John Von Neumann presented a supposed "proof" that no hidden variables theory could properly describe the quantum world. He was first shown to be wrong by Grete Hermann, but she was largely ignored do to Neumann's immense stature as a mathematician. Later in 1966, John Bell further established that the proof was flawed, and the hidden variables interpretation has since seen a renewal of interest amongst researchers. The model presented in this paper incorporates d-branes and Type I strings into a hidden variables quantum structure; this physical structure can be interpreted as both 10-dimensional and 11- dimensional, and is designated: the D-string.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Physical Interpretation of the Energy-Momentum Transport Wave Function for the Gravitational and Electrostatic Interactions

Authors: Mirosław J. Kubiak
Comments: 4 Pages.

In the paper [1] we have presented simple model of the energy-momentum transport wave function (EMTWF). In this paper we will discuss the physical interpretation of the EMTWF for the elementary quanta of action connected with the gravitational and electrostatic interactions.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Gews Interactions in Strong Nuclear Gravity

Authors: U .V . S. Seshavatharam, S. Lakshminarayana
Comments: 32 Pages. To be published in the Hadronic journal.

In the atomic or nuclear space, till today no one measured the value of the gravitational constant. To bring down the planck mass scale to the observed elementary particles mass scale a large scale factor is required. Ratio of planck mass and electron mass is close to $\textrm{Avogadro number}/8 \pi\cong N/8 \pi$. The idea of strong gravity originally referred specifically to mathematical approach of Abdus Salam of unification of gravity and quantum chromo-dynamics, but is now often used for any particle level gravity approach. In this connection it is suggested that, key conceptual link that connects the gravitational force and non-gravitational forces is - the classical force limit $\left(\frac{c^{4} }{G} \right)$. For mole number of particles, if strength of gravity is $\left(N.G\right),$ any one particle's weak force magnitude is $F_{W} \cong \frac{1}{N} \cdot \left(\frac{c^{4} }{N.G} \right)\cong \frac{c^{4} }{N^{2} G} $. Ratio of `classical force limit' and `weak force magnitude' is $N^{2} $. This is another significance of Avogadro number. If $R_0\cong 1.21$ fermi is the nuclear charge radius, to a very good accuracy it is noticed that in Hydrogen atom, ratio of total energy of electron and nuclear potential is equal to the electromagnetic and gravitational force ratio of electron where the operating gravitational constant is $N^2G_C$ but not $G_C.$ Square root of ratio of strong and weak force magnitudes can be expressed as $2 \pi \ln\left(N^2\right).$ With the defined strong and weak force magnitudes observed elementary particles masses and their magnetic moments can be generated. Interesting application is that: characteristic building block of the cosmological ‘dark matter’ can be quantified in terms of fundamental physical constants. No extra dimensions are required in this new approach.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Nuclear Mass Density in Strong Gravity and Grand Unification

Authors: U.V.S.Seshavatharam, S.Lakshminarayana
Comments: 5 Pages. Poster presentation in the 3rd Galileo - Xu Guangqi meeting, Beijing, China, October, 2011.

It is noticed that, when the black hole mass density reaches the nuclear mass density, mass of the black hole approaches to $1.81\times 10^{31} \rm{\;Kg\;} \cong 9.1M_\odot.$ This characteristic mass can be called as the Fermi black hole mass. This proposed mass unit plays an interesting role in grand unification and primordial black holes. Mass ratio of Fermi black hole mass and Chandrasekhar's mass limit is $2\pi.$ Mass ratio of Fermi black hole mass and neutron star mass limit is $\sqrt{2\pi}.$ Considering strong nuclear gravity, Fermi black hole mass can be obtained in a grand unified approach.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Strong Nuclear Gravity a Very Brief Report

Authors: U V Satya Seshavatharam, S Lakshminarayana
Comments: 2 Pages. Full paper to be published in the Hadronic journal.

Key conceptual link that connects the gravitational force and non-gravitational forces is - the classical force limit $\left(\frac{c^{4} }{G} \right)$. For mole number of particles, if strength of gravity is $\left(N.G\right),$ any one particle's weak force magnitude is $F_{W} \cong \frac{1}{N} \cdot \left(\frac{c^{4} }{N.G} \right)\cong \frac{c^{4} }{N^{2} G} $. Ratio of `classical force limit' and `weak force magnitude' is $N^{2} $. This can be considered as the beginning of `strong nuclear gravity'. Assumed relation for strong force and weak force magnitudes is $\sqrt{\frac{F_{S} }{F_{W} } } \cong 2\pi \ln \left(N^{2} \right)$. If $m_{p} $ is the rest mass of proton it is noticed that $\ln \sqrt{\frac{e^{2} }{4\pi \varepsilon _{0} Gm_{P}^{2} } } \cong \sqrt{\frac{m_{p} }{m_{e} } -\ln \left(N^{2} \right)}.$ From SUSY point of view, `integral charge quark fermion' and `integral charge quark boson' mass ratio is $\Psi=2.262218404$ but not unity. With these advanced concepts starting from nuclear stability to charged leptons, quarks, electroweak bosons and charged Higgs boson's origin can be understood. Finally an ``alternative" to the `standard model' can be developed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Nucleus in Strong Nuclear Gravity

Authors: U V Satya Seshavatharam, S Lakshminarayana
Comments: 2 Pages. DAE Symposium on Nuclear Physics, December 26-30, 2011, India.

Based on strong nuclear gravity, $N$ being the Avogadro number and $\left(\frac{c^4}{N^2G}\right)$ being the weak force magnitude, electron`s gravitational mass generator $= X_{E} \cong m_{e} c^{2} \div \sqrt{\frac{e^{2} }{4\pi \varepsilon _{0} } \left(\frac{c^4}{N^2G}\right) } \cong 295.0606338$. Weak coupling angle is $\sin \theta _{W} \cong \frac{1}{\alpha X_{E} } \cong 0.464433353\cong \frac{{\rm Up}\; {\rm quark}\; {\rm mass}}{{\rm Down}\; {\rm quark}\; {\rm mass}} $. $X_{S} \cong \ln \left(X_{E}^{2} \sqrt{\alpha } \right)\cong 8.91424\cong \frac{1}{\alpha _{s} } $ can be considered as `inverse of the strong coupling constant'.The proton-nucleon stability relation is $A_{S} \cong 2Z+\frac{Z^{2} }{S_{f} }$ where $S_{f} \cong X_{E} -\frac{1}{\alpha } -1\cong 157.0246441$. With reference to proton rest energy, semi empirical mass formula coulombic energy constant is $E_{c} \cong \frac{\alpha }{X_{S} } \cdot m_{p} c^{2} \cong \alpha \cdot \alpha _{s} \cdot m_{p} c^{2} \cong {\rm 0}.7681\; MeV.$ Pairing energy constant is $E_{p} \cong \frac{m_{p} c^{2} +m_{n} c^{2} }{S_{f} } \cong 11.959\; {\rm M}eV$ and asymmetry energy constant is $E_{a} \cong 2E_{p} \cong 23.918\; {\rm M}eV$. It is also noticed that, $\frac{E_{a} }{E_{v} } \cong 1+\sin \theta _{W} $ and $\frac{E_{a} }{E_{s} } \cong 1+\mathop{\sin }\nolimits^{2} \theta _{W} $. Thus $E_{v} \cong 16.332$ MeV and $E_{s} \cong 19.674\; {\rm M}eV.$ Nuclear binding energy can be fitted with 2 terms. In scattering experiments minimum distance between electron and the nucleus is $R_0 \cong \left(\frac{\hbar c}{\left(N.G\right)m_e^2}\right)^2 \frac{2Gm_e}{c^2}.$
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Integral Charge Susy in Strong Nuclear Gravity

Authors: U V Satya Seshavatharam, S Lakshminarayana
Comments: 2 Pages. Poster presentation in DAE Symposium on Nuclear Physics, December 26-30, 2011, India.

‘Quark flavor’ is a property of ‘strong interaction charge’ and nowhere connected with ‘fermions’ or ‘bosons’. There exists nature friendly ‘integral charge quark flavors’. If a ‘charged quark flavor’ rests in a ‘fermionic container’ it is a ‘quark fermion’. Similarly if a ‘charged quark flavor’ rests in a ‘bosonic container’ it is a ‘quark boson’. Strong interaction charge contains ‘multiple flavors’ and can be called as the ‘hybrid charge quark’. No 3 quark fermions couples together to form a baryon and no 2 quark fermions couples together to form a meson. In super symmetry, quark fermion and quark boson mass ratio is $\Psi \cong 2.262218404$ but not unity. Quark fermions convert into quark baryons and effective quark fermions convert into effective quark baryons. Similarly quark bosons convert into quark mesons. Effective quark baryons generates charged and unstable multi flavor baryons and light quark bosons couples with these charged baryons and generates doublets or triplets. Any two oppositely charged quark mesons generates neutral and unstable mesons. <br> Based on strong nuclear gravity and super symmetry it is suggested that: charged $W$ boson is the super symmetric boson of top quark fermion and charged Higgs boson pair generates the neutralized $Z$ boson. Rest energy of Higgs charged boson is 45586 MeV. It is noticed that charged SUSY Higgs fermion, and nuclear charge radius play a crucial role in the emission of electron in Beta decay. Recently discovered neutral boson of rest energy 120 to 160 MeV seems to be composed of Higgs charged boson and W boson. Its obtained mass is 126 GeV}.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Understanding the Particle Mass Spectrum (100 1860 Mev)

Authors: Robert L. Oldershaw
Comments: 16 Pages. comments welcome

The goal of the research presented below is to provide a basic and general first approximation explanation for the unique patterns of masses and stabilities found at the lower end of the subatomic particle mass spectrum, where the patterns are most restricted, unique and diagnostic. The Standard Model of particle physics has achieved limited success in this effort, but only by resorting to putting the hypothetical “quark” masses and numerous other parameters into the analysis “by hand”. This way of doing science is ad hoc “model-building”, at best, and possibly borders on Ptolemaic pseudo-science. Discrete Scale Relativity, on the other hand, may offer a more realistic potential for understanding how nature actually works in the Atomic Scale domain, and how the unique particle mass spectrum is the product of fundamental physics: General Relativity, Quantum Mechanics and Discrete Cosmological Self-Similarity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Nuclear Binding Energy in Strong Nuclear Gravity

Authors: U V Satya Seshavatharam, S Lakshminarayana
Comments: 26 Pages. Journal of Vectorial Relativity, JVR 6 (2011) 3 . (To be published online)

It is noticed that ratio of coulombic energy coefficient and proton rest energy is close to the product of fine structure ratio and the strong coupling constant. Strong coupling constant plays a crucial role in binding energy saturation. Based on strong nuclear gravity, semi empirical mass formula and with reference to the gravitational mass generator,$X_E \cong 295.0606338,$ an expression is proposed for neutron and proton rest masses at quantum numbers n =1 and 2. Nuclear binding energy can be fitted with 2 terms and one energy constant. For these 2 terms, coulombic energy constant $E_c \cong0.7681 $ MeV is applied. Another attempt is made to fit the nuclear binding energy with a product of 5 factors with 0.7681 MeV. At Z = 2 and A = 4 obtained binding energy is 28.8 MeV. For any Z error in binding energy is very small near the stable mass number and increasing above and below the stable mass number. In these two methods new nuclear stability factor $S_f \cong 157.025$ plays a crucial role in proton-neutron stability.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Speculation on the Higg's

Authors: Paul Karl Hoiland
Comments: 2 Pages.

I take a look at the rumored Higg’s at 125 GeV and abstract a bit with a Non-Standard decay of a metastable vacuum state. In this model you end up with a Cold Dark Matter state that while appearing as the Neutralino, is actually more a decayed Higg’s resultant.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Simple Universe

Authors: Alireza Malekzadeh
Comments: 16 Pages, 13 Figures

This paper presents a unified theory for the universe which encompasses the dominant theories of physics. Our work is strictly based on the philosophy that the work of the universe is extremely simple in the fundamental level. We provide a minimal set of elements as the fundamental constituents of the universe, and demonstrate that all natural phenomena can be explained by a minimum number of laws governing these fundamental elements and their minimal set of properties.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Are the Concepts of Mass in Quantum Theory and in General Relativity the Same?

Authors: Armin Nikkhah Shirazi
Comments: 5 Pages.

The predominant approaches to understanding how quantum theory and General Relativity are related to each other implicitly assume that both theories use the same concept of mass. Given that despite great efforts such approaches have not yet produced a consistent falsifiable quantum theory of gravity, this paper entertains the possibility that the concepts of mass in the two theories are in fact distinct. It points out that if the concept of mass in quantum mechanics is defined such that it always exists in a superposition and is not a gravitational source, then this sharply segregates the domains of quantum theory and of general relativity. This concept of mass violates the equivalence principle applied to active gravitational mass, but may still produce effects consistent with the equivalence principle when applied to passive gravitational mass (in agreement with observations) by the correspondence principle applied to a weak field in the appropriate limit. An experiment that successfully measures the gravity field of quantum objects in a superposition, and in particular of photons, would not only falsify this distinction but also constitute the first direct empirical test that gravity must in fact be described fundamentally by a quantum theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

U(1) X SU(2) X Su(3) Quantum Gravity Successes

Authors: Nige Cook
Comments: 63 Pages.

See paper for technical abstract. Paper covers checked predictions for a theory which modifies the Standard Model's electroweak group representations to include quantum gravity, replacing the Higgs mechanism with checkable predictions. The model correctly predicted the cosmological acceleration in 1996. Full references, analysis, and feedback from peer-reviewed string theory dominated journals is included.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On the Zero Point Field

Authors: Paul Karl Hoiland
Comments: 5 Pages.

Via a look at the Ricci and Weyl curvature tensors I show that from a quantum perspective the Zero Point Field or ZPF is the origin of both inertia and gravity. I also point out that accelerated expansion of the cosmos and a observational slow down of C should have been expected.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Inertia

Authors: Meir Amiram
Comments: 12 Pages.

I indicate that the key factor in the mechanism of inertia is the proximity of any elementary particle to itself, and consequently show that Newton laws of motion are derivatives of Newton's inverse square law of gravity. Inertia is originated in the microscopic realm, in the particle's diameter scale of reality, and is the response of an elementary particle to the gravitational field of itself, nothing more or less. Experimental evidences and several consequences of the discovery are discussed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and Elementary Particles and Forces

Authors: Thomas J. Buckholtz
Comments: 39 pages

Patterns link properties of six quarks and three leptons, the set of fundamental forces, and possible properties of dark matter and dark energy.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Condensation States and Landscaping with the Theory of Abstraction

Authors: Subhajit Ganguly
Comments: 11 pages

The Abstraction theory is applied in landscaping. A collection of objects may be made to be vast or meager depending upon the scale of observations. This idea may be developed to unite the worlds of the great vastness of the universe and the minuteness of the sub-atomic realm. Keeping constant a scaling ratio for both worlds, these may actually be converted into two self-same representatives with respect to scaling. The Laws of Physical Transactions are made use of to study Bose-Einstein condensation. As the packing density of concerned constituents increase to a certain critical value, there may be evolution of energy from the system.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Geometric Quantum Gravity

Authors: Antony Ryan
Comments: 37 pages

Naturally existing geometry that describes the Pre-Big Bang singularity is derived, reconciling the three paradoxes of cosmogony; infinite regression, causality and the conservation laws. The geometry unifies the forces of nature, explains the Arrow of Time, Baryon Asymmetry, Cosmic Inflation, Neutrino Oscillations and interprets Quantum Entanglement and the Double Slit Experiment by illustrating what spin and wave function collapse are. Further, it explains Dark Energy and Dark Matter, the mechanism of Black Hole formation from Neutron Stars, the origin and fate of the Universe, and why we have three spatial dimensions. The point where two equal spheres of any size touch is infinitesimally small, like a singularity. This is analogous to the Newton Number Problem (1), but without a central sphere. We get what I would describe as the Quantum Newton Number Problem, from which geometries for the 36 Standard Model Elementary particles are derived. Applying the Koide formula (2) to the Electron, Proton and Neutron masses, with simple logical adjustments taken from the geometry, predicts a 1/2 and obtains a 0.49999994 result. Further the geometry matches the quantum mechanical cosine predictions for entangled spin measurements perfectly. The theory is potentially testable too.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Quantum Arithmetics and the Relationship Between Real and P-Adic Physics

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 32 pages

p-Adic physics involves two only partially understood questions.

1. Is there a duality between real and p-adic physics? What is its precice mathematic formulation? In particular, what is the concrete map p-adic physics in long scales (in real sense) to real physics in short scales? Can one find a rigorous mathematical formulation of canonical identification induced by the map p→ 1/p in pinary expansion of p-adic number such that it is both continuous and respects symmetries.

2. What is the origin of the p-adic length scale hypothesis suggesting that primes near power of two are physically preferred? Why Mersenne primes are especially important?

A possible answer to these questions relies on the following ideas inspired by the model of Shnoll effect. The first piece of the puzzle is the notion of quantum arithmetics formulated in non-rigorous manner already in the model of Shnoll effect.

1. Quantum arithmetics is induced by the map of primes to quantum primes by the standard formula. Quantum integer is obtained by mapping the primes in the prime decomposition of integer to quantum primes. Quantum sum is induced by the ordinary sum by requiring that also sum commutes with the quantization.

2. The construction is especially interesting if the integer defining the quantum phase is prime. One can introduce the notion of quantum rational defined as series in powers of the preferred prime defining quantum phase. The coefficients of the series are quantum rationals for which neither numerator and denominator is divisible by the preferred prime.

3. p-Adic--real duality can be identified as the analog of canonical identification induced by the map p→ 1/p in the pinary expansion of quantum rational. This maps maps p-adic and real physics to each other and real long distances to short ones and vice versa. This map is especially interesting as a map defining cognitive representations.

Quantum arithmetics inspires the notion of quantum matrix group as counterpart of quantum group for which matrix elements are ordinary numbers. Quantum classical correspondence and the notion of finite measurement resolution realized at classical level in terms of discretization suggest that these two views about quantum groups are closely related. The preferred prime p defining the quantum matrix group is identified as p-adic prime and canonical identification p→ 1/p is group homomorphism so that symmetries are respected.

1. The quantum counterparts of special linear groups SL(n,F) exists always. For the covering group SL(2,C) of SO(3,1) this is the case so that 4-dimensional Minkowski space is in a very special position. For orthogonal, unitary, and orthogonal groups the quantum counterpart exists only if quantum arithmetics is characterized by a prime rather than general integer and when the number of powers of p for the generating elements of the quantum matrix group satisfies an upper bound characterizing the matrix group.

2. For the quantum counterparts of SO(3) (SU(2)/ SU(3)) the orthogonality conditions state that at least some multiples of the prime characterizing quantum arithmetics is sum of three (four/six) squares. For SO(3) this condition is strongest and satisfied for all integers, which are not of form n= 2^2r(8k+7)). The number r₃(n) of representations as sum of squares is known and r₃(n) is invariant under the scalings n→ 2^2rn. This means scaling by 2 for the integers appearing in the square sum representation.

3. r₃(n) is proportional to the so called class number function h(-n) telling how many non-equivalent decompositions algebraic integers have in the quadratic algebraic extension generated by (-n)^1/2.

The findings about quantum SO(3) suggest a possible explanation for p-adic length scale hypothesis and preferred p-adic primes.

1. The basic idea is that the quantum matrix group which is discrete is very large for preferred p-adic primes. If cognitive representations correspond to the representations of quantum matrix group, the representational capacity of cognitive representations is high and this kind of primes are survivors in the algebraic evolution leading to algebraic extensions with increasing dimension.

2. The preferred primes correspond to a large value of r₃(n). It is enough that some of their multiples do so (the 2^2r multiples of these do so automatically). Indeed, for Mersenne primes and integers one has r₃(n)=0, which was in conflict with the original expectations. For integers n=2M_m however r₃(n) is a local maximum at least for the small integers studied numerically.

3. The requirement that the notion of quantum integer applies also to algebraic integers in quadratic extensions of rationals requires that the preferred primes (p-adic primes) satisfy p=8k+7. Quite generally, for the integers n=2^2r(8k+7) not representable as sum of three integers the decomposition of ordinary integers to algebraic primes in the quadratic extensions defined by (-n)^1/2 is unique. Therefore also the corresponding quantum algebraic integers are unique for preferred ordinary prime if it is prime also in the algebraic extension. If this were not the case two different decompositions of one and same integer would be mapped to different quantum integers. Therefore the generalization of quantum arithmetics defined by any preferred ordinary prime, which does not split to a product of algebraic primes, is well-defined for p=2^2r(8k+7).

4. This argument was for quadratic extensions but also more complex extensions defined by higher polynomials exist. The allowed extensions should allow unique decomposition of integers to algebraic primes. The prime defining the quantum arithmetics should not decompose to algebraic primes. If the algebraic evolution leadis to algebraic extensions of increasing dimension it gradually selects preferred primes as survivors.

Is Kähler Action Expressible in Terms of Areas of Minimal Surfaces?

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 5 pages

The general form of ansatz for preferred extremals implies that the Coulombic term in Kähler action vanishes so that it reduces to 3-dimensional surface terms in accordance with general coordinate invariance and holography. The weak form of electric-magnetic duality in turn reduces this term to Chern-Simons terms.

The strong form of General Coordinate Invariance implies effective 2-dimensionality (holding true in finite measurement resolution) so that also a strong form of holography emerges. The expectation is that Chern-Simons terms in turn reduces to 2-dimensional surface terms.

The only physically interesting possibility is that these 2-D surface terms correspond to areas for minimal surfaces defined by string world sheets and partonic 2-surfaces appearing in the solution ansatz for the preferred extremals. String world sheets would give to Kähler action an imaginary contribution having interpretation as Morse function. This contribution would be proportional to their total area and assignable with the Minkowskian regions of the space-time surface. Similar but real string world sheet contribution defining Kähler function comes from the Euclidian space-time regions and should be equal to the contribution of the partonic 2-surfaces. A natural conjecture is that the absolute values of all three areas are identical: this would realize duality between string world sheets and partonic 2-surfaces and duality between Euclidian and Minkowskian space-time regions.

Zero energy ontology combined with the TGD analog of large N_c expansion inspires an educated guess about the coefficient of the minimal surface terms and a beautiful connection with p-adic physics and with the notion of finite measurement resolution emerges. The t'Thooft coupling λ should be proportional to p-adic prime p characterizing particle. This means extremely fast convergence of the counterpart of large N_c expansion in TGD since it becomes completely analogous to the pinary expansion of the partition function in p-adic thermodynamics. Also the twistor description and its dual have a nice interpretation in terms of zero energy ontology. This duality permutes massive wormhole contacts which can have off mass shell with wormhole throats which are always massive (also for the internal lines of the generalized Feynman graphs).

An Attempt to Understand Preferred Extremals of Kähler Action

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 23 pages

There are pressing motivations for understanding the preferred extremals of Kähler action. For instance, the conformal invariance of string models naturally generalizes to 4-D invariance defined by quantum Yangian of quantum affine algebra (Kac-Moody type algebra) characterized by two complex coordinates and therefore explaining naturally the effective 2-dimensionality. One problem is how to assign a complex coordinate with the string world sheet having Minkowskian signature of metric. One can hope that the understanding of preferred extremals could allow to identify two preferred complex coordinates whose existence is also suggested by number theoretical vision giving preferred role for the rational points of partonic 2-surfaces in preferred coordinates. The best one could hope is a general solution of field equations in accordance with the hints that TGD is integrable quantum theory.

A lot is is known about properties of preferred extremals and just by trying to integrate all this understanding, one might gain new visions. The problem is that all these arguments are heuristic and rely heavily on physical intuition. The following considerations relate to the space-time regions having Minkowskian signature of the induced metric. The attempt to generalize the construction also to Euclidian regions could be very rewarding. Only a humble attempt to combine various ideas to a more coherent picture is in question.

The core observations and visions are following.

1. Hamilton-Jacobi coordinates for M⁴ > define natural preferred coordinates for Minkowskian space-time sheet and might allow to identify string world sheets for X⁴ as those for M⁴. Hamilton-Jacobi coordinates consist of light-like coordinate m and its dual defining local 2-plane M²⊂ M⁴ and complex transversal complex coordinates (w,w*) for a plane E²_x orthogonal to M²_x at each point of M⁴. Clearly, hyper-complex analyticity and complex analyticity are in question.

2. Space-time sheets allow a slicing by string world sheets (partonic 2-surfaces) labelled by partonic 2-surfaces (string world sheets).

3. The quaternionic planes of octonion space containing preferred hyper-complex plane are labelled by CP₂, which might be called CP₂^mod. The identification CP₂=CP₂^mod motivates the notion of M⁸--M⁴× CP₂. It also inspires a concrete solution ansatz assuming the equivalence of two different identifications of the quaternionic tangent space of the space-time sheet and implying that string world sheets can be regarded as strings in the 6-D coset space G₂/SU(3). The group G₂ of octonion automorphisms has already earlier appeared in TGD framework.

4. The duality between partonic 2-surfaces and string world sheets in turn suggests that the CP₂=CP₂^mod conditions reduce to string model for partonic 2-surfaces in CP₂=SU(3)/U(2). String model in both cases could mean just hypercomplex/complex analyticity for the coordinates of the coset space as functions of hyper-complex/complex coordinate of string world sheet/partonic 2-surface.

The considerations of this section lead to a revival of an old very ambitious and very romantic number theoretic idea.

1. To begin with express octonions in the form o=q₁+Iq₂, where q_i is quaternion and I is an octonionic imaginary unit in the complement of fixed a quaternionic sub-space of octonions. Map preferred coordinates of H=M⁴× CP₂ to octonionic coordinate, form an arbitrary octonion analytic function having expansion with real Taylor or Laurent coefficients to avoid problems due to non-commutativity and non-associativity. Map the outcome to a point of H to get a map H→ H. This procedure is nothing but a generalization of Wick rotation to get an 8-D generalization of analytic map.

2. Identify the preferred extremals of Kähler action as surfaces obtained by requiring the vanishing of the imaginary part of an octonion analytic function. Partonic 2-surfaces and string world sheets would correspond to commutative sub-manifolds of the space-time surface and of imbedding space and would emerge naturally. The ends of braid strands at partonic 2-surface would naturally correspond to the poles of the octonion analytic functions. This would mean a huge generalization of conformal invariance of string models to octonionic conformal invariance and an exact solution of the field equations of TGD and presumably of quantum TGD itself.

The Master Formula for the U-Matrix Finally Found?

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 12 pages

In zero energy ontology U-matrix replaces S-matrix as the fundamental object characterizing the predictions of the theory. U-matrix is defined between zero energy states and its orthogonal rows define what I call M-matrices, which are analogous to thermal S-matrices of thermal QFTs. M-matrix defines the time-like entanglement coefficients between positive and negative energy parts of the zero energy state. M-matrices identifiable as hermitian square roots of density matrices. In this article it is shown that M-matrices form in a natural manner a generalization of Kac-Moody type algebra acting as symmetries of M-matrices and U-matrix and that the space of zero energy states has therefore Lie algebra structure so that quantum states act as their own symmetries. The generators of this algebra are multilocal with respect to partonic 2-surfaces just as Yangian algebras are multilocal with respect to points of Minkowski space and therefore define generalization of the Yangian algebra appearing in the Grassmannian twistor approach to N=4 SUSY.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Final Book on Fundamental Theoretical Physics

Authors: G. Quznetsov
Comments: Book, 174 pages

This book title is "Final Book on Fundamental Theoretical Physics" because it offers full logic explanation of all fundamental notions and statements of theoretical physics: Time and Space, Quantum Physics, Quarks and Gravitation.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Notes on Gravitons, Gravitational Waves and Bohr

Authors: Malcolm Macleod
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this essay, I outline a simple model based on a premise that wave-particle duality reflects a correspondent electric-gravity duality. It is the wave-state that characterizes the electric force interaction and the particle-state which characterizes the gravitational force interaction. Gravitons become waves mathematically equivalent to gravitational waves, differing only in phase. The counterparts for the atom are photons and atomic orbitals. The function is the same. A gravitational Rydberg formula is proposed, it suggests that gravitational waves are standing waves delineating the orbital path.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Logical Structure of Space-Time

Authors: Miguel A. Sanchez-Rey
Comments: 9 pages.

The manuscripts objectives are to establish Khovanov homology as a new mathematical framework of superstring theory within D5-D6 branes to show what string theory is by establishing a universal law of nature by embedding stochastic quantization states as evolutionary Fock spaces: demonstrating the rate of natural laws between differentiated quantum universes by using the cosmological wavefunction to determine the Jones polynomial in D3-D4 branes.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Bases of the Unifying Theory of Physics

Authors: Mihai Gheorghe
Comments: 130 pages.

In this book, a new theory is developed which has as a starting point the Planck quantum of mass-space-time and can answer the five big unsolved problems of modern physics: the unification of general relativity with quantum mechanics; deterministic formulation of fundaments of quantum mechanics; the description of different particles and forces in physics using one single theory; the elimination of adjustable variables in physics of elementary ; the nature of the phenomena known as the dark energy.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Physical Consequences of Using of the Energy-Momentum Transport Wave Function in the Gravitational and Electrostatic Interactions

Authors: Mirosław J. Kubiak
Comments: 5 pages

Contemporary physics does not explain, how the energy and momentum are transported with the particle (body) by means of the elementary quanta of action, when the velocity of the particle has the speed of light or decrease from the relativistic case to the nonrelativistic. We applied simple model of the energy-momentum transport wave function for the elementary quanta of action connected with the gravitational and electrostatic interaction [1] and we have found one equation, which describes unification of the gravitation and electrostatic interactions.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Selected Papers on Low-Energy Quantum Gravity

Authors: Michael A. Ivanov
Comments: 168 pages. A free ebook of author’s 15 selected papers on low-energy quantum gravity.

A collection of author's papers on low-energy quantum gravity is presented in the book. These papers were written in the last decade. In the papers, main results of author's work in a non-geometrical approach to quantum gravity are described, among them: the quantum mechanism of classical gravity giving a possibility to compute the Newton constant; asymptotic freedom at short distances; an interaction of photons with the graviton background leading to the important cosmological consequences; the time delay of photons due to interactions with gravitons. A quantum mechanism of classical gravity based on an existence of this sea of gravitons is described for the Newtonian limit. This mechanism needs graviton pairing and "an atomic structure" of matter for working it. If the considered quantum mechanism of classical gravity is realized in the nature, then an existence of black holes contradicts to Einstein's equivalence principle. It is shown that in this approach the two fundamental constants - Hubble's and Newton's ones - should be connected between themselves. The theoretical values of the constants are computed. In this approach, every massive body would be decelerated due to collisions with gravitons that may be connected with the Pioneer anomaly and the problem of dark matter. It is shown that the predicted and observed values of deceleration of NASA probes are in good agreement. It is also shown by the author that if gravitons are super-strong interacting particles nd the low-temperature graviton background exists, the basic present-day cosmological conjecture about the nature of redshifts may be false. In this case, a full magnitude of cosmological redshift would be caused by interactions of photons with gravitons. Non-forehead collisions with gravitons will lead to a very specific additional relaxation of any photonic flux. It gives a possibility of another interpretation of supernovae 1a data - without any kinematics and introduction of dark energy. A few possibilities to verify model's predictions are considered: the specialized ground-based laser experiment; a deceleration of massive bodies and the Pioneer anomaly; a non-universal character of the Hubble diagram for soft and hard radiations; galaxy/quasar number counts.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Higher Dimensional Quantum Gravity Model

Authors: Lukasz Andrzej Glinka
Comments: 30 pages

In this paper the constructive and consistent formulation of quantum gravity as a quantum field theory for the case of higher dimensional ADM space-times, which is based on the author previous works, is presented. The present model contains a certain new contribution which, however, do not change the general idea which leads to extraordinary simple treatment of quantum gravity in terms of fundamental notions of quantum field theory, like e.g. the Fock space, quantum correlations, etc. We discuss the way to establishing the dimension of space and the relation to string theory of the model.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

De Sitter Symmetry and Quantum Theory

Authors: Felix M. Lev
Comments: 13 pages, no figures

De Sitter symmetry on quantum level implies that operators describing a given system satisfy commutation relations of the de Sitter algebra. This approach gives a new perspective on fundamental notions of quantum theory. We discuss applications of the approach to the cosmological constant problem, gravity and particle theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Binary Precession Solutions Based on Synchronized Couplings

Authors: Jamahl Peavey
Comments: 5 pages, The attached article's results were presented at Bulgaria's Sofia Technical University's "Physics Day Conference 2011"

A classical wave function is presented as an interface between a gravitational and an electromagnetic field. Binary star precessions are calculated as a best test for the most important interface in physics. Among the ten most difficult systems tested are DI Herculis, V541 Cygni and AS Camelopardalis. These systems have observed precessions which are not consistent with theoretical predictions. The precession results based on the classical wave function prove there is a fundamental relationship between Newtonian mechanics, general relativity and quantum mechanics.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Possible Explanation for Speed of Neutrinos, Faster Than Light

Authors: Janko Kokosar
Comments: 2 pages

The recent measurement of speed of muon neutrinos shows that it is possible that speed of neutrinos is faster than speed of light. Here an explanation is suggested, that this is a consequence of Scharnhorst effect. This effect shows that photons propagating through vacuum are modifying in virtual pairs electron-positron for a while and thus the measured speed of light is really lower than one maximal possible speed of light in short moments. Because neutrinos are not modifying so, author supposes that their speed is larger than speed of photons.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Atoms of Space

Authors: Bichara Sahely
Comments: 8 pages

In this brief note, it will be shown that space has hidden properties normally attributed to elementary particles, such as mass and charge. We will also elucidate the thermodynamic properties of these atoms of space, and in so doing stumble upon a potentially simple and elegant quantum field theory of gravity. We have only demanded consistency of the equations of geometry, special relativity, quantum mechanics, gravity, electrostatics and thermodynamics, and only evoked three correspondence principles/postulates: the particle-wave, holographic and fractal (scale relativity) principles. We will also reinterpret Einstein's special theory of relativity, solve the mystery of the double slit experiment, muse on the physical nature of dark energy, and throw some light on the different approaches to constructing a theory of fundamental interactions.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Relating a 10-Dimensional Model of a 'D-Brane and Type I String Structure' to Space-Time and Elementary Particles

Authors: Gary Heen
Comments: 22 pages.

Modern theory states that matter and energy in their most basic form exist in discrete amounts, or quanta. The author proffers that space-time also exists as discrete quanta, and derives a physical model of space-time and elementary particles. The hypothesis for this model is that the quanta for matter and space-time are convertible states of the same elementary building block composed of D-branes and Type I strings: the D-string.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Nature of Semi-Classical Nature of Gravity Reviewed, and Can We Use a Graviton Entanglement Version of the EPR Experiment to Answer if the Graviton is Classical or Quantum in Origin?

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 85 pages. Presentation for San Marino Workshop on Astrophysics and Cosmology for Matter and Antimatter - September 5-9, 2011

We present what is relevant to squeezed states of initial space time and how that affects both the composition of relic GW, and also gravitons. A side issue to consider is if gravitons can be configured as semi classical "particles",which is akin to the Pilot model of Quantum Mechanics as embedded in a larger non linear "deterministic" background. The final part of the talk will be to examine practical testing of the EPR hypothesis, as given by B. Cocciaro, S. Faetti, L. Fronzoni, as to a lower bound for a superluminal communication signal propagating in space time, with a similar argument made between Graviton entangled states as what is done for photons.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Derivation of the Schwarzchild Solution from a Scalar Model of Spherical Quantum Waves

Authors: Michael Harney
Comments: 3 pages

It is shown that if space is modeled as an elastic medium that propagates spherical, scalar quantumwaves, then the ratio of the square of the wave velocity to c² reveals the same results as the familiar time dilation formula that is produced from the Schwarzchild G₄₄ component. The Schwarzchild radius derived from the scalar-wave model is shown to be equal to the radius of the universe, implying that there are no gravitational singularities present within the radius of the universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Particle Count Reduction in an E₈ Standard Model

Authors: J Gregory Moxness
Comments: 24 pages

By definition in Lie Algebras, all roots can be composed from either all positive or all negative combinations of their "simple roots". Taking a modified A.G. Lisi split real even E₈ model with 240 fundamental physics particles associated with an extended Standard Model, a particle count reduction (from 240 fundamental particles to 8 "elemental" particles) is determined from these 8 simple roots. Interestingly, by taking account of the particle mass assignments, all known fermions {e/ν, u/d, c/s, t/b}, as well as known (plus the Lisi predicted) bosons {W/B, gluons(g), ω, eφ, xΦ} can be generated with the sum of the simple root masses being less than the resulting composite particle masses (with the exception of the four 2nd and 3rd generation lepton
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Gravitation by Quantized Longitudinal Electrical Waves

Authors: Hans-Jörg Hochecker
Comments: 3 pages.

This is a simple, short and only theoretical (but non mathematical) consideration. It is regarded that neutrons and protons contain neutral couples of opposite electrical charges which are able to oscillate. In result, longitudinal electrical waves (LEW) appear. Under the prerequisite that the LEW are quantized (analogous to the photons) they can cause a mass attraction similar to the gravitation.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Hamiltonian Dynamics in the Theory of Abstraction

Authors: Subhajit Ganguly
Comments: 5 pages.

This paper deals with fluid flow dynamics which may be Hamiltonian in nature and yet chaotic. Here we deal with sympletic invariance, canonical transformations and stability of such Hamiltonian flows. As a collection of points move along, it carries along and distorts its own neighbourhood. This in turn affects the stability of such flows.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Gravity in Curved Phase-Spaces and Two-Times Physics

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 23 pages, submitted to the International Journal of Modern Physics A

The generalized (vacuum) field equations corresponding to gravity on curved 2d-dimensional tangent bundle/phase spaces associated to the geometry of the (co)tangent bundle TM_d-1,1(T*M_d-1,1) of a d-dim spacetime M_d-1,1 is investigated following the strict formalism of Lagrange-Finsler and Hamilton-Cartan geometry. It is found that there is no mathematical equivalence with Einstein's vacuum field equations in spacetimes of 2d-dimensions, with two times, after a d + d Kaluza-Klein-like decomposition of the 2d-dim scalar curvature R is performed and involving the introduction of a nonlinear connection A^a_μ(x_μ, y^b). The physical applications of the 4-dim phase space metric solutions found in this work, corresponding to the cotangent space of a 2-dim spacetime, deserve further investigation. The physics of two times may relevant in the solution to the problem of time in Quantum Gravity. Finding nontrivial solutions of the generalized gravitational field equations corresponding to the 8-dim cotangent bundle (phase space) of the 4-dim spacetime remains a challenging task.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Theory of Existences

Authors: A.K.Balamuruhan
Comments: 6 Pages

I introduce some new concepts on the perception of physical existences, based on new interpretations of quantum mechanical wave functions. These new concepts remove the imbalance that we earlier had with regard to the physical existences. A new understanding about Gravity is presented. This understanding explains why gravity does not have a force-carrying particle. These concepts also lead to decipher the cosmological concepts, dark matter and dark energy. It is found that time can exist even before the big bang.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Analysis of the Theory of Abstraction

Authors: Subhajit Ganguly
Comments: 5 Pages

In this paper, a few more implications of the laws of physical transactions as per the Theory of Abstraction are dealt with. Analysis of those implications suggests the existence of 'hidden' mass and 'hidden' energy in a given physical transaction. Trajectory -examination of such possible transport is carried out. Relativistic cyclist phenomena are also dealt with in this paper.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Deceleration of Massive Bodies by the Isotropic Graviton Background as a Possible Alternative to Dark Matter

Authors: Michael A. Ivanov
Comments: 4 pages.

Deceleration of massive bodies by the isotropic graviton background is considered here as a possible alternative to dark matter. This deceleration has the same order of magnitude as a small additional acceleration of NASA deep-space probes.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

How to Learn to Ask Good Questions in Physics

Authors: Johan Noldus
Comments: 11 pages

Paper send in for the fqxi contest on the question whether ``space-time is digital or analog ?''. The intention was to give the most accurate answer possible (within the limitations of the format of the contest and my insights at that moment), embedded in a historical background and written in my usual witty style with some extra provocative spice (which I added on purpose). I think it brilliantly succeeded in doing so. Unfortunately, the competent jury members did not deem my efforts worthy of passing the first round.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Emerging Gravity Violates Energy Conservation

Authors: Werner Scheck
Comments: 5 pages

The justification of the idea of an emerging gravity by a comparison with conventional thermodynamics results from a small inaccuracy of the used equations. Two differing contexts of description coexist unnoticed and lead to a violation of energy conservation. Independent of the chosen description it is shown that no emerging gravity exists, if energy conservation is taken into account. This result is confirmed for one of the possible descriptions by an analytical solution of the problem within General Relativity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Homogeneity and Anisotropy of Universal Medium (According to "hypothesis on Matter")

Authors: Nainan K. Varghese
Comments: 9 pages

A real universal medium should be made up of matter - the only substance that can provide objective reality and positive existence in space. An ideal universal medium should be of homogeneous consistency and it should fill entire space, outside 3D matter bodies, without voids (empty space). At the same time, the universal medium should be flexible enough to have properties of a perfect fluid. Anisotropic nature, which allows relative motions within universal medium, requires that the universal medium should be structured by sub-particles and each of its component matter particles has lot of (apparently) vacant space around it, to allow relative motions. This article attempts to describe, how these contradicting properties are simultaneously achieved in the universal medium, proposed in 'Hypothesis on MATTER".
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

MCS Physics Article 4: Energy

Authors: Meir Amiram
Comments: 8 pages

I deduce that the interaction between EMPs and space "units" (hereinafter spacents) is the origin of Energy and that mass is nothing more or less than "amount of kinetic energy". This allows me to conclude that dark energy does not exist. I further deduce that the EMP is the minimal photon in nature and that EMPs move through space in the speed of light, not only when participating in photon constructions but also as constituents of fermionic matter. Fermionic matter does not exhibit, however, motion at the speed of light in the macroscopic scale of reality due to the spherical symmetry arrangement of the EMPs from which it is constructed. In the microscopic realm, however, fermionic matter is frenetically joggling at the speed of light. Accordingly, all universal matter is of zero rest mass. What we actually measure as the Mass of particles and bodies, is their light speed mass. Photons exhibit C in the macroscopic world due to their open non spherical structure. I postulate that statistically speaking, due to the relatively long idleness interval T2, elementary particle interactions are taken against a standing still universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

MCS Physics Article 3: Hubble Expansion

Authors: Meir Amiram
Comments: 10 pages

Based on Richard Feynman's argument in rejection of Fatio/Le-Sage's gravity, I indicate that dark energy, or the "something" that pushes galaxies apart must do its magic without killing inertia of the galactic matter rotational motion. I then turn to investigate the Hubble expansion: independent studies from different areas of physics reveal that the age of the universe is closely 13.7Gy. This substantially corresponds to the inverse of the Hubble parameter H0. I suggest that our era is not unique: the age of the universe at any given time ATB is equal to the inverse of the Hubble parameter at the given time. I propose to substitute the conventional Hubble parameter H0 which relates to expansion of distances, by a volumetric form of the same, vH0, corresponding to the volumetric expansion of space. A formula is derived accordingly, which connects between the volumetric Hubble parameter at any given age of the universe, the volumetric Hubble parameter at any other given age, and the time separation between these two ages. Logical study of the formula reveals that the Hubble expansion is analogous to, and may actually result from, an addition of constant amount of space "units" per a unit of time, into the universe. I postulate that space itself possesses the peculiar property of interacting with matter in a selective manner which on the one hand results with a drag thereby producing the universal expansion, and on the other complies with Feynman's argument and does not result with an inertia killing drag. In the initiation of the bang, the first constant amount entered a zero volume gravity free universe, since gravity depends on the presence of space, and was able to occur only after a time delay T2 (see Article 2) each EMP must experience before it builds up its field and before it can respond to fields generated by others. In the absence of gravity, no energy nor inflaton were required for initiating the bang and for dragging the elementary particles apart merely by space units entering in between. I further postulate that as a phenomenon of space, gravity is distributed volumetrically. Consequently, for cosmological distances the propagation of gravity becomes slower than the expansion of space, thus receding galaxies are gravitationally unbounded. It follows that the Hubble expansion does not require any sort of energy, since there is no gravitational attraction to defeat, nor inertia to produce.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Born's Reciprocal Gravity in Curved Phase-Spaces and the Cosmological Constant

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 23 pages, submitted to Foundations of Physics

The main features of how to build a Born's Reciprocal Gravitational theory in curved phase-spaces are developed. The scalar curvature of the 8D cotangent bundle (phase space) is explicitly evaluated and a generalized gravitational action in 8D is constructed that yields the observed value of the cosmological constant and the Brans-Dicke-Jordan Gravity action in 4D as two special cases. It is found that the geometry of the momentum space can be linked to the observed value of the cosmological constant when the curvature in momentum space is very large, namely the small size of P is of the order of (1/R_Hubble). More general 8D actions can be developed that involve sums of 5 distinct types of torsion squared terms and 3 distinct curvature scalars R,P, S. Finally we develop a Born's reciprocal complex gravitational theory as a local gauge theory in 8D of the deformed Quaplectic group that is given by the semi-direct product of U(1, 3) with the deformed (noncommutative) Weyl-Heisenberg group involving four noncommutative coordinates and momenta. The metric is complex with symmetric real components and antisymmetric imaginary ones. An action in 8D involving 2 curvature scalars and torsion squared terms is presented.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Elementary Motives and Signed Associahedra in Scattering

Authors: M. D. Sheppeard
Comments: 19 pages.

Despite the motivic nature of modern techniques in quantum field theory, physicist's tend to work with traditional cohomology theories associated to a priori spacetimes. Using a spectral concept of emergent geometry, we would like to return to Grothendieck's original intention, a purely categorical context for motives. Classical spaces should depend on quantum data, such as the combinatorial operad polytopes. Numerical data is expected to be organised most easily into Jordan algebras, such as those studied in the context of M theory [28]. Here we look at the diagrammatic aspects of this idea, focusing on the simple sequence of associahedra polytopes. The construction manifests a T duality similar to that used in Khovanov homology [33], and N = 4 SYM theory is briefly discussed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Foundations of a Theory of Quantum Gravity

Authors: Johan Noldus
Comments: 202 Pages.

This adventure started out as a paper, but soon it grew considerably in size and there was no choice left anymore but to present it as a full blown book written in a style which is intermediate between that of an original research paper and that of a book. More precisely, I opted for a style which is somewhat between the historical and axiomatic approach and this manuscript can therefore be read from different perspectives depending upon the knowledge and skills of the reader. Since quantum gravity is more than a technical problem, the mandatory sections constitute the introduction as well as the technical and axiomatic framework of sections seven till eleven. However, the reader who is also interested in the philosophical aspects as well as a general overview of the problem is advised to study sections two and three as well. The critical reader who is not willing to take any statement for granted should include also sections four till six, since these are somewhat of a transitional nature closing the gap between the conservative initial point of view and the new theory developed later on. Lecturing about this work made me aware that there is also a more direct way to arrive in Rome and for that very reason, this introduction is also split into two parts. The first one takes the conservative point of view as it is done by the very large majority of researchers which necessitates a careful and precise way of phrasing the content; the second approach however is more bold and direct but goes, in my humble opinion, much more economic to the heart of the matter. I believe that the variety of presenting the same material in this introduction will allow the reader to choose which way he prefers to follow.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Universal Topological Quantum Manifolds

Authors: Johan Noldus
Comments: 16 Pages.

In quantum gravity, one looks for alternative structures to spacetime physics than ordinary real manifolds. In this first part, we propose an alternative universal construction containing the latter as an equilibrium state under the action of the universal diffeomorphism group. Our theory contains many other previous proposals in the literature as special cases. However, the crucial point we make is that those have to be appreciated in the universal context developed here.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

MCS Physics Article 2: Emp and Time

Authors: Meir Amiram
Comments: 2 pages

In Article 1 I concluded that there is an elementary mass particle EMP, comprising a GG which is no less and no more than a mechanism capable of receiving a particular input from its environment and of returning a particular output to the environment, within a particular time frame[1]. In the present article, I deduce that said time frame is divisible into three non overlapping time intervals: T₁ stands for the time interval during which the particle receives the input; T₂ stands for the time interval during which the input is processed by the particle; and T₃ stands for the time interval during which an output is returned from the particle to the environment.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On the Untenability of the Loop Quantum Gravity Research Program

Authors: S. Halayka
Comments: 6 pages

An argument consisting of a list of definitions and hypotheses is given in an attempt to prove the untenability of the Loop Quantum Gravity research program. Prior knowledge of both fundamental quantum gravity theory and fundamental graph theory is recommended.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

MCS Physics Article 1 Particle

Authors: Meir Amiram
Comments: 4 pages

This is the first in a series of short articles disclosing MCS Physics. Here I present the logic leading to conclude that (i) there is an elementary mass eM, which is the smallest mass in existence (thus also the smallest bundle of reciprocal mass - energy conversion according to E=MC2), from a plurality of which any greater mass is composed; (ii) a fundamental mass particle (hereinafter abbreviated EMP for Elementary Mass Particle) exists, which caries the elementary mass eM; (iii) what we use to name elementary particles are actually composed constructions comprising multitudes of EMP; and (iv) Each EMP comprises a mechanism capable of receiving a particular input from its environment and of returning a particular output to the environment, within a particular time frame. The mechanism results in both: acquiring mass and generating gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Heat and Weight (According to "hypothesis on Matter")

Authors: Nainan K. Varghese
Comments: 5 pages

Weight of a macro body is its acceleration due to gravity, in gravitational units, towards another larger macro body. During variations in its temperature, a macro body changes its mass (matter content). Since mass is a factor in both the equations, to determine the gravitational attraction and the acceleration of a body, body's acceleration due to gravity does not change by variation in body's mass. However, "Hypothesis on Matter" advocates a mechanism, which causes additional changes in the gravitational attraction over and above the changes caused by changes in a body's mass. Thus, it is logical to find that a macro body weighs less, when hot compared to its weight in cooler state.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

An Experiment to Determine Whether Electromagnetic Waves Have Mass

Authors: Mark A. Newstead, Stephen C. Newstead
Comments: 5 pages

In previous papers we have proposed that the mass of an electromagnetic wave is dependent upon its speed. This relationship is such that when the wave is travelling at the speed of light it has no mass, but its mass monotonically increases as the wave slows down (i.e. the wave has mass when it is passing through a medium). In this paper we propose an experiment that would be able to determine whether electromagnetic waves have mass when they are not travelling at the speed of light. Also the experiment would be able to determine whether the wave's frequency affects the wave's mass for a given speed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Time and Entropy

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 8 pages

The intrinsic motions of light and time are metric equivalents; they are the primordial entropy drives of free and bound energy, creating space and history. The dimensions are entropic conservation domains allowing the simultaneous use, transformation, and conservation of free and bound electromagnetic energy. (See: "The Time Train"; see also: "The Paradox of the Traveling Twin".)
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Section 9 Symmetry: Noether's Theorem and Einstein's "Interval"

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 5 pages.

Discovering "Noether's Theorem" and the principle of symmetry conservation was one of the two keys that opened my personal door to the unification theory. The second key was Einstein's statement that the spacetime "Interval" of light was equal to zero.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

An Effective Temperature for Black Holes

Authors: Christian Corda
Comments: 9 pages, submitted to Physical Review D, comments and criticisms are welcome

The physical interpretation of black hole's quasinormal modes is fundamental for realizing unitary quantum gravity theory as black holes are considered theoretical laboratories for testing models of such an ultimate theory and their quasinormal modes are natural candidates for an interpretation in terms of quantum levels. The spectrum of black hole's quasinormal modes can be re-analysed by introducing a black hole's effective temperature which takes into account the fact that, as shown by Parikh and Wilczek, the radiation spectrum cannot be strictly thermal. This issue changes in a fundamental way the physical understanding of such a spectrum and enables a re-examination of various results in the literature which realizes important modifies on quantum physics of black holes. In particular, the formula of the horizon's area quantization and the number of quanta of area result modified becoming functions of the quantum "overtone" number n. Consequently, the famous formula of Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, its sub-leading corrections and the number of microstates are also modified. Black hole's entropy results a function of the quantum overtone number too. We emphasize that this is the first time that black hole's entropy is directly connected with a quantum number. Previous results in the literature are re-obtained in the limit n → ∞.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Advances in Ternary and Octonionic Gauge Field Theories

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 17 pages, submitted to the Int. J. Mod. Phys. A

A novel ternary gauge field theory is explicitly constructed based on a totally antisymmetric ternary-bracket structure associated with a 3-Lie algebra. Invariant actions including scalar fields are displayed. We proceed with the formulation of a nonassociative Octonionic ternary gauge field theory based on a ternary-bracket involving the octonion algebra and defined earlier by Yamazaki. The octonionic ternary bracket cannot be rewritten in terms of 2-brackets, [A,B,C] ≠ 1/4 [[A,B],C]. Two different methods to construct gauge invariant actions are studied. In one of them it is found that gauge-invariant matter kinetic terms for an octonionic-valued scalar field can be introduced in the action if one recurs to an octonionic-valued rank-three antisymmetric field strength (...) permutations, and which is defined in terms of an antisymmetric tensor field of rank two (...) and the vector field (...). Some preliminary steps towards the construction of generalized ternary gauge field theories involving both 3-Lie algebras and octonions are discussed in the conclusion.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On Octonionic Nonassociative Ternary Gauge Field Theories

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 11 pages, submitted to Physics Letters B

A novel (to our knowledge) nonassociative Octonionic ternary gauge field theory is explicitly constructed based on a ternary-bracket structure involving the octonion algebra. The ternary bracket was defined earlier by Yamazaki. The antisymmetric rank-two field strength F_μν is defined in terms of the ternary-bracket (... see paper) involving an auxiliary octonionicvalued coupling (...) . The ternary bracket cannot be rewritten in terms of 2-brackets, [A,B,C] ≠ 1/4[[A,B],C]. It is found that gaugeinvariant matter kinetic terms for an octonionic-valued scalar field can be introduced in the action if one starts instead with an octonionic-valued rank-three antisymmetric field strength (...) permutations, which is defined in terms of an antisymmetric tensor field of rank two (...) and (...) We conclude with some preliminary steps towards the construction of generalized ternary gauge field theories involving both 3-Lie algebras and octonions.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Global and Local Gauge Symmetries: Part II (Gravitation, Section B)

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 6 pages.

"Local gauge symmetry currents" are forces that maintain the local invariance of universal constants, charges, and other conserved parameters (such as causality and the "Interval") despite the hostile environment of a variable gravitational (or inertial) metric, relative rather than absolute motion, entropy, partial charges, etc. These compensatory forces are due to the activity of the field vectors of the four forces, which not only act (in the long term) to return these asymmetric material systems to their original symmetric state (light), but also act (in the short term) to protect and maintain the invariant values of their symmetry debts (charges), while awaiting a final repayment via antimatter annihilation, proton decay, the "quantum radiance" of black holes, or a universal "Big Crunch". Gravity pays the entropy-"interest" on the symmetry debt of matter by creating matter's time dimension via the annihilation of space, providing a historical domain within which charge conservation can have significance, and the repayment of symmetry debts can be indefinitely deferred. Gravitation eventually also pays the energy-"principle" on matter's symmetry debt, converting bound energy to free energy in stars and via Hawking's "quantum radiance" of black holes, completely vanishing mass and its associated gravitational field. Section B
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Framework for Unification of Physics

Authors: Philip Carter
Comments: 29 pages, Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License

On the basis of acknowledged quantum facts it is argued that the quantum state is extended in four spatial dimensions in a 4D space interpenetrating our 3D space. The notion of branes is borrowed from M/String Theory to conceptualize the spatial arrangement. Euclidean spacetime is reinterpreted as the spatial geometry of the 4-brane, with "imaginary time" reinterpreted as the fourth (imaginary) spatial dimension. The imaginary axis of the quantum state is identified as its fourth spatial dimension, yielding a natural union of Special Relativity and Quantum Mechanics and the emergence of time. Spatial properties are shown to explain quantum nonlocality, while time in the 3-brane emerges from motion of or through the imaginary dimension in the 4-brane. A consciousness-model is introduced which conforms to the spatial configuration while providing mechanisms for resolution of the Measurement Problem.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Gravity as a Manifestation of de Sitter Invariance Over a Galois Field

Authors: Felix M. Lev
Comments: 80 pages

We consider a system of two free bodies in de Sitter invariant quantum theory. In quasiclassical approximation the mean value of the mass operator for such a system is given by a standard expression plus a correction V which is always negative and in the nonrelativistic approximation is proportional to m₁m₂, where m₁ and m₂ are the masses of the bodies. At very large distances the standard relative distance operator describes a well known cosmological acceleration. In particular, the cosmological constant problem does not exist and there is no need to involve dark energy or other fields for solving this problem. At the same time, for systems of macroscopic bodies this operator does not have correct properties at smaller distances and should be modified. Among possible modifications with correct properties there is such that in the nonrelativistic approximation V is proportional to -m₁m₂(1/δ₁ + 1/δ₂)/[r(m₁ + m₂)] where r is the distance between the bodies and δ_i (i = 1, 2) is the width of the de Sitter momentum distribution for body i. We argue that fundamental quantum theory should be based on a Galois field with a large characteristic p which is a fundamental constant characterizing laws of physics in our Universe. Then one can give a natural explanation that δ_i is inversely proportional to m_i, V = -Gm₁m₂/r and G depends on the structure of many-body wave functions. A very rough estimation of this quantity gives a value of order R/(m_Nlnp) where R is the radius of the Universe (such that Λ = 3/R² is the cosmological constant) and mN is the nucleon mass. If R is of order 10²⁶m then lnp is of order 10⁸⁰ and therefore p is of order exp(10⁸⁰).
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Many Novel Physical Consequences of Born's Reciprocal Relativity in Phase-Spaces

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 25 pages, submitted to Int. Jour. Mod. Phys A.

We explore the many novel physical consequences of Born's reciprocal Relativity theory in flat phase-space and to generalize the theory to the curved phase-space scenario. We provide with six specific novel physical results resulting from Born's reciprocal Relativity and which are not present in Special Relativity. These are : momentum-dependent time delay in the emission and detection of photons; energy-dependent notion of locality; superluminal behavior; relative rotation of photon trajectories due to the aberration of light; invariance of areas-cells in phase-space and modified dispersion relations. We finalize by constructing a Born reciprocal general relativity theory in curved phase-spaces which requires the introduction of a complex Hermitian metric, torsion and nonmetricity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Global-Local Gauge Symmetries and the "Tetrahedron Model" Part II: Postscript

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 7 pages.

This is a postscript to my paper "Global-Local Gauge Symmetries and the "Tetrahedron Model" Part II"
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Tetron Model in 6+1 Dimensions

Authors: Bodo Lampe
Comments: 14 pages.

The possibility of a 6+1 dimensional spacetime model being the fundamental theory for elementary particle interactions is explored. The dynamical object is an (octonion) spinor defined over a spacetime lattice with S8 permutation symmetry which gets broken to S4 x S4. Electroweak parity violation is argued to arise from the interplay of the two permutation groups S4 or eventually from the definition of the octonion product. It corresponds to a change in sign for odd permutation lattice transformations and is shown to suggest a form for the Hamiltonian.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Electrodynamics and Gravitation

Authors: Smail Messaoudi
Comments: 9 pages.

In this manuscript, we examine the hypothesis of an electromagnetic origin of the gravitation. We suppose that the vacuum is polarized around a mass and we use the wave nature of matter in order to redefine gravity. We determine the relative permittivity and the relative permeability in order to find the expression of the energy and of the gravitational force.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Continuum and Discrete Features of Nature from a Canonical Science Perspective

Authors: Juan R. Gonzalez-Alvarez
Comments: 10 pages; formatted using the new CSReport package; Entry for 2011 FQXi Essay Contest "Is Reality Digital or Analog?"

We offer answers to several foundational questions asked in this FQXi ESSAY CONTEST about the continuum and discrete aspects of Nature.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Funktion Follows Form, at the Quantum Scale and Beyond.

Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 6 pages

FUNCTION FOLLOWS FORM in Quantum FFF THEORY. The FORM and MICROSTRUCTURE of elementary particles, is supposed to be the origin of FUNCTIONAL differences between Higgs- Graviton- Photon- and Fermion particles. As a consequence, a NEW splitting and pairing MASSLESS BLACK HOLE, able to convert vacuum energy into real energy by entropy decrease, seems to be able to explain the cyclic Big Bang, quick Galaxy- and Star formation, down to Sunspots, Comets, Ball Lightning and even Ice Volcanoes on Titan. Five posters are presented in this paper, as an quick overview of the former letters submitted to viXra.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Exceptional Jordan Strings/membranes and Octonionic Gravity/p-Branes

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 26 pages, submitted to the Journal of Physics A : Math and Theor

Nonassociative Octonionic Ternary Gauge Field Theories are revisited paving the path to an analysis of the many physical applications of Exceptional Jordan Strings/Membranes and Octonionic Gravity. The old octonionic gravity constructions based on the split octonion algebra Os (which strictly speaking is not a division algebra) is extended to the full fledged octonion division algebra O. A real-valued analog of the Einstein-Hilbert Lagrangian L = R involving sums of all the possible contractions of the Ricci tensors plus their octonionic-complex conjugates is presented. A discussion follows of how to extract the Standard Model group (the gauge fields) from the internal part of the octonionic gravitational connection. The role of Exceptional Jordan algebras, their automorphism and reduced structure groups which play the roles of the rotation and Lorentz groups is also re-examined. Finally, we construct (to our knowledge) generalized novel octonionic string and p-brane actions and raise the possibility that our generalized 3-brane action (based on a quartic product) in octonionic flat backgrounds of 7, 8 octonionic dimensions may display an underlying E7,E8 symmetry, respectively. We conclude with some final remarks pertaining to the developments related to Jordan exceptional algebras, octonions, black-holes in string theory and quantum information theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Combinatorics, Observables, and String Theory: Part II

Authors: Andrea Gregori
Comments: 141 pages

We investigate the string configuration that, in the framework of the theoretical scenario introduced in [1], corresponds to the most entropic configuration in the phase space of all the configurations of the universe. This describes a universe with four space-time dimensions, and the physical content is phenomenologically compatible with the experimental observations and measurements. Everything is determined in terms of the age of the universe, with no room for freely-adjustable parameters. We discuss how one obtains the known spectrum of particles and interactions, with massive neutrinos, no Higgs boson, and supersymmetry broken at the Planck scale. Besides the computation of masses and couplings, CKM matrix elements, cosmological constant, expansion parameters of the universe etc..., all resulting, within the degree of the approximation we used, in agreement with the experimental observations, we also discuss how this scenario passes the tests provided by cosmology and the constraints imposed by the physics of the primordial universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Guessed Formulae for the Elementary Particle Masses, Interpretation and Arguments of Them and a New View on Quantum Gravity

Authors: Janko Kokošar
Comments: 19 pages

Formulae for the masses of elementary particles obtained with guessing are presented in the article. A derivation, which tries to physically interpret these formulae, was also made afterward. Said simplified, it is obtained that particle masses are varying quickly that they are mainly zero and sometimes roughly equal to Planckian mass, while we, as measurers, measure a particle mass only as a time average. Then the arguments, why it is possible that those formulae are not contradictory with known physical facts, and why it is necessary that something like should exist to describe the masses of elementary particles, are listed. The formulae and models are realistic according to the known physics. It is shown also an example which can be verified with a statistical analysis. Some findings are shown, which can survive although maybe formulae will not survive.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Quantum Gravity and Electro Magnetic Forces in FFF-Theory.

Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 11 pages

Quantum FFF theory states, that the vacuum is seeded with fast oscillating massless Higgs particles, oscillating along a complex chiral tetrahedral vacuum lattice, which has the ability to transfer Photon and Graviton information in bunches of oscillations, through the vacuum lattice with the local speed of light. As a consequence there are no attraction forces on propeller shaped Fermions. Only the sum of the different kinds of vacuum impulses from all directions on Fermions are responsible for all energetic phenomena in the universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Combinatorics, Observables, and String Theory

Authors: Andrea Gregori
Comments: 73 pages.

We investigate the most general "phase space" of configurations, consisting of all possible ways of assigning elementary attributes, "energies", to elementary positions, "cells". We discuss how this space possesses structures that can be approximated by a quantum-relativistic physical scenario. In particular, we discuss how the Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle and a universe with a three-dimensional space arise, and what kind of mechanics rules it. String Theory shows up as a complete representation of this structure in terms of time-dependent fields and particles. Within this context, owing to the uniqueness of the underlying mathematical structure it represents, one can also prove the uniqueness of string theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Infinite Regeneration I: the Cosmic Warp Drive

Authors: Vikram Dhillon
Comments: 10 Pages.

A new cosmological sceneario is proposed whereby superluminal expansion is invoked through the inherent instability of the early universe which results in a cosmic warp drive. In the evolution of our universe, after the inflationary phase, the expansion observed today sets in that is well described in terms of Friedmann equations. A smooth transition is expected between the two phases but string cosmology is known to have problems explaining this, our cosmic warp drive provides a novel solution to the graceful exit problem. Our proposed model addresses fine-tuning, the flatness problem, the initial conditions problem and the use of a new parametric oscillator that may mark the end of inflation instead of using a scalar field. We also take an elementary step towards the canonical treatment of strings removing the big-bang from the picture from cosmology. A more developed treatment of this theory in the future might completely remove big-bang from standard cosmology. Other implications of this model resulting from a possible solution to the graceful exit problem which might point to the values the fundamental constants are also discussed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Planck Scale in the Light of Psychological Enquiry

Authors: Diego Meschini
Comments: 28 pages.

A psychological enquiry into the Planck scale in quantum gravity, as guided by the application of Garrett Hardin's three filters against folly: literacy (what are the words?), numeracy (what are the numbers?), and ecolacy (and then, what?).
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Spacetime Deformations Evolution Concept

Authors: Jacek Safuta
Comments: 10 pages.

I frame a concept that the matter and energy have evolved from a primordial, conformally flat spacetime (starting before the Planck Era). I apply the theory of Darwinism beyond its original sphere of organic evolution on Earth. Finally I present some points of view on computability of the actual Universe and its evolution.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Mirror Neutrino Dark Matter Hypothesis

Authors: M. D. Sheppeard, G. Dungworth
Comments: 15 pages.

In a quantum information approach to quantum gravity, one naturally extends the Bilson-Thompson braid particle spectrum by a right handed neutrino sector. This suggests a parity restoring non local form of mirror matter, considered as a novel contributor to the dark matter sector. In the non standard Riofrio cosmology, where the entire dark matter sector is approximated by black hole states, the mirror matter should occupy a space on the other side of our conformal horizons, which are present everywhere in our universe. In particular we note that the Koide matrix antineutrino rest mass prediction of 0.00117 eV corresponds precisely to a black body peak temperature of 2.73 K, the CMB temperature, as a result of its annihilation with mirror antineutrinos. Initial consequences of these ideas for dark matter profiles are discussed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Is Reality Digital or Analog? Physics is Undecided a Beautiful Universe Theory's Answer.

Authors: Vladimir F. Tamari
Comments: 11 pages

In Section 1 the three words comprising the question "Is Reality Digital or Analog" <D/A?> are defined further. In Section 2 Key aspects of physics are probed using <D/A?> and contradictions pointed out. The incompatibility of an analog Gravity and an analog-digital Quantum Mechanics are traced back to Einstein's point-photon and his flexible spacetime. Without a unified theory it is fruitless to decide about the basic makeup of the universe. Space and Time, Electromagnetic Radiation, Matter and Gravity, and Quantum Mechanics in general are examined with <D/A?>. In Section 3 <D/A?> is answered within a new Beautiful Universe model ToE 'Theory of Everything' proposed from first principles. A universal lattice of identical spherically-symmetrical interacting dielectric nodes exchanging angular momentum through magnetic induction, in units of Planck's constant (h) is proposed. The 3 space dimensions and time, vacuum, matter, radiation, dark energy and dark matter are derived from the causal, local self-assembly and Hamiltonian evolution through interactions between neighboring nodes. Each node represents a miniature Bloch sphere, at a variable rate depending on node rates of rotation, and the orientation of their axis. The model explains matter as nested polyhedral patterns of nodes locked by tensegrity yet capable of soliton-like translation. Quantum effects are the result of the diffusion of momentum in a wave pattern through the lattice. Gravitational potential equals node rotation, but its force is due to the spring-like twisting geometry of the node axes in the regions of space between matter.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Quantum Gravity Based on Mach Principle and Its Solar Application

Authors: Jin He
Comments: 21 pages

The starting point of quantum mechanics is the classical algebraic formula connecting energy to momentum: energy is proportional to the squared momentum. As a result, energy and momentum do not be treated equally. The wave equation of quantum mechanics (a differential equation) results from the replacement of the classical energy quantity with the derivative with time and the replacement of the momentum quantity with the derivative with space. Both replacements have a scale factor that is the Planck constant. Similar to the classical formula, the wave equation does not treat time and space equally, and the Planck constant is not canceled out from both sides of the equation. That is, Planck constant remains which describes the microscopic world. My theory of gravity is the local bending of background spacetime based on Mach principle which, as suggested by Einstein, is described by a classical form of second order treating time and space equally. Therefore, the Planck constant is completely canceled out in the wave equation. In other words, the quantization of gravity does not need the Planck constant. This is because gravity obeys Equivalence Principle. But I keep the scale factor which describes the hierarchical structure of local universe as suggested by Laurent Nottale.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Clifford Cl(5,C) Unified Gauge Field Theory of Conformal Gravity, Maxwell and U(4) X U(4) Yang-Mills in 4D

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 22 pages, submitted to Advances in Applied Clifford Algebras (AACA).

A Clifford Cl(5,C) Unified Gauge Field Theory of Conformal Gravity, Maxwell and U(4)xU(4) Yang-Mills in 4D is rigorously presented extending our results in prior work. The Cl(5,C) = Cl(4,C)⊕Cl(4,C) algebraic structure of the Conformal Gravity, Maxwell and U(4)xU(4) Yang-Mills unification program advanced in this work is that the group structure given by the direct products U(2, 2)xU(4)xU(4) = [SU(2, 2)]_spacetimex [U(1) x U(4) x U(4)]_internal is ultimately tied down to four-dimensions and does not violate the Coleman-Mandula theorem because the spacetime symmetries (conformal group SU(2, 2) in the absence of a mass gap, Poincare group when there is mass gap) do not mix with the internal symmetries. Similar considerations apply to the supersymmetric case when the symmetry group structure is given by the direct product of the superconformal group (in the absence of a mass gap) with an internal symmetry group so that the Haag-Lopuszanski-Sohnius theorem is not violated. A generalization of the de Sitter and Anti de Sitter gravitational theories based on the gauging of the Cl(4, 1,R),Cl(3, 2,R) algebras follows. We conclude with a few remarks about the complex extensions of the Metric Affine theories of Gravity (MAG) based on GL(4,C) x_s C⁴, the realizations of twistors and the N = 1 superconformal su(2, 2|1) algebra purely in terms of Clifford algebras and their plausible role in Witten's formulation of perturbative N = 4 super Yang-Mills theory in terms of twistor-string variables.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Discrete Time and Kleinian Structures in Duality Between Spacetime and Particle Physics

Authors: Lawrence B. Crowell
Comments: 11 pages

The interplay between continuous and discrete structures results in a duality between the moduli space for black hole types and AdS₇ spacetime. The 3 and 4 Q-bit structures of quantum black holes is equivalent to the conformal completion of AdS.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Quantum Gravity and Superconductivity II

Authors: Peter C. Chindove
Comments: 3 pages

In my first paper, Quantum Gravity and Superconductivity, I made two significant proposals. One, rather tongue in cheek, I proposed a method in which the extent to which an individual is deluded defines whether or not that individual is a crackpot. I termed this the Delusion Index. Two, I proposed the Painleve type III equation as the background for developing a quantum theory of magnetic induction and of gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Universe Programmed with Strings of Qubits

Authors: Philip Gibbs
Comments: 9 pages, entry for FQXi essay contest "Is Reality Digital or Analog?"

It has been suggested that reality works like a quantum computer, but such claims are just words if they are not backed up by sound mathematics. In pursuit of the fundamental equations I look to string theory where physicists led by Mike Duff have noticed useful connections between the quantum gravity of black holes and quantum information theory. By building on my earlier work on universal symmetry in string theory and using links between elliptic curves and hyperdeterminants, I find intriguing clues that these connections may be deep as well as useful. Ultimately any theory of the foundations of physics must explain why there are four forces and three generations of fermions. In string theory this would be a consequence of the choice of vacua. If a consistent formulation of string theory constructed from quantum bits can be found, it may be possible to understand the vast landscape of possibilities better and reverse engineer the program that codes our universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Quantum Gravity

Authors: Peter C. Chindove
Comments: 5 pages.

It would seem to me that paragraphs like this serve one main purpose - to make the reader aware of the reputation of the author and their ability to satisfy the proposition made by the chosen title. Basically, by the time the reader has read this abstract they will have become either more eager or more suspicious. In my estimation, this is a kind of courtship ritual among scientists. I am like a peacock, I spread my feathers and type/whisper 'whype' sweet things that entice you into some kind of delusion. Sadly, for you, you have neither heard of me nor are you at this stage frothing at the mouth, chomping at the bit to read on. But, surely you must be mad to stop here.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Black Hole Complementarity as a Condition on Pre and Post Selected String States

Authors: Lawrence B. Crowell
Comments: 13 pages.

The holographic principle of black holes tells us the field theoretic information of strings on the event horizon is completely equivalent to field theoretic information in the spacetime one dimension larger outside. This physics is observed on a frame stationary with respect to the black hole. The question naturally arises; what physics is accessed by the observer falling through the event horizon on an inertial frame? This paper examines this and demonstrates a duality between the two perspectives. This question is important for the black hole small enough to exhibit fluctuations comparable to its scale. A sufficiently small quantum black hole will be composed of strings in a superposition of interior and exterior configurations or states
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Prespacetime Model II: Genesis of Self-Referential Matrix Law, & the Ontology & Mathematics of Ether

Authors: Huping Hu, Maoxin Wu
Comments: 31 pages.

This work is a continuation of the prespacetime model described previously. Here we show how in this model prespacetime generates: (1) energy-momentum-mass relationship as transcendental Law of One, (2) self-referential Matrix Law with energy-momentum-mass relationship as the determinant, (3) dual-world Law of Zero and (4) immanent Law of Conservation of in the external/internal World which may be violated in certain processes. We further show how prespactime generates, sustain and makes evolving elementary particles and composite particles incorporating the genesis of self-referential Matrix Law. In addition, we discuss the ontology and mathematics of ether in this model. Illustratively, in the beginning there was prespacetime by itself e⁰=1 materially empty and it began to imagine through primordial self-referential spin (see paper) such that it created the self-referential Matrix Law, the external object to be observed and internal object as observed, separated them into external world and internal world, caused them to interact through said Matrix Law and thus gave birth to the Universe which it has since sustained and made to evolve.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Maxwell Symmetrical Gravitational Wave

Authors: Vincenzo Sicari
Comments: 2 pages

There are various physics phenomenon which can find a simple explanation in linking gravity and electromagnetism. Einstein's Relativity can simply explain only the mass because he considered time as a scalar rather than a vector. The intension of this paper is to propose a new point of view, treating time as a three-dimensional vector, finding three vector value formula by three-dimensional space-time formula (curvature formula), finding a new symmetry on the plane for a wave equation substitute for Maxwell's symmetrical wave, only E and only B, not E and B linked. This linking is in error; in fact they are a two sum effect. The electromagnetic wave in space has, as well known, three energy component: B field E field and wave length (frequency). This energy is acknowledged, but we must see the wave like an elastic chain of single wavelets (a string of individual wavelets).
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Implementing Proper Length on a Graph in R3 Via Polymerization Produces Negligible Entropy When Accounting for the Distinctness of Scattering Probability Distributions

Authors: S. Halayka
Comments: 6 pages.

A graph model of general relativity is discussed. The relationship between entropy and the incompressibility of information is highlighted.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Nonassociative Octonionic Ternary Gauge Field Theories

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 16 pages

A novel (to our knowledge) nonassociative and noncommutative octonionic ternary gauge field theory is explicitly constructed that it is based on a ternary-bracket structure involving the octonion algebra. The ternary bracket was defined earlier by Yamazaki. The field strengths F_μν are given in terms of the 3-bracket [B_μ,B_ν, Φ] involving an auxiliary octonionic-valued scalar field Φ = Φ^ae_a which plays the role of a "coupling" function. In the concluding remarks a list of relevant future investigations are briefly outlined.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Hearth Wave Equation (Mass Formation and Evolution)

Authors: Vincenzo Sicari
Comments: 1 page

There are various physics phenomenon which can find a simple explanation in linking gravity and electromagnetism. Einstein's Relativity can simply explain only the mass because he considered time as a scalar rather than a vector. The intension of this paper is to propose a new point of view, treating time as a three-dimensional vector, finding three vector value formula by three-dimensional space-time formula (curvature formula), finding a new symmetry on the plane for a wave equation substitute for Maxwell's symmetrical wave, only E and only B, not E and B linked. This linking is in error; in fact they are a two sum effect. The electromagnetic wave in space has, as well known, three energy component: B field E field and wave length (frequency). This energy is acknowledged, but we must see the wave like an elastic chain of single wavelets (a string of individual wavelets).
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Explanation of the Parameters of the S. Marinov's Curve

Authors: Vincenzo Sicari
Comments: 3 pages

Explanation of the parameters of the S. Marinov's curve
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Complete Graph Model of the Schwarzschild Black Hole

Authors: S. Halayka
Comments: 2 pages

A complete graph model of the Schwarzschild black hole
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Parameters of S. Marinov's Curve (Evidence for my Three-Dimensional Time and my New Wave Formula)

Authors: Vincenzo Sicari
Comments: 2 pages

There are various physics phenomenon which can find a simple explanation in linking gravity and electromagnetism. Einstein's Relativity can simply explain only the mass because he considered time as a scalar rather than a vector. The intension of this paper is to propose a new point of view, treating time as a three-dimensional vector, finding three vector value formula by three-dimensional space-time formula (curvature formula), finding a new symmetry on the plane for a wave equation substitute for Maxwell's symmetrical wave, only E and only B, not E and B linked. This linking is in error; in fact they are a two sum effect. The electromagnetic wave in space has, as well known, three energy components: B field E field and wave length (frequency). This energy is acknowledged, but we must see the wave like an elastic chain of single wavelets (a string of individual wavelets).
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Introduction to the Higgs Boson Papers

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 12 pages

Although I had heard about, read about, and wondered about the "Higgs boson" for years, I simply couldn't get a "feel" for this particle, mostly because I was unable to place it within any overall, coherent scheme of physical phenomena (I couldn't answer the question: what is the conservation role of the Higgs boson in nature?). What finally broke the impasse for me was the article by Gordon Kane in Scientific American (and there is much else in this article I don't agree with), which mentioned there could be more than one Higgs boson. (See: "The Mysteries of Mass" by Gordon Kane, Scientific American, July 2005, pp. 41-48.) That idea allowed me almost immediately to "do my thing", which is the construction of General Systems hierarchies, using the "phase transition" energy levels, or force unification symmetry states, as benchmarks for the four sequential steps of a weak force decay "cascade" from the "Multiverse" to "ground state" atomic matter, with one step allotted to each of the four forces as they joined (or separated from) the unification hierarchy.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Gravitational Energy Cannot be Negative: a Comment on the Grand Design

Authors: Ron Bourgoin
Comments: 3 pages

The authors of The Grand Design treat the gravitational energy of a large astronomical object as a negative quantity. The formula used to calculate gravitational energy is GM 2 r , in which all quantities are positive. Even if mass were considered to be negative, the square of the mass is a positive quantity. All other quantities in the formula are positive because G is positive, and since there is no such physical thing as a negative radius, r is positive. The authors have simply affixed a negative sign in front of the formula, which is neither correct mathematically nor physically. We show in this paper that the correct treatment of gravitational energy leads to the conclusion that Earth's gravitational energy produces Earth's space. Earth has its own space, as does every astronomical object in the Universe. The general overall space of the Universe, therefore, is a series of interacting spaces.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Global and Local Gauge Symmetries: Part V

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 9 pages.

We observe that the "local gauge symmetry currents" (the field vectors of the forces, or components thereof), are in the case of both the spacetime metric (time) and the electromagnetic force (magnetism), devolved from an implicit expression embedded in the original global symmetry state. Magnetism, for example, occurs in its primordial state as the magnetic half of an electromagnetic wave, or light. Likewise, time occurs in an implicit and suppressed state ("frequency") in the global metric of space, again as gauged by the global energy and metric constant c (frequency x wavelength = c). This naturally leads us to suspect the same relationship should hold for the two particle forces (strong and weak forces) - we should find the precursors of their local, material gauge currents in the primordial and symmetric global metric of light and space.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

La Prova! a Last (T.o.e.)

Authors: Vincenzo Sicari
Comments: 38 pages

My theory states that our space-time (energy) is 6-dimensional; three spatial and three time, but only if the energy and thus the mass is considered as the effect of curvature.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Part I: the Intrinsic Motion of Time, Space, and Gravity

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 9 pages

Part I of this paper is in response to Scientific American's Special Issue: A Matter of Time" (Sept. 2002) and the article therein by Paul Davies: "That Mysterious Flow" (page 40-47), in which he claims that the motion of time is an illusion, that time itself does not actually move. In this, as in various other papers (see my website), I advance the contrary premise that space and time both exhibit intrinsic dimensional motions as gauged by the fundamental constants c, T, G (where c is the speed of light, T is the intrinsic motion of time (also gauged by c as the duration (measured by a clock) light requires to travel a given distance in vacuum), and G is the universal gravitational constant). Whereas "c" regulates the metric relationship between space, time, and light (free electromagnetic energy), "G" regulates the entropic relationship between space, time, and mass (bound electromagnetic energy). (See: "A Description of Gravitation".)
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Retro-Causal Holographic Dark Energy Coherent Vacuum Super-Solid Tetrad Emergent Gravity

Authors: Jack Sarfatti
Comments: 17 pages

A short review of experiments and theory suggesting that the universe is a hologram image projected retro-causally from our future event horizon. "A series of quantum experiments shows that measurements performed in the future can influence the present. Does that mean the universe has a destiny and the laws of physics pull us inexorably toward our prewritten fate?" Discover Magazine "Back From The Future" http://discovermagazine.com/2010/apr/01-back-from-the-future
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Philosophical and Mathematical Theory of Everything

Authors: Stein Sivertsen
Comments: 11 pages

In this theory I measure the "light speed" per duration of "X particle motions". C is then measured accurately by the basic definitions in the International System of Units (SI) to "299 792 458 metres" per duration of "9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium 133 atom". This basic definition of C exclude the term time (the fourth dimension). Instead it include the term "motion inside a particle" ("a particle's spin" may be a better term) Then, in chapter B1 to B9, I first show the 9 consequenses of this new expression in a philosophical description. In chapter C, I show how these consequenses can be used to explain "The quantum theory of wave / particle duality and the phenomenon of wave collapse". In chapter D the consequenses is described in depth in the mathematical form. I will espesially draw your attention to chapter D 3 wich shows a concise prediction of how the gravity-ratio between two particle-positions, relative to a reference object/particle (for instance a sun), will sharply drop for the particles farthest away from us, from 12 billions lightyears and farther away.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Neutral Particle Gravity with Nonassociative Braids

Authors: M. D. Sheppeard
Comments: 7 pages

Bilson-Thompson has characterised the fundamental leptons and quarks using simple three strand ribbon diagrams. A minimal extension to this set is specified by a doubling of the neutrino sector. The resulting braid set is reinterpreted in a categorical framework for localization, which assumes a non local view of the neutral particle oscillations that are responsible for gravity. A few observational consequences, such as CPT violation in the neutrino sector, are discussed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Postscript and Commentary on the Tetrahedron Model

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 7 pages

Our first consideration is the bottom line of the Tetrahedron Model diagram (the line representing the spacetime metric and gravity), connecting the Symmetry and Entropy poles. The spacetime metric has two major expressions: 1) metric particles or "bosons" (derived from the Symmetry pole); and 2) the structural and regulatory metric field (derived from the Entropy pole). The metric field is a conservation mechanism of spacetime, with its embedded creators, light and gravitation, and its regulators, the inertial forces. The particle aspect of this line I refer to as "metric particles", the bosons or field vectors (force carriers) of the forces, such as the photon, the graviton, the IVBs (Intermediate Vector Bosons) of the weak force, and the gluons of the strong force "color" charges. Bosons are generally massless and travel at velocity c; they appear to be produced or transmitted by the metric as vibrations or similar disturbances of its structure (hence the several massless varieties all have the same velocity "c"). Bosons are evidently not composed of quarks or leptons like the fermions of ordinary matter, and most basically, they do not appear to be the product of the symmetry-breaking process that produced ordinary fermions in the "Big Bang" - they do not appear to be the asymmetric halves of particle-antiparticle pairs, but rather whole particle units, complete in themselves and unchanged since the very beginning of time. The "Intermediate Vector Bosons" (IVBs) of the weak force are unusual in that they are very massive bosons, whereas all other bosons are massless. For a discussion of these unusual weak force bosons (and the related "Higgs" boson), see: "The Higgs Boson and the Weak Force IVBs".
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On a Generalized Theory of Relativity

Authors: Golden Gadzirayi Nyambuya
Comments: 40 pages

The General Theory of Relativity (GTR) is essentially a theory of gravitation. It is built on the Principle of Relativity. It is bonafide knowledge, known even to Einstein the founder, that the GTR violets the very principle upon which it is founded i.e., it violets the Principle of Relativity; because a central equation i.e., the geodesic law which emerges from the GTR, is well known to be in contempt of the Principle of Relativity because the geodesic law, must in complete violation of the Principle of Relativity, be formulated in special (or privileged) coordinate systems i.e., Gaussian coordinate systems. The Principle of Relativity clearly and strictly forbids the existence/use of special (or privileged) coordinate systems in the same way the Special Theory of Relativity forbids the existence of privileged and or special reference systems. In the pursuit of a more Generalized Theory of Relativity i.e., an all-encampusing unified field theory to include the Electromagnetic, Weak & the Strong force, Einstein and many other researchers, have successfully failed to resolve this problem. In this reading, we propose a solution to this dilemma faced by Einstein and many other researchers i.e., the dilemma of obtaining a more Generalized Theory of Relativity. Our solution brings together the Gravitational, Electromagnetic, Weak & the Strong force under a single roof via an extension of Riemann geometry to a new hybrid geometry that we have coined the Riemann-Hilbert Space (RHS). This geometry is a fusion of Riemann geometry and the Hilbert space. Unlike Riemann geometry, the RHS preserves both the length and the angle of a vector under parallel transport because the affine connection of this new geometry, is a tensor. This tensorial affine leads us to a geodesic law that truly upholds the Principle of Relativity. It is seen that the unified field equations derived herein are seen to reduce to the well known Maxwell-Procca equation, the non-Abelian nuclear force field equations, the Lorentz equation of motion for charged particles and the Dirac equation.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Principles of the Unified Field Theory: Part III (Summary)

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 7 pages

1) Noether's Theorem requires the conservation of light's symmetry no less than light's energy. 2) The charges (and spin) of matter are the symmetry debts of light. 3) Charge/spin conservation is a temporal, material form of symmetry conservation. Charges are a material translation (representation) of specific symmetry parameters which can be conserved through time as active, invariant debts awaiting repayment (as by annihilation with antimatter). 4) Maintaining the invariance of, and paying (discharging) light's symmetry debts as held by the charges of matter, is the role of the field vectors of the four forces of physics. 5) Charge invariance (in the service of symmetry conservation) is the key to understanding the local action of the forces ("local gauge symmetry currents").
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Map to Unified Grand Model for Space Time, Particles, Fields and Universe Builded on a Trial Mathematical Physics Interpretation of the Holy Quran Creation Story

Authors: Maher Ahmed
Comments: 21 pages

Since early 1980 there is no new discoveries for the basic laws of physics[1], the main problem behind that is the missing of a complete physical description for our universe physics. The concepts of space time, particles (mass), fields, and energy have a big ambiguity in our deep understanding of physics. One of reasons for that is the limitation of our experimental technology in high energy accelerators, and in cosmological observations. In this research the author follows the creative thinking rules which discovered in the field of human psychology studies[2{4] for solving difficult problems through human specie history. The main idea in creative thinking is to borrow ideas and concepts from fields away from the problems own field, those new ideas and concepts are brought to the field of the problems to help human to go inside the problems and get the solution[5]
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Interrelatedness of Space and Time

Authors: Amrit S. Sorli
Comments: 4 pages

Experimental data confirm material change i.e. motion run in space. There is no experimental evidence time being part of the space. Time is what we measure with clocks. With clocks we measure numerical order (see paper for full abstract)
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Effort and Force (According to "Hypothesis on MATTER")

Authors: Nainan K. Varghese
Comments: 13 pages

Force is generally understood as cause of an action and result of an action is often quantified as work-done or as energy-transferred. All these terms are very vague and have no clear meanings or definite mechanisms of action. Force is considered as the primary entity and work or energy is considered as the result of action of force. The concept, put forward in the 'Hypothesis on MATTER', depicts force, work and energy as terms with clear meanings. An external effort has a definite mechanism to transfer work from a force-applying body to a force-receiving body. This article intends to give very brief description of various terms, used in conjunction with physical (motion) actions as envisaged in the above mentioned concept. An effort is the cause of an action. Action of an effort transfers work from one macro body to another macro body. Work about a macro body is the distortions in the all-encompassing universal medium about it. Stress developed due to distortions in universal medium about a macro body is the energy stored in and about the macro body. Work is the primary entity and it is real. Force (or power) is the rate of work (being changed by the action of an external effort) and energy is the stress (in the universal medium about a matter body) due to the work. Force and energy are functional entities describing certain aspects of work. For details, kindly refer to [1].
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Comments on "The Entropic Accelerating Hologram Universe"

Authors: Jack Sarfatti
Comments: 5 pages

The accelerated expansion rate is no longer surprising. It is the inevitable consequence of the holographic information storage on the surface screen of the universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The "Hourglass" or "Grail" Diagrams

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 5 pages

A General Systems model in the form of an hourglass is used to illustrate the relationships among the four forces of physics, space, time, and nuclear and elementary particles.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Generalized Gravity in Clifford Spaces, Vacuum Energy and Grand Unification

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 21 pages, submitted to the Int. J. Mod. Phys. A.

Polyvector-valued gauge field theories in Clifford spaces are used to construct a novel Cl(3, 2) gauge theory of gravity that furnishes modified curvature and torsion tensors leading to important modifications of the standard gravitational action with a cosmological constant. Vacuum solutions exist which allow a cancellation of the contributions of a very large cosmological constant term and the extra terms present in the modified field equations. Generalized gravitational actions in Clifford-spaces are provided and some of their physical implications are discussed. It is shown how the 16 fermions and their masses in each family can be accommodated within a Cl(4) gauge field theory. In particular, the Higgs fields admit a natural Clifford-space interpretation that differs from the one in the Chamseddine-Connes spectral action model of Noncommutative geometry. We finalize with a discussion on the relationship with the Pati-Salam color-flavor model group SU(4)_C x SU(4)_F and its symmetry breaking patterns. An Appendix is included with useful Clifford algebraic relations.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Arithmetic Information in Particle Mixing

Authors: M. D. Sheppeard
Comments: 5 pages.

The mutually unbiased bases of quantum information theory are used to study the MNS and CKM mixing matrices. The resulting mixing matrix parameterisation requires only three real parameters, and is thus potentially more constraining than those in current use. We also discuss related results from MINOS and Fermilab.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

What Causes the Mass to be Deficit Inside a Nucleus?

Authors: Karunakar Marasakatla
Comments: 4 Pages.

Deficit of mass is a change in the physical characteristics of an object. What corresponding changes, if any, in the nucleus represents the observed deficit in mass?
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Weight Change of a Body in Connection with the Electrical Tension

Authors: H.-J. Hochecker
Comments: 3 Pages.

I stick metal foil on an a 1 square meter large and 10 kilograms heavy dielectric so that a condenser is build. By putting a tension of 10 kV on the condenser or by short-circuiting it I measure a real reduction of the weight of about 0.1 grams each time. This result confirms my theoretical conclusion which says that the weight of a body is related with the movements of its charges (protons and electrons). Keywords: Gravitation, movement of electrical charges, relativity
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

M-Theory (2)

Authors: Min-Young Yun
Comments: 58 Pages.

The problem of summing of like powers is completely solved by J. Bernoulli's polynomials. Apart from pure mathematics, the Bernoulli numbers appear prominently in perturbative quantum field theory. Here I present a way, using elementary Bernoulli numbers and Riemann zeta function and expanding mathematical meaning then, gain of another physical meaning. The behavior of smallest unit that creating from superstring and quark is indeterminate, but can be described as Unification Theory according to macroscopic-rules. So, it is easy to understand in all ages and countries, at any times and places. Newborns speak out the easiest word 'Mom' at the first time they speaking, which decided the title of the theory
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Cyclotron Notebooks

Authors: Philip Gibbs
Comments: 66 Pages, originally published as a website in March 1996.

The cyclotron note books are a collection of essays about fundamental physics and metaphysics. The central essay is about the principle of event-symmetric space-time, a new theory about how to do quantum gravity. The style is more technical in some parts than in others. Each essay can be read independently but if you find that one of them has terms which you don't understand you may find them explained in an earlier one. The later ones may be too difficult for the layman and even I don't understand the last one.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Thermodynamic Foundations of General Relativity (The Primary Gas Representation of Particle-X)

Authors: V.A.Induchoodan Menon
Comments: 19 pages

The author after introducing the concept of the vean (vacuum energy absorption) process shows that it not only crystallizes the progressive nature of time but also causes gravitation and the red shift of light emitted by far off galaxies [1]. He now shows that the thermodynamics of the primary gas in a gravitational field leads to the principle of equivalence and to its field equations of general relativity. The curvature of the space-time is seen to emerge from the anisotropy of the fluctuations in the Higgs field in the neighborhood of a massive body arising from the vean process. According to him unlike the currently accepted interpretation of general relativity the gravitational field based on the vean process does not exhibit non-linearity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Using Gravitation to Emulate Electromagnetism.

Authors: S. Halayka
Comments: 3 Pages.

The possibility of Universe-scale black holes living in closed 3D space of constant positive curvature was briefly considered in previous work. Further consideration of this possibility is given here. A possible link between gravitation and electromagnetism is discussed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Universal Medium ( According to "Hypothesis on MATTER" )

Authors: Nainan K. Varghese
Comments: 17 pages.

Space is a functional entity, presupposed by rational beings, whenever real entities are envisaged. Being a functional entity, space has no structure or form. It can neither physically act nor is able to undergo physical actions. By realising a real entity that fills the entire space as an all-encompassing universal medium, the formless space can be replaced with a structured real entity. This real entity will have positive existence and at the same time, it can have all properties currently assigned to space or to other imaginary entities like; different types of aether, imaginary particles or various types of fields. No actions can be performed at a distance through empty space. An all-encompassing medium is essential to facilitate (apparent) physical actions between matter bodies at a distance. Aether, used in aether-theories is too vague and fails to describe many physical actions of matter bodies, logically. 'Hypothesis on MATTER' envisages an all-encompassing medium, which has only one type of real (postulated) constituent particles and definite properties. Envisaging a universal medium, as described in the concept, helps to logically explain all physical phenomena, related to matter.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Can the Edges of a Complete Graph Form a Radially Symmetric Field in Closed Space of Constant Positive Curvature?

Authors: S. Halayka
Comments: 13 Pages.

In earlier work, it was found that the edges of a complete graph can very nearly form a radially symmetric field at long distance in at 2D and 3D space if the number of graph vertices is great enough. In this work, it is confirmed that the edges of a complete graph can also very nearly form a radially symmetric field in closed 2D and 3D space of constant positive curvature if the graph is small compared to the entirety of the space in which it lives and if the number of graph vertices is great enough.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Clifford Algebra Realization of Supersymmetry and Its Polyvector Extension in Clifford Spaces

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 15 pages, submitted to Foundations of Physics.

It is shown explicitly how to construct a novel (to our knowledge) realization of the Poincare superalgebra in 2D. These results can be extended to other dimensions and to (extended) superconformal and (anti) de Sitter superalgebras. There is a fundamental difference between the findings of this work with the other approaches to Supersymmetry (over the past four decades) using Grassmannian calculus and which is based on anti-commuting numbers. We provide an algebraic realization of the anticommutators and commutators of the 2D super-Poincare algebra in terms of the generators of the tensor product Cl1,1(R) x A of a two-dim Clifford algebra and an internal algebra A whose generators can be represented in terms of powers of a 3 x 3 matrix Q, such that Q3 = 0. Our realization differs from the standard realization of superalgebras in terms of differential operators in Superspace involving Grassmannian (anticommuting) coordinates θ^α and bosonic coordinates x^μ. We conclude in the final section with an analysis of how to construct Polyvector-valued extensions of supersymmetry in Clifford Spaces involving spinor-tensorial supercharge generators Qμ1μ2.....μn and momentum polyvectors Pμ1μ2....μn. Clifford-Superspace is an extension of Clifford-space and whose symmetry transformations are generalized polyvector-valued supersymmetries.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A More Natural Reference Model Integrating Relativity and Quantum Mechanics

Authors: J Gregory Moxness
Comments: 28 pages, 1 figure, Latex. Original ideas from 1997, latest modifications Nov 22, 2007.

M Theory and/or Loop Quantum Gravity hold the promise of resolving the conflict between general relativity and quantum mechanics but lack experimental connections to predictability in physics. A connection is made to these and other theories vying for the title of a "Theory of Everything" by questioning the value of the traditional Planck unit reference point for the scales at which they operate. It also suggests a cosmological model which has acceleration as being fundamental. It provides for an intuitive understanding of the Standard Model and its relationship to particle masses and the structure of the atom. The prediction of particle mass and lifetimes is a good indicator for its validity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

No-Time-Dilation Corrected Supernovae 1a and GRBs Data and Low-Energy Quantum Gravity

Authors: Michael A. Ivanov
Comments: 5 pages, 2 figures, Latex. Poster contribution to the VI Int. Workshop on the Dark side of the Universe (DSU2010), Guanajuato U., Leon, Mexico, 1-6 June, 2010.

Earlier it was shown that in the model of low-energy quantum gravity by the author, observations of Supernovae 1a and GRBs, which are corrected by observers for characteristic for the standard cosmological model time dilation, may be fitted with the theoretical luminosity distance curve only up to z ~ 0:5; for higher redshifts the predicted luminosity distance is essentially bigger. The model itself has not time dilation due to another redshift mechanism. It is shown here that a correction of observations for no time dilation leads to a good accordance of observations and theoretical predictions for all achieved redshifts.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Hypothesis on Matter

Authors: Nainan K. Varghese
Comments: 14 pages

'Hypothesis on MATTER' is a revolutionary new concept, which explains all physical phenomena based on just one type of (postulated) basic particle - the Quantum of matter. Conception and development of this model is founded on the conviction that there can be only one type of basic entities. They provide substance and create all other real entities in nature. All (apparent) interactions and diverse properties of superior entities are logical developments from inherent properties of the (postulated) quanta of matter. Quanta of matter, by their natural interactions, creates and structure all other entities including an allencompassing medium. A wide array of physical phenomena are explained in the book [1]; from the origin of 3D matter to gravity and subatomic interactions to cosmological events, based on the simple mechanical interactions of quanta of matter. There is no more any need to envisage 'actions at a distance' or to invoke irrational assumptions like diversity of natural forces, mass-energy equivalence, duality of light or constancy of its speed, dual nature of electric charge, singularities, big bang, etc. This new concept will radically alter our understanding of the physical universe and at the same time, explain complex physical phenomena with simple 'Cause and Effect' relationships.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

M-Theory

Authors: Min-Young Yun
Comments: 55 pages

The behavior of smallest unit that creating from superstring and quark is indeterminate, but can be described as one equation according to macroscopic-rules. So, it is easy to understand in all ages and countries, at any times and places. Newborns speak out the easiest word 'Mom' at the first time they speaking, which Decided the title of the theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Relating the Physical Structure and Properties of Quantum Space-Time to Elementary Particles, Gravity, and Relativistic Phenomena

Authors: Gary Heen
Comments: 22 pages

Modern theory states that matter and energy in their most basic form exist in discrete amounts, or quanta. The author proffers that space-time also exists as discrete quanta, and derives a physical model of space-time and elementary particles. The hypothesis for this space-time model is that the quanta for matter and space-time are convertible states of the same elementary building block: the quantum mass unit.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Galois Solvable Fourth Roots of Reality

Authors: Jack Sarfatti
Comments: 8 pages

Local observers are defined by orthonormal "non-holonomic" (aka "non-coordinate") tetrad gravity fields (Cartan's "moving frames"). The tetrads are spin 1 vector fields under the 6-parameter homogeneous Lorentz group SO1,3 of Einstein's 1905 special relativity. You can think of the tetrad gravity fields as the square roots of Einstein's 1916 spin 2 metric tensor gravity fields. We will see that we must also allow for spin 0 and spin 1 gravity because the spin 1 tetrads, in turn, are Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen entangled quantum states of pairs of 2-component Penrose-Rindler qubits in the quantum pregeometry. The Wheeler-Feynman qubits are the square roots of the advanced and retarded null tetrads and can therefore be called the Galois solvable fourth roots of reality. The spherical wavefront tetrads are then formally the Bell pair states of quantum information theory. Penrose's Cartesian tetrads are a different choice from mine here. The different tetrad choices correspond to the different contours around the photon propagator poles in the complex energy plane of quantum electrodynamics. Both of his spinors in his spin frame are retarded in the same light cone, e.g. the forward cone. It seems that Penrose and Rindler implicitly answered Wheeler's question of how IT comes from BIT, but no one realized it until now.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Using Noetics to Determine the Geometric Limits of 3-Body Alignments that Produce Subtle Energies

Authors: Jeffrey S. Keen
Comments: 7 pages, 5 Figures.

Attempting to link quantum physics with general relativity is one current approach to the comprehension of the structure of the universe. However, this could be an impossible objective as recent theories suggest that gravity is not a fundamental force but a consequence of the way information about material objects is organised in space time (e.g. Reference 27). In this theory, gravity is analogous to the flow of water, and involves a holographic universe, information, entropy, and chaos theory. However, such theories do not explain acts of observations affecting the results of scientific experiments. Many researchers, (e.g. Reference 51), including the author, believe that understanding the structure of the universe lies not just in physics and the above concepts, but in addition involves consciousness and cognitive neuroscience together with understanding the nature and perception of information. As Noetics and dowsing involve all the latter factors, it is proving to be a powerful and relevant research tool. This paper combines these considerations in a non-orthodox, but heuristic approach, linked by geometry. A previous paper, (See Reference 24: http://vixra.org/abs/1001.0004), identified that geometric alignments of three bodies, be they 3 pebbles, 3 circles drawn on paper, or 3 astronomical bodies produce a subtle energy beam that can be detected by the mind and measured. Intriguingly, this beam has a divergence angle involving the inverse of the Fine Structure Constant (137). It has also been shown to instantaneously communicate conscious information across the solar system. These facts suggest, together with other findings, that this "consciousness beam" is linked to the structure of the universe. This avenue of research is now further developed, by quantifying the limits of the alignment of the 3-bodies that is required to produce the subtle energy beam. The findings are that for observations made near the outer of the 3 bodies, the alignment must be less than arcsine 1/4. But for observations near the middle body, this alignment must be within arcsine1/5. This article is a summary of the concepts which are augmented on the author's website http://www.jeffreykeen.co.uk/
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Quantum Uncertainty Principle, Gravitational Waves, and Black Holes

Authors: Willi Penker
Comments: 2 pages

Following the basic rules of the uncertainty principle, gravitation itself becomes uncertain and even massive black holes go into superposition without the possibility of ending up in a real singularity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Quark Lepton Braids and Heterotic Supersymmetry

Authors: M. D. Sheppeard
Comments: 8 pages. submitted to JPA

A unique matrix is easily assigned to each Bilson-Thompson braid diagram. The quark and lepton matrices are then related to bosons via a twisted quantum Fourier transform, for which fermion and boson multiplets fit the dimension structure of heterotic strings.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Can the External Directed Edges of a Complete Graph Form a Radially Symmetric Field at Long Distance?

Authors: S. Halayka
Comments: 5 Pages.

Using a simple numerical method, the external directed edges of a complete graph are tested for their level of fitness in terms of how well they form a radially symmetric field at long distance (e.g., a test for the inverse square law in 3D space). It is found that the external directed edges of a complete graph can very nearly form a radially symmetric field at long distance if the number of graph vertices is great enough.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Theory of First Force

Authors: Willi Penker
Comments: 3 pages

The effects of forces are well known; however, the basic mechanisms of how forces work and are transmitted remain unexplained. This essay is meant to determine these basic mechanisms.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

To Demonstrate that Gravity is Action-at-a-Distance

Authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
Comments: 14 pages

In this paper we explain the behavior of the entire universe from the smallest to the largest scales. We found the only tachyonic string theory (other string theories all are guesses), find an equation that changed the universe: F-bar = -mc²/R, establish the expansion theory of the universe without dark matter and dark energy, and prove that the principle of equivalence is nonexistent. We demonstrate that gravity is action-at-a-distance and that a gravitational wave is unobservable.We suggest a new universe model.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Objections to Quantum Gravity Theories Based on Causal Dynamical Triangulation

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 3 pages, Letter submitted to the Editors of Classical and Quantum Gravity

My letter is in regards to the recently published contribution by R. Loll "The emergence of space-time and quantum gravity on your desktop" 25 (2008) 114006. The article claims that "causal dynamical triangulation" offers a "robust" nonperturbative theory of quantum gravity. On closer examination, the approach is built on many questionable premises.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On Nonlinear Quantum Mechanics, Noncommutative Phase Spaces, Fractal-Scale Calculus and Vacuum Energy

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 18 pages, has been submitted to Foundations of Physics

A novel (to our knowledge) Generalized Nonlinear Schrödinger equation based on the modifications of Nottale-Cresson's fractal-scale calculus and resulting from the noncommutativity of the phase space coordinates is explicitly derived. The modifications to the ground state energy of a harmonic oscillator yields the observed value of the vacuum energy density. In the concluding remarks we discuss how nonlinear and nonlocal QM wave equations arise naturally from this fractal-scale calculus formalism which may have a key role in the final formulation of Quantum Gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Numerical Solution of Quantum Cosmological Model Simulating Boson and Fermion Creation

Authors: V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 2 pages

A numerical solution of Wheeler-De Witt equation for a quantum cosmological model simulating boson and fermion creation in the early Universe evolution is presented. This solution is based on a Wheeler-DeWitt equation obtained by Krechet, Fil'chenkov, and Shikin, in the framework of quantum geometrodynamics for a Bianchi-I metric.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Sea of Super-Strong Interacting Gravitons as the Cause of Gravity

Authors: Michael A. Ivanov
Comments: 5 pages, 1 figure, Latex. Contribution to The 3d International Conference on Particle and Fundamental Physics in Space (Space Part'06 ), Beijing, China, 19 - 21 April 2006 (Nuclear Physics B (Proc. Suppl.) 166 (2007) 297-299).

The Newtonian attraction turns out to be the main statistical effect in the sea of super-strong interacting gravitons, with bodies themselves being not sources of gravitons - only correlational properties of in and out fluxes of gravitons in their neighbourhood are changed due to an interaction with bodies. Other quantum effects of low-energy quantum gravity are the following ones: redshifts, their analog - a deceleration of massive bodies, and an additional relaxation of any light flux.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On N-Ary Algebras, Polyvector Gauge Theories in Noncommutative Clifford Spaces and Deformation Quantization

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 13 Pages. This article has been submitted to Physics Letters B

Polyvector-valued gauge field theories in noncommutative Clifford spaces are presented. The noncommutative binary star products are associative and require the use of the Baker-Campbell-Hausdorff formula. An important relationship among the n-ary commutators of noncommuting spacetime coordinates [X¹,X², ......,Xⁿ] and the poly-vector valued coordinates X^123...n in noncommutative Clifford spaces is explicitly derived and is given by [X¹,X², ......,Xⁿ] = n! X^123...n. It is argued how the large N limit of n-ary commutators of n hyper-matrices X_i1i2...._in leads to Eguchi-Schild p-brane actions when p+1 = n. A noncomutative n-ary generalized star product of functions is provided which is associated with the deformation quantization of n-ary structures. Finally, brief comments are made about the mapping of the Nambu-Heisenberg n-ary commutation relations of linear operators into the deformed Nambu-Poisson brackets of their corresponding symbols.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Prespacetime Model of Elementary Particle, Four Forces & Consciousness

Authors: Huping Hu, Maoxin Wu
Comments: 70 pages.

A prespacetime model of elementary particles, four forces and consciousness has been formulated, which illustrates how the self-referential hierarchical spin structure of the prespacetime provides a foundation for creating, sustaining and causing evolution of elementary particles through matrixing processes embedded in said prespacetime. The prespacetime model reveals the creation, sustenance and evolution of fermions, bosons and spinless entities each comprised of an external wave function or external object and an internal wave function or internal object located respectively in an external world and an internal world of a dual-world universe. The prespacetime model provides a unified causal structure for weak interaction, strong interaction, electromagnetic interaction, gravitational interaction, quantum entanglement, consciousness and brain function. The prespacetime model provides a unique tool for teaching, demonstration, rendering, and experimentation related to subatomic and atomic structures and interactions, quantum entanglement generation, gravitational mechanisms in cosmology, structures and mechanisms of consciousness, and brain functions.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Causes of Variations When Making Dowsable Measurements Part 4 the Effects of Geometric Alignments and Subtle Energies

Authors: Jeffrey S. Keen
Comments: 24 Pages, 13 Figures, 8 Tables

Comprehension of the structure of the universe requires a theory of quantum gravity. Attempting to link quantum physics with general relativity is one current approach. Many researchers, including the author, believes that the solution lies not just in physics, but involves consciousness and cognitive neuroscience together with understanding the nature and perception of information. As dowsing involves all the latter factors it has proved to be a powerful and relevant research tool. This paper combines these ideas in a non-orthodox approach linked by geometry. This is the fourth of a 5 part complementary series of papers examining several local and non-local factors which affect dowsing measurements, and hence giving an insight into perception and consciousness. Previous papers identified daily, lunar monthly and annual cycles caused by gravity having a significant effect on consciousness and information. Via the use of a standard yardstick, significant discoveries are announced in this paper, including the following: a) Certain geometric alignments of any three bodies, be they 3 pebbles, 3 circles drawn on paper, or 3 astronomical bodies produce significant resonance peaks and troughs that are readily detectable by the yardstick. b) These peaks and troughs are shown to be the varying intensity of a subtle energy beam (of a currently unknown nature). c) Intriguingly, this beam has a divergence angle that includes the inverse of the Fine Structure Constant (137). d) These sharp peaks and troughs augment the slower gravitational changes at new and full moon (identified in Part 2) that affect animal behaviour. e) Properties are measured and comparisons are made between these subtle energies and the more usual earth energies or mind created psi-lines. f) Measurements demonstrate that the sun, earth, and the moon behave identically to these subtle energies when in geometric astronomical alignments (such as new and full moon or eclipses). These finding lead to the following deductions. 1. The structure of the universe, from the Planck level to galaxies, enables 2 or more geometrical bodies to be "aware" of each others existence and precise location. 2. Similarly, the structure of the universe enables 3 geometrical bodies to "know" instantly when they are in perfect alignment. 3. As the same results are obtained for 3 large interacting cosmic bodies as for 3 micro objects, the findings support Global Scaling Theory (GST). 4. Applying GST, quantum entanglement could be explained using the same process involving subtle energy and geometrical alignment as demonstrated for macro objects. 5. Information transfer across the solar system is instantaneous.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

"Aspin" Bubbles: Mechanical Project for the Unification of the Forces of Nature

Authors: Yoël Lana-Renault
Comments: 31 pages with 7 figures

This paper describes a mechanical theory for the unification of the basic forces of Nature with a single wave-particle interaction. The theory is based on the hypothesis that the ultimate components of matter are just two kind of pulsating particles. The interaction between these particles immersed in a fluid-like medium (ether) reproduces all the forces in Nature: electric, nuclear, gravitational, magnetic, atomic, van der Waals, Casimir, etc. The theory also designes the internal structure of the atom and of the fundamental particles that are currently known. Thus, a new concept of physics, capable of tackling entirely new problems, is introduced.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Quantum Time is Derived from Motion

Authors: Amrit S. Sorli
Comments: 3 pages

In physics spatial distance d is a product of velocity v and time t : d = v*t . Mathematical formalism x₄ = i*c*t confirms that in Special Theory of Relativity forth coordinate x₄ is spatial too. x₄ is composed out of c light speed, imaginary number i and time t that represents "thick" of a clock. Time t obtained with clocks describes numerical order of material change t₀ ,t₁ ,t₂ .......t_n. Clocks are reference systems for measuring frequency, velocity, numerical order of material changes that run in space. Time t x₄ is running of clocks in space. Clock/time is a measuring reference system for measuring physical events that are running exclusively in space and not in time. Light speed c of light motion is a fundamental speed in the universe on which is calculated basis unit of time "Planck time". This view explains some recent experiments which confirm that time t of physical event can be zero.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Gravity, U(4) X U(4) Yang-Mills and Matter Unification in Clifford Spaces

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 11 Pages. This article will appear in the special issue of the Invertis Journal of Science and Technology, New Dehli, 2010

A brief review of a Conformal Gravity and U(4) x U(4) Yang-Mills Unification model in four dimensions from a Clifford Gauge Field Theory in C-spaces (Clifford spaces) is presented. It based on the (complex) Clifford Cl(4,C) algebra underlying a complexified four dimensional spacetime (8 real dimensions). The 16 fermions of each generation can be arranged into the 16 entries of a 4 x 4 matrix associated with the A = 1, 2, 3, ....., 16 indices corresponding to the dimensions of the Cl(4) gauge algebra. The Higgs sector is also part of the Cl(4)-algebra polyvector valued gauge field in C-space. The Yukawa couplings which furnish masses to the fermions (after symmetry breaking) admit a C-space geometric interpretation as well.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

General Systems and the Unified Field Theory. Part 2

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 22 pages.

The conceptual basis of the Unified Field Theory, as presented in these pages, can be briefly sketched as follows: "Noether's Theorem" states that in a multicomponent field such as the electromagnetic field (or the metric field of spacetime), where one finds a symmetry one finds an associated conservation law, and vice versa. In matter, light's symmetries are conserved by charge and spin; in spacetime, by inertial and gravitational forces. All forms of energy, including the conservation/entropy domain of spacetime, originate as light. During the "Big Bang", the asymmetric interaction of primordial, high energy light with the metric structure of spacetime produces matter; matter carries charges which are the symmetry (and entropy) debts of the light which created it. Charges produce forces which act to return the material system to its original symmetric state (light), paying matter's symmetry/entropy debts. Repayment is exampled by matter-antimatter annihilation reactions, particle and proton decay, the nucleosynthetic pathway of stars, and Hawking's "quantum radiance" of black holes. Identifying the broken symmetries of light associated with each of the 4 forces (and charges) of physics is the first step toward a conceptual unification of those forces. (Part 2)
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

General Systems and the Unified Field Theory, Part 1

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 21 pages. This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

The conceptual basis of the Unified Field Theory, as presented in these pages, can be briefly sketched as follows: "Noether's Theorem" states that in a multicomponent field such as the electromagnetic field (or the metric field of spacetime), where one finds a symmetry one finds an associated conservation law, and vice versa. In matter, light's symmetries are conserved by charge and spin; in spacetime, by inertial and gravitational forces. All forms of energy, including the conservation/entropy domain of spacetime, originate as light. During the "Big Bang", the asymmetric interaction of primordial, high energy light with the metric structure of spacetime produces matter; matter carries charges which are the symmetry (and entropy) debts of the light which created it. Charges produce forces which act to return the material system to its original symmetric state (light), paying matter's symmetry/entropy debts. Repayment is exampled by matter-antimatter annihilation reactions, particle and proton decay, the nucleosynthetic pathway of stars, and Hawking's "quantum radiance" of black holes. Identifying the broken symmetries of light associated with each of the 4 forces (and charges) of physics is the first step toward a conceptual unification of those forces. (Part 1)
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Rationale for Gravitation Gravity is Matter's Memory it Once Was Light

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 4 pages. This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

Gravity plays a double conservation role in nature, conserving both: 1) the intrinsic motion of light (by converting it to the intrinsic motion of time - via the annihilation of space and the extraction of a metrically equivalent temporal residue (entropy conservation role); and 2) conserving the non-local distributional symmetry of light's energy (by converting bound to free energy in stars, and via Hawking's "quantum radiance" of black holes (symmetry conservation role). These two conservation roles derive from the double gauge role of "velocity c", which regulates both light's intrinsic motion c (the entropy drive of free electromagnetic energy), and light's non-local distributional symmetry (vanishing time and distance in the direction of propagation). When gravity conserves light's non-local, distributional symmetry (in obedience to "Noether's Theorem"), via gravity's "location" charge, gravity also conserves light's entropy drive by default, since time itself is the active principle of the "location" charge.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Further on the Black Hole War, or to Make the World Deep, Precise and Large Enough for Physics

Authors: Elemér E Rosinger
Comments: 14 pages.

Two somewhat long overdue arguments presented here may help in further clarifying the so called "Black Whole War" and beyond that, may be useful in Physics at large.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

12 Summary Points Concerning Gravity

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 8 pages. This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

"Local gauge symmetry currents" are forces that maintain the local invariance of universal constants, charges, and other conserved parameters (such as causality and the "Interval") despite the hostile environment of a variable gravitational (or inertial) metric, relative rather than absolute motion, entropy, partial charges, etc. These compensatory forces are due to the activity of the field vectors of the four forces, which not only act (in the long term) to return these asymmetric material systems to their original symmetric state (light), but also act (in the short term) to protect and maintain the invariant values of their symmetry debts (charges), while awaiting a final repayment via antimatter annihilation, proton decay, the "quantum radiance" of black holes, or a universal "Big Crunch". Gravity pays the entropy-interest on the symmetry debt of matter by creating matter's time dimension via the annihilation of space, providing a historical domain within which charge conservation can have significance. Gravitation eventually also pays the energy-principle on matter's symmetry debt, converting bound energy to free energy in stars and via Hawking's "quantum radiance" of black holes.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Global and Local Gauge Symmetry in the "Tetrahedron Model": Part I

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 15 pages. This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

1) Noether's Theorem requires the conservation of light's symmetry no less than light's energy. 2) The charges (and spin) of matter are the symmetry debts of light. 3) Charge (and spin) conservation is a temporal, material form of symmetry conservation. 4) Paying (discharging) light's symmetry debt is the role of the 4 forces of physics (field vectors). 5) Charge invariance in time and space (in the service of symmetry conservation) is the key to understanding the local action of the forces ("local gauge symmetry currents"). 6) The field vectors of the forces act as "local gauge symmetry currents" which transform global charge invariance into local charge invariance - serving charge and symmetry conservation, and in the case of gravity, serving energy, symmetry, entropy, and causality conservation (because gravity creates time). 7) Gravity (as gauged by the universal gravitational constant "big G") transforms the global spatial metric of absolute motion and light, as gauged by the universal electromagnetic constant "c", into a local spacetime metric accommodating relative motion and matter. (The local gravitational metric is characterized by "little g".) (Gravity creates time by the annihilation and conversion of space.) 8) Gravity pays the entropy-"interest" on matter's symmetry debt, creating time by the annihilation of metrically equivalent space, decelerating cosmic expansion in consequence. Conversely, the gravitational conversion of bound to free energy (as in the stars and via Hawking's "quantum radiance" of black holes), pays the energy-"principle" on all symmetry and entropy debts, restoring (and hence to all appearances "accelerating") the original cosmic expansion. The radiance of our Sun and the stars represents a completed "circuit" of symmetry conservation. (See: "Currents of Entropy and Symmetry)".
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Global-Local Gauge Symmetry: Part III: the Weak Force

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 12 pages. This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

The most significant effect of the massive weak force IVBs (Intermediate Vector Bosons) is that they create a specific energy level, a particular unified force symmetric energy state (as "gauged" or scaled by the mass of the Higgs boson), that recreates the original energy-dense primordial environment in which particles were first created and transformed during the early micro-moments of the "Big Bang". This recapitulation ensures that the original and strictly conserved values of charge, mass, energy, etc. are handed on invariant to the next generation of elementary particles: elementary particles created today must be exactly the same in every respect as elementary particles created eons ago during the "Big Bang". These unified force symmetric energy states (for example, the electroweak unified force state, as produced by the "W" IVB) - within which identity transformations are the normal course of events - appear to us as the quantized masses of the IVBs. At the electroweak energy level mediated by the "W" IVB, "ground state" or electromagnetic "species"-level "flavor" identities (electrons vs u,d quarks) are subsumed within a broader "generic"-level identity (leptons vs hadrons); at the next higher GUT energy level (in which the electroweak and strong forces are unified), generic-level identities are subsumed within "family"-level identities - leptons and hadrons become simply fermions or leptoquarks. The final force unification level, the TOE or Planck energy level, incorporates gravity, in which fermions and bosons, particles, light, gravity, and spacetime, are all subsumed within the elemental "order"-level of electromagnetic energy - Gamow's "ylem". (Here I have deliberately employed the terms of the familiar biological taxonomic hierarchy (species, genus, family, order), as it provides a good analogy for the way unfamiliar particle identities and categories are subsumed within the physics hierarchy or energy levels of the unified force symmetric energy states - electromagnetic (ground state), electroweak, GUT, and TOE.) (See: "The Higgs Boson and the Weak Force IVBs".)
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Global and Local Gauge Symmetries: Part II (Gravitation)

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 15 pages. This file has also been published as a knol (in two parts)

"Local gauge symmetry currents" are forces that maintain the local invariance of universal constants and other conserved parameters (such as causality and the "Interval") despite the hostile environment of a variable gravitational (or inertial) metric, relative rather than absolute motion, entropy, partial charges, etc. These compensatory forces are due to the activity of the field vectors of the four forces, which not only act (in the long term) to return these asymmetric material systems to their original symmetric state (light), but also act (in the short term) to protect and maintain the invariant values of their symmetry debts while awaiting a final repayment via antimatter annihilation, proton decay, the "quantum radiance" of black holes, or a universal "Big Crunch". (Part II)
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Global and Local Gauge Symmetries: Parts IV and V

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 19 pages.

"Local gauge symmetry currents" are forces that maintain the local invariance of universal constants and other conserved parameters (such as causality and the "Interval") despite the hostile environment of a variable gravitational (or inertial) metric, relative rather than absolute motion, entropy, partial charges, etc. These compensatory forces are due to the activity of the field vectors of the four forces, which not only act (in the long term) to return these asymmetric material systems to their original symmetric state (light), but also act (in the short term) to protect and maintain the invariant values of their symmetry debts while awaiting a final repayment via antimatter annihilation, proton decay, the "quantum radiance" of black holes, or a universal "Big Crunch".
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Light and Matter a Synopsis

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 7 pages.

The conceptual basis of the Unified Field Theory, as presented in these pages, can be briefly sketched as follows: "Noether's Theorem" states that in a multi-component field such as the electromagnetic field (or the metric field of spacetime), where one finds a symmetry one finds an associated conservation law, and vice versa. In matter, light's symmetries are conserved by charge and spin; in spacetime, by inertial and gravitational forces. Light's raw energy is conserved as mass and momentum; light's intrinsic motion or entropy drive is conserved as time and gravitation. All forms of energy, including the conservation/entropy domain of spacetime, originate as light. During the "Big Bang", the asymmetric interaction of primordial, high energy light with the metric structure of spacetime produces matter; matter carries charges which are the symmetry (and entropy) debts of the light which created it. Charge invariance is therefore an important corollary of charge and symmetry conservation, maintained in our temporal (gravitational) metric of relative motion by "local gauge symmetry currents" (compensating components of the field vectors, such as magnetism and time). The invariance of "velocity c", the "Interval", and causality (metric analogs of charge) are likewise important corollaries of energy conservation (the "Lorentz Invariance" of Special and General Relativity). Charges produce forces which act to return the material system toward its original symmetric state (light), paying (partially or completely) matter's symmetry/entropy debts. Repayment of matter's symmetry debt (partial and complete) is exampled by: 1) chemical reaction and matter-antimatter annihilation; 2) radioactivity and proton decay; 3) the nucleosynthetic pathway of stars and Hawking's "quantum radiance" of black holes. Identifying the broken symmetries of light associated with each of the 4 charges and forces of physics is the first step toward a conceptual unification of those forces. The charges of matter are the symmetry debts of light. (3)
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Orthodox Quantization of Einstein's Gravity: Might Its Unrenormalizability be Technically Fathomable and Physically Innocuous?

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 6 pages, Also archived as arXiv:0908.3024 [physics.gen-ph].

Many physical constants related to quantized gravity, e.g., the Planck length, mass, curvature, stress-energy, etc., are nonanalytic in G at G = 0, and thus have expansions in powers of G whose terms are progressively more divergent with increasing order. Since the gravity field's classical action is inversely proportional to G, the path integral for gravity-field quantum transition amplitudes shows that these depend on G only through the product ℏG, and are nonanalytic in G at G = 0 for the same reason that all quantum transition amplitudes are nonanalytic in ℏ at ℏ = 0, namely their standard oscillatory essential singularity at the classical 'limit'. Thus perturbation expansions in powers of G of gravity-field transition amplitudes are also progressively more divergent with increasing order, and hence unrenormalizable. While their perturbative treatment is impossible, the exceedingly small value of ℏG makes the semiclassical treatment of these amplitudes extraordinarily accurate, indeed to such an extent that purely classical treatment of the gravity field ought to always be entirely adequate. It should therefore be fruitful to couple classical gravity to other fields which actually need to be quantized: those fields' ubiquitous, annoying ultraviolet divergences would thereupon undergo drastic self-gravitational red shift, and thus be cut off.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Synopsis of the Unification Theory: the System of Matter

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 6 pages.

The conceptual basis of the Unified Field Theory, as presented in these pages, can be briefly sketched as follows: "Noether's Theorem" states that in a multi-component field such as the electromagnetic field (or the metric field of spacetime), where one finds a symmetry one finds an associated conservation law, and vice versa. In matter, light's symmetries are conserved by charge and spin; in spacetime, by inertial and gravitational forces. Light's raw energy is conserved as mass and momentum; light's intrinsic motion or entropy drive is conserved as time and gravitation. All forms of energy, including the conservation/entropy domain of spacetime, originate as light. During the "Big Bang", the asymmetric interaction of primordial, high energy light with the metric structure of spacetime produces matter; matter carries charges which are the symmetry (and entropy) debts of the light which created it. Charge invariance is therefore an important corollary of charge and symmetry conservation, maintained in our temporal (gravitational) metric of relative motion by "local gauge symmetry currents" (compensating components of the field vectors, such as magnetism and time). The invariance of "velocity c", the "Interval", and causality (metric analogs of charge) are likewise important corollaries of energy conservation (the "Lorentz Invariance" of Special and General Relativity). Charges produce forces which act to return the material system toward its original symmetric state (light), paying (partially or completely) matter's symmetry/entropy debts. Repayment of matter's symmetry debt (partial and complete) is exampled by: 1) chemical reaction and matter-antimatter annihilation; 2) radioactivity and proton decay; 3) the nucleosynthetic pathway of stars and Hawking's "quantum radiance" of black holes. Identifying the broken symmetries of light associated with each of the 4 charges and forces of physics is the first step toward a conceptual unification of those forces. The charges of matter are the symmetry debts of light. (continued)
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Synopsis of Unification Theory

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 6 pages.

The conceptual basis of the Unified Field Theory, as presented in these pages, can be briefly sketched as follows: "Noether's Theorem" states that in a multi-component field such as the electromagnetic field (or the metric field of spacetime), where one finds a symmetry one finds an associated conservation law, and vice versa. In matter, light's symmetries are conserved by charge and spin; in spacetime, by inertial and gravitational forces. Light's raw energy is conserved as mass and momentum; light's intrinsic motion or entropy drive is conserved as time and gravitation. All forms of energy, including the conservation/entropy domain of spacetime, originate as light. During the "Big Bang", the asymmetric interaction of primordial, high energy light with the metric structure of spacetime produces matter; matter carries charges which are the symmetry (and entropy) debts of the light which created it. Charge invariance is therefore an important corollary of charge and symmetry conservation, maintained in our temporal (gravitational) metric of relative motion by "local gauge symmetry currents" (compensating components of the field vectors, such as magnetism and time). The invariance of "velocity c", the "Interval", and causality (metric analogs of charge) are likewise important corollaries of energy conservation (the "Lorentz Invariance" of Special and General Relativity). Charges produce forces which act to return the material system toward its original symmetric state (light), paying (partially or completely) matter's symmetry/entropy debts. Repayment of matter's symmetry debt (partial and complete) is exampled by: 1) chemical reaction and matter-antimatter annihilation; 2) radioactivity and proton decay; 3) the nucleosynthetic pathway of stars and Hawking's "quantum radiance" of black holes. Identifying the broken symmetries of light associated with each of the 4 charges and forces of physics is the first step toward a conceptual unification of those forces. The charges of matter are the symmetry debts of light.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Principles of a Unified Field Theory: a Tetrahedral Model

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 14 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

The tetrahedron diagram is a model of the conversion of free electromagnetic energy (light) into bound electromagnetic energy (matter), and their consequent relationship. So far as we know, the creation of matter has occurred naturally only once, during the very early moments of the "Big Bang", the birth of our Universe. Other examples of the conversion of free to bound energy, not involving the creation of new matter, include the conversion of free energy to "work" and the momentum and kinetic energy of massive particles and organized macroscopic systems, and the simple absorption of photons by the electron shells of atoms (including photosynthesis).
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Timeless Quantum Universe in Dynamic Equilibrium

Authors: Amrit S. Sorli
Comments: 3 pages

Original solution of gravity motion is curved 4 dimensional cosmic space. Massive objects move into direction of higher curvature of space. Quantum gravity introduces idea that cosmic space is made out of grains of Planck size. If space has granular structure one can consider space also has its density. More mass in given volume of quantum space less space is dense. Less space is dense more space is curved. Massive objects move always into direction of lover density in higher curvature of quantum space. Gravitational motion of massive objects is result of change of density of quantum space. Change of nsity of quantum space is a physical basis for change of its curvature. In black holes density of mass is extremely high and density of space is extremely low. In a centre of black holes mass is transforming in to quanta of space. In outer space density of mass is extremely low, density of space is extremely high. In outer space quanta of space are transforming onto elementary particles i.e. cosmic rays.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Yang-Mills Interactions and Gravity in Terms of Clifford Algebra

Authors: Wei Lu
Comments: 20 pages, to be published in Advances in Applied Clifford Algebras.

A model of Yang-Mills interactions and gravity in terms of the Clifford algebra Cl_0,6 is presented. The gravity and Yang-Mills actions are formulated as different order terms in a generalized action. The feebleness of gravity as well as the smallness of the cosmological constant and theta terms are discussed at the classical level. The invariance groups, including the de Sitter and the Pati-Salam SU(4) subgroups, consist of gauge transformations from either side of an algebraic spinor. Upon symmetry breaking via the Higgs fields, the remaining symmetries are the Lorentz SO(1,3), color SU(3), electromagnetic U(1)_EM, and an additional U(1). The first generation leptons and quarks are identified with even and odd parts of spinor idempotent projections. There are still several shortcomings with the current model. Further research is needed to fully recover the standard model results.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Solar Archetype

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 4 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

Gravity has two primary conservation roles in nature: 1) entropy conservation (at all gravitational field strengths), and 2) symmetry conservation (at high gravitational field strengths). Entropy conservation is accomplished by the gravitational annihilation of space, exposing a metrically equivalent temporal residue. Annihilation converts the expansive spatial entropic drive of free energy (the intrinsic motion of light) to the expansive historical entropic drive of bound energy (the intrinsic motion of time). The implicit temporal drive of spatial expansion (recognized as "spacetime") is converted to (and conserved as ) the explicit temporal drive of history - via gravity. Symmetry conservation is accomplished by the gravitational conversion of bound to free energy (mass to light) in stars, and related astrophysical processes, and ultimately and completely, via Hawking's "quantum radiance" of black holes. Sunlight completes the symmetry conservation cycle: light - matter - light, which begins with the conversion of light to matter (free electromagnetic to bound electromagnetic energy) during the "Big Bang" and ends with the gravitational conversion of bound to free energy in stars.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Conjectured Multiverse String Cosmology in 26 Dimensions

Authors: Richard Ruquist
Comments: 6 pages, Retired physicist, Grafton, Massachusetts, USA

Vafa's (11+1) F theory is extended by means of Bars' 2T holographic theory to yield a 14d Multiverse theory that permeates the brane of a 12d Universe in which both the Universe and the Multiverse have (3+1) spacetimes. Given the 2d toroidal compactification of F theory, we conjecture that the Multiverse has a 4d Cartesian compactification that is filled with 3D+T spacetime via the standard 6d elliptic Calabi-Yau compactification, as in both M and F theory. The result is exemplified using supermassive black hole cosmology.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Quantized Space-Time and Internal Structure of Elementary Particles: a New Model

Authors: Hamid Reza Karimi
Comments: 23 pages.

In this paper we present a model in which the time and length are considered quantized. We try to explain the internal structure of the elementary particles in a new way. In this model a super-dimension is defined to separate the beginning and the end of each time and length quanta from another time and length quanta. The beginning and the end of the dimension of the elementary particles are located in this super-dimension. This model can describe the basic concepts of inertial mass and internal energy of the Elementary particles in a better way. By applying this model, some basic calculations mentioned below, can be done in a new way: 1- The charge of elementary particles such as electrons and protons can be calculated theoretically. This quantity has been measured experimentally up to now. 2- By using the equation of the particle charge obtained in this model, the energy of the different layers of atoms such as hydrogen and helium is calculated. This approach is simpler than using Schrödinger equation. 3- Calculation of maximum speed of particles such as electrons and positrons in the accelerators is given.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Event-Symmetric Space-Time

Authors: Philip Gibbs
Comments: 222 pages, e-book published by Weburbia Press 1998

How much can physics explain? "Event-Symmetric Space-Time" presents a startlingly integrated world view from the forefront of physics. So often we read about the new quantum paradigm which has replaced the old mechanistic philosophy of physics, but seldom do we find "what the paradigm is" spelt out so succinctly. "The universe is made of stories, not of atoms." (Muriel Rukeyser) This is the storyteller's point of view. Through a literal interpretation of those words we transcend causality and determinism to see the quantum multiverse as a whole. Throughout this book, the author returns to the principle of event symmetry - in particle physics, in cosmology, in superstring theory, in epistemology. Coupled to the storyteller's paradigm this new idea of philosophy and physics dares to free us from the constraints of our intuition, to reveal natures truths. We are in the midst of a revolution in our understanding of physics and the universe. This new interpretation of superstring theory is slowly helping to bring physicists' long search for the holy grail of knowledge to fruition. At the debut of the twentieth century Einstein revealed how the laws of nature are independent of any co-ordinate system. According to general relativity, no matter how a reference frame of space-time is turned, pulled and stretched, the laws of physics remain the same because gravity keeps track of the changes. Einstein's only restriction was that he did not allow space-time to tear. You cannot cut out two pieces of space-time and swap them over expecting the forces of nature to compensate, or can you? Research attempting to form a theory of quantum gravity suggests that space-time can tear and reconnect in ways which change its topology. This book suggests that Einstein's symmetry must be extended to allow space-time to be atomised into space-time events which can be pulled apart and recombined in any permutation. The unified forces of nature must permit this "event symmetry" just as gravity already permits the more restricted co-ordinate transformations.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Cosmological Implications of the Tetron Model of Elementary Particles

Authors: Bodo Lampe
Comments: 30 Pages.

Based on a possible solution to the tetron spin problem, a modification of the standard Big Bang scenario is suggested, where the advent of a spacetime manifold is connected to the appearance of tetronic bound states. The metric tensor is constructed from tetron constituents and the reason for cosmic inflation is elucidated. Furthermore, there are natural dark matter candidates in the tetron model. The ratio of ordinary to dark matter in the universe is calculated to be 1:5.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

An Introduction to the Papers

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 5 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

Because the papers themselves can be difficult for the uninitiated, in spite of my efforts to make them simple and clear, I have written a series of introductory papers designed as a guide to assist the interested reader in working through them. I will try to bring out the main points of the paper, its relation to the remaining body of work, and perhaps make a few comments on its history and structure. There is almost no mathematics in these papers; for the most part, the papers deal only with conservation principles, although of course I make reference to the mathematical theories which provide the formal basis for the conceptual synthesis of this work (Noether's theorem, Einstein's "Interval" and energy relations, the 1st and 2nd laws of thermodynamics, etc.).
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Human Development and Life Stages General Systems Models

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 3 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

Fractal or General Systems models have been extended into the area of human life span development, by myself, deliberately, and earlier by my father, and others, following their own agendas (not intentional GS models). A short discussion with both models is presented below.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Tetrahedron Model in the Context of a Complete Conservation Cycle

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 6 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

"Noether's Theorem" states that in a multicomponent field such as the electromagnetic field (or the metric field of spacetime), symmetries are associated with conservation laws. In matter, light's (broken) symmetries are conserved by charge and spin; in spacetime, light's symmetries are protected by inertial forces, and conserved (when broken) by gravitational forces. All forms of energy originate as light; matter carries charges which are the symmetry/entropy debts of the light which created it (both concepts are required to fully integrate gravity - which has a double conservation role - with the other forces). Charges produce forces which act to return the material system to its original symmetric state, repaying matter's symmetry/entropy debts. Repayment is exampled by any spontaneous interaction producing net free energy, including: chemical reactions and matter-antimatter annihilation reactions; radioactivity, particle and proton decay; the nucleosynthetic pathway of stars, and Hawking's "quantum radiance" of black holes. Identifying the broken symmetries of light associated with each of the 4 charges and forces of physics is the first step toward a conceptual unification. The charges of matter are the symmetry debts of light.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On a Four Dimensional Unified Field Theory of the Gravitational, Electromagnetic, Weak and the Strong Force.

Authors: Golden Gadzirayi Nyambuya
Comments: 27 pages, first published in the October 2007 Issue of the Aperion Journal. Further work on these ideas is underway.

The Gravitational, Electromagnetic, Weak & the Strong force are here brought together under a single roof via an extension of Reimann geometry to a new geometry (coined Reimann-Hilbert Space); that unlike Reimann geometry, preserves both the length and the angle of a vector under parallel transport. The affine connection of this new geometry - the Reimann-Hilbert Space, is a tensor and this leads us to a geodesic law that truly upholds the Principle of Relativity. The geodesic law emerging from the General Theory of Relativity (GTR) is well known to be in contempt of the Principle of Relativity which is a principle upon which the GTR is founded. The geodesic law for particles in the GTR must be formulated in special (or privileged) coordinate systems i.e. gaussian coordinate systems whereas the Principle of Relativity clearly forbids the existence of special (or privileged) coordinate systems in manner redolent of the way the Special Theory of Relativity forbids the existence of an absolute (or privileged) frame of reference. In the low energy regime and low spacetime curvature the unified field equations derived herein are seen to reduce to the well known Maxwell-Procca equation, the none-abelian nuclear force field equations, the Lorentz equation of motion for charged particles and the Dirac Equation. Further, to the already existing four known forces, the theory predicts the existence of yet another force. We have coined this the super-force and this force obeys SU(4, 4) gauge invariance. Furthermore, unlike in the GTR, gravitation is here represented by a single scaler potential, and electromagnetic field and the nuclear forces are described by the electromagnetic vector potential (A_μ) which describes the metric tensor i.e. g_μν = A_μA_ν. From this (g_μν = A_μA_ν), it is seen that gravity waves may not exist in the sense envisaged by the GTR.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Gravity, Entropy, and Thermodynamics

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 21 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

The intrinsic motions of light, time, and gravity are primordial forms of entropy, causing: 1) the creation, expansion, and cooling of space; 2) the creation, expansion, and aging of history; 3) the creation and expansion of historic spacetime, respectively. The charges of matter are the symmetry debts of light (Noether's Theorem). Gravity pays the entropy-interest on matter's symmetry debt by creating time from space - giving charge conservation an extended significance in the time dimension. Light's spatial entropy drive and expansion funds matter's historical entropy drive and expansion via the gravitational conversion of space to time.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Symmetry Principles of the Unified Field Theory (a "Theory of Everything") Part 2

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 27 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

The conceptual basis of the Unified Field Theory, as presented in these pages, can be briefly sketched as follows: "Noether's Theorem" states that in a multicomponent field such as the electromagnetic field (or the metric field of spacetime), where one finds a symmetry one finds an associated conservation law, and vice versa. In matter, light's symmetries are conserved by charge and spin; in spacetime, by inertial and gravitational forces. All forms of energy, including the conservation/entropy domain of spacetime, originate as light. During the "Big Bang", the asymmetric interaction of primordial, high energy light with the metric structure of spacetime produces matter; matter carries charges which are the symmetry (and entropy) debts of the light which created it. Charges produce forces which act to return the material system to its original symmetric state (light), paying matter's symmetry/entropy debts. Repayment is exampled by matter-antimatter annihilation reactions, particle and proton decay, the nucleosynthetic pathway of stars, and Hawking's "quantum radiance" of black holes. Identifying the broken symmetries of light associated with each of the 4 forces (and charges) of physics is the first step toward a conceptual unification of those forces. In the "global vs local gauge symmetry" representation of the cosmic conservation mechanism, the global symmetry is carried by massless light, space, absolute motion (the intrinsic and invariant motion of light), and "gauged" (regulated) by "c", the universal electromagnetic energy constant. The local symmetry is carried by massive matter, various charges, causal history, relative motion (including the intrinsic but variable motion of time) and gauged by "G", the universal gravitational constant. Connecting these two realms of free vs bound electromagnetic energy (and their conservation domains of space vs history), are the field vectors of the forces, whose function is to translate the invariant symmetry of the global realm into the invariant charges, spin, mass, and "interval" of the local realm, and vice versa, conserving energy, symmetry, entropy, and causality, throughout both conjoined domains. (See: The Tetrahedron Model (diagram)".) I will employ the "global vs local gauge symmetry" representation of the cosmic conservation process (due to the "Standard Model" of "establishment" physics) throughout the following analysis, in combination with certain symmetry principles, as elucidated by the "Tetrahedron Model (text)" originating in these web pages: "the charges of matter are the symmetry debts of light". Four conservation laws and corollaries (energy, entropy, symmetry, causality); Noether's Theorem; and a few invariance principles: (charge, elementary particle mass, velocity c, the "Interval", causality, Lorentz invariance of Special Relativity, etc.), are the key to understanding the operation of the forces and the unified field theory. (See: Global vs Local Gauge Symmetries in the Tetrahedron Model
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Symmetry Principles of the Unified Field Theory (a "Theory of Everything") Part I

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 20 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

The conceptual basis of the Unified Field Theory, as presented in these pages, can be briefly sketched as follows: "Noether's Theorem" states that in a multicomponent field such as the electromagnetic field (or the metric field of spacetime), where one finds a symmetry one finds an associated conservation law, and vice versa. In matter, light's symmetries are conserved by charge and spin; in spacetime, by inertial and gravitational forces. All forms of energy, including the conservation/entropy domain of spacetime, originate as light. During the "Big Bang", the asymmetric interaction of primordial, high energy light with the metric structure of spacetime produces matter; matter carries charges which are the symmetry (and entropy) debts of the light which created it. Charges produce forces which act to return the material system to its original symmetric state (light), paying matter's symmetry/entropy debts. Repayment is exampled by matter-antimatter annihilation reactions, particle and proton decay, the nucleosynthetic pathway of stars, and Hawking's "quantum radiance" of black holes. Identifying the broken symmetries of light associated with each of the 4 forces (and charges) of physics is the first step toward a conceptual unification of those forces. In the "global vs local gauge symmetry" representation of the cosmic conservation mechanism, the global symmetry is carried by massless light, space, absolute motion (the intrinsic and invariant motion of light), and "gauged" (regulated) by "c", the universal electromagnetic energy constant. The local symmetry is carried by massive matter, various charges, causal history, relative motion (including the intrinsic but variable motion of time) and gauged by "G", the universal gravitational constant. Connecting these two realms of free vs bound electromagnetic energy (and their conservation domains of space vs history), are the field vectors of the forces, whose function is to translate the invariant symmetry of the global realm into the invariant charges, spin, mass, and "interval" of the local realm, and vice versa, conserving energy, symmetry, entropy, and causality, throughout both conjoined domains. (See: The Tetrahedron Model (diagram)".) I will employ the "global vs local gauge symmetry" representation of the cosmic conservation process (due to the "Standard Model" of "establishment" physics) throughout the following analysis, in combination with certain symmetry principles, as elucidated by the "Tetrahedron Model (text)" originating in these web pages: "the charges of matter are the symmetry debts of light". Four conservation laws and corollaries (energy, entropy, symmetry, causality); Noether's Theorem; and a few invariance principles: (charge, elementary particle mass, velocity c, the "Interval", causality, Lorentz invariance of Special Relativity, etc.), are the key to understanding the operation of the forces and the unified field theory. (See: Global vs Local Gauge Symmetries in the Tetrahedron Model".
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The "Tetrahedron Model" vs the "Standard Model" of Physics: a Comparison with Respect to the Unification of Forces

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 19 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

Generally speaking, the "Tetrahedron Model" addresses symmetry breaking/conservation in the macrophysical "rebound" phase of cosmic evolution (the current era of symmetry restoration, in which we live), while the "establishment's" "Standard Model" addresses symmetry breaking/conservation in the microphysical "cascade" phase of cosmic devolution, the period of the "Big Bang" which brings the material cosmos into being.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Nature's Fractal Pathway

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 28 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

A General Systems model of the Universe is presented, based on a fractal paradigm. A 4x3 "metric" or fractal algorithm is proposed as the organizing principle of the Microphysical, Biophysical, Astrophysical, and Metaphysical realms. The algorithm is expressed through the conservation laws and forces of physics, symmetry-breaking and the creation of matter during the "Big Bang", the dimensions of spacetime, the quantum rules of atomic order, the families of elementary particles, the structure of baryons, alpha particles, carbon atoms, carbon's molecular and crystal bonds, DNA, the genetic code, the nucleosynthetic pathway of stars, gravitation, etc. The human mind has discovered this order both intuitively and rationally, where it finds expression in the 4x3 (and 4x4) patterns of mythological, occult, religious, philosophical, and scientific "world systems" and cosmologies. A model of the unified field theory is presented as an example of how the fractal algorithm may be used in system modeling. In its most general form, the 4-part algorithm consists of an input of energy, followed by two complementary conservation modes, concluding with a restorative force which either returns the system to its actual original state, or elevates it to a "harmonic complexion" or resonant analog of the original state. Introduction
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Synopsis of the Tetrahedron Model

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 13 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

The "Tetrahedron Model" is a model of the devolution (asymmetric transformation) of light (free energy) into matter (bound energy), that is, of the relationship between the two forms of electromagnetic energy which constitute our Universe. This model revolves around the conversion of light to matter and vice versa, as regulated by four conservation laws: the Conservation of Energy, Entropy, Symmetry, and Causality.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Three-Dimensional Objects Only Consisting of Time-Burdened Space as a Basis of Matter and Its Interactions (Theory of Objects of Space)

Authors: H.-J. Hochecker
Comments: 23 pages, More details and the version in German language can be found on the authors web site (named inside the pdf)

From the constancy of light speed as demanded by the theory of special relativity (SRT) the time dilatation, the length contraction and the unsynchronisation of time arises. These three quantities (values) are not to be applied only to matter but also to the space as such, which is contained by matter. Due to this it yields that space areas can be distinguished from other space areas by these three quantities (values). Since these space areas, which are burdened with SRT values, must be in space again, too, it results that these space areas (burdened with SRT values) can move in space as objects. When these space areas meet then they overlap each other three-dimensionally and by doing this they build overlap areas (OA) with new SRT values. In this way these space areas burdened with SRT values can interact with each other, what for they are named space objects (SOs). It turns out that the SOs are able to interact with each other in the most various ways. How this happens is shown among others in this work. Due to their interactions the SOs are able to form highly complex structures, which we know as matter. Matter in its turn interacts by emitting and absorbing grate numbers of SOs in a field like manner. The great importance of the SOs in our world is underpinned in this work with several interesting examples; with that it is shown how the concept of the definition of the SOs can be used, and that it makes sense to use it. The SOs are the elements upon which all things are based and simultaneous they are the most basic of all elements also (in the time burdened threedimensional space). The "Theory of Space Objects" represents a link between different sections of physics such as gravitation, quantum theory, relativity, electromagnetism, building-up of matter, and much more.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Original Solution of Gravity is Without Gravitational Waves

Authors: Amrit S. Sorli
Comments: 3 pages

Original solution of gravity motion is curved 4 dimensional cosmic space. Massive objects move into direction of higher curvature of space. Quantum gravity introduces idea that cosmic space is made out of grains of Planck size. If space has granular structure one can consider space also has its density. According to the second low of thermodynamics in the universe distribution of energy tends to be homogeneous. More mass in given volume of quantum space less space is dense. Less space is dense more space is curved. Massive objects move always into direction of lover density in higher curvature of quantum space. Gravitational motion of massive objects is result of change of density of quantum space. Change of density of quantum space is a physical basis for change of its curvature.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Short Course in the Unified Field Theory

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 12 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

The conceptual basis of the Unified Field Theory as presented in these pages is summarized below: "Noether's Theorem" states that in a multicomponent field such as the electromagnetic field (or the metric field of spacetime), symmetries are associated with conservation laws and vice versa. In matter, light's (broken) symmetries are conserved by charge and spin; in spacetime, light's symmetries are protected by inertial forces, and conserved (when broken) by gravitational forces. All forms of energy originate as light; matter carries charges which are the symmetry/entropy debts of the light which created it. The charges of matter are the symmetry debts of light. Charges produce forces which act to return the material system to its original symmetric state, paying matter's symmetry/entropy debts. Payment is exampled by any spontaneous interaction producing net free energy, including: chemical reactions and matter-antimatter annihilation reactions (electromagnetic force); radioactivity, particle and proton decay (weak and strong nuclear forces); the nucleosynthetic pathway of stars, and Hawking's "quantum radiance" of black holes (gravitational force). Identifying the broken symmetries of light associated with each of the 4 charges and forces of physics is the first step toward a conceptual unification. The conservation of energy, symmetry, entropy, and causality, plus the requirement of symmetry-breaking followed by the maintenance of charge invariance (including "local gauge symmetry"), are all key conceptual elements in the formulation of a Unified Field Theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Half-Life of Proton Decay and Its Relation to the "Heat Death" of the Universe

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 13 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

The significance of proton decay is that it is the end-point of temporal entropy for matter, in much the same way we might say the black hole is the end-point of spatial entropy for light. Again we find that "the extremes meet": proton decay is surely commonplace inside black holes, while Hawking's "quantum radiance" returns bound energy to free energy and temporal entropy to spatial entropy. The notion that the ratio of force strengths relates the "heat death" and the "information death" of the Cosmos via proton decay suggests that if we knew one we would know the other; unfortunately, we know neither, and our force ratio is a pure number, without units. Nevertheless, I will use it to make a naive guess at the proton's lifetime. The lower experimental bound on proton decay is currently 10(35) years. According to the hypothesis advanced here, that the proton lifetime reflects the force ratio, in 2.5 x 10(41) seconds all protons will have decayed, which, curiously enough, yields an observational expectation (8 x 10(33) years) not far off the current lower experimental bound.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

New Conceptual Foundations for Quantum-Gravity and Quantum-Mechanics

Authors: B N Sreenath
Comments: 71 pages.

Quantum-Gravity (QG) is limited to bodies, which have attained their 'gravitational radius' like Black holes (BH) and Quasars. QG has been explained and solved on entirely new concepts and laws so as to bring within its scope not only unification of all physical interactions including gravitation in its 'distorted' form and electro-magnetism but also other cosmological problems which involve high energy existence like the BH dynamics, dark-energy, etc. This becomes obvious once we go through the BH Chart and the Interaction-Table (IT). In BH Chart and the IT, gravitational radius and the interaction-range are identified thus unifying the phenomena occurring in BH with those of the micro-world. The two laws of QG enunciated give rise to two fundamental constants in physics whose values are reciprocal to the values of 'C'and 'G'. The Quantum-Gravity field is identified with the "Exponentially Varying Accelerated (or Gravity) Field" so that in it both test masses of classical size and micro-particles of quantum size, describe the same 'Logarithmic Spiral Path'. Micro-particles can also describe 'Conical Spiral Path'. Thus QG field is an 'inward spinning field' which involves 'Torsion' and 'Curvature' varying. 'Spinors', which are used to describe the "Logarithmic Spiral Path" in BH, give rise to "Immirzi Parameter". From the concept of 'unitary change in acceleration', atomic transitions are explained and 'Heisenberg's Principle of Indeterminacy' is derived.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On the Density of Space

Authors: Jakob Petelin
Comments: 1 Page

A recent paper came to our attention in which the author makes a striking conclusion about the properties of space. This paper investigates it in detail and demonstrates that upon such conclusion either the General Theory of Relativity is wrong or the mentioned author made some mistakes which have yet to be identified.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Einstein Curvature Tensor and Density Tensor of Quantum Space

Authors: Amrit S. Sorli
Comments: 1 pages

Quantization of the cosmic space allows introduction of density of cosmic space. Medium that has granular structure can also have density. More mass is in a given volume of quantum space, less space is dense. In General Theory of Relativity gravity is generated by change of curvature of cosmic space, here by change of density. The basis for curvature of space is its density. Einstein curvature tensor in a form 1/G is Density tensor of quantum space.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Density/curvature of Quantum Space Generates Gravitational Motion

Authors: Amrit S. Sorli
Comments: 3 pages

Clocks measure a frequency, velocity and numerical order of change. Experimental date confirms that changes and clocks do not run time; they run in quantum space only. Time is not a part of quantum space. Quantum space itself is timeless. In the universe as a whole amount of matter energy and amount of quantum space energy tends to be constant. Density of mass and density of quantum space in a given volume of quantum space tends to be constant. Mass here is considered as a compressed energy of quantum space. Presence of mass in a given volume of quantum space diminishes its density. Massive objects move always into direction of lover density of quantum space. Gravitational motion of massive objects is result of change of density of quantum space. In space with no change of density massive object will not have gravitational motion as in centre of stellar objects or in a flat quantum space where massive objects are far away. Change of density of quantum space corresponds in General Theory of Relativity to the change of the curvature of space. Lower is density of quantum space bigger is its curvature. Here is introduced density/curvature of quantum space.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Mathematical Space-Time, Neuronal Space-Time and Timeless Quantum Space

Authors: Amrit S. Sorli
Comments: 4 pages

The universe is in a continuous change. A change n gets transformed into a change n+1, the change n+1 into a change n+2 and so on. Clocks measure a frequency, velocity and numerical order of change. Experimental date confirms that changes and clocks do not run time; they run in quantum space only. Time is not a part of quantum space. Quantum space itself is timeless. Physical time that is clocks run is man created physical reality. Space-time is a math model merely. Fundamental arena of the universe is timeless quantum space. In the timeless quantum space into which massive bodies and elementary particles move there is no past and no future. Past and future belong to the inner neuronal space-time that is a result of neuronal activity of the brain.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On 2 + 2-Dimensional Spacetimes, Strings, Black-Holes and Maximal Acceleration in Phase Spaces

Authors: Carlos Castro, J. A. Nieto
Comments: 41 Pages. This article appeared in the Int. J. Mod. Phys. A vol 22, no. 11 (2007) 2021.

We study black-hole-like solutions ( spacetimes with singularities ) of Einstein field equations in 3+1 and 2+2-dimensions. In the 3+1-dim case, it is shown how the horizon of the standard black hole solution at r = 2G_NM can be displaced to the location r = 0 of the point mass M source, when the radial gauge function is chosen to have an ultra-violet cutoff R(r = 0) = 2G_NM if, and only if, one embeds the problem in the Finsler geometry of the spacetime tangent bundle (or in phase space) that is the proper arena where to incorporate the role of the physical point mass M source at r = 0. We find three different cases associated with hyperbolic homogeneous spaces. In particular, the hyperbolic version of Schwarzschild's solution contains a conical singularity at r = 0 resulting from pinching to zero size r = 0 the throat of the hyperboloid H² and which is quite different from the static spherically symmetric 3+1-dim solution. Static circular symmetric solutions for metrics in 2+2 are found that are singular at ρ = 0 and whose asymptotic ρ → ∞ limit leads to a flat 1+2-dim boundary of topology S¹ x R². Finally we discuss the 1+1-dim Bars-Witten stringy black-hole solution and show how it can be embedded into our 3 + 1-dimensional solutions with a displaced horizon at r = 0 and discuss the plausible stringy nature of a point-mass, along with the maximal acceleration principle in the spacetime tangent bundle (maximal force in phase spaces). Black holes in a 2 + 2-dimensional "spacetime" from the perspective of complex gravity in 1 + 1 complex dimensions and their quaternionic and octonionic gravity extensions deserve furher investigation. An appendix is included with the most general Schwarzschild-like solutions in D ≥ 4.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On N-Ary Algebras, Branes and Polyvector Gauge Theories in Noncommutative Clifford Spaces

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 25 Pages. This article has been submitted to the J. Math. Phys.

Polyvector-valued gauge field theories in noncommutative Clifford spaces are presented. The noncommutative star products are associative and require the use of the Baker-Campbell-Hausdorff formula. Actions for pbranes in noncommutative (Clifford) spaces and noncommutative phase spaces are provided. An important relationship among the n-ary commutators of noncommuting spacetime coordinates [X¹,X², ......,Xⁿ] with the poly-vector valued coordinates X^123...n in noncommutative Clifford spaces is explicitly derived [X¹,X², ......,Xⁿ] = n! X^123...n. The large N limit of n-ary commutators of n hyper-matrices X_i1i2....in leads to Eguchi-Schild p-brane actions for p + 1 = n. Noncommutative Clifford-space gravity as a poly-vector-valued gauge theory of twisted diffeomorphisms in Clifford spaces would require quantum Hopf algebraic deformations of Clifford algebras.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Chern-Simons E₈ Gauge Theory of Gravity in D = 15, Grand Unification and Generalized Gravity in Clifford Spaces

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 19 Pages. This article appeared in the International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics Vol. 4, No. 8 (2007) 1239–1257.

A novel Chern-Simons E₈ gauge theory of gravity in D = 15 based on an octic E₈ invariant expression in D = 16 (recently constructed by Cederwall and Palmkvist) is developed. A grand unification model of gravity with the other forces is very plausible within the framework of a supersymmetric extension (to incorporate spacetime fermions) of this Chern-Simons E₈ gauge theory. We review the construction showing why the ordinary 11D Chern-Simons gravity theory (based on the Anti de Sitter group) can be embedded into a Clifford-algebra valued gauge theory and that an E₈ Yang-Mills field theory is a small sector of a Clifford (16) algebra gauge theory. An E₈ gauge bundle formulation was instrumental in understanding the topological part of the 11-dim M-theory partition function. The nature of this 11-dim E₈ gauge theory remains unknown. We hope that the Chern-Simons E₈ gauge theory of gravity in D = 15 advanced in this work may shed some light into solving this problem after a dimensional reduction.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Proposal for a Unified Field Theory

Authors: Bruce Rout
Comments: 16 pages

A proposal outlining an approach to a unified field theory is presented. A general solution to the time-dependent Schrödinger Equation using an alternative boundary condition is found to derive the Heisenberg uncertainty formulae. A general relativity/quantum mechanical interaction between a photon and a gravitational field is examined to determine the degree of red shifting of light passing through a gravitational field. The Einstein field equations, complete with an arrangement of Faraday tensors, are presented with suggestions to determine the energy of a photon from Einstein's and Maxwell's equations. Schrödingers Equation is coupled with both the Einstein field equations and Maxwells equations to derive a possible foundation for string theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Veneziano Amplitudes, Spin Chains, and String Models

Authors: Arkady L. Kholodenko
Comments: 35 pages

In a series of recently published papers, we reanalyzed the existing treatments of Veneziano and Veneziano-like amplitudes and the models associated with these amplitudes. In this work, we demonstrate that the already obtained new partition function for these amplitudes can be exactly mapped into that for the Polychronakos-Frahm spin chain model. This observation allows us to recover many of the existing string-theoretic models, including the most recent ones.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Polyvector-Valued Gauge Field Theories and Quantum Mechanics in Noncommutative Clifford Spaces

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 13 pages, This article has been submitted to the IJMPA.

The basic ideas and results behind polyvector-valued gauge field theories and Quantum Mechanics in Noncommutative Clifford spaces are presented. The construction of Noncommutative Clifford-space gravity as polyvector-valued gauge theories of twisted diffeomorphisms in Cliffordspaces would require quantum Hopf algebraic deformations of Clifford algebras.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Polyvector Super-Poincare Algebras, M, F Theory Algebras and Generalized Supersymmetry in Clifford-Spaces

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 17 pages, This article appeared in the Int. Journal of Mod. Phys. A 21, no.10 (2005) 2149.

Starting with a review of the Extended Relativity Theory in Clifford-Spaces, and the physical motivation behind this novel theory, we provide the generalization of the nonrelativistic Supersymmetric pointparticle action in Clifford-space backgrounds. The relativistic Supersymmetric Clifford particle action is constructed that is invariant under generalized supersymmetric transformations of the Clifford-space background's polyvector-valued coordinates. To finalize, the Polyvector Super-Poincare and M, F theory superalgebras, in D = 11, 12 dimensions, respectively, are discussed followed by our final analysis of the novel Clifford-Superspace realizations of generalized Supersymmetries in Clifford spaces.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Renormalizable Yang-Mills Tetrad Gravity

Authors: Jack Sarfatti
Comments: 8 pages

Although Yang-Mills theory was developed for non-universal compact internal symmetry groups of subsets of matter fields, it should also work for the universal non-compact symmetry groups of all matter fields implied by the classical Einstein local equivalence principle. We introduce a new class of direct gravity couplings of rotating matter to the electromagnetic field that can be tested in principle especially in rotating superconductors.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On Holography and Quantum Mechanics in Yang's Noncommutative Spacetime with a Lower and Upper Scale

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 14 pages, This article appeared in Progress in Physics vol. 2 April (2006) 86-92.

We explore Yang's Noncommutative space-time algebra (involving two length scales) within the context of QM defined in Noncommutative spacetimes; the Holographic principle and the area-coordinates algebra in Clifford spaces. Casimir invariant wave equations corresponding to Noncommutative coordinates and momenta in d-dimensions can be recast in terms of ordinary QM wave equations in d+2-dimensions. It is conjectured that QM over Noncommutative spacetimes (Noncommutative QM) may be described by ordinary QM in higher dimensions. Novel Moyal-Yang-Fedosov-Kontsevich star products deformations of the Noncommutative Poisson Brackets (NCPB) are employed to construct star product deformations of scalar field theories. Finally, generalizations of the Dirac-Konstant and Klein-Gordon-like equations relevant to the physics of D-branes and Matrix Models are presented.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On Modified Weyl-Heisenberg Algebras, Noncommutativity Matrix-Valued Planck Constant and QM in Clifford Spaces

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 22 pages, This article appeared in the Journal of Physics A : Math. Gen 39 (2006) 14205-14229.

A novel Weyl-Heisenberg algebra in Clifford-spaces is constructed that is based on a matrix-valued H^AB extension of Planck's constant. As a result of this modifiedWeyl-Heisenberg algebra one will no longer be able to measure, simultaneously, the pairs of variables (x, p_x); (x, p_y); (x, p_z); (y, p_x), ... with absolute precision. New Klein-Gordon and Dirac wave equations and dispersion relations in Clifford-spaces are presented. The latter Dirac equation is a generalization of the Dirac-Lanczos-Barut-Hestenes equation. We display the explicit isomorphism between Yang's Noncommutative space-time algebra and the area-coordinates algebra associated with Clifford spaces. The former Yang's algebra involves noncommuting coordinates and momenta with a minimum Planck scale λ (ultraviolet cutoff) and a minimum momentum p = ℏ/R (maximal length R, infrared cutoff ). The double-scaling limit of Yang's algebra λ → 0, R → ∞, in conjunction with the large n → ∞ limit, leads naturally to the area quantization condition λR = L² = nλ² ( in Planck area units ) given in terms of the discrete angular-momentum eigenvalues n. It is shown how Modified Newtonian dynamics is also a consequence of Yang's algebra resulting from the modified Poisson brackets. Finally, another noncommutative algebra ( which differs from the Yang's algebra ) and related to the minimal length uncertainty relations is presented . We conclude with a discussion of the implications of Noncommutative QM and QFT's in Clifford-spaces.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Dirac Equation in a Gravitational Field

Authors: Jack Sarfatti
Comments: 7 pages

Einstein's equivalence principle implies that Newton's gravity force has no local objective meaning. It is an inertial force, i.e. a contingent artifact of the covariantly tensor accelerating (non-zero g's) Local Non-Inertial Frame (LNIF) detector. Indeed, Newton's gravity force disappears in a locally coincident non-accelerating (zero g) Local Inertial Frame (LIF). The presence or absence of tensor spacetime curvature is completely irrelevant to this fact. In the case of an extended test body, these remarks apply only to the Center of Mass (COM). Stresses across separated parts of the test body caused by the local objective tensor curvature are a logically independent separate issue. Garbling this distinction has generated not-even-wrong critiques of the equivalence principle among "philosophers of physics" and even among some venerable confused theoretical physicists. Non-standard terms coupling the spin-connection to the commutator of the Dirac matrices and to the Lorentz group Lie algebra generators are conjectured.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Gauge Theories of Kac-Moody Extensions of W_∞ Algebras as Effective Field Theories of Colored W_∞ Strings

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 11 pages, This article appeared in Advanced Studies in Theoretical Physics, 2, no. 17, (2008) 825 - 835.

A novel invariant gauge field theory realization of Kac-Moody extensions of w_∞(w_1+∞) algebras and based on a Lie group G is constructed. The most relevant physical feature of this theory is that it describes an effective field theory of "colored" internal w_∞(w_1+∞) strings when G = SU(3). We conclude with a discussion of how these theories might provide infinite higher conformal-spins extensions of Grand Unified Models and the Standard Model in four dimensions.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Extended Relativity Theory in Born-Clifford Phase Spaces with a Lower and Upper Length Scales and Clifford Group Geometric Unification

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 61 pages, This article appeared in Foundations of Physics vol 35, no.6 (2005) 971.

We construct the Extended Relativity Theory in Born-Clifford-Phase spaces with an upper R and lower length λ scales (infrared/ultraviolet cutoff ). The invariance symmetry leads naturally to the real Clifford algebra Cl(2, 6,R) and complexified Clifford Cl_C(4) algebra related to Twistors. A unified theory of all Noncommutative branes in Clifford-spaces is developed based on the Moyal-Yang star product deformation quantization whose deformation parameter involves the lower/upper scale (ℏλ/R). Previous work led us to show from first principles why the observed value of the vacuum energy density (cosmological constant ) is given by a geometric mean relationship ρ ~ L^-2_PlanckR^-2 = L^-4_P(L_Planck/R)² ~ 10^-122M⁴_Planck, and can be obtained when the infrared scale R is set to be of the order of the present value of the Hubble radius. We proceed with an extensive review of Smith's 8D model based on the Clifford algebra Cl(1,7) that reproduces at low energies the physics of the Standard Model and Gravity, including the derivation of all the coupling constants, particle masses, mixing angles, ....with high precision. Geometric actions are presented like the Clifford-Space extension of Maxwell's Electrodynamics, and Brandt's action related to the 8D spacetime tangentbundle involving coordinates and velocities ( Finsler geometries ). Finally we outline the reasons why a Clifford-Space Geometric Unification of all forces is a very reasonable avenue to consider and propose an Einstein-Hilbert type action in Clifford-Phase spaces (associated with the 8D Phase space) as a Unified Field theory action candidate that should reproduce the physics of the Standard Model plus Gravity in the low energy limit.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Strings and Membranes from Einstein Gravity, Matrix Models and W_∞ Gauge Theories as Paths to Quantum Gravity

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 49 pages, This article appeared in the Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 23, no. 24 (2008) 3891

It is shown how w_∞,w_1+∞ Gauge Field Theory actions in 2D emerge directly from 4D Gravity. Strings and Membranes actions in 2D and 3D originate as well from 4D Einstein Gravity after recurring to the nonlinear connection formalism of Lagrange-Finsler and Hamilton-Cartan spaces. Quantum Gravity in 3D can be described by aW1 Matrix Model in D = 1 that can be solved exactly via the Collective Field Theory method. We describe why a quantization of 4D Gravity could be attained via a 2D Quantum W_∞ gauge theory coupled to an infinite-component scalar-multiplet. A proof that non-critical W_∞ (super) strings are devoid of BRST anomalies in dimensions D = 27 (D = 11), respectively, follows and which coincide with the critical (super) membrane dimensions D = 27 (D = 11). We establish the correspondence between the states associated with the quasi finite highest weights irreducible representations of W_∞,W_∞ algebras and the quantum states of the continuous Toda molecule. Schroedinger-like QM wave functional equations are derived and solutions are found in the zeroth order approximation. Since higher-conformal spin W_∞ symmetries are very relevant in the study of 2D W_∞ Gravity, the Quantum Hall effect, large N QCD, strings, membranes, ...... it is warranted to explore further the interplay among all these theories.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On Generalized Yang-Mills Theories and Extensions of the Standard Model in Clifford (Tensorial) Spaces

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 31 pages, This article appeared in Annals of Physics vol. 321, no.4 (2006) 813-839.

We construct the Clifford-space tensorial-gauge fields generalizations of Yang-Mills theories and the Standard Model that allows to predict the existence of new particles (bosons, fermions) and tensor-gauge fields of higher-spins in the 10 Tev regime. We proceed with a detailed discussion of the unique D₄ - D₅ - E₆ - E₇ - E₈ model of Smith based on the underlying Clifford algebraic structures in D = 8, and which furnishes all the properties of the Standard Model and Gravity in four-dimensions, at low energies. A generalization and extension of Smith's model to the full Clifford-space is presented when we write explictly all the terms of the extended Clifford-space Lagrangian. We conclude by explaining the relevance of multiple-foldings of D = 8 dimensions related to the modulo 8 periodicity of the real Cliford algebras and display the interplay among Clifford, Division, Jordan and Exceptional algebras, within the context of D = 26, 27, 28 dimensions, corresponding to bosonic string, M and F theory, respectively, advanced earlier by Smith. To finalize we describe explicitly how the E₈ X E₈ Yang-Mills theory can be obtained from a Gauge Theory based on the Clifford ( 16 ) group.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Noncommutative (Super) P-Branes and Moyal-Yang Star Products with a Lower and Upper Scale

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 8 pages, This article appeared in Phys. Letts B 626 (2005) 209.

Noncommutative p-brane actions, for even p+1 = 2n-dimensional world-volumes, are written explicitly in terms of the novel Moyal-Yang ( Fedosov-Kontsevich ) star product deformations of the Noncommutative Nambu Poisson Brackets (NCNPB) that are associated with the noncommuting world-volume coordinates q^A, p^A for A = 1, 2, 3, ...n. The latter noncommuting coordinates obey the noncommutative Yang algebra with an ultraviolet L_P (Planck) scale and infrared (R ) scale cutoff. It is shown why our p-brane actions in the "classical" limit ℏ_eff = ℏL_P/R → 0 still acquire nontrivial noncommutative corrections that differ from ordinary p-brane actions. Super p-branes actions in the light-cone gauge are also amenable to Moyal-Yang star product deformations as well due to the fact that p-branes moving in flat spacetime backgrounds, in the light-cone gauge, can be recast as gauge theories of volume-preserving diffeomorphisms. The most general construction of noncommutative super p-branes actions based on non ( anti ) commuting superspaces and quantum group methods remains an open problem.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

An Exceptional E₈ Gauge Theory of Gravity in D = 8, Clifford Spaces and Grand Unification

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 22 pages, This article will appear in the Int J. Geom. Meth in Mod Phys vol 6 , no. 6 (Sept 2009)

A candidate action for an Exceptional E₈ gauge theory of gravity in 8D is constructed. It is obtained by recasting the E₈ group as the semi-direct product of GL(8,R) with a deformed Weyl-Heisenberg group associated with canonical-conjugate pairs of vectorial and antisymmetric tensorial generators of rank two and three. Other actions are proposed, like the quartic E₈ group-invariant action in 8D associated with the Chern-Simons E₈ gauge theory defined on the 7-dim boundary of a 8D bulk. To finalize, it is shown how the E₈ gauge theory of gravity can be embedded into a more general extended gravitational theory in Clifford spaces associated with the Cl(16) algebra and providing a solid geometrical program of a grand-unification of gravity with Yang-Mills theories. The key question remains if this novel gravitational model based on gauging the E8 group may still be renormalizable without spoiling unitarity at the quantum level.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Complex Gravitational Theory and Noncommutative Gravity

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 11 pages, This article appeared in Phys Letts B 675, (2009) 226-230

Born's reciprocal relativity in flat spacetimes is based on the principle of a maximal speed limit (speed of light) and a maximal proper force (which is also compatible with a maximal and minimal length duality) and where coordinates and momenta are unified on a single footing. We extend Born's theory to the case of curved spacetimes and construct a deformed Born reciprocal general relativity theory in curved spacetimes (without the need to introduce star products) as a local gauge theory of the deformed Quaplectic group that is given by the semi-direct product of U(1,3) with the deformed (noncommutative) Weyl-Heisenberg group corresponding to noncommutative generators [Z_a,Z_b] ≠ 0. The Hermitian metric is complex-valued with symmetric and nonsymmetric components and there are two different complex-valued Hermitian Ricci tensors R_μν, S_μν. The deformed Born's reciprocal gravitational action linear in the Ricci scalars R, S with Torsion-squared terms and BF terms is presented. The plausible interpretation of Z_μ = E_μ^a Z_a as noncommuting p-brane background complex spacetime coordinates is discussed in the conclusion, where E_μ^a is the complex vielbein associated with the Hermitian metric G_μν = g_(μν) + ig_[μν] = E_μ^a Ē_ν^b This could be one of the underlying reasons why string-theory involves gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On the Noncommutative and Nonassociative Geometry of Octonionic Spacetime, Modified Dispersion Relations and Grand Unification

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 23 pages, This article appeared in the J. Math. Phys, 48, no. 7 (2007) 073517.

The Octonionic Geometry (Gravity) developed long ago by Oliveira and Marques is extended to Noncommutative and Nonassociative Spacetime coordinates associated with octonionic-valued coordinates and momenta. The octonionic metric G_μν already encompasses the ordinary spacetime metric g_μν, in addition to the Maxwell U(1) and SU(2) Yang-Mills fields such that implements the Kaluza-Klein Grand Unification program without introducing extra spacetime dimensions. The color group SU(3) is a subgroup of the exceptional G₂ group which is the automorphism group of the octonion algebra. It is shown that the flux of the SU(2) Yang-Mills field strength F_μν through the area momentum Σ^μν in the internal isospin space yields corrections O(1/M²_Planck) to the energy-momentum dispersion relations without violating Lorentz invariance as it occurs with Hopf algebraic deformations of the Poincare algebra. The known Octonionic realizations of the Clifford Cl(8),Cl(4) algebras should permit the construction of octonionic string actions that should have a correspondence with ordinary string actions for strings moving in a curved Clifford-space target background associated with a Cl(3, 1) algebra.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Large N Limit of Exceptional Jordan Matrix Models and M, F Theory

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 14 pages, This article appeared in the Journal of Geometry and Physics, 57 (2007) 1941-1949

The large N → ∞ limit of the Exceptional F₄,E₆ Jordan Matrix Models of Smolin-Ohwashi leads to novel Chern-Simons Membrane Lagrangians which are suitable candidates for a nonperturbative bosonic formulation of M Theory in D = 27 real, complex dimensions, respectively. Freudenthal algebras and triple Freudenthal products permits the construction of a novel E₇ X SU(N) invariant Matrix model whose large N limit yields generalized nonlinear sigma models actions on 28 complex dimensional backgrounds associated with a 56 real-dim phase space realization of the Freudenthal algebra. We argue why the latter Matrix Model, in the large N limit, might be the proper arena for a bosonic formulation of F theory. To finalize we display generalized Dirac-Nambu-Goto membrane actions in terms of 3 X 3 X 3 cubic matrix entries that match the number of degrees of freedom of the 27-dim exceptional Jordan algebra J₃[0].
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On the Riemann Hypothesis and Tachyons in Dual String Scattering Amplitudes

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 13 pages, This article appeared in the International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics (IJGMMP) vol 3, no. 2 (2006) 187-199.

It is the purpose of this work to pursue a novel physical interpretation of the nontrivial Riemann zeta zeros and prove why the location of these zeros z_n = 1/2+iλ_n corresponds physically to tachyonic-resonances/tachyonic-condensates, originating from the scattering of two on-shell tachyons in bosonic string theory. Namely, we prove that if there were nontrivial zeta zeros (violating the Riemann hypothesis) outside the critical line Real z = 1/2 (but inside the critical strip), these putative zeros do not correspond to any poles of the bosonic open string scattering (Veneziano) amplitude A(s, t, u). The physical relevance of tachyonic-resonances/tachyonic-condensates in bosonic string theory, establishes an important connection between string theory and the Riemann Hypothesis. In addition, one has also a geometrical interpretation of the zeta zeros in the critical line in terms of very special (degenerate) triangular configurations in the upper-part of the complex plane.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Extended Relativity Theory in Clifford Spaces

Authors: Carlos Castro, M. Pavšič
Comments: 65 pages, This article appeared in Progress in Physics vol 1 (April 2005) 31-64

An introduction to some of the most important features of the Extended Relativity theory in Clifford-spaces (C-spaces) is presented whose "point" coordinates are non-commuting Clifford-valued quantities which incorporate lines, areas, volumes, hyper-volumes.... degrees of freedom associated with the collective particle, string, membrane, p-brane,... dynamics of p-loops (closed p-branes) in target Ddimensional spacetime backgrounds. C-space Relativity naturally incorporates the ideas of an invariant length (Planck scale), maximal acceleration, non-commuting coordinates, supersymmetry, holography, higher derivative gravity with torsion and variable dimensions/signatures. It permits to study the dynamics of all (closed) p-branes, for all values of p, on a unified footing. It resolves the ordering ambiguities in QFT, the problem of time in Cosmology and admits superluminal propagation ( tachyons ) without violations of causality. A discussion of the maximalacceleration Relativity principle in phase-spaces follows and the study of the invariance group of symmetry transformations in phase-space allows to show why Planck areas are invariant under acceleration-boosts transformations . This invariance feature suggests that a maximal-string tension principle may be operating in Nature. We continue by pointing out how the relativity of signatures of the underlying n-dimensional spacetime results from taking different n-dimensional slices through C-space. The conformal group in spacetime emerges as a natural subgroup of the Clifford group and Relativity in C-spaces involves natural scale changes in the sizes of physical objects without the introduction of forces nor Weyl's gauge field of dilations. We finalize by constructing the generalization of Maxwell theory of Electrodynamics of point charges to a theory in C-spaces that involves extended charges coupled to antisymmetric tensor fields of arbitrary rank. In the concluding remarks we outline briefly the current promising research programs and their plausible connections with C-space Relativity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Exceptional E₈ Geometry of Clifford (16) Superspace and Conformal Gravity Yang-Mills Grand Unification

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 33 pages, This article appeared in the IJGMMP vol 6, no. 3 (2009) 385.

We continue to study the Chern-Simons E₈ Gauge theory of Gravity developed by the author which is a unified field theory (at the Planck scale) of a Lanczos-Lovelock Gravitational theory with a E₈ Generalized Yang-Mills (GYM) field theory, and is defined in the 15D boundary of a 16D bulk space. The Exceptional E₈ Geometry of the 256-dim slice of the 256 X 256-dimensional flat Clifford (16) space is explicitly constructed based on a spin connection Ω_M^AB, that gauges the generalized Lorentz transformations in the tangent space of the 256-dim curved slice, and the 256 X 256 components of the vielbein field E_M^A, that gauge the nonabelian translations. Thus, in one-scoop, the vielbein E_M^A encodes all of the 248 (nonabelian) E₈ generators and 8 additional (abelian) translations associated with the vectorial parts of the generators of the diagonal subalgebra [Cl(8) ⊗ Cl(8)]_diag ⊂ Cl(16). The generalized curvature, Ricci tensor, Ricci scalar, torsion, torsion vector and the Einstein-Hilbert-Cartan action is constructed. A preliminary analysis of how to construct a Clifford Superspace (that is far richer than ordinary superspace) based on orthogonal and symplectic Clifford algebras is presented. Finally, it is shown how an E₈ ordinary Yang-Mills in 8D, after a sequence of symmetry breaking processes E₈ → E₇ → E₆ → SO(8, 2), and performing a Kaluza-Klein-Batakis compactification on CP², involving a nontrivial torsion, leads to a (Conformal) Gravity and Yang-Mills theory based on the Standard Model in 4D. The conclusion is devoted to explaining how Conformal (super) Gravity and (super) Yang-Mills theory in any dimension can be embedded into a (super) Clifford-algebra-valued gauge field theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Clifford Space Geometry of Conformal Gravity and U(4) X U(4) Yang-Mills Unification

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 22 pages, This article will appear in the Int J. of Mod. Phys A.

It is shown how a Conformal Gravity and U(4) X U(4) Yang-Mills Grand Unification model in four dimensions can be attained from a Clifford Gauge Field Theory in C-spaces (Clifford spaces) based on the (complex) Clifford Cl(4,C) algebra underlying a complexified four dimensional spacetime (8 real dimensions). Upon taking a real slice, and after symmetry breaking, it leads to ordinary Gravity and the Standard Model in four real dimensions. A brief conclusion about the Noncommutative star product deformations of this Grand Unified Theory of Gravity with the other forces of Nature is presented.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

P-Branes as Antisymmetric Nonabelian Tensorial Gauge Field Theories of Diffeomorphisms in P + 1 Dimensions

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 44 pages, This article has been submitted to the Journal of Mathematical Physics, Aug 2009

Long ago, Bergshoeff, Sezgin, Tanni and Townsend have shown that the light-cone gauge-fixed action of a super p-brane belongs to a new kind of supersymmetric gauge theory of p-volume preserving diffeomorphisms (diffs) associated with the p-spatial dimensions of the extended object. These authors conjectured that this new kind of supersymmetric gauge theory must be related to an infinite-dim nonabelian antisymmetric gauge theory. It is shown in this work how this new theory should be part of an underlying antisymmetric nonabelian tensorial gauge field theory of p+1-dimensional diffs (upon supersymmetrization) associated with the world volume evolution of the p-brane. We conclude by embedding the latter theory into a more fundamental one based on the Clifford-space geometry of the p-brane configuration space.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Dark Energy is Needed for the Consistency of Quantum Electrodynamics Heisenberg's Biggest Blunder?

Authors: Jack Sarfatti
Comments: 4 pages

The argument that virtual photons can be globally gauged away I think is spurious. Indeed, the inconsistency with the boson commutation rules in Heisenberg and Pauli's historic 1929 attempt to quantize the electromagnetic field disappears once one uses the recently discovered dark energy density.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Towards M-Matrix

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 732 pages

This book is devoted to a detailed representation of quantum TGD. The first part of the book summarizes quantum TGD in its recent form.

1. General coordinate invariance and generalized super-conformal symmetries are the basic symmetries of TGD and Equivalence Principle can be generalized using generalized coset construction.
2. In zero energy ontology S-matrix is replaced with M-matrix identified as time-like entanglement coeficients between positive and negative energy parts of zero energy states. M-matrix is a product of diagonal density matrix and unitary S-matrix. For generalized Feynman diagrams lines correspond to light-like 3-surfaces and vertices to 2-D surfaces.
3. Finite measurement resolution realized using fractal hierarchy of causal diamonds (CDs) inside CDs implies a stringy formulation of quantum TGD involving replacement of 3-D light-like surfaces with braids representing the ends of strings. Category theoretical formulation leads to a hierarchy of algebras forming an operad.
4. Twistors emerge naturally in TGD framework. The replacement of massless plane waves with states for which amplitudes are localized at light-rays is suggestive in TGD framework. Twistors could allow lifting of space-time surfaces to surfaces of X x CP₂, where X is 8-D twistor space or its 6-D projective variant. The interpretation of massive particles as massless particles in 8-D sense suggests a generalization of twistors defined using triads of vector and spinor representations of SO(7,1).
5. In TGD Universe bosons are fermion-antifermion bound states. Therefore the action at QFT limit is Dirac action coupled to gauge potentials and bosonic action emerges as part of effective action as one functionally integrates over spinor fields. Coupling constant evolution follows once the UV cutoffs of mass and hyperbolic angle in fermionic loop integrations are fixed. The hyperbolic cutoff motivated by zero energy ontology predicts coupling constant evolution consistent with standard model. The condition that all N-vertices defined by fermiomic loops vanish for N > 3 when incoming particles are massless could fix the hyperbolic cutoff completely.

1. The Clifford algebra of WCW is hyper-finite factor of type II₁ which suggests that M-matrix could be identified as Connes tensor product.
2. In TGD framework dark matter corresponds to ordinary particles with non-standard value of Planck constant. Dark matter could be in quantum Hall like phase localized at light-like 3-surfaces with macroscopic size and analogous to black-hole horizons.

TGD as a Generalized Number Theory

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 604 pages

The focus of this book is the number theoretical vision about physics. This vision involves three loosely related parts.

1. The fusion of real physic and various p-adic physics to a single coherent whole by generalizing the number concept by fusing real numbers and various p-adic number fields along common rationals. Extensions of p-adic number fields can be introduced by gluing them along common algebraic numbers to reals. Algebraic continuation of the physics from rationals and their their extensions to various number fields (generalization of completion process for rationals) is the key idea, and the challenge is to understand whether how one could achieve this dream. A profound implication is that purely local p-adic physics would code for the p-adic fractality of long length length scale real physics and vice versa, and one could understand the origins of p-adic length scale hypothesis.
2. Second part of the vision involves hyper counterparts of the classical number fields defined as subspaces of their complexifications with Minkowskian signature of metric. Allowed space-time surfaces would correspond to what might be called hyper-quaternionic sub-manifolds of a hyper-octonionic space and mappable to M⁴ x CP₂ in natural manner. One could assign to each point of space-time surface a hyper-quaternionic 4-plane which is the plane defined by the modified gamma matrices but not tangent plane in general. Hence the basic variational principle of TGD would have deep number theoretic content.
3. The third part of the vision involves infinite primes identifiable in terms of an infinite hierarchy of second quantized arithmetic quantum fields theories on one hand, and as having representations as space-time surfaces analogous to zero loci of polynomials on the other hand. Single space-time point would have an infinitely complex structure since real unity can be represented as a ratio of infinite numbers in infinitely many manners each having its own number theoretic anatomy. Single space-time point would be in principle able to represent in its structure the quantum state of the entire universe. This number theoretic variant of Brahman=Atman identity would make Universe an algebraic hologram.

Physics in Many-Sheeted Space-Time

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 630 pages

This book is devoted to what might be called classical TGD.

1. Classical TGD identifies space-time surfaces as kind of generalized Bohr orbits. It is an exact part of quantum TGD.
2. The notions of many-sheeted space-time, topological field quantization and the notion of field/magnetic body, follow from simple topological considerations. Space-time sheets can have arbitrarily large sizes and their interpretation as quantum coherence regions implies that in TGD Universe macroscopic quantum coherence is possible in arbitrarily long scales. Also long ranged classical color and electro-weak fields are predicted.
3. TGD Universe is fractal containing fractal copies of standard model physics at various spacetime sheets and labeled by p-adic primes assignable to elementary particles and by the level of dark matter hierarchy characterized partially by the value of Planck constant labeling the pages of the book like structure formed by singular covering spaces of the imbedding space M⁴ x CP₂ glued together along four-dimensional back. Particles at different pages are dark relative to each other since local interactions defined in terms of the vertices of Feynman diagram involve only particles at the same page.
4. Zero energy ontology brings in additional powerful interpretational principle.

1. In Part I extremals of Kähler action are discussed and the notions of many-sheeted space-time and topological condensation and evaporation are introduced.
2. In Part II many-sheeted-cosmology and astrophysics are summarized. p-Adic and dark matter hierarchies imply that TGD inspired cosmology is fractal. Cosmic strings and their deformations are basic objects of TGD inspired cosmology. The study of imbeddings of Robertson-Walker cosmology shows that critical and over-critical cosmology are unique apart from their duration. The idea about dark matter hierarchy was originally motivated by the observation that planetary orbits could be interpreted as Bohr orbits with enormous value of Planck constant, and this picture leads to a rather detailed view about macroscopically quantum coherent dark matter in astrophysics and cosmology.
3. Part III includes old chapters about implications of TGD for condensed matter physics. The phases of CP₂ complex coordinates could define phases of order parameters of macroscopic quantum phases manifesting themselves in the properties of living matter and even in hydrodynamics. For instance, Z⁰ magnetic gauge field could make itself visible in hydrodynamics and Z⁰ magnetic vortices could be involved with superfluidity.

Physics as Infinite-Dimensional Geometry

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 280 pages

The topics of this book is a vision about physics as infinite-dimensional Kähler geometry of the "world of classical worlds" (WCW), with "classical world" identified either as light-like 3-D surface X³ of a unique Bohr orbit like 4-surface X⁴(X³) or X⁴(X³) itself. The non-determinism of Kähler action defining Kähler function forces to generalize the notion of 3-surface. Zero energy ontology allows to formulate this generalization elegantly using a hierarchy of causal diamonds (CDs) defined as intersections of future and past directed light-cones, and a geometric realization of coupling constant evolution and finite measurement resolution emerges. One encounters two challenges.

1. Provide WCW with Kähler geometry consistent with 4-dimensional general coordinate invariance. Clearly, the definition of metric must assign to given light-like 3-surface X³ a 4-surface X⁴(X³) as kind of Bohr orbit.
2. Provide WCW with spinor structure. The idea is to express configuration space gamma matrices using super algebra generators expressible using second quantized fermionic oscillator operators for induced free spinor fields at X⁴(X³). Isometry generators and contractions of Killing vectors with gamma matrices would generalize Super Kac-Moody algebra.

1. The experience with loop spaces suggests that a well-defined Riemann connection exists only if this space is union of infinite-dimensional symmetric spaces. Finiteness requires that vacuum Einstein equations are satisfied. The coordinates labeling these symmetric spaces do not contribute to the line element and have interpretation as non-quantum fl uctuating classical variables
2. The construction of the Kähler structure requires the identification of complex structure. Direct construction of Kähler function as action associated with a preferred extremal for Kähler action leads to a unique result. The group theoretical approach relies on direct guess of isometries of the symmetric spaces involved. Isometry group generalizes Kac-Moody group by replacing finite-dimensional Lie group with the group of symplectic transformations of δM₊⁴ X CP₂, where δM₊⁴ is the boundary of 4-dimensional future light-cone. The generalized conformal symmetries assignable to light-like 3-surfaces and boundaries of causal diamonds bring in stringy aspect and Equivalence Principle can be generalized in terms of generalized coset construction.
3. Configuration space spinor structure geometrizes fermionic statistics and quantization of spinor fields. Quantum criticality can be formulated in terms of the modified Dirac equation for induced spinor fields allowing a realization of super-conformal symmetries and quantum gravitational holography.

TGD and Fringe Physics

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 296 pages

The topics of this book could be called fringe physics involving claimed phenomena which do not have explanation in terms of standard physics. Many-sheeted space-time with p-adic length scale hierarchy, the predicted dark matter hierarchy with levels partially characterized by quantized dynamical Planck constant, and the prediction of long ranged color and weak forces alone predict a vast variety of new physics effects. Zero energy ontology predicts that energy can have both signs and that classical signals can propagate in reversed time direction at negative energy space-time sheets and an attractive identification for negative energy signals would be as generalizations of phase conjugate laser beams. This vision leads to a coherent view about metabolism, memory, and bio-control and it is natural to ask whether the reported anomalies might be explained in terms of the mechanisms giving hopes about understanding the behavior of living matter.

1. The effects involving coin words like antigravity, strong gravity, and electro-gravity motivate the discussion of possible anomalous effects related to long range electro-weak fields and many-sheeted gravitation. For instance, TGD leads to a model for the strange effects reported in rotating magnetic systems.
2. Tesla did not believe that Maxwell's theory was an exhaustive description of electromagnetism. He claimed that experimental findings related to pulsed systems require the assumption of what he called scalar waves not allowed by Maxwell's electrodynamics. TGD indeed allows scalar wave pulses propagating with light velocity. The dropping of particles to larger space-time sheets liberating metabolic energy, transformation of ordinary charged matter to dark matter and vice versa, dark photons, etc... might be needed to explain Tesla's findings. Also phase conjugate, possibly dark, photons making possible communications with geometric past might be involved.
3. The reports about ufos represent a further application for TGD based view about Universe. Taking seriously the predicted presence of infinite self hierarchy represented by dark matter hierarchy makes it almost obvious that higher civilizations are here, there, and everywhere, and that their relationship to us is like that of our brain to its neurons, so that Fermi paradox (Where are they all?) would disappear. Although the space travel might be quite too primitive idea for the civilizations at higher levels of hierarchy, ufos might be real objects representing more advanced technology rather than plasmoid like life forms serving as mediums in telepathic communications.

Topological Geometrodynamics: Overview

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 1148 pages

This book tries to give an overall view about quantum TGD as it stands now. The topics of this book are following.

1. In the first part of the book I will try to give an overall view about the evolution of TGD and about quantum TGD in its recent form. I cannot avoid the use of various concepts without detailed definitions and my hope is that reader only gets a bird's eye of view about TGD. Two visions about physics are discussed. According to the first vision physical states of the Universe correspond to classical spinor fields in the world of the classical worlds identified as 3-surfaces or equivalently as corresponding 4-surfaces analogous to Bohr orbits and identified as special extrema of Kähler action. TGD as a generalized number theory vision leading naturally also to the emergence of p-adic physics as physics of cognitive representations is the second vision. Number theoretical vision involves three loosely related approaches: fusion of real and various p-adic physics to a larger whole as algebraic continuations of what might be called rational physics; space-time as a hyper-quaternionic surface of hyper-octonion space, and space-time surfaces as a representations of infinite primes.
2. The second part of the book is devoted to the vision about physics as infinite-dimensional configuration space geometry. The basic idea is that classical spinor fields in infinite-dimensional "world of classical worlds", space of 3-surfaces in M⁴ x CP₂ describe the quantum states of the Universe. Quantum jump remains the only purely quantal aspect of quantum theory in this approach since there is no quantization at the level of the configuration space. Space-time surfaces correspond to special extremals of the Kähler action analogous to Bohr orbits and define what might be called classical TGD discussed in the first chapter. The construction of the configuration space geometry and spinor structure are discussed in remaining chapters.
3. The third part of the book carries title "Algebraic Physics". Classical physics is an exact part of the configuration space geometry and the identification of space-time surfaces as generalized Bohr orbits is not a mere approximation. Path integral is replaced by a functional integral over 3-surfaces and there are reasons to expect that the decomposition of the configuration space to a union of symmetric spaces allows to carry out the functional integral exactly. This together with quantum classical correspondence and Bohr orbit property suggests a generalization of the duality symmetry of hadron models stating that the addition of loops does not affect the physical amplitude assignable to a given diagram. Hopf algebras are used to formulate this symmetry. In the second chapter the profound implications of the fact that configuration space spinors correspond to von Neumann algebras known as hyper-finite factors of type II₁ are considered.
4. The physical applications of TGD are the topic of the fourth part of the book. The cosmological and astrophysical applications of the many-sheeted space-time are summarized and the applications to elementary particle physics are discussed at the general level. TGD explains particle families in terms of generation genus correspondences (particle families correspond to 2-dimensional topologies labelled by genus). The notion of elementary particle vacuum functional is developed leading to an argument that the number of light particle families is three is discussed. The general theory for particle massivation based on p-adic thermodynamics is discussed at the general level. The detailed calculations of elementary particle masses are not however carried out in this book.

The Graviton Background Vs. Dark Energy

Authors: Michael A. Ivanov
Comments: 25 pages, 1 figure. Poster contribution to The Alternative Gravities and Dark Matter Workshop, Edinburgh, UK, 20-22 April 2006

In the model of low-energy quantum gravity by the author, cosmological redshifts are caused by interactions of photons with gravitons. Non-forehead collisions with gravitons will lead to an additional relaxation of any photonic flux. It gives a possibility of another interpretation of supernovae 1a data. Every massive body would be decelerated due to collisions with gravitons that may be connected with the Pioneer 10 anomaly. This mechanism needs graviton pairing and "an atomic structure" of matter for working it. Also an existence of black holes contradicts to the equivalence principle: any black hole should have a gravitational mass to be much bigger - about three orders - than an inertial one.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Gravitational Asymptotic Freedom and Matter Filling of Black Holes

Authors: Michael A. Ivanov
Comments: 2 pages, no figure, Latex. Contribution to the International Meeting "Physical Interpretations of Relativity Theory" (PIRT-09), Moscow, Russia, 6 - 9 July 2009.

The property of asymptotic freedom of the model of low-energy quantum gravity by the author leads to the unexpected consequence: if a black hole arises due to a collapse of a matter with some characteristic mass of particles, its full mass should be restricted from the bottom. For usual baryonic matter, this limit of mass is of the order 107M_☉
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Quantum Field Theory in Accelerating Local Reference Frames V.2

Authors: Jack Sarfatti
Comments: 5 pages

Using the Dirac "square root" tetrads of the metric tensor are spin 1 fields that are intrinsically renormalizable for quantum gravity models. On the other hand both the cnumber tetrads and the spin connections in our model are emergent from the eight gluon vacuum condensates of QCD that form in the inflationary phase transition. Their residual micro-quantum operator parts are the spin 1 quantum fields that are responsible for both the dark energy and the dark matter. Spread out dark energy with negative pressure comes from w = -1 random zero point virtual fermion-antifermion vacuum polarization loops that antigravitate because of the equivalence principle. Similarly, clumped dark matter comes from w = -1 random zero point virtual bosons of positive pressure that gravitate and is indistinguishable from w = 0 CDM for the distant observer. New conjectured expressions for important physical observables both at the micro and macro levels in rotating frames are presented. They need to be tested in the laboratory, for example, alleged anomalous gravity from rotating superconductors.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Event-Symmetry for Superstrings

Authors: Philip Gibbs
Comments: 11 pages, Published in Int.J.Theor.Phys.37:1243-1252,1998

I apply the principle of event-symmetry to simple string models and discuss how these lead to the conviction that multiple quantisation is linked to dimension. It may be that string theory has to be formulated in the absence of space-time which will then emerge as a derived property of the dynamics. Another interpretation of the event-symmetric approach which embodies this is that instantons are fundamental. Just as solitons may be dual to fundamental particles instantons may be dual to space-time events. Event-symmetry is then dual to instanton statistics. In that case a unification between particle statistics and gauge symmetry follows on naturally from the principle of event-symmetry. I build algebras which represent symmetries of superstring theories extending event-symmetry but which are also isomorphic to an algebra of creation and annihilation operators for strings of fermionic partons.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Principle of Event-Symmetry

Authors: Philip Gibbs
Comments: 18 pages, Published in Int.J.Theor.Phys.35:1037-1062,1996.

To accommodate topology change, the symmetry of space-time must be extended from the diffeomorphism group of a manifold, to the symmetric group acting on the discrete set of space-time events. This is the principle of event-symmetric space-time. I investigate a number of physical toy models with this symmetry to gain some insight into the likely nature of event-symmetric space-time. In the more advanced models the symmetric group is embedded into larger structures such as matrix groups which provide scope to unify space-time symmetry with the internal gauge symmetries of particle physics. I also suggest that the symmetric group of space-time could be related to the symmetric group acting to exchange identical particles, implying a unification of space-time and matter. I end with a definition of a new type of loop symmetry which is important in event-symmetric superstring theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

This Time What a Strange Turn of Events!

Authors: Philip Gibbs
Comments: submission to the 2008 FXQi essay contest on "The Nature Of Time". Published in Presapcetime Journal V2, p162-171

In relativity time is bound to space by the symmetries of spacetime. In the general theory the symmetry is covariance under diffeomorphisms but in string theory this extends to the full permutation group acting on spacetime events. This huge symmetry has profound implications for the nature of time, causality and the way we see our place in the universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Conformal Gravity, Maxwell and Yang-Mills Unification in 4D from a Clifford Gauge Field Theory

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

A model of Emergent Gravity with the observed Cosmological Constant from a BF-Chern-Simons-Higgs Model is revisited which allows to show how a Conformal Gravity, Maxwell and SU(2) x SU(2) x U(1) x U(1) Yang-Mills Unification model in four dimensions can be attained from a Clifford Gauge Field Theory in a very natural and geometric fashion.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Water Memory and the Realization of Genetic Code at Elementary Particle Level

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

This article represents a speculative model in which a connection between homeopathy and water memory with phantom DNA effect is proposed and on basis of this connection a vision about how the hardware of topological quantum computation (tqc) represented by the genome is actively developed by subjecting it to evolutionary pressures represented by a virtual world representation of the physical environment and internal mileau including basic bio-molecules. The most important result is the discovery that the analogs of DNA, RNA and aminoacid are realized as dark nuclei realized as neutral dark nuclear strings. Vertebrate nuclear genetic code is predicted correctly. The result suggests deep and totally unexpected connection between elementary particle physics and biology.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

About the Nature of Time

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

The identification of the experienced time te and geometric time tg involves well-known problems. Physicist is troubled by the reversibility of tg contra irreversibility of te, by the con ict between determinism of Schrödinger equation and the non-determinism of state function reduction, and by the poorly understood the origin of the arrow of tg. In biology the second law of thermodynamics might be violated in its standard form for short time intervals. Neuroscientist knows that the moment of sensory experience has a finite duration, does not understand what memories really are, and is bothered by the Libet's puzzling finding that neural activity seems to precede conscious decision. These problems are discussed in the framework of Topological Geometrodynamics (TGD) and TGD inspired theory of consciousness constructed as a generalization of quantum measurement theory. In TGD space-times are regarded as 4-dimensional surfaces of 8-dimensional space-time H = M4xCP2 and obey classical field equations. The basic notions of consciousness theory are quantum jump and self. Subjective time is identified as a sequence of quantum jumps. Self has as a geometric correlate a fixed volume of H- "causal diamond"-defining the perceptive field of self. Quantum states are regarded as quantum superpositions of space-time surfaces of H and by quantum classical correspondence assumed to shift towards the geometric past of H quantum jump by quantum jump. This creates the illusion that perceiver moves to the direction of the geometric future. Self is curious about the geometric future and induces the shift bringing it to its perceptive field. Macroscopic quantum coherence and the identification of space-times as surfaces in H play a crucial role in this picture allowing to understand also other problematic aspects in the relationship between experienced and geometric time.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Quantum Model for Nerve Pulse and EEG

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

In this article a unified model of nerve pulse and EEG is discussed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Notion of Wave-Genome and DNA as Topological Quantum Computer

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

Peter Gariaev and collaborators have reported several strange effects of laser light and also ordinary light on DNA. These findings include the rotation of polarization plane of laser light by DNA, phantom DNA effect, the transformation of laser light to radio-wave photons having biological effects, the coding of DNA sequences to the modulated polarization plane of laser light and the ability of this kind of light to induce gene expression in another organisms provided the modulated polarization pattern corresponds to an "address" characterizing the organism, and the formation of images of what is believed to be DNA sample itself and of the objects of environment by DNA sample in a cell irradiated by ordinary light in UV-IR range. In this chapter a TGD based model for these effects is discussed. A speculative picture proposing a connection between homeopathy, water memory, and phantom DNA effect is discussed and on basis of this connection a vision about how the tqc hardware represented by the genome is actively developed by subjecting it to evolutionary pressures represented by a virtual world representation of the physical environment. The speculation inspired by this vision is that genetic code as well as DNA-, RNA- and amino-acid sequences should have representation in terms of nuclear strings. The model for dark baryons indeed leads to an identification of these analogs and the basic numbers of genetic code including also the numbers of aminoacids coded by a given number of codons are predicted correctly. Hence it seems that genetic code is universal rather than being an accidental outcome of the biological evolution.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Model for Protein Folding and Bio-Catalysis

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

The model for the evolution of genetic code leads to the idea that the folding of proteins obeys a folding code inherited from the genetic code. After some trials one ends up with a general conceptualization of the situation with the identification of wormhole magnetic ux tubes as correlates of attention at molecular level so that a direct connection with TGD inspired theory of consciousness emerges at quantitative level. This allows a far reaching generalization of the DNA as topological quantum computer paradigm and makes it much more detailed. By their asymmetric character hydrogen bonds are excellent candidates for magnetic ux tubes serving as correlates of attention at molecular level.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Evolution in Many-Sheeted Space-Time

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

The topics of the chapter has been restricted to those, which seem to represent the most well-established ideas. There are many other, more speculative, ideas such as the strong form of the hypothesis that plasmoid like life forms molecular life forms has evolved in "Mother Gaia's womb", maybe even in the hot environment defined by the boundary of mantle and core.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

DNA as Topological Quantum Computer

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

This article represents a vision about how DNA might act as a topological quantum computer (tqc). Tqc means that the braidings of braid strands define tqc programs and M-matrix (generalization of S-matrix in zero energy ontology) defining the entanglement between states assignable to the end points of strands define the tqc usually coded as unitary time evolution for Schrödinger equation. One can ends up to the model in the following manner.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

TGD Inspired Quantum Model of Living Matter

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

Basic ideas of TGD inspired view about quantum biology are discussed. TGD inspired theory of consciousness provides the basic conceptual framework besides new view about spacetime and quantum theory, in particular dark matter hierarchy whose levels are labelled by the increasing value of Planck constant so that macroscopic quantum systems are predicted to be present in all length scales. This gives a justification for the notion of field body having onionlike fractal structure with astrophysical size and using biological body as a sensory receptor and motor instrument. Great evolutionary leaps correspond naturally to the increases of Planck constant for the highest level in "personal" hierarchy of Planck constants implying a scaling up of time scales of long term memory and planned action. The notion of magnetic body leads to a generalization of the notion genome: one can assign coherently expressed super genome to single organ and hyper genome to an entire population. Important experimental input comes from high Tc superconductivity, from the strange findings related to cell membrane, and from the effects of ELF em fields on vertebrate brain. The model for EEG based on "dark" photons predicts correctly its band structure and also narrow resonances in theta and beta bands in terms of cyclotron resonance frequencies of biologically important ions.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Topological Geometrodynamics: What Might be the First Principles?

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

A brief summary of various competing visions about the basic principles of quantum Topological Geometrodynamics (TGD) and about tensions between them is given with emphasis on the recent developments. These visions are following. Quantum physics as as classical spinor field geometry of the "world of classical worlds" consisting or light-like 3-surfaces of the 8-D imbedding space H = M4xCP2; zero energy ontology in which physical states correspond to physical events; TGD as almost topological quantum field theory for light-like 3-surfaces; physics as a generalized number theory with associativity defining the fundamental dynamical principle and involving a generalization of the number concept based on the fusion of real and p-adic number fields to a larger book like structure, the identification of real and various p-adic physics as algebraic completions of rational physics, and the notion of infinite prime; the identification of configuration space Clifford algebra elements as hyper-octonionic conformal fields with associativity condition implying what might be called number theoretic compacticitation; a generalization of quantum theory based on the introduction of hierarchy of Planck constants realized geometrically via a generalization of the notion of imbedding space H to a book like structure with pages which are coverings and orbifolds of H; the notion of finite measurement resolution realized in terms of inclusions of hyperfinite factors as the fundamental dynamical principle implying a generalization of S-matrix to M-matrix identified as Connes tensor product for positive and negative energy parts of zero energy states; two different kinds of extended super-conformal symmetries assignable to the light-cone of H and to the light-like 3-surfaces leading to a concrete construction recipe of M-matrix in terms of generalized Feynman diagrams having light-like 3-surfaces as lines and allowing to formulate generalized Einstein's equations in terms of coset construction.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Black Holes and Quantum Theory: the Fine Structure Constant Connection

Authors: Reginald T. Cahill
Comments: 7 pages

The new dynamical theory of space is further confirmed by showing that the effective "black hole" masses M_BH in 19 spherical star systems, from globular clusters to galaxies, with masses M, satisfy the prediction that M_BH = α/2 M, where α is the fine structure constant. As well the necessary and unique generalisations of the Schrödinger and Dirac equations permit the first derivation of gravity from a deeper theory, showing that gravity is a quantum effect of quantum matter interacting with the dynamical space. As well the necessary generalisation of Maxwell's equations displays the observed light bending effects. Finally it is shown from the generalised Dirac equation where the spacetime mathematical formalism, and the accompanying geodesic prescription for matter trajectories, comes from. The new theory of space is non-local and we see many parallels between this and quantum theory, in addition to the fine structure constant manifesting in both, so supporting the argument that space is a quantum foam system, as implied by the deeper information-theoretic theory known as Process Physics. The spatial dynamics also provides an explanation for the "dark matter" effect and as well the non-locality of the dynamics provides a mechanism for generating the uniformity of the universe, so explaining the cosmological horizon problem.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

3-Space in-Flow Theory of Gravity: Boreholes, Blackholes and the Fine Structure Constant

Authors: Reginald T. Cahill
Comments: 8 pages

A theory of 3-space explains the phenomenon of gravity as arising from the timedependence and inhomogeneity of the differential flow of this 3-space. The emergent theory of gravity has two gravitational constants: G_N - Newton's constant, and a dimensionless constant α. Various experiments and astronomical observations have shown that α is the fine structure constant =~ 1/137. Here we analyse the Greenland Ice Shelf and Nevada Test Site borehole g anomalies, and confirm with increased precision this value of a. This and other successful tests of this theory of gravity, including the supermassive black holes in globular clusters and galaxies, and the "dark-matter" effect in spiral galaxies, shows the validity of this theory of gravity. This success implies that the non-relativistic Newtonian gravity was fundamentally flawed from the beginning, and that this flaw was inherited by the relativistic General Relativity theory of gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Unification of Gravitational, Strong, Weak and Inertial Forces.

Authors: Maurizio Michelini
Comments: 12 pages

A preceding paper showed that particles moving within a flux of microquanta (filling the space) obey the Relativistic Mechanics and undergo a newtonian-like pushing gravity with G depending on the quantum flux constants. Due to the very little quantum energy E, the ratio E/mc2 is very little, so microquanta follow accurately optical reflection in the Compton s collision with particles. The number of microquanta simultaneously hitting upon a nucleon is very high due to the small quantum wavelength, which equals the Planck's length. Along the joining line of two particles there is a lack of incident quanta (missing beam) which determines unbalanced collisions generating a force between them. The pushing gravity increments the particle energy (through the microquanta collisions) during the contraction of the galactic gas globules leading to protostars. This mechanism predicts that observations of the thermal emission power for major solar planets will exceed the power received from solar light. When two particles are very close, the mutual screening highly increments the missing beam, giving rise to a short-range strong force. Considering the microquanta constants, this force is of the right order to hold protons and neutrons within the atomic nuclei. The old belief that nuclear forces are produced by the nucleons is discarded. Proof is done of the structure of the Deuterium nucleus. The same process originates also a shortrange weak force on the electron closely orbiting a proton, thus originating the neutron structure. While the mutual forces on a nucleon pair are equal, the weak force on the electron differs from the force on the proton (breakdown of Newton s action and reaction symmetry).
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Gravitational Equivalent Frequency and the Planck Length

Authors: Roger Ellman
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

The mass equivalency m.c² = h.f applies to gravitational mass just as to inertial mass. From that, the gravitational mass has a corresponding, associated, equivalent frequency, f. Using that frequency a new result is obtained in which the significance of the Planck Length, l_Pl, is clarified. The Planck Length is fundamental to gravitation and in effect supercedes G in that role because it is found that there is operational or mechanical significance to the role of the Planck Length in gravitation whereas G is simply a constant of proportionality. It further is shown that the Planck Length [and, likely the Planck mass and the Planck time] are slightly mis-defined by the use of h-bar [ h/2π ] rather than simply Planck's constant, h. Theoretical implications of these results are presented. In addition, the applicability of using the frequency aspect of mass in the analysis of gravitation, and the nature of the results obtained, would appear to imply a considerably greater significance for the frequency, that is the wave, aspect of mass, matter, and particles in general than has been heretofore recognized.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Dynamical 3-Space: a Review

Authors: Reginald T. Cahill
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

For some 100 years physics has modelled space and time via the spacetime concept, with space being merely an observer dependent perspective effect of that spacetime - space itself had no observer independent existence - it had no ontological status, and it certainly had no dynamical description. In recent years this has all changed. In 2002 it was discovered that a dynamical 3-space had been detected many times, including the Michelson-Morley 1887 light-speed anisotropy experiment. Here we review the dynamics of this 3-space, tracing its evolution from that of an emergent phenomena in the information-theoretic Process Physics to the phenomenological description in terms of a velocity field describing the relative internal motion of the structured 3-space. The new physics of the dynamical 3-space is extensively tested against experimental and astronomical observations, including the necessary generalisation of the Maxwell, Schrödinger and Dirac equations, leading to a derivation and explanation of gravity as a refraction effect of the quantum matter waves. Phenomena now explainable include the bore hole anomaly, the systematics of black hole masses, the flat rotation curves of spiral galaxies, gravitational light bending and lensing, and the supernova and Gamma-Ray Bursts magnitude-redshift data, for the dynamical 3-space possesses a Hubble expanding 3-space solution. Most importantly none of these phenomena now require dark matter nor dark energy. The flat and curved spacetime formalism is derived from the new physics, so explaining the apparent many successes of those formalisms, but which have now proven to be ontologically and experimentally flawed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Accelerating Universe and the Increasing Bohr Radius

Authors: U.V. S. Seshavatharam, S. Lakshminarayana
Comments: 11 Pages.

It seems that- Bohr radius of hydrogen atom, quanta of the angular momentum and the strong interaction range - are connected with the large scale structure of the massive universe. In the accelerating universe, as the space expands, in hydrogen atom, distance between proton and electron increases and is directly proportional to the mass of the universe (which is the product of critical density and the Hubble volume). `Rate of decrease in fine structure ratio' is a measure of cosmic rate of expansion. Considering the integral nature of number of protons (of any nucleus), integral nature of `hbar' can be understood.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Virtual Event Horizons: is the Threshold Curvature that Corresponds to the Onset of the Uselessness of Mass-Energy for Work a Variable Measure?

Authors: Shawn Halayka
Comments: 3 Pages. Changed the title a little.

The duality between entropy and curvature is discussed. The possibility of a gravity-mediated local UV cutoff is discussed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Is the Threshold Curvature that Corresponds to the Onset of the Uselessness of Mass-Energy for Work a Variable Measure?

Authors: S Halayka
Comments: 3 Pages. Toned down the babble.

The duality between entropy and curvature is discussed. The possibility of a gravity-mediated local UV cutoff is discussed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Is the Threshold Curvature that Corresponds to the Onset of the Uselessness of Mass-Energy for Work a Variable Measure?

Authors: S Halayka
Comments: 2 Pages. Make a few implied things explicit.

A duality between entropy and curvature is discussed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Avogadro Number the 11 Dimensions Alternative

Authors: U.V. S. Seshavatharam, S. Lakshminarayana
Comments: 15 Pages. Role of Avogadro number in grand unification. Hadronic Journal. Vol-33, No 5, 2010 Oct. p513.

It is very clear that, to unify 2 interactions if 5 dimensions are required, for unifying 4 interactions 10 dimensions are required. For 3+1 dimensions if there exists 4 (observed) interactions, for 10 dimensions there may exist 10 (observable) interactions. To unify 10 interactions 20 dimensions are required. From this idea it can be suggested that- with `n' new dimensions `unification' problem can not be resolved. By implementing the gravitational constant in atomic and nuclear physics, independent of the CGS and SI units, Avogadro number can be obtained very easily and its order of magnitude is $\cong N \cong 6 \times 10^{23}$ but not $6 \times 10^{26}.$ If $M_P$ is the Planck mass and $m_e$ is the rest mass of electron, semi empirically it is observed that, $M_g \cong N^{\frac{2}{3}}\cdot \sqrt{M_Pm_e} \cong 1.0044118 \times 10^{-3} \; Kg.$ If $m_{p} $ is the rest mass of proton it is noticed that $\ln \sqrt{\frac{e^{2} }{4\pi \varepsilon _{0} Gm_{P}^{2} } } \cong \sqrt{\frac{m_{p} }{m_{e} } -\ln \left(N^{2} \right)}.$ Key conceptual link that connects the gravitational force and non-gravitational forces is - the classical force limit $\left(\frac{c^{4} }{G} \right)$. For mole number of particles, if strength of gravity is $\left(N.G\right),$ any one particle's weak force magnitude is $F_{W} \cong \frac{1}{N} \cdot \left(\frac{c^{4} }{N.G} \right)\cong \frac{c^{4} }{N^{2} G} $. Ratio of `classical force limit' and `weak force magnitude' is $N^{2} $. Assumed relation for strong force and weak force magnitudes is $\sqrt{\frac{F_{S} }{F_{W} } } \cong 2\pi \ln \left(N^{2} \right)$. From SUSY point of view, `integral charge quark fermion' and `integral charge quark boson' mass ratio is $\Psi=2.262218404$ but not unity. With these advanced concepts an ``alternative" to the `standard model' can be developed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and Elementary Particles and Forces

Authors: Thomas J. Buckholtz
Comments: 41 Pages.

Patterns link properties of six quarks and three leptons, the set of fundamental forces, and possible properties of dark matter and dark energy.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Advancements Over a Geometrodynamical Model

Authors: Sandro Antonelli
Comments: 15 Pages.

This article is mainly conceived to gain more interest into a recent trustworthy development. The dynamics of the relativistic Space-Time structure, as discussed in the model, exhibits unforeseen analogies with the electromagnetic theory. As direct continuation of the analysis of the gravitational wave propagation in free space, one should realize (unlike Lorentz gauge in General Relativity) that the polarization state is mixture of six independent modes as many as the independent components of the Riemann tensor determining the tide forces, although one can always recover two polarizations for particular symmetry conditions on the direction of propagation and observation. Actually, in this gravitational framework, for one polarization state, transverse waves propagate causing equal in-phase deformation displacement, not counterphase as expected in gravitational interferometry experiments at present status. Calculation of gravitational power losses for the keplerian system PSR 1913+16 in the solution by approximations of inhomogeneous problem is worked out at first order, which allows the assessment of a new gravitational constant.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Quantum Arithmetics and the Relationship Between Real and P-Adic Physics

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 33 Pages.

p-Adic physics involves two only partially understood questions.

1. Is there a duality between real and p-adic physics? What is its precice mathematic formulation? In particular, what is the concrete map p-adic physics in long scales (in real sense) to real physics in short scales? Can one find a rigorous mathematical formulation of canonical identification induced by the map p→ 1/p in pinary expansion of p-adic number such that it is both continuous and respects symmetries.

2. What is the origin of the p-adic length scale hypothesis suggesting that primes near power of two are physically preferred? Why Mersenne primes are especially important?

A possible answer to these questions relies on the following ideas inspired by the model of Shnoll effect. The first piece of the puzzle is the notion of quantum arithmetics formulated in non-rigorous manner already in the model of Shnoll effect.

1. Quantum arithmetics is induced by the map of primes to quantum primes by the standard formula. Quantum integer is obtained by mapping the primes in the prime decomposition of integer to quantum primes. Quantum sum is induced by the ordinary sum by requiring that also sum commutes with the quantization.

2. The construction is especially interesting if the integer defining the quantum phase is prime. One can introduce the notion of quantum rational defined as series in powers of the preferred prime defining quantum phase. The coefficients of the series are quantum rationals for which neither numerator and denominator is divisible by the preferred prime.

3. p-Adic--real duality can be identified as the analog of canonical identification induced by the map p→ 1/p in the pinary expansion of quantum rational. This maps maps p-adic and real physics to each other and real long distances to short ones and vice versa. This map is especially interesting as a map defining cognitive representations.

Quantum arithmetics inspires the notion of quantum matrix group as counterpart of quantum group for which matrix elements are ordinary numbers. Quantum classical correspondence and the notion of finite measurement resolution realized at classical level in terms of discretization suggest that these two views about quantum groups are closely related. The preferred prime p defining the quantum matrix group is identified as p-adic prime and canonical identification p→ 1/p is group homomorphism so that symmetries are respected.

1. The quantum counterparts of special linear groups SL(n,F) exists always. For the covering group SL(2,C) of SO(3,1) this is the case so that 4-dimensional Minkowski space is in a very special position. For orthogonal, unitary, and orthogonal groups the quantum counterpart exists only if quantum arithmetics is characterized by a prime rather than general integer and when the number of powers of p for the generating elements of the quantum matrix group satisfies an upper bound characterizing the matrix group.

2. For the quantum counterparts of SO(3) (SU(2)/ SU(3)) the orthogonality conditions state that at least some multiples of the prime characterizing quantum arithmetics is sum of three (four/six) squares. For SO(3) this condition is strongest and satisfied for all integers, which are not of form n= 2^2r(8k+7)). The number r₃(n) of representations as sum of squares is known and r₃(n) is invariant under the scalings n→ 2^2rn. This means scaling by 2 for the integers appearing in the square sum representation.

3. r₃(n) is proportional to the so called class number function h(-n) telling how many non-equivalent decompositions algebraic integers have in the quadratic algebraic extension generated by (-n)^1/2.

The findings about quantum SO(3) suggest a possible explanation for p-adic length scale hypothesis and preferred p-adic primes.

1. The basic idea is that the quantum matrix group which is discrete is very large for preferred p-adic primes. If cognitive representations correspond to the representations of quantum matrix group, the representational capacity of cognitive representations is high and this kind of primes are survivors in the algebraic evolution leading to algebraic extensions with increasing dimension.

2. The preferred primes correspond to a large value of r₃(n). It is enough that some of their multiples do so (the 2^2r multiples of these do so automatically). Indeed, for Mersenne primes and integers one has r₃(n)=0, which was in conflict with the original expectations. For integers n=2M_m however r₃(n) is a local maximum at least for the small integers studied numerically.

3. The requirement that the notion of quantum integer applies also to algebraic integers in quadratic extensions of rationals requires that the preferred primes (p-adic primes) satisfy p=8k+7. Quite generally, for the integers n=2^2r(8k+7) not representable as sum of three integers the decomposition of ordinary integers to algebraic primes in the quadratic extensions defined by (-n)^1/2 is unique. Therefore also the corresponding quantum algebraic integers are unique for preferred ordinary prime if it is prime also in the algebraic extension. If this were not the case two different decompositions of one and same integer would be mapped to different quantum integers. Therefore the generalization of quantum arithmetics defined by any preferred ordinary prime, which does not split to a product of algebraic primes, is well-defined for p=2^2r(8k+7).

4. This argument was for quadratic extensions but also more complex extensions defined by higher polynomials exist. The allowed extensions should allow unique decomposition of integers to algebraic primes. The prime defining the quantum arithmetics should not decompose to algebraic primes. If the algebraic evolution leadis to algebraic extensions of increasing dimension it gradually selects preferred primes as survivors.

Is Kähler Action Expressible in Terms of Areas of Minimal Surfaces?

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 5 Pages.

The general form of ansatz for preferred extremals implies that the Coulombic term in Kähler action vanishes so that it reduces to 3-dimensional surface terms in accordance with general coordinate invariance and holography. The weak form of electric-magnetic duality in turn reduces this term to Chern-Simons terms.

The strong form of General Coordinate Invariance implies effective 2-dimensionality (holding true in finite measurement resolution) so that also a strong form of holography emerges. The expectation is that Chern-Simons terms in turn reduces to 2-dimensional surface terms.

The only physically interesting possibility is that these 2-D surface terms correspond to areas for minimal surfaces defined by string world sheets and partonic 2-surfaces appearing in the solution ansatz for the preferred extremals. String world sheets would give to Kähler action an imaginary contribution having interpretation as Morse function. This contribution would be proportional to their total area and assignable with the Minkowskian regions of the space-time surface. Similar but real string world sheet contribution defining Kähler function comes from the Euclidian space-time regions and should be equal to the contribution of the partonic 2-surfaces. A natural conjecture is that the absolute values of all three areas are identical: this would realize duality between string world sheets and partonic 2-surfaces and duality between Euclidian and Minkowskian space-time regions.

Zero energy ontology combined with the TGD analog of large N_c expansion inspires an educated guess about the coefficient of the minimal surface terms and a beautiful connection with p-adic physics and with the notion of finite measurement resolution emerges. The t'Thooft coupling λ should be proportional to p-adic prime p characterizing particle. This means extremely fast convergence of the counterpart of large N_c expansion in TGD since it becomes completely analogous to the pinary expansion of the partition function in p-adic thermodynamics. Also the twistor description and its dual have a nice interpretation in terms of zero energy ontology. This duality permutes massive wormhole contacts which can have off mass shell with wormhole throats which are always massive (also for the internal lines of the generalized Feynman graphs).

An Attempt to Understand Preferred Extremals of Kähler Action

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 23 Pages.

There are pressing motivations for understanding the preferred extremals of Kähler action. For instance, the conformal invariance of string models naturally generalizes to 4-D invariance defined by quantum Yangian of quantum affine algebra (Kac-Moody type algebra) characterized by two complex coordinates and therefore explaining naturally the effective 2-dimensionality. One problem is how to assign a complex coordinate with the string world sheet having Minkowskian signature of metric. One can hope that the understanding of preferred extremals could allow to identify two preferred complex coordinates whose existence is also suggested by number theoretical vision giving preferred role for the rational points of partonic 2-surfaces in preferred coordinates. The best one could hope is a general solution of field equations in accordance with the hints that TGD is integrable quantum theory.

A lot is is known about properties of preferred extremals and just by trying to integrate all this understanding, one might gain new visions. The problem is that all these arguments are heuristic and rely heavily on physical intuition. The following considerations relate to the space-time regions having Minkowskian signature of the induced metric. The attempt to generalize the construction also to Euclidian regions could be very rewarding. Only a humble attempt to combine various ideas to a more coherent picture is in question.

The core observations and visions are following.

1. Hamilton-Jacobi coordinates for M⁴ > define natural preferred coordinates for Minkowskian space-time sheet and might allow to identify string world sheets for X⁴ as those for M⁴. Hamilton-Jacobi coordinates consist of light-like coordinate m and its dual defining local 2-plane M²⊂ M⁴ and complex transversal complex coordinates (w,w*) for a plane E²_x orthogonal to M²_x at each point of M⁴. Clearly, hyper-complex analyticity and complex analyticity are in question.

2. Space-time sheets allow a slicing by string world sheets (partonic 2-surfaces) labelled by partonic 2-surfaces (string world sheets).

3. The quaternionic planes of octonion space containing preferred hyper-complex plane are labelled by CP₂, which might be called CP₂^mod. The identification CP₂=CP₂^mod motivates the notion of M⁸--M⁴× CP₂. It also inspires a concrete solution ansatz assuming the equivalence of two different identifications of the quaternionic tangent space of the space-time sheet and implying that string world sheets can be regarded as strings in the 6-D coset space G₂/SU(3). The group G₂ of octonion automorphisms has already earlier appeared in TGD framework.

4. The duality between partonic 2-surfaces and string world sheets in turn suggests that the CP₂=CP₂^mod conditions reduce to string model for partonic 2-surfaces in CP₂=SU(3)/U(2). String model in both cases could mean just hypercomplex/complex analyticity for the coordinates of the coset space as functions of hyper-complex/complex coordinate of string world sheet/partonic 2-surface.

The considerations of this section lead to a revival of an old very ambitious and very romantic number theoretic idea.

1. To begin with express octonions in the form o=q₁+Iq₂, where q_i is quaternion and I is an octonionic imaginary unit in the complement of fixed a quaternionic sub-space of octonions. Map preferred coordinates of H=M⁴× CP₂ to octonionic coordinate, form an arbitrary octonion analytic function having expansion with real Taylor or Laurent coefficients to avoid problems due to non-commutativity and non-associativity. Map the outcome to a point of H to get a map H→ H. This procedure is nothing but a generalization of Wick rotation to get an 8-D generalization of analytic map.

2. Identify the preferred extremals of Kähler action as surfaces obtained by requiring the vanishing of the imaginary part of an octonion analytic function. Partonic 2-surfaces and string world sheets would correspond to commutative sub-manifolds of the space-time surface and of imbedding space and would emerge naturally. The ends of braid strands at partonic 2-surface would naturally correspond to the poles of the octonion analytic functions. This would mean a huge generalization of conformal invariance of string models to octonionic conformal invariance and an exact solution of the field equations of TGD and presumably of quantum TGD itself.

The Master Formula for the U-Matrix Finally Found?

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 11 Pages.

In zero energy ontology U-matrix replaces S-matrix as the fundamental object characterizing the predictions of the theory. U-matrix is defined between zero energy states and its orthogonal rows define what I call M-matrices, which are analogous to thermal S-matrices of thermal QFTs. M-matrix defines the time-like entanglement coefficients between positive and negative energy parts of the zero energy state. M-matrices identifiable as hermitian square roots of density matrices. In this article it is shown that M-matrices form in a natural manner a generalization of Kac-Moody type algebra acting as symmetries of M-matrices and U-matrix and that the space of zero energy states has therefore Lie algebra structure so that quantum states act as their own symmetries. The generators of this algebra are multilocal with respect to partonic 2-surfaces just as Yangian algebras are multilocal with respect to points of Minkowski space and therefore define generalization of the Yangian algebra appearing in the Grassmannian twistor approach to N=4 SUSY.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Final Book on Fundamental Theoretical Physics

Authors: Gunn Quznetsov
Comments: 180 Pages. Publ. American Research Press, Rehoboth (NM), 2011, ISBN 978-1-59973-172-8

This book title is "Final Book on Fundamental Theoretical Physics" because it offers full logic explanation of all fundamental notions and statements of theoretical physics: Time and Space, Quantum Physics, Quarks and Gravitation.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Opera Experiment:superluminal Muonic Neutrinos

Authors: Angel Garcés Doz
Comments: 8 pages.

The neutrino overlighting are an effect of neutrino interaction with extra dimensions, quantum whose distances are shorter than the distance for particles that do not violate CPT The violation of CPT directly involves the violation of a bounded quantum level, the Lorentz invariance. Is an effect that already includes the standard quantum theory. A particle has an amplitude to be outside the cone of light. Moreover, the experiments should show tau neutrino for a violation bounded similar to muon neutrinos. The certificate is due implicitly quantified the effect of space-time-energy 3 lengths in principle be quantified minimum space-time The length corresponding to particles that do not violate CPT and Lorentz invariant, function of electromagnetic coupling constant at 0 momentun=q. These three lengths are quantified based three-dimensional space. Two lengths for the two radius of a torus in 7 dimensions, dimensions compactified Kaluza-Klein.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Derivation of the Schwarzchild Solution from a Scalar Model of Spherical Quantum Waves

Authors: Michael Harney
Comments: 4 pages

It is shown that if space is modeled as an elastic medium that propagates spherical, scalar quantumwaves, then the ratio of the square of the wave velocity to c² reveals the same results as the familiar time dilation formula that is produced from the Schwarzchild G₄₄ component. The Schwarzchild radius derived from the scalar-wave model is shown to be equal to the radius of the universe, implying that there are no gravitational singularities present within the radius of the universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Theory of Existences

Authors: A.K.Balamuruhan
Comments: 8 Pages

I introduce some new concepts on the perception of physical existences, based on new interpretations of quantum mechanical wave functions. These new concepts remove the imbalance that we earlier had with regard to the physical existences. A new understanding about Gravity is presented. This understanding explains why gravity does not have a force-carrying particle. These concepts also lead to decipher the cosmological concepts, dark matter and dark energy. Further, It is found that time can exist even before the big bang.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Introduction to Quantum-Geometry Dynamics

Authors: Daniel L. Burnstein
Comments: 121 pages

So far, physicists have considered space as if it were a purely geometric entity and consequently measured it by applying the axioms and theorems of geometry. Quantum-geometry dynamics proposes that space be discrete, finite, and dimensionalized by the negative gravity field between preons(-) (one of only two fundamental particles admitted by the model). It follows that all measurements of space, which we will call quantum-geometric space to distinguish it from metric space, are measurements of the negative gravity field. Hence, while geometric space is an amorphous smooth medium, quantum-geometric space dynamically interacts with matter. The distinction between geometric and quantum-geometric space is an important as there can be enormous discrepancies between the interpretations obtained from geometry and those obtained from quantum-geometry. For instance, the constancy of the speed of light can be shown to be a consequence of the structure of space alone. The discreteness of space also implies that time is not a property of physical reality but a pure relational concept and that reality obeys a principle of strict causality.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Introduction to Quantum-Geometry Dynamics

Authors: Daniel L. Burnstein
Comments: 121 pages

So far, physicists have considered space as if it were a purely geometric entity and consequently measured it by applying the axioms and theorems of geometry. Quantum-geometry dynamics proposes that space be discrete, finite, and dimensionalized by the negative gravity field between preons(-) (one of only two fundamental particles admitted by the model). It follows that all measurements of space, which we will call quantum-geometric space to distinguish it from metric space, are measurements of the negative gravity field. Hence, while geometric space is an amorphous smooth medium, quantum-geometric space dynamically interacts with matter. The distinction between geometric and quantum-geometric space is an important as there can be enormous discrepancies between the interpretations obtained from geometry and those obtained from quantum-geometry. For instance, the constancy of the speed of light can be shown to be a consequence of the structure of space alone. The discreteness of space also implies that time is not a property of physical reality but a pure relational concept and that reality obeys a principle of strict causality.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Elementary Motives and Signed Associahedra in Scattering

Authors: M. D. Sheppeard
Comments: 22 Pages.

Despite the motivic nature of modern techniques in quantum field theory, physicist's tend to work with traditional cohomology theories associated to a priori spacetime geometries. Using a spectral concept for emergent geometry, we would like to return to Grothendieck's original intention, a purely categorical context for motives. Classical spaces should depend on quantum data and algebras on the axioms of measurement. Numerical data is nominally collected into Jordan algebras, such as those studied in the context of M theory. This paper looks at diagrammatic aspects of categorical axioms for Jordan algebras, focusing on the simple sequence of associahedra polytopes, labeled by planar rooted binary trees. The relevance to N = 4 SYM theory is also discussed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Elementary Motives and Signed Associahedra in Scattering

Authors: M. D. Sheppeard
Comments: 22 pages.

Despite the motivic nature of modern techniques in quantum field theory, physicist's tend to work with traditional cohomology theories associated to a priori spacetimes. Using a spectral concept of emergent geometry, we would like to return to Grothendieck's original intention, a purely categorical context for motives. Classical spaces should depend on quantum data, such as the combinatorial operad polytopes. Numerical data is expected to be organised most easily into Jordan algebras, such as those studied in the context of M theory [32]. Here we look at the diagrammatic aspects of this idea, focusing on the simple sequence of associahedra polytopes. The construction manifests a T duality similar to that used in Khovanov homology [37], and N = 4 SYM theory is briefly discussed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Elementary Motives and Signed Associahedra in Scattering

Authors: M. D. Sheppeard
Comments: 21 pages.

Despite the motivic nature of modern techniques in quantum field theory, physicist's tend to work with traditional cohomology theories associated to a priori spacetimes. Using a spectral concept of emergent geometry, we would like to return to Grothendieck's original intention, a purely categorical context for motives. Classical spaces should depend on quantum data, such as the combinatorial operad polytopes. Numerical data is expected to be organised most easily into Jordan algebras, such as those studied in the context of M theory [31]. Here we look at the diagrammatic aspects of this idea, focusing on the simple sequence of associahedra polytopes. The construction manifests a T duality similar to that used in Khovanov homology [36], and N = 4 SYM theory is briefly discussed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Foundations of a Theory of Quantum Gravity

Authors: Johan Noldus
Comments: 222 Pages.

This adventure started out as a paper, but soon it grew considerably in size and there was no choice left anymore but to present it as a full blown book written in a style which is intermediate between that of an original research paper and that of a book. More precisely, I opted for a style which is somewhat between the historical and axiomatic approach and this manuscript can therefore be read from different perspectives depending upon the knowledge and skills of the reader. Since quantum gravity is more than a technical problem, the mandatory sections constitute the introduction as well as the technical and axiomatic framework of sections seven till eleven. However, the reader who is also interested in the philosophical aspects as well as a general overview of the problem is advised to study sections two and three as well. The critical reader who is not willing to take any statement for granted should include also sections four till six, since these are somewhat of a transitional nature closing the gap between the conservative initial point of view and the new theory developed later on. Lecturing about this work made me aware that there is also a more direct way to arrive in Rome and for that very reason, this introduction is also split into two parts. The first one takes the conservative point of view as it is done by the very large majority of researchers which necessitates a careful and precise way of phrasing the content; the second approach however is more bold and direct but goes, in my humble opinion, much more economic to the heart of the matter. I believe that the variety of presenting the same material in this introduction will allow the reader to choose which way he prefers to follow.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Foundations of a Theory of Quantum Gravity

Authors: Johan Noldus
Comments: 215 Pages.

This adventure started out as a paper, but soon it grew considerably in size and there was no choice left anymore but to present it as a full blown book written in a style which is intermediate between that of an original research paper and that of a book. More precisely, I opted for a style which is somewhat between the historical and axiomatic approach and this manuscript can therefore be read from different perspectives depending upon the knowledge and skills of the reader. Since quantum gravity is more than a technical problem, the mandatory sections constitute the introduction as well as the technical and axiomatic framework of sections seven till eleven. However, the reader who is also interested in the philosophical aspects as well as a general overview of the problem is advised to study sections two and three as well. The critical reader who is not willing to take any statement for granted should include also sections four till six, since these are somewhat of a transitional nature closing the gap between the conservative initial point of view and the new theory developed later on. Lecturing about this work made me aware that there is also a more direct way to arrive in Rome and for that very reason, this introduction is also split into two parts. The first one takes the conservative point of view as it is done by the very large majority of researchers which necessitates a careful and precise way of phrasing the content; the second approach however is more bold and direct but goes, in my humble opinion, much more economic to the heart of the matter. I believe that the variety of presenting the same material in this introduction will allow the reader to choose which way he prefers to follow.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Foundations of a Theory of Quantum Gravity

Authors: Johan Noldus
Comments: 207 Pages.

This adventure started out as a paper, but soon it grew considerably in size and there was no choice left anymore but to present it as a full blown book written in a style which is intermediate between that of an original research paper and that of a book. More precisely, I opted for a style which is somewhat between the historical and axiomatic approach and this manuscript can therefore be read from different perspectives depending upon the knowledge and skills of the reader. Since quantum gravity is more than a technical problem, the mandatory sections constitute the introduction as well as the technical and axiomatic framework of sections seven till eleven. However, the reader who is also interested in the philosophical aspects as well as a general overview of the problem is advised to study sections two and three as well. The critical reader who is not willing to take any statement for granted should include also sections four till six, since these are somewhat of a transitional nature closing the gap between the conservative initial point of view and the new theory developed later on. Lecturing about this work made me aware that there is also a more direct way to arrive in Rome and for that very reason, this introduction is also split into two parts. The first one takes the conservative point of view as it is done by the very large majority of researchers which necessitates a careful and precise way of phrasing the content; the second approach however is more bold and direct but goes, in my humble opinion, much more economic to the heart of the matter. I believe that the variety of presenting the same material in this introduction will allow the reader to choose which way he prefers to follow.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Foundations of a Theory of Quantum Gravity

Authors: Johan Noldus
Comments: 200 Pages.

This adventure started out as a paper, but soon it grew considerably in size and there was no choice left anymore but to present it as a full blown book written in a style which is intermediate between that of an original research paper and that of a book. More precisely, I opted for a style which is somewhat between the historical and axiomatic approach and this manuscript can therefore be read from different perspectives depending upon the knowledge and skills of the reader. Since quantum gravity is more than a technical problem, the mandatory sections constitute the introduction as well as the technical and axiomatic framework of sections seven till eleven. However, the reader who is also interested in the philosophical aspects as well as a general overview of the problem is advised to study sections two and three as well. The critical reader who is not willing to take any statement for granted should include also sections four till six, since these are somewhat of a transitional nature closing the gap between the conservative initial point of view and the new theory developed later on. Lecturing about this work made me aware that there is also a more direct way to arrive in Rome and for that very reason, this introduction is also split into two parts. The first one takes the conservative point of view as it is done by the very large majority of researchers which necessitates a careful and precise way of phrasing the content; the second approach however is more bold and direct but goes, in my humble opinion, much more economic to the heart of the matter. I believe that the variety of presenting the same material in this introduction will allow the reader to choose which way he prefers to follow.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Foundations of a Theory of Quantum Gravity

Authors: Johan Noldus
Comments: 193 Pages.

This adventure started out as a paper, but soon it grew considerably in size and there was no choice left anymore but to present it as a full blown book written in a style which is intermediate between that of an original research paper and that of a book. More precisely, I opted for a style which is somewhat between the historical and axiomatic approach and this manuscript can therefore be read from different perspectives depending upon the knowledge and skills of the reader. Since quantum gravity is more than a technical problem, the mandatory sections constitute the introduction as well as the technical and axiomatic framework of sections seven till eleven. However, the reader who is also interested in the philosophical aspects as well as a general overview of the problem is advised to study sections two and three as well. The critical reader who is not willing to take any statement for granted should include also sections four till six, since these are somewhat of a transitional nature closing the gap between the conservative initial point of view and the new theory developed later on. Lecturing about this work made me aware that there is also a more direct way to arrive in Rome and for that very reason, this introduction is also split into two parts. The first one takes the conservative point of view as it is done by the very large majority of researchers which necessitates a careful and precise way of phrasing the content; the second approach however is more bold and direct but goes, in my humble opinion, much more economic to the heart of the matter. I believe that the variety of presenting the same material in this introduction will allow the reader to choose which way he prefers to follow.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Mass of an Electromagnetic Wave

Authors: Mark A. Newstead, Stephen C. Newstead
Comments: 5 pages

In this paper we investigate whether an electromagnetic wave can have mass, whilst also still having a maximum velocity equal to the speed of light. We find that their mass is inversely proportional to their velocity, such that they have no mass when travelling at the speed of light. This proportionality may also help explain the duality of light.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

An Effective Temperature for Black Holes

Authors: Christian Corda
Comments: 10 pages, submitted to Physical Review D, comments and criticisms are welcome

The physical interpretation of black hole's quasinormal modes is fundamental for realizing unitary quantum gravity theory as black holes are considered theoretical laboratories for testing models of such an ultimate theory and their quasinormal modes are natural candidates for an interpretation in terms of quantum levels. The spectrum of black hole's quasinormal modes can be re-analysed by introducing a black hole's effective temperature which takes into account the fact that, as shown by Parikh and Wilczek, the radiation spectrum cannot be strictly thermal. This issue changes in a fundamental way the physical understanding of such a spectrum and enables a re-examination of various results in the literature which realizes important modifies on quantum physics of black holes. In particular, the formula of the horizon's area quantization and the number of quanta of area result modified becoming functions of the quantum "overtone" number n. Consequently, the famous formula of Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, its sub-leading corrections and the number of microstates are also modified. Black hole's entropy results a function of the quantum overtone number too. We emphasize that this is the first time that black hole's entropy is directly connected with a quantum number. Previous results in the literature are re-obtained in the limit n → ∞.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Ternary Octonionic Gauge Field Theories

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 17 pages, submitted to the Int. J. Mod. Phys. A

A ternary gauge field theory is explicitly constructed based on a totally antisymmetric ternary-bracket structure associated with a 3-Lie algebra. It is shown that the ternary infinitesimal gauge transformations do obey the key closure relations [δ₁, δ₂] = δ₃. Invariant actions for the 3-Lie algebra-valued gauge fields and scalar fields are displayed. We analyze and point out the difficulties in formulating a nonassociative Octonionic ternary gauge field theory based on a ternary-bracket associated with the octonion algebra and defined earlier by Yamazaki. It is shown that a Yang-Mills-like quadratic action is invariant under global (rigid) transformations involving the Yamazaki ternary octonionic bracket, and that there is closure of these global (rigid) transformations based on constant antisymmetric parameters Λ^ab = -Λ^ba. Promoting the latter parameters to spacetime dependent ones Λ^ab(x^μ) allows to build an octonionic ternary gauge field theory when one imposes gauge covariant constraints on the latter gauge parameters leading to field-dependent gauge parameters and nonlinear gauge transformations. In this fashion one does not spoil the gauge invariance of the quadratic action under this restricted set of gauge transformations and which are tantamount to spacetime-dependent scalings (homothecy) of the gauge fields.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Gravity as a Manifestation of de Sitter Invariance Over a Galois Field

Authors: Felix M. Lev
Comments: 94 pages, 2 figures. Chapter 3 (considering observable gravitational effects) has been considerably revised.

We consider a system of two free bodies in de Sitter invariant quantum mechanics. De Sitter invariance is understood such that representation operators satisfy commutation relations of the de Sitter algebra. Our approach does not involve quantum field theory, de Sitter space and its geometry (metric and connection). At very large distances the standard relative distance operator describes a well known cosmological acceleration. In particular, the cosmological constant problem does not exist and there is no need to involve dark energy or other fields for solving this problem. At the same time, for systems of macroscopic bodies this operator does not have correct properties at smaller distances and should be modified. We propose a modification which has correct properties, reproduces Newton's gravity, the gravitational redshift of light and the precession of Mercury's perihelion if the width of the de Sitter momentum distribution δ for a macroscopic body is inversely proportional to its mass m. We argue that fundamental quantum theory should be based on a Galois field with a large characteristic p which is a fundamental constant characterizing laws of physics in our Universe. Then one can give a natural explanation that δ = constR/(mG) where R is the radius of the Universe (such that λ = 3/R² is the cosmological constant) and G is a quantity defining Newton's gravity. A very rough estimation gives G ~ R/(m_Nlnp) where mN is the nucleon mass. If R is of order 10²⁶m then lnp is of order 10⁸⁰ and therefore p is of order exp(10⁸⁰). In the formal limit p → ∞ gravity disappears, i.e. in our approach gravity is a consequence of finiteness of nature.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Gravity as a Manifestation of de Sitter Invariance Over a Galois Field

Authors: Felix M. Lev
Comments: 83 pages

We consider a system of two free bodies in de Sitter invariant quantum mechanics. De Sitter invariance is understood such that representation operators satisfy commutation relations of the de Sitter algebra. Our approach does not involve quantum field theory, de Sitter space and its geometry (metric and connection). At very large distances the standard relative distance operator describes a well known cosmological acceleration. In particular, the cosmological constant problem does not exist and there is no need to involve dark energy or other fields for solving this problem. At the same time, for systems of macroscopic bodies this operator does not have correct properties at smaller distances and should be modified. We propose a modification which has correct properties, reproduces Newton's gravity, the gravitational redshift of light and the precession of Mercury's perihelion if the width of the de Sitter momentum distribution δ for a macroscopic body is inversely proportional to its mass m. We argue that fundamental quantum theory should be based on a Galois field with a large characteristic p which is a fundamental constant characterizing laws of physics in our Universe. Then one can give a natural explanation that δ = constR/(mG) where R is the radius of the Universe (such that λ = 3/R² is the cosmological constant) and G is a quantity defining Newton's gravity. A very rough estimation gives G ~ R/(m_Nlnp) where mN is the nucleon mass. If R is of order 10²⁶m then lnp is of order 10⁸⁰ and therefore p is of order exp(10⁸⁰). In the formal limit p → ∞ gravity disappears, i.e. in our approach gravity is a consequence of finiteness of nature.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Quantum Gravity and Electro Magnetic Forces in FFF Theory

Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 12 Pages

Abstract, Quantum FFF theory states, that the vacuum is seeded with fast oscillating massless Higgs particles, oscillating along a complex chiral tetrahedral vacuum lattice, which has the ability to transfer Photon and Graviton information in bunches of oscillations, through the vacuum lattice with the local speed of light. As a consequence there are no attraction forces on propeller shaped Fermions. Only the sum of the different kinds of vacuum impulses from all directions on Fermions are responsible for all energetic phenomena in the universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Quantum Gravity and Electro Magnetic Forces in FFF-Theory.

Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 12 pages

Quantum FFF theory states, that the vacuum is seeded with fast oscillating massless Higgs particles, oscillating along a complex chiral tetrahedral vacuum lattice, which has the ability to transfer Photon and Graviton information in bunches of oscillations, through the vacuum lattice with the local speed of light. As a consequence there are no attraction forces on propeller shaped Fermions. Only the sum of the different kinds of vacuum impulses from all directions on Fermions are responsible for all energetic phenomena in the universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Planck Scale in the Light of Psychological Enquiry

Authors: Diego Meschini
Comments: English version v3: 32 pages. Typeset anew and light-handedly amended, Spanish version v2: 38 pages. Traducción castellana por el propio autor de "The Planck scale in the light of psychological enquiry"

A psychological enquiry into the Planck scale in quantum gravity, as guided by the application of Garrett Hardin's three filters against folly: literacy (what are the words?), numeracy (what are the numbers?), and ecolacy (and then, what?).
Una indagación psicológica sobre la escala de Planck en la gravedad cuántica según los tres filtros contra la zoncera de Garrett Hardin: alfabetismo (cuáles son la palabras?), numerismo (cuáles son los números?) y ecolismo (y después, qué?).
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

La Escala de Planck a la Luz de la Indagación Psicológica

Authors: Diego Meschini
Comments: Traducción castellana por el propio autor de "The Planck scale in the light of psychological enquiry" -- Spanish translation by the author of "The Planck scale in the light of psychological enquiry"; 38 pages. (see version 2 for English)

Una indagación psicológica sobre la escala de Planck en la gravedad cuántica según los tres filtros contra la zoncera de Garrett Hardin: alfabetismo (cuáles son la palabras?), numerismo (cuáles son los números?) y ecolismo (y después, qué?).
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Beautiful Universe: Towards Reconstructing Physics from New First Principles

Authors: Vladimir F. Tamari
Comments: 36 pages

A proposal to reconstruct physics from simple physically realistic first principles is outlined using a Beautiful Universe model. Just one type of 'building block' is used: a spherically-symmetrical charged node spinning with angular momentum in units of Planck's constant (h). Rotating nodes magnetize and self-assemble as a regular face-centered cubic attice to form the vacuum, radiation and matter. Three space and one time dimension are derived from the lattice and node interactions. Mutual repulsion between nodes with their like poles aligned accounts both for the accelerating expansion of the universe (dark energy) and the vacuum pressure on matter (dark matter). A spinning node transfers its angular momentum to adjacent nodes by rotating on an orthogonal axis, thus creating an electromagnetic field with forward momentum. The spin rate of the node receiving the momentum, its 'density' determines the variable rate c_v at which it receives the radiation. In a vacuum c_v is the maximum, c₀ the velocity of light. Two or more adjacent nodes locked together through a tensegrity of attractive (+ -) and repulsive electrostatic forces form as matter. The surrounding nodes twist and orient their axes to form magnetic, gravitational or electrostatic fields. The inverse-square law and E=mc₀² are derived from the resulting geometry. Motion of matter is a self-convolution of an energy pattern in the lattice. This links Newtonian force and mass directly to domino-like transfer of momentum between nodes, in units of h, whereby a collision causes a relativistic contraction of an object's length. Doppler shifts in the signals used by an outside observer to measure the moving object causes a further contraction in the estimated length, equivalent to time dilation. The two effects explain a result of Special relativity in classical terms. Using the Hamiltonian Analogy and the idea of a node index of refraction n=c₀/c_v General Relativity is reduced to the dynamics of energy transport along streamlines made up of nodes of different rotation. Variable velocity along curved streamlines is acceleration and hence gravity. Quantum probability is derived from the electric field of a dipole wave in the lattice where Heisenberg's uncertainty relations emerge naturally from the resulting geometry. Cosmological inflation, but not a Big-Bang singularity would result from initial conditions of nodes in their closest proximity to each other. The outline of a discrete calculus needed to describe the model's interactions is presented. Some experiments are proposed to test various aspects of the model.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Beautiful Universe: Towards Reconstructing Physics from New First Principles

Authors: Vladimir F. Tamari
Comments: 36 pages

A proposal to reconstruct physics from simple physically realistic first principles is outlined using a Beautiful Universe model. Just one type of 'building block' is used: a spherically-symmetrical charged node spinning with angular momentum in units of Planck's constant (h). Rotating nodes magnetize and self-assemble as a regular face-centered cubic attice to form the vacuum, radiation and matter. Three space and one time dimension are derived from the lattice and node interactions. Mutual repulsion between nodes with their like poles aligned accounts both for the accelerating expansion of the universe (dark energy) and the vacuum pressure on matter (dark matter). A spinning node transfers its angular momentum to adjacent nodes by rotating on an orthogonal axis, thus creating an electromagnetic field with forward momentum. The spin rate of the node receiving the momentum, its 'density' determines the variable rate c_v at which it receives the radiation. In a vacuum c_v is the maximum, c₀ the velocity of light. Two or more adjacent nodes locked together through a tensegrity of attractive (+ -) and repulsive electrostatic forces form as matter. The surrounding nodes twist and orient their axes to form magnetic, gravitational or electrostatic fields. The inverse-square law and E=mc₀² are derived from the resulting geometry. Motion of matter is a self-convolution of an energy pattern in the lattice. This links Newtonian force and mass directly to domino-like transfer of momentum between nodes, in units of h, whereby a collision causes a relativistic contraction of an object's length. Doppler shifts in the signals used by an outside observer to measure the moving object causes a further contraction in the estimated length, equivalent to time dilation. The two effects explain a result of Special relativity in classical terms. Using the Hamiltonian Analogy and the idea of a node index of refraction n=c₀/c_v General Relativity is reduced to the dynamics of energy transport along streamlines made up of nodes of different rotation. Variable velocity along curved streamlines is acceleration and hence gravity. Quantum probability is derived from the electric field of a dipole wave in the lattice where Heisenberg's uncertainty relations emerge naturally from the resulting geometry. Cosmological inflation, but not a Big-Bang singularity would result from initial conditions of nodes in their closest proximity to each other. The outline of a discrete calculus needed to describe the model's interactions is presented. Some experiments are proposed to test various aspects of the model.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Beautiful Universe: Towards Reconstructing Physics from New First Principles

Authors: Vladimir F. Tamari
Comments: 36 pages

A proposal to reconstruct physics from simple physically realistic first principles is outlined using a Beautiful Universe model. Just one type of 'building block' is used: a spherically-symmetrical charged node spinning with angular momentum in units of Planck's constant (h). Rotating nodes magnetize and self-assemble as a regular face-centered cubic attice to form the vacuum, radiation and matter. Three space and one time dimension are derived from the lattice and node interactions. Mutual repulsion between nodes with their like poles aligned accounts both for the accelerating expansion of the universe (dark energy) and the vacuum pressure on matter (dark matter). A spinning node transfers its angular momentum to adjacent nodes by rotating on an orthogonal axis, thus creating an electromagnetic field with forward momentum. The spin rate of the node receiving the momentum, its 'density' determines the variable rate c_v at which it receives the radiation. In a vacuum c_v is the maximum, c₀ the velocity of light. Two or more adjacent nodes locked together through a tensegrity of attractive (+ -) and repulsive electrostatic forces form as matter. The surrounding nodes twist and orient their axes to form magnetic, gravitational or electrostatic fields. The inverse-square law and E=mc₀² are derived from the resulting geometry. Motion of matter is a self-convolution of an energy pattern in the lattice. This links Newtonian force and mass directly to domino-like transfer of momentum between nodes, in units of h, whereby a collision causes a relativistic contraction of an object's length. Doppler shifts in the signals used by an outside observer to measure the moving object causes a further contraction in the estimated length, equivalent to time dilation. The two effects explain a result of Special relativity in classical terms. Using the Hamiltonian Analogy and the idea of a node index of refraction n=c₀/c_v General Relativity is reduced to the dynamics of energy transport along streamlines made up of nodes of different rotation. Variable velocity along curved streamlines is acceleration and hence gravity. Quantum probability is derived from the electric field of a dipole wave in the lattice where Heisenberg's uncertainty relations emerge naturally from the resulting geometry. Cosmological inflation, but not a Big-Bang singularity would result from initial conditions of nodes in their closest proximity to each other. The outline of a discrete calculus needed to describe the model's interactions is presented. Some experiments are proposed to test various aspects of the model.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Nonassociative Octonionic Ternary Gauge Field Theories

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 20 pages, submitted to J. Phys. A : Math and Theor.

A novel (to our knowledge) nonassociative and noncommutative octonionic ternary gauge field theory is explicitly constructed that it is based on a ternary-bracket structure involving the octonion algebra. The ternary bracket was defined earlier by Yamazaki. The field strengths F_μν are given in terms of the 3-bracket [B_μ,B_ν, Φ] involving an auxiliary octonionic-valued scalar field Φ = Φ^ae_a which plays the role of a "coupling" function. In the concluding remarks a list of relevant future investigations are briefly outlined.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Complete Graph Model of the Schwarzschild Black Hole

Authors: S. Halayka
Comments: 3 pages

A complete graph model of the Schwarzschild black hole
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Introduction to the Higgs Boson Papers

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 12 pages

Although I had heard about, read about, and wondered about the "Higgs boson" for years, I simply couldn't get a "feel" for this particle, mostly because I was unable to place it within any overall, coherent scheme of physical phenomena. I didn't want to believe in its reality, but I hadn't wanted to believe in the reality of the "W" and "Z" IVBs, either. Having eaten a large serving of humble pie with the discovery of these particles in the early 1980s at CERN, I was not eager for second helpings from the Higgs, so I kept searching for its conservation role. What finally broke the impasse for me was the article by Gordon Kane in Scientific American (and there is much else in this article I don't agree with), which mentioned there could be more than one Higgs boson. (See: "The Mysteries of Mass" by Gordon Kane, Scientific American, July 2005, pp. 41-48.) That idea allowed me almost immediately to "do my thing", which is the construction of General Systems hierarchies, using the "phase transition" energy levels, or force unification symmetry states, as benchmarks for the four sequential steps of a weak force decay "cascade" from the "Multiverse" to "ground state" atomic matter in our universe, with one step allotted to each of the four forces as they joined (or separated from) the unification hierarchy. (See: "Table of the Higgs Cascade".)
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Global and Local Gauge Symmetries: Part V

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 9 pages.

We observe that the "local gauge symmetry currents" (the field vectors of the forces, or components thereof), are in the case of both the spacetime metric (time) and the electromagnetic force (magnetism), derived from an implicit expression embedded in the original global symmetry state. Magnetism, for example, occurs in its primordial state as the magnetic half of an electromagnetic wave, or light. Likewise, time occurs in an implicit and suppressed state ("frequency") in the global metric of space, again as gauged by the global energy and metric constant c (frequency x wavelength = c). This naturally leads us to suspect the same relationship should hold for the two particle forces (strong and weak forces) - we should find the precursors of their local, material gauge currents in the primordial and symmetric global metric of light and space.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Global and Local Gauge Symmetries: Part V

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 9 pages.

We observe that the "local gauge symmetry currents" (the field vectors of the forces, or components thereof), are in the case of both the spacetime metric (time) and the electromagnetic force (magnetism), derived from an implicit expression embedded in the original global symmetry state. Magnetism, for example, occurs in its primordial state as the magnetic half of an electromagnetic wave, or light. Likewise, time occurs in an implicit and suppressed state ("frequency") in the global metric of space, again as gauged by the global energy and metric constant c (frequency x wavelength = c). This naturally leads us to suspect the same relationship should hold for the two particle forces (strong and weak forces) - we should find the precursors of their local, material gauge currents in the primordial and symmetric global metric of light and space.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Retro-Causal Holographic Dark Energy Coherent Vacuum Super-Solid Tetrad Emergent Gravity

Authors: Jack Sarfatti
Comments: 20 pages

A short review of experiments and theory suggesting that the universe is a hologram image projected retro-causally from our future event horizon. "A series of quantum experiments shows that measurements performed in the future can influence the present. Does that mean the universe has a destiny and the laws of physics pull us inexorably toward our prewritten fate?" Discover Magazine "Back From The Future" http://discovermagazine.com/2010/apr/01-back-from-the-future
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Philosophical and Mathematical Theory of Everything

Authors: Stein Sivertsen
Comments: 12 pages

In this theory I measure the \light speed" per duration of \X particle motions". This basic definition of C exclude the term time (the fourth dimension). Instead it include the term "motion inside a particle" (\a particle's spin" may be a better term) Then, in chapter B1 to B9, I first show the 9 consequenses of this new expression in a philosophical description. In chapter C, I show how these consequenses can be used to explain \The quantum theory of wave / particle duality and the phenomenon of wave collapse". In chapter D the consequenses is described in depth in the mathematical form. I will espesially draw your attention to chapter D 3 wich shows a clear-cut prediction of how the gravity-ratio between two particle-positions, relative to a reference object/particle (for instance a sun), will sharply drop for the particles farthest away from us, from 12 billion lightyears and farther away. This theory shows that not only is mass and "time" relative, in reference to the constant C, but also gravity and elektromagnetism is relative, here in reference to the edge of our universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Philosophical and Mathematical Theory of Everything

Authors: Stein Sivertsen
Comments: 12 pages

In this theory I measure the \light speed" per duration of \X particle motions". This basic definition of C exclude the term time (the fourth dimension). Instead it include the term "motion inside a particle" (\a particle's spin" may be a better term) Then, in chapter B1 to B9, I first show the 9 consequenses of this new expression in a philosophical description. In chapter C, I show how these consequenses can be used to explain \The quantum theory of wave / particle duality and the phenomenon of wave collapse". In chapter D the consequenses is described in depth in the mathematical form. I will espesially draw your attention to chapter D 3 wich shows a clear-cut prediction of how the gravity-ratio between two particle-positions, relative to a reference object/particle (for instance a sun), will sharply drop for the particles farthest away from us, from 12 billion lightyears and farther away. This theory shows that not only is mass and "time" relative, in reference to the constant C, but also gravity and elektromagnetism is relative, here in reference to the edge of our universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Philosophical and Mathematical Theory of Everything

Authors: Stein Sivertsen
Comments: 12 pages

In this theory I measure the "light speed" per duration of "X particle motions". This basic definition of C exclude the term time (the fourth dimension). Instead it include the term "motion inside a particle" (\a particle's spin" may be a better term) Then, in chapter B1 to B9, I first show the 9 consequenses of this new expression in a philosophical description. In chapter C, I show how these consequenses can be used to explain "The quantum theory of wave / particle duality and the phenomenon of wave collapse". In chapter D the consequenses is described in depth in the mathematical form. I will espesially draw your attention to chapter D 3 wich shows a clear-cut prediction of how the gravity-ratio between two particle-positions, relative to a reference object/particle (for instance a sun), will sharply drop for the particles farthest away from us, from 12 billion lightyears and farther away. This theory shows that not only is mass and "time" relative, in reference to the constant C, but also gravity and elektromagnetism is relative, here in reference to the edge of our universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On Neutral Particle Gravity with Nonassociative Braids

Authors: M. D. Sheppeard
Comments: 24 Pages.

Some years ago, Bilson-Thompson [1] characterised the fundamental leptons and quarks using simple three strand ribbon diagrams. These diagrams are interpreted in an abstract categorical language, which underlies an information theoretic quantum gravity. More recently, Graham Dungworth [2] has discussed the astrophysical consequences of this non local quantum gravity, under a symmetry restoring extension of the braid set that doubles the matter sector to include mirror matter. The resulting low energy particle set is reinterpreted in the categorical framework for localization, which considers neutral particle oscillations to be responsible for gravity. A few quantitative observational consequences, such as CPT violation in the neutrino sector, are discussed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On Neutral Particle Gravity with Nonassociative Braids

Authors: M. D. Sheppeard
Comments: 24 pages

Some years ago, Bilson-Thompson [1] characterised the fundamental leptons and quarks using simple three strand ribbon diagrams. These diagrams are interpreted in an abstract categorical language, which underlies an information theoretic quantum gravity. More recently, Graham Dungworth [2] has discussed the astrophysical consequences of this non local quantum gravity, under a symmetry restoring extension of the braid set that doubles the matter sector to include mirror matter. The resulting low energy particle set is reinterpreted in the categorical framework for localization, which considers neutral particle oscillations to be responsible for gravity. A few quantitative observational consequences, such as CPT violation in the neutrino sector, are discussed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Neutral Particle Gravity with Nonassociative Braids

Authors: M. D. Sheppeard
Comments: 24 pages

Some years ago, Bilson-Thompson [1] characterised the fundamental leptons and quarks using simple three strand ribbon diagrams, which may be interpreted in the abstract categorical language that is presumed to underlie an information theoretic quantum gravity. More recently, Graham Dungworth [2] has discussed the astrophysical consequences of this non local quantum gravity, under a symmetry restoring extension of the braid set that doubles the neutrino sector. The resulting low energy particle set is reinterpreted in a categorical framework for localization, which considers neutral particle oscillations to be responsible for gravity. A few quantitative observational consequences, such as CPT violation in the neutrino sector, are discussed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Postscript and Commentary on the Tetrahedron Model

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 10 pages

Our first consideration is the bottom line of the Tetrahedron Model diagram (the line representing the spacetime metric and gravity), connecting the Symmetry and Entropy poles. The spacetime metric has two major expressions: 1) metric particles or "bosons" (derived from the Symmetry pole); and 2) the structural and regulatory dimensional metric field of spacetime (derived from the Entropy pole). The metric field is a conservation mechanism of spacetime, created by: 1) its embedded intrinsic motions, light, time, and gravitation; 2) its regulators, the universal gauge constants "c" and "G"; 3) the energy and symmetry conserving forces of inertia. The particle aspect of this line I refer to as "metric particles", the bosons or field vectors (force carriers) of the forces, such as the photon, the graviton, the IVBs (Intermediate Vector Bosons) of the weak force, and the gluons of the strong force "color" charges. Bosons (except for the massive weak force IVBs) are massless and travel at velocity c; they appear to be produced or transmitted by the metric as vibrations or similar disturbances of its structure (hence the several massless varieties all have the same velocity "c"). Bosons are evidently not composed of quarks or leptons like the fermions of ordinary matter, and most basically, they do not appear to be the product of the symmetry-breaking process that produced ordinary fermions in the "Big Bang" - they do not appear to be the asymmetric halves of particle-antiparticle pairs, but rather whole particle units, complete in themselves and unchanged since the very beginning of the Cosmos - like the dimensions themselves. The "Intermediate Vector Bosons" (IVBs) of the weak force are unusual in that they are very massive bosons, whereas all other bosons are massless. For a discussion of these unusual weak force bosons (and the related "Higgs" boson), see: "The Higgs Boson and the Weak Force IVBs".
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Postscript and Commentary on the Tetrahedron Model

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 9 pages

Our first consideration is the bottom line of the Tetrahedron Model diagram (the line representing the spacetime metric and gravity), connecting the Symmetry and Entropy poles. The spacetime metric has two major expressions: 1) metric particles or "bosons" (derived from the Symmetry pole); and 2) the structural and regulatory dimensional metric field of spacetime (derived from the Entropy pole). The metric field is a conservation mechanism of spacetime, created by: 1) its embedded intrinsic motions, light, time, and gravitation; 2) its regulators, the universal gauge constants "c" and "G"; 3) the energy and symmetry conserving forces of inertia. The particle aspect of this line I refer to as "metric particles", the bosons or field vectors (force carriers) of the forces, such as the photon, the graviton, the IVBs (Intermediate Vector Bosons) of the weak force, and the gluons of the strong force "color" charges. Bosons (except for the massive weak force IVBs) are massless and travel at velocity c; they appear to be produced or transmitted by the metric as vibrations or similar disturbances of its structure (hence the several massless varieties all have the same velocity "c"). Bosons are evidently not composed of quarks or leptons like the fermions of ordinary matter, and most basically, they do not appear to be the product of the symmetry-breaking process that produced ordinary fermions in the "Big Bang" - they do not appear to be the asymmetric halves of particle-antiparticle pairs, but rather whole particle units, complete in themselves and unchanged since the very beginning of the Cosmos - like the dimensions themselves. The "Intermediate Vector Bosons" (IVBs) of the weak force are unusual in that they are very massive bosons, whereas all other bosons are massless. For a discussion of these unusual weak force bosons (and the related "Higgs" boson), see: "The Higgs Boson and the Weak Force IVBs".
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On a Generalized Theory of Relativity

Authors: Golden Gadzirayi Nyambuya
Comments: 40 pages

The General Theory of Relativity (GTR) is essentially a theory of gravitation. It is built on the Principle of Relativity. It is bonafide knowledge, known even to Einstein the founder, that the GTR violates the very principle upon which it is founded i.e., it violates the Principle of Relativity; because a central equation i.e., the geodesic law which emerges from the GTR, is well known to be in conflict with the Principle of Relativity because the geodesic law, must in complete violation of the Principle of Relativity, be formulated in special (or privileged) coordinate systems i.e., Gaussian coordinate systems. The Principle of Relativity clearly and strictly forbids the existence/use of special (or privileged) coordinate systems in the same way the Special Theory of Relativity forbids the existence of privileged and or special reference systems. In the pursuit of a more Generalized Theory of Relativity i.e., an all-encampusing unified field theory to include the Electromagnetic, Weak & the Strong force, Einstein and many other researchers, have successfully failed to resolve this problem. In this reading, we propose a solution to this dilemma faced by Einstein and many other researchers i.e., the dilemma of obtaining a more Generalized Theory of Relativity. Our solution brings together the Gravitational, Electromagnetic, Weak & the Strong force under a single roof via an extension of Riemann geometry to a new hybrid geometry that we have coined the Riemann-Hilbert Space (RHS). This geometry is a fusion of Riemann geometry and the Hilbert space. Unlike Riemann geometry, the RHS preserves both the length and the angle of a vector under parallel transport because the affine connection of this new geometry, is a tensor. This tensorial affine leads us to a geodesic law that truly upholds the Principle of Relativity. It is seen that the unified field equations derived herein are seen to reduce to the well known Maxwell-Procca equation, the non-Abelian nuclear force field equations, the Lorentz equation of motion for charged particles and the Dirac equation.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Symmetry Principles of the Unified Field Theory (Part 3 of 3)

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 6 Pages. this paper is in three parts due to length

The Cosmos begins with a free form of electromagnetic energy, light, the purest, simplest, and most symmetric form of energy known. through weak-force symmetry-breaking, the primordial light energy is converted into bound forms of electromagnetic energy: atomic matter. Atomic matter is a temporally conserved form of light's spatial energy expression. In matter, light's raw energy is conserved as mass and momentum; light's symmetry is conserved as charge and spin; light's entropy is conserved as gravity; light's continuity is conserved as temporal causality. Energy Conservation, Symmetry Conservation, Entropy, and Causality are the four principle conservation parameters of the "Tetrahedron Model", and constitute the foundation of natural or physical law which underlies and supports the Unified Field Theory of the four physical forces. (See: "The 'Tetrahedron Model' of the Unified Field Theory"). In this paper we explore the connections between of the four physical forces, with special emphasis upon their symmetry relations under the unifying mantle of Noether's symmetry conservation Theorem: "The charges of matter are the symmetry debts of light". The particles of matter bear light's symmetry debts as charges; these charges produce forces which act to return the asymmetric massive system of matter to its symmetric massless origin in light.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Arithmetic Information in Particle Mixing

Authors: M. D. Sheppeard
Comments: 12 pages.

The mutually unbiased bases of quantum information theory are used to study the MNS and CKM mixing matrices, the parameters of which have no foundation within the Standard Model. The resulting mixing matrix parameterisation requires only three real parameters, and is thus potentially more constraining than those in current use. These parameters result in a non standard set of CKM phases, in agreement with observations from CDF and D0.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Arithmetic Information in Particle Mixing

Authors: M. D. Sheppeard
Comments: 12 pages.

The mutually unbiased bases of quantum information theory are used to study the MNS and CKM mixing matrices, the parameters of which have no foundation within the Standard Model. The resulting mixing matrix parameterisation requires only three real parameters, and is thus potentially more constraining than those in current use. We also discuss related observations from MINOS.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Arithmetic Information in Particle Mixing

Authors: M. D. Sheppeard
Comments: 12 pages.

The mutually unbiased bases of quantum information theory are used to study the MNS and CKM mixing matrices. The resulting mixing matrix parameterisation requires only three real parameters, and is thus potentially more constraining than those in current use. We also discuss related results from MINOS.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Arithmetic Information in Particle Mixing

Authors: M. D. Sheppeard
Comments: 10 pages.

The mutually unbiased bases of quantum information theory are used to study the MNS and CKM mixing matrices. The resulting mixing matrix parameterisation requires only three real parameters, and is thus potentially more constraining than those in current use. We also discuss related results from MINOS and Fermilab.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

What Causes the Mass to be Deficit Inside a Nucleus?

Authors: Karunakar Marasakatla
Comments: 7 Pages. This article has been published in the Focus Issue (Part-II) of Prespacetime Journal on Cosmology & Gravity (Vol. 1, Issue. 9), pp. 1418-1424, November 2010.

There is ample amount of ambiguity regarding the concept of mass in present principles of physics. The mass of a gas nebula will be measured as the combined mass of all the atoms within that nebula. The only option for the measurement of mass of the same nebula when it collapses to a neutron star is by combining the mass of all the neutron particles. These two values of mass for the same object will never be the same. This is, in fact, against the definition of mass which states that the mass of an object is a fixed amount irrespective of the size of the object. It appears that our understanding of mass and the way we measure it is flawed. All the observations demonstrate that there will be deficit or gain in the mass of an object when there is a change in the volume of that object. An object measures more mass when the volume of the object was decreased. A neutron star is a compact form of the gas nebula from which it was collapsed, therefore the neutron star measures more mass or gravity than the gas nebula. A nucleus measures more gravity when all the particles were packed together in a small volume. The cause for the deficit of mass inside a nucleus is the increase in volume in which the particles were occupied.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

What Causes the Mass to be Deficit Inside a Nucleus?

Authors: Karunakar Marasakatla
Comments: 6 Pages.

There is ample amount of ambiguity regarding the concept of mass in present principles of physics. The mass of a gas nebula will be measured as the combined mass of all the atoms within that nebula. The only option for the measurement of mass of the same nebula when it collapses to a neutron star is by combining the mass of all the neutron particles. These two values of mass for the same object will never be the same. This is in fact against the definition of mass which states that the mass of an object is fixed irrespective of the size of the object. If our understanding of mass is flawed then the whole physics dependent on it will turn out to be meaningless. An object exhibits deficit or gain in mass when there is a change in the volume of that object. A neutron star measures more mass or gravity than the gas nebula from which it was formed. A nucleus measures more gravity when all the particles were packed together in a small volume. The cause for the deficit of mass inside a nucleus is the increase in the volume in which the particles were occupied.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

What Causes the Mass to be Deficit Inside a Nucleus?

Authors: Karunakar Marasakatla
Comments: 6 Pages.

There is ample amount of ambiguity regarding the concept of mass in present principles of physics. The mass of a gas nebula will be the combined mass of all the atoms within that nebula. The mass of same nebula when it collapses to a neutron star will be measured as the combined mass of all the neutron particles. These two values for the mass will never be same. It is in fact against the definition of mass which states that the mass of an object is fixed irrespective of the size of the object. The underlying flaw in the definition of mass made the whole physics meaningless. An object exhibits deficit or gain in mass when there is a change in the volume of that object. A neutron star measures more mass or gravity than the gas nebula from which it was formed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

What Causes the Mass to be Deficit Inside a Nucleus?

Authors: Karunakar Marasakatla
Comments: 5 Pages.

Mass of an object varies with the change in volume of the object. Mass of a gas nebula will increase when it collapses to form a neutron star or black hole. The cause for an object to exhibit the deficit in mass is the increase in the amount of space in which the particles of that object were occupied. Gas nebula will have more deficit in mass compared to the neutron star formed from the same amount of material. Avogadro number, which establishes a relationship between the mass and the number of atoms within an object, is a baseless notion.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Cyclotron Notebooks

Authors: Philip Gibbs
Comments: 66 Pages, originally published as a website in March 1996.

The cyclotron note books are a collection of essays about fundamental physics and metaphysics. The central essay is about the principle of event-symmetric space-time, a new theory about how to do quantum gravity. The style is more technical in some parts than in others. Each essay can be read independently but if you find that one of them has terms which you don't understand you may find them explained in an earlier one. The later ones may be too difficult for the layman and even I don't understand the last one.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Using Gravitation to Emulate Electromagnetism.

Authors: S. Halayka
Comments: 3 Pages.

The possibility of Universe-scale black holes living in closed 3D space of constant positive curvature was briefly considered in previous work. Further consideration of this possibility is given here. A possible link between gravitation and electromagnetism is discussed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Using Gravitation to Emulate Electromagnetism.

Authors: S. Halayka
Comments: 2 Pages.

The possibility of Universe-scale black holes living in closed 3D space of constant positive curvature was briefly considered in previous work. Further consideration of this possibility is given here. A possible link between gravitation and electromagnetism is discussed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Spacetime Deformations Theory

Authors: Jacek Safuta
Comments: 11 pages

The spacetime deformations concept proposes a road to unification of general relativity and quantum mechanics i.e. unifies all interactions, answers the questions: why particles have mass and what they are, answers the question: what is energy and dark energy, unifies force fields and matter, implies new theories like the spacetime deformations evolution. I propose a new definition of matter and energy however not contradictory to current theories but totally contradictory to everyday experience. The new quality here is that the definition is supposed to be free of human being's perception and as far as possible also free of our language and culture limitations. I present also some points of view on computability of the actual Universe. This is a concept of principle (an universal concept delivering a description of nature) and not constructive one (describing a particular phenomenon using specific equations). The concept is background independent (the space has no fixed geometry).
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Relating the Physical Structure and Properties of Quantum Space-Time to Elementary Particles, Gravity, and Relativistic Phenomena

Authors: Gary Heen
Comments: 22 pages

Modern theory states that matter and energy in their most basic form exist in discrete amounts, or quanta. The author proffers that space-time also exists as discrete quanta, and derives a physical model of space-time and elementary particles. The hypothesis for this space-time model is that the quanta for matter and space-time are convertible states of the same elementary building block: the quantum mass unit.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Relating the Physical Structure and Properties of Quantum Space-Time to Elementary Particles, Gravity, and Relativistic Phenomena

Authors: Gary Heen
Comments: 22 pages

Modern theory states that matter and energy in their most basic form exist in discrete amounts, or quanta. The author proffers that space-time also exists as discrete quanta, and derives a physical model of space-time and elementary particles. The hypothesis for this space-time model is that the quanta for matter and space-time are convertible states of the same elementary building block: the quantum mass unit.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Galois Solvable Fourth Roots of Reality

Authors: Jack Sarfatti
Comments: 8 pages

Local observers are defined by orthonormal "non-holonomic" (aka "non-coordinate") tetrad gravity fields (Cartan's "moving frames"). The tetrads are spin 1 vector fields under the 6-parameter homogeneous Lorentz group SO_1,3 of Einstein's 1905 special relativity. You can think of the tetrad gravity fields as the square roots of Einstein's 1916 spin 2 metric tensor gravity fields. We will see that we must also allow for spin 0 and spin 1 gravity because the spin 1 tetrads, in turn, are Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen entangled quantum states of pairs of 2-component Penrose-Rindler qubits in the quantum pregeometry. The Wheeler-Feynman qubits are the square roots of the advanced and retarded null tetrads and can therefore be called the Galois solvable fourth roots of reality. The spherical wavefront tetrads are then formally the Bell pair states of quantum information theory. Penrose's Cartesian tetrads are a different choice from mine here. The different tetrad choices correspond to the different contours around the photon propagator poles in the complex energy plane of quantum electrodynamics. Both of his spinors in his spin frame are retarded in the same light cone, e.g. the forward cone. It seems that Penrose and Rindler implicitly answered Wheeler's question of how IT comes from BIT, but no one realized it until now.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Quark Lepton Braids and Heterotic Supersymmetry

Authors: M. D. Sheppeard
Comments: 8 pages. submitted to JPA

A unique matrix is easily assigned to each Bilson-Thompson braid diagram. The quark and lepton matrices are then related to bosons via a twisted quantum Fourier transform, for which fermion and boson multiplets fit the dimension structure of heterotic strings.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Can the External Directed Edges of a Complete Graph Form a Radially Symmetric Field at Long Distance?

Authors: S. Halayka
Comments: 7 Pages. Added reference McDonald JR, Miller WA. Coupling Non-Gravitational Fields with Simplicial Spacetimes

Using a numerical method, the external directed edges of a complete graph are tested for their level of fitness in terms of how well they form a radially symmetric field at long distance (e.g., a test for the inverse square law in 3D space). It is found that the external directed edges of a complete graph can very nearly form a radially symmetric field at long distance if the number of graph vertices is great enough.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Can the External Directed Edges of a Complete Graph Form a Radially Symmetric Field at Long Distance?

Authors: S. Halayka
Comments: 7 Pages. Clarified discussion about Delaunay-Voronoi tessellations, added related references.

Using a numerical method, the external directed edges of a complete graph are tested for their level of fitness in terms of how well they form a radially symmetric field at long distance (e.g., a test for the inverse square law in 3D space). It is found that the external directed edges of a complete graph can very nearly form a radially symmetric field at long distance if the number of graph vertices is great enough.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Can the External Directed Edges of a Complete Graph Form a Radially Symmetric Field at Long Distance?

Authors: S. Halayka
Comments: 7 Pages. Clarified discussion of bidirected graph. Added discussion about the Delauney triangulation of a 2D shell.

Using a numerical method, the external directed edges of a complete graph are tested for their level of fitness in terms of how well they form a radially symmetric field at long distance (e.g., a test for the inverse square law in 3D space). It is found that the external directed edges of a complete graph can very nearly form a radially symmetric field at long distance if the number of graph vertices is great enough.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Can the External Directed Edges of a Complete Graph Form a Radially Symmetric Field at Long Distance?

Authors: S. Halayka
Comments: 6 Pages. Revised discussion section, included Newtonian gravitational potential.

Using a numerical method, the external directed edges of a complete graph are tested for their level of fitness in terms of how well they form a radially symmetric field at long distance (e.g., a test for the inverse square law in 3D space). It is found that the external directed edges of a complete graph can very nearly form a radially symmetric field at long distance if the number of graph vertices is great enough.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Can the External Directed Edges of a Complete Graph Form a Radially Symmetric Field at Long Distance?

Authors: S. Halayka
Comments: 6 Pages. Expanded discussion to include Schwarzschild black hole properties.

Using a numerical method, the external directed edges of a complete graph are tested for their level of fitness in terms of how well they form a radially symmetric field at long distance (e.g., a test for the inverse square law in 3D space). It is found that the external directed edges of a complete graph can very nearly form a radially symmetric field at long distance if the number of graph vertices is great enough.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Can the External Directed Edges of a Complete Graph Form a Radially Symmetric Field at Long Distance?

Authors: S. Halayka
Comments: 5 Pages. Added references to papers pertaining to event symmetric physics. Changed equation (6) to reflect that an external directed edge vector and its corresponding intersection vertex vector will never give a dot product equal to or less than 0. Uploaded new source code that uses the new version of equation (6). Changed table (4) to reflect the new measurements gained from the new version of equation (6). The fundamental result remains the same -- shrinking the shell S(G_1) to zero size or expanding the shell S(G_2) to infinite size will make the graph G_1 appear to be a single point particle.

Using a numerical method, the external directed edges of a complete graph are tested for their level of fitness in terms of how well they form a radially symmetric field at long distance (e.g., a test for the inverse square law in 3D space). It is found that the external directed edges of a complete graph can very nearly form a radially symmetric field at long distance if the number of graph vertices is great enough.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Can the External Directed Edges of a Complete Graph Form a Radially Symmetric Field at Long Distance?

Authors: S. Halayka
Comments: 5 Pages. Cleared up the notation related to the uniform distribution fitness test (including two spelling errors related to internal edges). Added references.

Using a simple numerical method, the external directed edges of a complete graph are tested for their level of fitness in terms of how well they form a radially symmetric field at long distance (e.g., a test for the inverse square law in 3D space). It is found that the external directed edges of a complete graph can very nearly form a radially symmetric field at long distance if the number of graph vertices is great enough.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory<