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Any replacements are listed further down
[9] viXra:1201.0059 [pdf] submitted on 2012-01-14 12:04:49
Authors: Christopher D. Pierce
Comments: 10 Pages.
For the past decade, several archaeologists have advocated the development of middle-range theory as a way to give objective meaning to the archaeological record (e.g., Bettinger 1987; Binford 1977, 1983b; Thomas 1983, 1989; Torrence 1986). They argue that we must translate the static archaeological record into behaviorally dynamic terms by documenting causal linkages between relevant behaviors and their static material by-products. This is accomplished, they argue, by making observations today that establish signature patterns allowing the unambiguous recognition of particular dynamics from their static by-products, and inferring past dynamics from identification of signature patterns in the archaeological record. Further, it has been emphasized that the operations and products of middle-range theory must remain logically independent of the general theory we use to explain the past to avoid automatically confirming our ideas about the past through a tautology. This approach to middle-range research is flawed in two major respects. First, the justification of inferences relies on the establishment of universal behavioral laws and unambiguous signature patterns to validate the use of uniformitarian assumptions, neither of which can be accomplished in the manner proposed. Second, the tautological relationship between description and explanation is not only an unavoidable, but also a necessary aspect of science. Solutions to these problems lie in using the physical characteristics of the archaeological record itself as our source of knowledge about the past rather than translating the record into untestable behavioral reconstructions.
Category: Archaeology
[8] viXra:1104.0035 [pdf] submitted on 7 Apr 2011
Authors: Rainer W. Kühne
Comments: 5 pages.
Adolf Schulten suggested that Tartessos-Tarshish was the model for Plato's
Atlantis. I argued that its capital was situated in what is now the Marisma
de Hinojos within the central part of the Andalucian Donana National Park
in south-west Spain. This article reports about the preliminary results of an
archaeological expedition to test this theory. The preliminary results of the
expedition include evidence of either a tsunami or a storm flood during the
third millenium BC and evidence of human settlements from the Neolithic Age
to the Middle Ages.
Category: Archaeology
[7] viXra:1103.0058 [pdf] submitted on 14 Mar 2011
Authors: Rainer W. Kühne
Comments: 6 pages, published in: Science and Technology in Homeric Epics; ed. S. A.
Paipetis, Series: History of Mechanism and Machine Science, Vol. 6
(Springer, 2008, ISBN: 978-1-4020-8783-7), pp. 509-514
Good fiction imitates facts. Plato declared that his Atlantis tale is philosophical fiction
invented to describe his fictitious ideal state in the case of war. I suggest that Plato used three
historical elements for this tale. (i) Greek tradition on Mycenaean Athens for the description
of ancient Athens, (ii) Egyptian records on the wars of the Sea Peoples for the description of
the war of the Atlanteans, and (iii) oral tradition from Syracuse about Tartessos for the
description of the city and geography of Atlantis.
Category: Archaeology
[6] viXra:1103.0041 [pdf] submitted on 12 Mar 2011
Authors: Rainer W. Kühne
Comments: 82 pages, book, in German
This book describes how between 1984 and 2004 the author developed his theory that Plato's
Atlantis tale is to a large part philosophical fiction which includes independent historical
elements. The Atlantis tale refers to the Mycenaean Athens, the war of the Sea Peoples, and
to the Bronze Age Tartessos. This theory found world-wide media interest since 2004. Moreover
Jürgen Spanuth's Atlantis = Helgoland (North Sea) theory is discussed in detail. In addition
the historical elements of the Argonautika and the Gilgamesh epos are examined.
Category: Archaeology
[5] viXra:1103.0040 [pdf] submitted on 12 Mar 2011
Authors: Rainer W. Kühne
Comments: 2 pages
Literary evidence supports the following view.
Tartessos and Tarshish were identical. Tartessos
was the model for Plato's Atlantis. The
Tartessians traded with precious metals,
especially with silver. Among their trade
partners were the Phoenicians, the Hebrews, and
the Greeks. The capital of Tartessos lay in the
Donana National Park. Tartessos existed from
the tenth to the sixth century BC.
Category: Archaeology
[4] viXra:1102.0053 [pdf] submitted on 27 Feb 2011
Authors: K.L. Margiani
Comments:
90 pages.
This is an interesting book on decoded secrets of the mankind's prohibited and forgotten history. There is interrelated three
independent investigations and has few same data. You can understand almost exact information on last pre-flood empire
Atlantis. You will travel in the prohibited and forgotten past. I promise you in traveling you will understand the amazing
news. In the book is gathered many intersting data that have been survived for difficult milleniumes and modern prisons of
the mainstreams. I'm sure future generation will open the prisons in the museums and all unacceptable artifacts for the
modern mainstreams will be investigated. Geological evolution of the Eath in the space, biblical information, genesis code,
legends, epics, development of the mankind and even royal families are interrelated to the Atlantis. Lots of geniuses have tried
to understand that!
Category: Archaeology
[3] viXra:1101.0027 [pdf] submitted on 6 Jan 2011
Authors: Luke Lea Smith
Comments: 3 pages
Using internal evidence we conjecture that the Adam and Eve story, when considered in
the light of its Mesopotamian background, was originally a conquest myth belonging to
the oral traditions of a subject people: that in covert language it tells a story of
the invention of agriculture which made the enslavement of human beings a feasible
possibility, thereby ushering in new forms of society based on military conquest and
involuntary servitude as normative human institutions. More narrowly, if less plausibly,
and again using internal evidence, we conjecture that the tale itself is a verbal
artifact of the period during which the first large-scale military conquests occurred
in northern Mesopotamia. In support of this narrower conjecture we hazard an empirically
verifiable prediction, namely, that if and when burial sites belonging to the Ubaidian
upper-classes are discovered, battle axes made of copper (as opposed to bronze or stone)
will be found among the grave goods at the interface of the Halafian and Ubaidian
cultural complexes. But even should this prediction be born out, we make no claim that
the evidence, arguments, and interpretations presented in support of these two
conjectures are conclusive. At most they establish a degree of plausibility which is
useful for the light it sheds on the historical process.
Category: Archaeology
[2] viXra:1012.0005 [pdf] submitted on 2 Dec 2010
Authors: Vincenzo Sicari
Comments: 1 page
An image is an "interpretation of the real world" that forms in the brain and represents reality for us.
Category: Archaeology
[1] viXra:1003.0005 [pdf] submitted on 4 Mar 2010
Authors: Constantinos Ragazas
Comments: 6 pages
In this paper we un-henge the mystery of Stonehenge and propose a simple and consistent explanation to
all its puzzling enigmas. How the stones got there? How was it built? Why was it built? Why is it aligned
with the summer solstice sunrise? When was it built? Who built it? We argue that Nature built Stonehenge
while men directed its construction. Its original function was neither an astronomical observatory nor a
healing religious center. Stonehenge acquired such attributes thousands of years later as people, even
now, felt its grandeur and wonder. Though the method of its construction can be easily explained, loosening
its magical hold on people's imagination may be a more difficult task.
Category: Archaeology
[4] viXra:1102.0053 [pdf] replaced on 14 Apr 2011
Authors: K.L. Margiani
Comments:
90 pages.
This is an interesting book on decoded secrets of the mankind's prohibited and forgotten history. There is interrelated three
independent investigations and has few same data. You can understand almost exact information on last pre-flood empire
Atlantis. You will travel in the prohibited and forgotten past. I promise you in traveling you will understand the amazing
news. In the book is gathered many intersting data that have been survived for difficult milleniumes and modern prisons of
the mainstreams. I'm sure future generation will open the prisons in the museums and all unacceptable artifacts for the
modern mainstreams will be investigated. Geological evolution of the Eath in the space, biblical information, genesis code,
legends, epics, development of the mankind and even royal families are interrelated to the Atlantis. Lots of geniuses have tried
to understand that!
Category: Archaeology
[3] viXra:1101.0027 [pdf] replaced on 23 Sep 2011
Authors: Luke Lea
Comments: 4 pages
The Adam and Eve story
Category: Archaeology
[2] viXra:1003.0005 [pdf] replaced on 25 Mar 2010
Authors: Constantinos Ragazas
Comments: 7 pages
In this paper we un-henge the mystery of Stonehenge and propose a simple and consistent explanation to
all its puzzling enigmas. How the stones got there? How was it built? Why was it built? Why is it aligned
with the summer solstice sunrise? When was it built? Who built it? We argue that Nature built Stonehenge
while men directed its construction. Its original function was neither an astronomical observatory nor a
healing religious center. Stonehenge acquired such attributes thousands of years later as people, even
now, felt its grandeur and wonder. Though the method of its construction can be easily explained, loosening
its magical hold on people's imagination may be a more difficult task.
Category: Archaeology
[1] viXra:1003.0005 [pdf] replaced on 11 Mar 2010
Authors: Constantinos Ragazas
Comments: 6 pages
In this paper we un-henge the mystery of Stonehenge and propose a simple and consistent explanation to
all its puzzling enigmas. How the stones got there? How was it built? Why was it built? Why is it aligned
with the summer solstice sunrise? When was it built? Who built it? We argue that Nature built Stonehenge
while men directed its construction. Its original function was neither an astronomical observatory nor a
healing religious center. Stonehenge acquired such attributes thousands of years later as people, even
now, felt its grandeur and wonder. Though the method of its construction can be easily explained, loosening
its magical hold on people's imagination may be a more difficult task.
Category: Archaeology