All Submission Categories

Time Singularity in an Exact Solution to the Three Dimensional Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equations

Authors: Alvin Gonzales
Comments: 10 Pages.

This paper presents an exact spatially periodic solution to the three dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The velocity and pressure functions satisfy the appropriate boundary conditions and start out smooth, but have a finite time singularity. The flow evolves from a smooth periodic initial velocity vector field with a smooth bounded periodic external force. Statement (D) in the Clay Mathematics Institute’s official description of the Millennium Problem Existence and Smoothness of the Navier-Stokes Equation (Fefferman) is proven.
Category: Classical Physics

The Speed of Light is Constant Using Classical Mechanics.

Authors: Jesus Gonzalez Llorente
Comments: 4 Pages.

A Simple idea stating that the fact of light being a constant does not imply the denial of Classical Mechanics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is Our Physics the Only Reality?

Authors: Bertrand Wong
Comments: 2 Pages. This paper attempts to stimulate thought on an apparently seldom talked about but nevertheless important subject and points out the potential danger from outer space.

A number of points are brought up below for pondering and possible discussion. We should not regard our physics as the one and only reality. What is described below may seem like science fiction, but should not be brushed off as inconsequential.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Accelerating Universe and the Expanding Atom-2

Authors: U .V . S. Seshavatharam, S. Lakshminarayana
Comments: 7 Pages.

Bohr radius of hydrogen atom, quanta of the angular momentum and the strong interaction range - are connected with the large scale structure of the massive universe. In the accelerating universe, as the space expands, in hydrogen atom, distance between proton and electron increases and is directly proportional to the size of the universe. Obtained value of the present Hubble constant is 70.75 Km/sec/Mpc. `Rate of decrease in fine structure ratio' is a measure of cosmic rate of expansion. Considering the integral nature of number of protons (of any nucleus), integral nature of `hbar' can be understood.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Economics: Foundation and Unification of Supply-Side with Demand-Side Economics

Authors: Rodolfo Henrique Cerbaro
Comments: 10 Pages.

Two papers which provide the foundation of the human economy and the unification of the supply and demand-side schools of economic thought.
Category: Economics and Finance

On the Cold Big Bang Cosmology and the Flatness Problem

Authors: Armando V.D.B. Assis
Comments: 1 page. English.

In my papers \cite{Assis1} and \cite{Assis2}, I obtain a Cold Big Bang Cosmology, fitting the cosmological data, with an absolute zero primordial temperature, a natural cutoff for the cosmological data to a vanishingly small entropy at a singular microstate of a comoving domain of the cosmological fluid. Now, in this brief paper, we show the energy density of the $t$-sliced universe must actually be the critical one, following as consequence of the solution in \cite{Assis1} and \cite{Assis2}.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Accelerating Universe and the Increasing Bohr Radius

Authors: U .V . S. Seshavatharam, S. Lakshminarayana
Comments: 11 Pages.

It seems that- Bohr radius of hydrogen atom, quanta of the angular momentum and the strong interaction range - are connected with the large scale structure of the massive universe. In the accelerating universe, as the space expands, in hydrogen atom, distance between proton and electron increases and is directly proportional to the mass of the universe (which is the product of critical density and the Hubble volume). `Rate of decrease in fine structure ratio' is a measure of cosmic rate of expansion. Considering the integral nature of number of protons (of any nucleus), integral nature of `hbar' can be understood.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Inelastic Spherical Caps with Defects

Authors: J. Lellep, E. Tungel, J. M. Consuelo
Comments: 6 Pages.

Limit analysis and minimum weight design of stepped spherical shells is studied. The caps have piece wise constant thickness and are subjected to the uniform external pressure. The shells are made of an inelastic material obeying an approximation of the Tresca yield surface. The aim of the paper is to develop a procedure for minimum weight design for given limit load. Necessary optimality conditions are derived with the aid of variational methods of the theory of optimal control. Numerical results are presented for a simply supported spherical cap.
Category: General Mathematics

A General Systems Approach to the Unified Field Theory: Part 4 (General Systems Discussion)

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 8 Pages. This paper is in four parts due to length

The author views certain religious, mythological, astrological, and occult "World Systems" or cosmologies as examples of ancient, intuitive General Systems which display relevant features of the universal 4x3 fractal algorithm, a pattern also seen in today's "scientific" or "rational" cosmologies. These intuitive systems are examined in the context of their General Systems properties only, without endorsement in any other sense.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

‘On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies’ by Albert Einstein is Based on Trickeries Open Letter to Professors, Teachers, Researchers and Students of Physics

Authors: Mohammad Shafiq Khan
Comments: 2 Pages.

The article ‘On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies’ by Albert Einstein (1905) is based on trickeries. The Voigt transformation was simply a mathematical possibility which was changed by Lorentz by introducing the Lorentz factor but the Lorentz factor is not real; has been shown in the article Mohammad Shafiq Khan (2012). Thus nature and forces in nature were trivialized and made subservient to mathematics in the theories of relativity, Big Bang Theory, Space-time concept and in all physical sciences which are directly or indirectly based on the ‘On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies’. It is unfortunate for humanity that exposing these trickeries took more than one hundred years.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Retrocausal Hologram Dark Energy as Lnif Advanced Wheeler-Feynman Hawking-Unruh Blackbody Real Photons Equivalent to Lif Zero Point Vacuum Virtual Photons

Authors: Jack Sarfatti
Comments: 3 Pages.

The cosmic microwave background black body radiation consists of retarded photons from the surface of last scattering remnant of the hot Big Bang. In contrast, the dark energy accelerating our observable universe is back-from-the-future advanced Wheeler-Feynman Hawking-Unruh black body radiation from our observer-dependent future event horizon that may also be the hologram screen.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Theory of Stellar Death

Authors: Jeffrey Joseph Wolynski
Comments: 1 Page.

Stars cool and die and become smaller, denser, cooler stars called planets and moons.
Category: Astrophysics

Comparison of Infinitely Large and Infinitely Small Quantities.

Authors: Victor Katyushchik
Comments: 4 Pages.

The three-dimensional space formatting allows to operate on infinitely large and infinitely small quantities confidently, without any contradictions, paradoxes and uncertainties.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Superluminal Neutrino Phenomenon as a Result of the Equivalence Principle Violation

Authors: Oleksandr F. Batsevych, Roman B. Kapustiy
Comments: 11 Pages.

In this paper it is shown that recently detected superluminal neutrino motion can be explained by the absence of gravitational mass of neutrino, and as a result, an absence of its interaction with a gravitational field. The results theoretically predicted in this paper are in full agreement with the experimental data obtained by OPERA collaboration. The conducted calculations also predict significant anisotropy of the neutrino velocity measurement depending on the direction of the Earth's motion relative to the Galaxy, which allows validation of the obtained results.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Collection of Papers 2

Authors: Rodolfo Henrique Cerbaro
Comments: 36 Pages.

Collection of 34 papers, whose titles are: 3, A Term’s Spirit, Aggression and Trade, Aim Blockage and Diversification, Angle and Simplicity, Constancy Within Inconstancy, Defining Economic Demand, Demand-Line Realignment, Economic Numbers and Acts, Enclosing Representations, Geniuses, Tools and Phenomena, Goods, Services, People, Interspecies Similarity in Resource Affairs, Lines of Demand, Lines of Demand and Easiness of Economic Life, Observational Haze, Observer-Controlled Variables and Your Acts, On Complete Representation and Existence, On Luck, On Moving Observer-Controlled Variables, On the Universality of Possible Acts, On Work, Outside, Political Economy for Businesses, Problem Freedom and Significance, Problem Superiority, Problem and Aim Focus, Representational Truth-Crossing, Social Life, Inconstancy and Expenditure of Intellects, The Supply and Demand Face of Observers, Tools for Nothing, Understanding and Influencing Phenomena, Universality of Possible Acts and Intelligence, Unreachable Goals
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Scientific Journal for 1 February 2012

Authors: Glenn A. Baxter
Comments: 16 Pages.

We explore, in depth, Dr. Einstein’s Special Relativity and cite noted physicists Daniel Gezari, Reginald Cahill, Danielle Sasso, Rodney Bartlett, and Johannes Valks.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Comments on Analytical Derivation of the Drag Curve CD = CD (R), on Vixra:1112.0066

Authors: Armando V.D.B. Assis
Comments: 86 pages. Portuguese.

This note collection is related to an analysis throughout the paper viXra:1112.0066.
Category: Condensed Matter

Algebraic Braids, Sub-Manifold Braid Theory, and Generalized Feynman Diagrams

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 37 Pages.

The basic challenge of quantum TGD is to give a precise content to the notion of generalization Feynman diagram and the reduction to braids of some kind is very attractive possibility inspired by zero energy ontology. The point is that no n>2-vertices at the level of braid strands are needed if bosonic emergence holds true.

1. For this purpose the notion of algebraic knot is introduced and the possibility that it could be applied to generalized Feynman diagrams is discussed. The algebraic structrures kei, quandle, rack, and biquandle and their algebraic modifications as such are not enough. The lines of Feynman graphs are replaced by braids and in vertices braid strands redistribute. This poses several challenges: the crossing associated with braiding and crossing occurring in non-planar Feynman diagrams should be integrated to a more general notion; braids are replaced with sub-manifold braids; braids of braids ....of braids are possible; the redistribution of braid strands in vertices should be algebraized. In the following I try to abstract the basic operations which should be algebraized in the case of generalized Feynman diagrams.
2. One should be also able to concretely identify braids and 2-braids (string world sheets) as well as partonic 2-surfaces and I have discussed several identifications during last years. Legendrian braids turn out to be very natural candidates for braids and their duals for the partonic 2-surfaces. String world sheets in turn could correspond to the analogs of Lagrangian sub-manifolds or two minimal surfaces of space-time surface satisfying the weak form of electric-magnetic duality. The latter opion turns out to be more plausible. Finite measurement resolution would be realized as symplectic invariance with respect to the subgroup of the symplectic group leaving the end points of braid strands invariant. In accordance with the general vision TGD as almost topological QFT would mean symplectic QFT. The identification of braids, partonic 2-surfaces and string world sheets - if correct - would solve quantum TGD explicitly at string world sheet level in other words in finite measurement resolution.
3. Also a brief summary of generalized Feynman rules in zero energy ontology is proposed. This requires the identification of vertices, propagators, and prescription for integrating over al 3-surfaces. It turns out that the basic building blocks of generalized Feynman diagrams are well-defined.
4. The notion of generalized Feynman diagram leads to a beautiful duality between the descriptions of hadronic reactions in terms of hadrons and partons analogous to gauge-gravity duality and AdS/CFT duality but requiring no additional assumptions. The model of quark gluon plasma as s strongly interacting phase is proposed. Color magnetic flux tubes are responsible for the long range correlations making the plasma phase more like a very large hadron rather than a gas of partons. One also ends up with a simple estimate for the viscosity/entropy ratio using black-hole analogy.

Could the Measurements Trying to Detect Absolute Motion of Earth Allow to Test Sub-Manifold Gravity?

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 11 Pages.

The history of the modern measurements of absolute motion has a long - more than century beginning from Michelson-Morley 1887. The earliest measurements assumed aether hypothesis. Cahill identifies the velocity as a velocity with respect to some preferred rest frame and uses relativistic kinematics although he misleadingly uses the terms absolute velocity and aether. The preferred frame could galaxy, or the system defining rest system in cosmology. It would be easy to dismiss this kind of experiments as attempts to return to the days before Einstein but this is not the case. It might be possible to gain unexpected information by this kind of measurements. Already the analysis of CMB spectrum demonstrated that Earth is not at rest in the Robertson-Walker coordinate system used to analysis CMB data and similar motion with respect to galaxy is quite possible and might serve as a rich source of information also in GRT based theory. In TGD framework the situation is especially interesting since sub-manifold gravity implies that maximal signal velocity depends on the space-time sheet and this effect might show itself in Mickelson-Morley type experiments. Also the motion of space-time sheets with respect to each other might be detectable.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Evolution of TGD

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 36 Pages.

A summary about how various ideas about TGD have developed is given. This is a response to a request of Mark McWilliams. I try to represent the development chronologically but I must confess that I have forgotten precise dates so that the chronology is not exact. Very probably I have also forgotten many important ideas and many side tracks which led nowhere. Unavoidably the emphasis is on the latest ideas and there is of course the risk that some of them are not here to stay. Even during writing process some ideas developed into more concrete form. A good example is the vision about what happens in quantum jump and what the unitarity of U-matrix really means, how M-matrices generalize to form Kac-Moody type algebra, and how the notion of quantum jump in zero energy ontology (ZEO) reproduces the basic aspects of quantum measurement theory. Also a slight generalization of quantum arithmetics suggested itself during the preparation of the article.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Inflation and TGD

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 8 Pages.

The comparison of TGD with inflationary cosmology combined with new results about TGD inspired cosmology provides fresh insights to the relationship of TGD and standard approach and shows how TGD cures the lethal diseases of the eternal inflation. Very roughly: the replacement of the energy of the scalar field with magnetic energy replaces eternal inflation with a fractal quantum critical cosmology allowing to see more sharply the TGD counterpart of inflation and accelerating expansion as special cases of criticality. The rapid expansion periods correspond to phase transitions increasing the value of Planck constant and increasing the radius of magnetic flux tubes. This liberates magnetic energy and gives rise to radiation in turn giving rise to radiation and matter in the recent Universe just like the energy of inflaton field would give rise to radiation at the end of the inflation period in cosmic inflation. The multiverse of inflationary scenarios is replaced with the many-sheeted space-time and one can say that the laws of physics are essentially same everywhere in the sense that the fundamental symmetries are the symmetries of standard model everywhere.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

QCD and TGD

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 16 Pages.

The inspiration for this article came from listening some very inspiring Harward lectures relating to QCD, jets, gauge-gravity correspondence, and quark gluon plasma. Matthew Schwartz gave a talk titled The Emergence of Jets at the Large Hadron Collider. Dam Thanh Son's talk had the title Viscosity, Quark Gluon Plasma, and String Theory. Factorization theorems of jet QCD discussed in very clear manner by Ian Stewart in this talk titled Mastering Jets: New Windows into Strong Interaction and Beyond. These lecture inspired several blog postings and also the idea about a systematical comparison of QCD and TGD. This kind of comparisons are always very useful - at least to me - since they make it easier to see why the cherished beliefs- now the belief that QCD is the theory of strong interactions - might be wrong
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Higgs or M_{89} Hadron Physics?

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 13 Pages.

The newest results about Higgs search using 4.9/fb of data have published and there are many articles in arXiv. The overall view is that there is evidence for something around 125 GeV. Whether this something is Higgs or some other particle decaying to Higgs remains to my opinion an open question. The evidence comes basically from Higgs to γγ decays. The signal is however too larger so that something else than Higgs might be in question. There are some ZZ and WW events. CMS represented also data for more rare events. There are also indications about something at higher masses. In TGD framework Higgs is not needed for the massivation and the simplest option is that Higgs does not exist. Higgs is effectively replaced with a scaled up copy of hadron physics with mass scale 512 times higher than that for ordinary hadron physics. In this article this option will be discussed.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

TGD Based View About Classical Fields in Relation to Consciousness Theory and Quantum Biology

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 18 Pages.

In TGD Universe gauge fields are replaced with topological field quanta. Examples are topological light rays, magnetic/electric flux tubes and sheets, and flux quanta carrying both magnetic and electric fields. Flux quanta form a fractal hierarchy in the sense that there are flux quanta inside flux quanta. It is natural to assume quantization of Kähler magnetic flux. Braiding and reconnection are the basic topological operations for flux quanta. The basic question is how the basic notions assigned with the classical gauge and gravitational fields understood in standard sense generalize in TGD framework.

1. Superposition and interference of the classical fields is very natural in Maxwell electrodynamics and certainly experimentally verified phenomena. Also the notion of hologram relies crucially on the notion of interference. How can one describe the effects explained in terms of superposition of fields in a situation in which the theory is extremely non-linear and all classical gauge fields are expressible in terms of CP_2 coordinates and their gradients? It is also rather clear that the preferred extremals for Kähler action decompose to space-time regions representing space-time correlates for quanta. The superposition of classical fields in Maxwellian sense is impossible. How can one cope with this situation? The answer is based on simple observation: only the {\it effects} of the classical fields superpose. There is no need for the fields to superpose. Together with the notion of many-sheeted space-time this leads to elegant description of interference effects without any need to assume that linearization is a good approximation.
2. Topological quantization brings in also braiding and reconnection of magnetic flux tubes as basic operations for classical fields. These operations for flux tubes have also Maxwellian counterparts at the level of field lines. Braiding and reconnection are in a central role in TGD Universe and especially so in in TGD inspired theory of consciousness and quantum biology. The challenge is to build a coherent overall phenomenological view about the role of topologically quantized classical fields in biology and neuroscience. For instance, one can ask what is the precise formulation for the notion of conscious hologram and whether magnetic flux tubes could serve as correlates of entanglement (or at least negentropic entanglement suggested by the number theoretic vision and identified as a basic signature of living matter).
3. Topological quantization and the notion of magnetic body are especially important in TGD inspired model of EEG. The attempt to understand the findings of Persinger from the study of what is known as God helmet leads to a considerable progress in the understanding the possible role of topologically quantized classical fields in biology and neuro-science.

Metal, Semiconductor, and Insulator Properties Calculated in Vasp

Authors: Theodore Charles III
Comments: 3 Pages.

VASP can be used to run various material simulations and molecular dynamics. VASP uses DFT with both LGA and GGA approximation-based pseudopotentials to calculate various material properties.
Category: Condensed Matter

Monopole Positioning in Closed Space, Trefoil Conversion & Energy Calculation.

Authors: Prakhar bhatnagar
Comments: 5 Pages.

Magnetic monopole is a hypothetical particle with a single pole. In this paper a new mathematical structure for Dirac string has been proposed .Quantitative aspects and qualitative aspects of a monopole represented as a Dirac string have been highlighted. Magnetic bundle has been defined in a complex form and pole has been defined as composition of that bundle for single pole the pole variable is single. The pole can be considered as a group of threads or a point lying on a monopole magnet bundle for one pole the thread is single and one dimensional. The function is in complex form and defines magnetic bundle.
Category: Mathematical Physics

On the Structure of Matter

Authors: Hans Schäfer
Comments: 27 Pages.

The current static view of the structure of matter leads to many phenomena wich are not understood,to fundamental contradictions between qt and classical physics and to an ever-increasing number of free parameters in the matimatical formalism.The paper develops a fundamental new understanding of a dynamic structure of matter, describing the quantum objecs as spiral energy flows, what leads to the immediate clarification of a large number of fundamental problems of quantum physics.
Category: Quantum Physics

New Dark Energy and Letter to the Nobel Committee.

Authors: Dan Visser
Comments: 10 Pages.

This paper describes what New Dark Energy is, as well as my comment “Nobel Nominations in a New World” to the Nobel Committee. These seemingly different looking subjects are importantly connected in a plead to change the way Nobel-nominations are performed in a changing world with internet and alternative archives, such as viXra. The point is, that institutional established physics and cosmology block new ideas from the public domain. Therefore an appendix has been added to this paper to summarize in a nutshell, relativity, space-expansion, accelerated space-expansion and the one time-direction in the Big Bang Cosmology, in order to explain better what new dark energy is and what its meaning is for physics and new cosmology. That message is meant for the Nobel Committee. Furthermore three-why’s are answered: Why are two extra time-directions needed in a new cosmology? Why is the introduction of dark mass, squared? Why would there be a Double Torus for New Cosmology? Also the basic-formulas are summarized, referring to my papers, such as the dark energy force formula from my thought-experiment, followed by its transformed-version: the force smaller than the smallest gravity. In the end New Dark Energy is formulated as a product of new dark mass (squared) and two extra time-directions from below the Planck scale. This marks that New Dark Energy could recalculate the established dual unitary-entangled quantum-spaces faster backwards in time than time goes forward in the Big Bang Cosmology ! This affects the established quantum dynamics and classical reality towards the past and future differently than Einstein’s General Relativity is prescribing. The letter to the Nobel Committee is send by me, because no other institutions is doing that for me.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Quantum Realism Creation

Authors: Salvatore Gerard Micheal
Comments: 2 Pages.

Assumptions, core concepts, and interrelatedness of these are introduced for quantum realism creation. Quantum realism is a new branch of science specifically allowed by Adenier's refutation of Bell's theorem.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

Absolute Theory of Relativity & Parameterized Special Theory of Relativity & Noninertial Multirelativity

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 92 Pages.

In this book we present the hypothesis that there is no speed barrier in the universe - thus refuting the speed of light postulate. While Einstein considered a relative space and relative time but the ultimate speed of light, we do the opposite: we consider an absolute time and absolute space but no ultimate speed, and we call it the Absolute Theory of Relativity (ATR). We then parameterize Einstein’s thought experiment with atomic clocks, supposing that we know neither if the space and time are relative or absolute, nor if the speed of light is ultimate speed or not. We obtain a Parameterized Special Theory of Relativity (PSTR). Our PSTR generalizes not only Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity, but also our ATR, and introduces three more possible Relativities to be studied in the future. Afterwards, we extend our research considering not only constant velocities but constant accelerations too. Eventually we propose a Noninertial Multirelativity for the same thought experiment, i.e. considering non-constant accelerations and arbitrary 3D-curves.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Neutrino and the Photon: Hyper-Fast Travel Within General Relativity

Authors: Rodney Bartlett
Comments: 2 Pages.

The recent European experiment in which neutrinos apparently travel faster than light does not violate general relativity. However, the explanation of this phenomenon lies in another experiment (the latter being in electrical engineering in 2009).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Model for a Theory of Gravitation

Authors: Manfred Buth
Comments: 3 Pages.

Different from the various approaches towards a quantum theory of gravity an attempt is made to develop a gauge theory of gravitation. For this purpose first of all a model is constructed with the gauge group GLN(4,R) x U(1) and with interaction between the matter field, the gravitational field, and the electromagnetic field.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New Model for Bosons(w,z,h ) Masses Calculation and Validation Tests Based on the Dual Ginzburg-Landau Theory

Authors: Stefan Mehedinteanu
Comments: 28 Pages.

In this paper was re-visited the dual Ginzburg-Landau model for the calculation of Lorenz force, monopoles current, and the energy of vortex lines for a vortex triangular lattice type Abrikosov within a nucleon, to find their meaning. For now, it was found that these energies would correspond to the subatomic particles,W,Z,H bosons, pion , and of nucleon itself. Also, it was determined the fusion temperature of two nucleons. The model permits to explain the beta decay mechanism of radioisotopes to be the same as the dark counts in the case of superconductors. A link with gravity as a force that counteracts the destruction of superconductivity, is discussed. In this model to a superconductor analogue, we do not use an a-priori Higgs field, and hence a Higgs boson. The entire work is done in natural units.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

A Scientific View of Spacetime; a New Notion of Time

Authors: Salvatore Gerard Micheal
Comments: 2 Pages. perhaps my most important article to date

A brief overview of science and the politics of science, a 'quantum realism' accurate view of space and time, minimal attributes of space and time, a 'novel' view of time attributed to P.Y. Ulianov, and implications.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Unifying of the Forces of Nature

Authors: Bertrand Wong
Comments: 9 Pages. The conclusion of this paper contains a number of new and important points.

This paper takes a look at the formulating of the unified field theory and the theory of everything. It shows how a unified field theory and theory of everything may be obtained.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Small Bang Criando um Universo a Partir do Nada. (Small Bang Creating a Universe from Nothing)

Authors: Policarpo Yōshin Ulianov
Comments: 171 Pages. The text of the book is in Portuguese.

This book presents a model named Ulianov Theory (UT) that creates a fictional universe in a "slow" process named “Small Bang”. The UT is based on three basic concepts: a) General Octo-Dimension Universe (GODU) - Space/time of eight dimensions where four of them are “normal dimensions” and four are “wraps dimensions”, and the time is a complex variable. The GODU also can be represented like for sub-spaces (each one whit three space dimensions and one complex time dimension) separated from each other by “time walls” and “space walls”. b) Sphere Ulianov (Usphere) - Eight dimension spheres placed in GODU that held together to form special networks. c) Hole Ulianov (Uhole) – The Uhole is an Usphere with zero radius and behaves as an elastic hole. One Uhole in a “time wall” have a mass propriety and “resist” to move in space. One Uhole in a “space wall” have a electrical charge propriety and “resist” to move in time. The Small Bang begin whit one Uhole compressed by a radial force field (General Octo-Dimension Hole Force or GODHF). When the GODHF is removed, the Uhole expand and form one Usphere. Like the Usphere “wall” is made of Uholes, it’s also expand forming a Ulianov SpereNetworks (USN). Like the USN initially expands only in imaginary time, to an observer in real time the “Small Bang Process” is instantaneous and will look like a Big Bang . The UT model is defined over a complete scope, were the concepts of, force (Ulianov Force) and energy (Ulianov Energy) are defined from the Uhole elasticity propriety. Based on these concepts the UT generated a fictional universe that begins in a Small Bang, from which arise particles similar to photons (Ulianov foton) electrons (Ulianov electron), protons (Ulianov proton), neutrons (Ulianov neutron), and neutrinos (Ulianov neutrino). The UT model does a series of equations who are linked to laws observed in our universe, as the formulas of Newton gravitation law and Einstein's relativistic equations. On this way the author note that despite the UT model is set to create a universe fictional, coincidentally it’s generated one universe that is very close to the universe in which we live… This book was written in 2005 and registered in the National Library of Brazil, on 10.05.2007, with registration number 404616, in Book 754, Page 276. The text of the book is in Portuguese.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Nature of Light

Authors: Bertrand Wong
Comments: 5 Pages. The paper contains some new points on the velocity of light and a conclusion based on the recent discovery of superluminary motion of quantum particles at CERN.

@@This paper touches on the subject of whether light really needs a medium, which is termed the luminiferous ether, for its transmission as is in the case of sound which requires a fluid such as air or liquid as the medium for its transmission, and the subject of the velocity of light.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Mass Distribution in Black Hole Interiors

Authors: David Proffitt
Comments: 3 Pages.

Two problems exist for the physics of black holes defined for the static Schwarzschild solution to Einstein’s field equations: the incompatibility of having all infalling matter reside at a singular point with the axiomatic basis of quantum mechanics; and the black hole information paradox. This paper resolves these issues and calculates for the first time, the density distribution of matter inside the event horizon of a black hole.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

TOMORROW’S Science Today – Proposed Future Discoveries in Science, and How Everyone Will See Everything Differently

Authors: Rodney Bartlett
Comments: 427 Pages.

A broad outline of future discoveries concerning the workings of Nature, and of science's reconciliation with religion. "If a complete unified theory was discovered, it would only be a matter of time before it was digested and simplified ... and taught in schools, at least in outline. We should then all be able to have some understanding of the laws that govern the universe and are responsible for our existence." ("A Brief History of Time" by Stephen Hawking, Introduction by Carl Sagan) I saw a video ("Hidden Dimensions: Exploring Hyperspace") in which it was stated that mathematicians are free to imagine anything while physicists work in a very different environment constrained by experiment, and that the American physicist Richard Feynman (1918-1988) said scientists work in a straitjacket. Well, Albert Einstein (1879-1955) said "Imagination is more important than knowledge" so let's see what happens when we throw away everyday tradition and conformity, let our imaginations fly (while trying to stay grounded in science and technology), and thus release science from its straitjacket!
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Cosmic Mass and the Electromagnetic and Strong Interactions

Authors: U .V . S. Seshavatharam, S. Lakshminarayana
Comments: 6 Pages. Strange relations can not be ignored.

It seems that- quanta of the angular momentum and the strong interaction range - both are connected with the large scale structure of the universe. In the expanding universe `quanta' increases with increasing mass of the universe. By any chance if the noticed empirical relation is found to be true and valid, `rate of decrease in fine structure ratio' is a measure of cosmic rate of expansion. Considering the integral nature of number of protons (of any nucleus), integral nature of `hbar' can be understood.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Thoughts Occasioned by Two Recent Announcements

Authors: Jeremy Dunning-Davies
Comments: 5 Pages.

Fairly recently, two announcements concerning astrophysical observations appeared. The first from NASA mentioned the fact that the Voyager 1 spacecraft had detected a 100-fold increase in the intensity of high-energy electrons from elsewhere in the galaxy diffusing into our solar system from outside; the other revealed that a new all-sky map showed the magnetic fields of the Milky Way with the highest precision and proceeded to point out that the origin of galactic magnetic fields remains unknown despite intensive research, although it seemingly assumed that they are constructed via dynamo processes, such as are said to occur in the interiors of the Earth and the Sun. Here it is pointed out that plasma cosmology/electric universe theory can, and does, offer viable solutions to these and other supposed problems faced by orthodox cosmology.
Category: Astrophysics

Spectral Energy Distribution of a Body in Hydrostatic Equilibrium

Authors: Golden Gadzirayi Nyambuya
Comments: 10 Pages. A follow up paper in on the way.

The Spectral Energy Distribution (SED) measurements of Sunlight indicate that the Sun's SED is approximately that of a black body at a temperature of about 5777K. This fact has been known for quite some time now. What is surprising is that this fact has not been interpreted correctly to mean that the Sun's temperature is constant throughout its profile i.e. the temperature of the core right up to the Surface must be the same i.e. if Tsun(r) the temperature of the Sun at any radial point r, then Tsun(r)=5777K. From the fundamental principles of statistical thermodynamics, a blackbody is a body whose constituents are all at a constant temperature and such a body will exhibit a Planckian SED. For a body that has a nearly blackbody SED like the Sun (and the stars), this means the constituents of this body must, at a reasonable degree of approximation, be at the same temperature i.e. its temperature must be constant throughout. If the Sun is approximately a blackbody as experience indicates, then, the Standard Solar Model (SSM) can not be a correct description of physical and natural reality for the one simple reason, that the Solar core must be at same temperature as the Solar surface. Simple, the Sun is not hot enough to ignite thermonuclear fission at its nimbus. If this is the case, then how does the Sun (and the stars) generate its luminosity. A suggestion to this problem is made in a future reading that is at an advanced stage of preparation; therein, it is proposed that the Sun is in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium -- i.e., in a state of uniform temperature and further a proposal (hypothesis or conjecture) is set-forth that the Sun may very well be powered by the 104.17 micro-Hz gravitational oscillations first detected by Brookes el al. (1976), Severny et al. (1976). Herein, we verily prove that the SED of a body in hydrostatic equilibrium can not, in general be Planckian in nature, thus ruling out the SSM in its current constitution. Only in the case were the density index is \alpha_{\varrho}=2 (which implies a zero temperature index i.e. \alpha_{T}=0$), will the SED of such a body be Planckian.
Category: Astrophysics

A New Digital Complex Model of Time

Authors: Policarpo Yōshin Ulianov
Comments: 10 Pages.

This article describes some advantages arising from the manipulation of time by means of a complex variable and discusses the possibility of calculating the extent of the imaginary dimension of time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Ulianov String Theory a New Representation for Fundamental Particles

Authors: Policarpo Yōshin Ulianov
Comments: 15 Pages.

This article introduces a new model for fundamental particles representation, named Ulianov String Theory (UST). In the UST model, the space is composed of eight dimensions, being four of them “rolled up” dimensions while the other four are ”ordinary” dimensions. Moreover, in the UST, time dimension is modeled as a complex variable and can also be “rolled up”. This new string model also defines point-like particles named Ulianov Holes (uholes), which, from the imaginary time collapse, is transformed into strings. These strings allow generation of a series of structures, which can be associated to configurations of the observed matter and energy in our universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Ulianov Sphere Network a Digital Model for Representation of Non-Euclidean Spaces

Authors: Policarpo Yōshin Ulianov
Comments: 15 Pages.

This article introduces a new model for the non-Euclidean spaces’ representation, in which the coordinates and distances are considered as digital nature. This model, called Ulianov Sphere Network (USN), presents a new way for visualizing the curved spaces, such as those defined in the context of the General Relativity Theory (GRT). USN model has the potential to facilitate the calculation procedures concerning the problems handled by GRT, since it relies on a very simple mathematical formulation, which can be easily implemented in numerical computing systems. The proposed model is a mathematical tool that facilitates the manipulation of non-Euclidean spaces, for the simple expedient of constructing over a continuous plain space, a network of hyperspheres that behaves as a non-Euclidean digital space. Initially, the USN model has no real connection with the observed physics in our universe, being basically a theoretical abstraction. However, as will be shown in this article, the application of the UNS model allows inferring some formulas related to GRT and also with the Newton’s Law of Gravitation. Thus, the hypothesis that the USN model is actually somehow related to the physical basis of operation of our universe is not discarded.
Category: Astrophysics

Explaining the Variation of the Proton Radius in Experiments with Muonic Hydrogen

Authors: Policarpo Yōshin Ulianov
Comments: 16 Pages.

In experiments for proton radius measurement that use muonic hydrogen, the value obtained was four percent below the expected standard value, which is not explained by quantum electrodynamics. This article theoretically explains this results and presents an equation that calculates the proton radius, which coincides with the value obtained in muonic hydrogen experiments, with a difference of only 0.07 percent. These results are based on Ulianov String Theory (UST), a new String Theory, which is able to model the most important particles in our universe as photons, protons, electrons, neutrons, muons and positrons. The author believes that the experiment with Muonic Hydrogen represents a breakthrough in modern physics, because it points out flaws in the standard model and opens space for new theories that model the electron and proton as strings. The experience with muonic hydrogen may lead to a model in which the electron is no longer a "small ball" orbiting the nucleus and it turns into a two-dimensional brane surrounding the nucleus. Thus, this experiment has the potential to be so important, such as the historical experience of the Michelson interferometer, which marked the end of the preponderance of the Newtonian mechanics.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Non Associative Algebraic Structures Using Finite Complex Numbers

Authors: W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 213 Pages.

The authors have used the concept of finite complex modulo integers to construct non associative algebraic structures like groupoids, loops and quasi-loops. Using these structures we built non associative complex matrix groupoids and complex polynomial groupoids. The authors suggest over 300 problems and some are at the research level.
Category: Algebra

A Ribbon Dark Sector and Koide Triplets

Authors: M. D. Sheppeard
Comments: 7 Pages.

Riofrio predicted a basic total dark sector density fraction, and hypothesised an exact $1:3$ ratio for the matter and dark energy components, consistent with observations. It is suggested that the color quantum number for quark states is responsible for the factor of 3, whereby dark sector properties are a consequence of a non local quark and lepton complementarity. This factor of 3 also appears as the proton mass scale in a quark Koide triplet.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Non-Higgs, Revised Electroweak Unification, Revised Gravitation, and Explained Dark Energy/dark Matter

Authors: Rodney Bartlett
Comments: 7 Pages. viXra removed my superscripts. E=mc2 is, to use BASIC notation, E=mc^2. And E=m1+0 is E=m^1+0

Recently, scientists have been excited by the possibility of finding the Higgs particle and Higgs field, which is supposed to give all matter its mass. Fortunately, they’re also excited at the possibility of discovering the Higgs doesn’t exist. That could open the way for many new things in science – here I’ll attempt to describe some of these new things. There’s no Standard Model Higgs particle. You can call the following description a non-SM Higgs if you like. It has several consequences which I’ll also describe. Consequences for gravity, dark energy, the Weinberg/Glashow/Salam electroweak unification, Einstein’s Unified Field Theory … Addressing this last person, I’ll refer to submission 519 (http://vixra.org/abs/1201.0088 - “Exactly Where Dr. Einstein Went Wrong” by Glenn A. Baxter) in “Relativity and Cosmology” which refers to http://www.k1man.com/c1.pdf and the latter’s statement that “E=mc2 appears to be incorrect and also much too simplistic”. In the 4th and 5th paragraphs, I’ll suggest that the formula is not entirely mistaken but would be more correctly stated as E=m1+0 .
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Virtual Speed of Neutrino

Authors: Arnab Shome
Comments: 4 Pages.

Recently opera researchers found neutrino is travelling faster than light thus violating special theory of relativity.Here I have tried to show that it can also be explained without violating special theory of relativity.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Cosmo-Logical Origin of Electromagnetic and Strong Interactions

Authors: U .V . S. Seshavatharam, S. Lakshminarayana
Comments: 1 Page. Abstract only

If mass of the present universe is, $M_0 \cong \frac{c^3}{2GH_0} \cong 9\times10^{52}$ Kg and ($m_e$ \& $m_p$) represents the rest masses of electron and proton, it is noticed that $\hbar \cong \frac{Gm_p\sqrt{M_0m_e}}{c}.$ Considering the integral nature of number of protons in the nucleus, integral nature of $\hbar$ can be understood. With reference to the classical force limt $\frac{c^{4} }{G},$ minimum distance between (point electron) and (point universe) is $d_e \cong \frac{G\sqrt{M_0m_e}}{c^2}\cong 0.213$ fm. Similarly minimum distance between (point proton) and (point universe) is $d_p \cong \frac{G\sqrt{M_0m_p}}{c^2}\cong 9.11$ fm. Geometric mean of $d_e$ and $d_p$ is 1.39 fm.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Earth Magnetic Monopole Array Field Interaction with Cyclotron Electrons Used for Levitation Systems.

Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 15 Pages. 15

Quantum FFF theory states, that the vacuum is seeded with fast oscillating massless Higgs particles, oscillating along a complex chiral tetrahedral vacuum lattice, which has the ability to transfer Photon and Graviton information in bunches of oscillations, through the vacuum lattice with the local speed of light. As a consequence there are no attraction forces on propeller shaped Fermions. Only the sum of the different kinds of vacuum impulses from all directions on Fermions are responsible for all energetic phenomena in the universe. Quantum Gravity can be interpreted as the statistical result of opposing impulse differences of two radiation fields, the massless Higgs field and the massless graviton field. Magnetism seems to be the statistical result of opposing impulse differences of the massless magnetic North monopole array field and the opposing magnetic South monopole array field. As a consequence magnetic levitation should be possible by Lorentz force creation by electron cyclotron interaction with earth magnetic monopole array fields. Graviton or Higgs field screening for levitation is not supported by “double LeSage gravity” in Q-FFF theory. Only inertial effects through rotational mass differences such as is the case in cyclotron Muonic decay, seems to be a promise for future solutions.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Model of Superluminal Oscillating Neutrinos

Authors: Eugene V. Stefanovich
Comments: 15 Pages.

We present a simple quantum relativistic model of neutrino oscillations and propagation in space. Matrix elements of the neutrino Hamiltonian depend on momentum and this dependence is responsible for the observed neutrino speed. On average neutrino travels with the speed of light, but instantaneous speed oscillates around $c$ in a pattern synchronized with flavor oscillations. Due to low masses of the familiar electron, muon and tau neutrino species the predicted effect is extremely small. However, if one assumes the existence of a fourth supermassive (m > 0.3 GeV/c^2) neutrino flavor, then this theory can explain the superluminal propagation of muon neutrinos seen in the MINOS and OPERA experiments. Based on this assumption we provide specific predictions for future neutrino velocity measurements. The consistence of our approach with fundamental principles of relativity and causality is discussed as well.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Equidistant Curve Coordinate System (Inversions)

Authors: Morio Kikuchi
Comments: 10 Pages.

In the inversion between two coordinate spheres, a ratio of length and constant of length is invariable.
Category: Geometry

Misner/wheeler Correct About Einstein's Unified Field Theory Being Successful

Authors: Rodney Bartlett
Comments: 6 pages in length; if a popularized introduction to my own work is desired, see reference #10

In 1957, Charles Misner and John Wheeler, in the “Annals of Physics”, claimed Albert Einstein’s latest equations demonstrated the unified field theory. It has been argued that the gravitational fields, if known everywhere but only for a limited time, do not contain enough information about their electromagnetism to allow the future to be determined, so Einstein's unified theory fails. Physicists also argue that a unified "theory of everything" must now include not just gravity and electromagnetism, but also the weak and strong nuclear forces plus dark matter and dark energy. This article claims Misner and Wheeler were correct, and addresses all modern objections.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Exactly Where Dr. Einstein Went Wrong

Authors: Glenn A. Baxter
Comments: 4 Pages.

We show exactly where Dr. Einstein went wrong with Special Relativity by improperly crossing over from relativity physics to classic physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Point Mass Sources, Null Naked Singularities and Euclidean Gravitational Action as Entropy

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 14 Pages. Submitted to the Int. J. Mod. Phys. A

It is rigorously shown how the static spherically symmetric solutions of Einstein's equations can furnish a $null$ naked singularity associated with a point mass source at $ r = 0$. The construction relies in the possibility of having a metric $discontinuity$ at the location of the point mass. This result should be contrasted with the spacelike singularity described by the textbook black hole solution. It has been argued by some authors why one cannot get any information from the null naked singularity so it will not have any undesirable physical effect to an outside far away observer and cannot cause a breakdown of predictability. In this way one may preserve the essence of the cosmic censorship hypothesis. The field equations due to a delta-function point-mass source at $ r = 0 $ are solved and the Euclidean gravitational action (in $ \hbar $ units) corresponding to those solutions is evaluated explicitly. It is found that it is precisely equal to the black hole entropy (in Planck area units). This result holds in any dimensions $ D \ge 3 $. We finalize by arguing why the Noncommutative Gravity of the spacetime tangent (co-tangent) bundle is the proper arena to study point masses.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Toward a Quantum Conception of the Gravity

Authors: Jorge Gabriel Ales Corona
Comments: 7 Pages.

The quantum treatment of the gravity has resisted for over fifty years. The efforts were centered fundamentally in the search of the concept of “quantum gravitational field”. This article presents a new road that can allow solving this enigma. The gravitation would not have to be described with this concept; that is to say, a quantum gravitational field doesn't exist. In their place the gravity would be a simple stochastic phenomenon. The phenomena tend to occur in places of higher probability. The particles move, to be detected, to the places of greatest concentration of particles.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Physics of Several Universities Versus RUBINO’S Physics

Authors: Leonardo Rubino
Comments: 19 Pages.

Here is a comparison, in 14 points, between the modern prevailing physics of many universities and mine. The reader has the task to judge the comparison and decide. The nowadays’ prevailing physics is proceeding with problems and inconsistencies with the density of the Universe, with its expansion, with the acceleration and with the visibile borders of the Universe itself, with strange interpretations of the CMBR, with the justification of the mysterious dark matter, with the fast spinning of galaxies, with the absence of a convincing unification between two very similar forces, the gravitational and the electromagnetic ones, then with the mysterious and unjustifiable fourth dimension of the relativity, then with the unexplained existence and constancy of the c speed limit, with the apparently complete extraneousness of the microscopic and macroscopic worlds, then with the impossibility to provide a convincing explanation for the dimension of a galaxy, then with lost energies, with the apparent missing of the antimatter in the Universe, with the inability to justify the appearing of the Universe etc.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Black Hole (According to 'hypothesis on Matter')

Authors: Nainan K. Varghese
Comments: 16 Pages.

Physical parameters of stable galaxies produce sufficient repulsion to overcome gravitational attraction between them [6]. However, those very large gatherings of 3D matter bodies and debris in space, which do not develop into stable galaxies (or which constitute central parts of stable galaxies, with lower centrifugal actions) succumb to gravitational attraction between constituent matter bodies and form very large single macro bodies of very high matter-density. Huge size and very large matter content of these macro bodies give them certain logical properties, one of which is to reduce/prevent outward radiation (of light) from the zone of their existence, to reach outside observers. This phenomenon makes them invisible and hence the name, ‘Black Hole’. This article briefly describes their development, properties and their role in maintaining a ‘steady state’ of universe, as envisaged in ‘Hypothesis on MATTER”.
Category: Astrophysics

The Complete Doppler Formula

Authors: Albert Zotkin
Comments: 1 Page.

A complete Doppler formula for electromagnetic waves is presented here.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Criticism of the Foundations of the Relativity Theory

Authors: S.N. Arteha
Comments: 223 Pages.

The present book is devoted to systematic criticism of the fundamentals of the relativity theory (RT). The main attention is given to the new logical contradictions of RT, since presence of such contradictions brings ”to zero” the value of any theory. Many disputable and contradictory points of this theory and its corollaries are considered in detail in the book. The lack of logical and physical grounding for fundamental concepts in the special and general relativity theory, such as time, space, the relativity of simultaneity etc., is demonstrated. A critical analysis of experiments that resulted in the generation and establishment of relativity theory is presented in the book. The detailed criticism of dynamical SRT concepts is also given in the book. The inconsistency and groundlessness in a seemingly ”working” section of the relativity theory – the relativistic dynamics – is shown. The given book can be of interest to students, post-graduates, teachers, scientists and all mans, that independently meditate on fundamental physical problems.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Negative Masses in General Relativity and the Dirac Equation

Authors: Friedwardt Winterberg
Comments: 9 Pages.

It is shown that Einstein’s gravitational field equations imply the existence of negative masses. With the inclusion of negative masses, Dirac spinors can be composed of a large positive and likewise large negative mass. The gravitational interaction of these positive-negative masses is positive and leads to a helical motion and not to an unstable vacuum as claimed by Cavalleri and Tonni.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Special Theory of Relativity and the Law of Conservation of Momentum

Authors: V.N. Kochetkov
Comments: 68 Pages.

This article attempts to use the law of conservation of momentum of a closed system for determining the values of the constants in the two possible transformations of coordinates and times in inertial reference system
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cern Reconfirmă „Ipoteza Smarandache”!

Authors: Mircea Monu
Comments: 3 Pages.

În 6 octombrie 2011, ziarul „Monitorul de Vȃlcea” a publicat articolul „Profet în Ţara Fizicii: Smarandache confirmat, Einstein infirmat?”, în care arătam că un experiment ştiinţific numit „Experimentul OPERA”, efectuat de către o echipă de savanţi de la CERN (iniţial, numit Centrul European de Cercetări Nucleare, acum, Laboratorul European pentru Fizica Particulelor Elementare) din Geneva (Elveţia), a demonstrat că particulele elementare neutrino se deplasează cu o viteză mai mare decât cea a luminii, ceea ce infirmă celebra Teorie a Relativităţii Restrânse, enunţată de fizicianul Albert Einstein (viteza luminii este viteză limită în Univers) şi, deci, confirmă „Ipoteza Smarandache” (nu există viteză limită în Univers), enunţată în anul 1998 de către matematicianul vâlcean Florentin Smarandache, născut la Bălceşti, în anul 1954.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Florentin Smarandache a Primit Premiul Academiei Romȃne

Authors: M. Monu
Comments: 4 Pages.

În articolul din 15 decembrie, scriam despre eforturile pe care le-a făcut vâlceano-americanul prof. univ. dr. Florentin Smarandache, născut la 10 decembrie 1954 în Bălceşti, de a veni din oraşul Gallup, statul federal New Mexico, SUA, unde predă matematica la Universitatea “New Mexico”, în Bucureşti, pentru a putea participa la festivitatea de înmânare a Premiilor Academie Române pe anul 2009 (aşa se acordă, după doi ani!), deoarece primise un premiu în domeniul ştiinţelor tehnice.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Florentin Smarandache – Doctor Honoris Causa la Beijing!

Authors: Monu Mircea
Comments: 3 Pages.

„Doctor honoris causa” este un titlu onorific acordat de instituţiile de învăţământ superior unei personalităţi de mare prestigiu, din ţară sau din străinătate, pentru realizări deosebite în domeniul ştiinţei, tehnicii şi culturii, pentru servicii de mare însemnătate aduse patriei şi umanităţii.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Profet în Ţara Fizicii

Authors: Fizician M. Monu
Comments: 6 Pages.

Un prim experiment, intitulat OPERA, după numele detecto-rului de neutrini, a confirmat o curajoasă ipoteză ştiinţifică a unui român – vâlceanul Florentin Smarandache.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Un Profesor Romȃn a Luat Premiul Statului New Mexico la Ştiinţă şi Matematică pe Anul 2011

Authors: M. Selariu
Comments: 4 Pages.

Profesoara W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy, de la Institutul Indian de Tehnologie din Chennai - India, şi profesorul romȃn Florentin Smarandache, de la Universitatea New Mexico din Statele Unite, au primit Premiul statului New Mexico la categoria Ştiinţă şi Matematică pentru cartea lor “Algebraic Structures Using Natural Class of Intervals”, publicată de Editura de Educaţie din oraşul Columbus, în anul 2011.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Un Cercetător Romȃn a Dedus Existenţa Particulelor cu Vitezele Supraluminale Descoperite Recent la Cern

Authors: I. Patrascu
Comments: 2 Pages.

Profesorul romȃno-american Florentin Smarandache, de la Universitatea New Mexico din Statele Unite, dedusese particule circulȃnd cu viteze mai mari decȃt viteza luminii într-o lucrare publicată, numită “There is no speed barrier in the universe” [Nu există nici o barieră de viteză în univers], în anul 1998, ca o extindere a unui manuscris din 1972 pe care l-a prezentat la Universitatea din Blumenau, Brazilia, într-un tur de conferinţe despre “Paradoxism în Literatură şi Ştiinţă” în 1993. Articolul său se bazează pe Paradoxul Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (1935), pe o lucrare a lui Bohm (din 1951) şi pe Inegalităţile lui Bell (1964).
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

E = KMC^2 as a Special Case for Electron – Positron Annihilation by Glenn a. Baxter, P.e.*

Authors: Glenn A. Baxter
Comments: 4 Pages. Preliminary paper

We have shown that Dr. Einstein’s famous formula E = MC^2 is incorrectly derived. See www.k1man.com/c1 We have further suggested that E = MC^2 is not an identity, with implications for Dr. DeBroglie’s famous equation, E = hf, where f is the frequency in hertz and λ = c/f. See www.k1man.com/c4 We now propose that there exists a k, such that E = kMC^2, as a special case for electron – positron annihilation.
Category: Classical Physics

Physics in the 21st Century

Authors: Glenn A. Baxter
Comments: 90 Pages.

We present a free physics textbook intended for an advanced college or university seminar course at the undergraduate or graduate levels. This physics text is also intended for post doctoral and independent physics researchers . A new theory/model of the atom is covered as well as relativity, electromagnetic radiation, probability, quantum electrodynamics, and thermodynamics. (90 pages, 5.07 mega bites)
Category: Classical Physics

Tembo's Theorem

Authors: Garreth H. Tembo
Comments: 3 Pages.

The inspiration for this theorem was entirely the result of observations of the catenary curves of power cables and telephone lines near my high School and home that afforded me the imaginary problem of trying to solve for their centers thus leading to this theorem. (Garreth h. Gothaven) TEMBO’S THEOREM:
Category: Geometry

The Special Theory of Relativity: Definition of an Impulse and Kinetic Energy of the Closed System of Constantly Cooperating Bodies

Authors: V.N. Kochetkov
Comments: 18 Pages.

In article attempt to show on a concrete example becomes that application of the special theory of relativity by consideration of movement of the closed mechanical system of bodies in inertial systems of readout can lead to that the impulse and kinetic energy of the closed system will be time functions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Special Theory of Relativity: Condition of Performance of Laws of Preservation Impulse and Energy (Reduced Variant of Article)

Authors: V.N. Kochetkov
Comments: 16 Pages.

In article it is shown that use of laws of preservation of an impulse and energy of the closed mechanical system presumes to check up justice of the special theory of relativity theoretically.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

To Unify the String Theory and the Strong Gravity

Authors: U .V . S. Seshavatharam, S. Lakshminarayana
Comments: 15 Pages. Please circulate this article.

Key conceptual link that connects the gravitational force and non-gravitational forces is - the classical force limit,
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Neutrosophic Interpretation of the Analects of Confucius 弗羅仁汀·司馬仁達齊，傅昱華 論語的中智學解讀和擴充 —正反及中智論語 English-Chinese Bilingual（英汉双语）

Authors: Florentin Smarandache, Fu Yuhua
Comments: 268 Pages.

This book is the companion volume of "Neutrosophic Interpretation of Tao Te Ching,” its purpose is to extend the foundation and application range of “The Analects of Confucius.” The reasons for this are as follows. Firstly, we are willing to point out that The Analects of Confucius already has some limitations, because many questions we are interested in cannot be answered within “The Analects of Confucius.” For example, The Analects of Confucius basically discussed the matters in China, however considering all possible situations it should matter in foreign countries as well, i.e. the “global village.” This was impossible in Confucian time. Secondly, if the original The Analects of Confucius is regarded as “The Positive Analects of Confucius,” its opposite would be “The Negative Analects of Confucius,” while the intermediate or compound state is “The Neutral Analects of Confucius” or “The Neutrosophic Analects of Confucius.” Thus, our book presents the way to extend the original The Analects of Confucius in various neutrosophic interpretations. 本書是《道德經的中智學解讀和擴充—正反及中智道德經》的姊妹篇，其目的是試圖 從形式和內容上對《論語》進行求新、求變、求擴充的工作。首先我們願意指出，由於時 代的限制，《論語》具有很大的局限性，當代人感興趣的很多問題，在《論語》中根本不可 能涉及。舉例來說，《論語》討論的基本上都是中國的事情，然而考慮一切可能的情況，在 研究某些問題時，不但要考慮中國的事情，而且要考慮外國的事情，亦即考慮資訊網路時 代“地球村”的事情，這在孔子年代是不可能的。其次，如果將原有的“論語”視為“正 論語”，其對立面就是“反論語”，而處於中間或複合狀態的就是 “中性論語”（或“中智 論語”）。本書給出了對於原有的《論語》用中智學方法進行解讀和實施千變萬化的途徑， 使其可以在相當大的範圍內擴充。
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Study of Natural Class of Intervals Using (-∞, ∞) and (∞, ∞)

Authors: W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Florentin Smarandache, D. Datta, H. S. Kushwaha, P. A. Jadhav
Comments: 181 Pages.

In this book the authors introduce and study the properties of natural class of intervals built using (-∞, ∞) and (∞, -∞). The operations on these matrices with entries from natural class of intervals behave like usual reals. So working with these interval matrices takes the same time as usual matrices. Hence, when applying them to fuzzy finite element methods or finite element methods the determination of solution is simple and time saving.
Category: Algebra

Superluminal Physics & Instantaneous Physics as New Trends in Research

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 4 Pages.

In a similar way as passing from Euclidean Geometry to Non-Euclidean Geometry, we can pass from Subluminal Physics to Superluminal Physics, and further to Instantaneous Physics. In the lights of two consecutive successful CERN experiments with superluminal particles in the Fall of 2011, we believe that these two new fields of research should begin developing.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Obscure Precession of Mercury's Perihelion

Authors: R. Wayte
Comments: 8 Pages.

The Sun’s orbital motion around the Solar System barycentre contributes a small quadrupole moment to the gravitational binding energy of Mercury. This moment has until now gone undiscovered, but it actually generates 7arcsec/cy precession of Mercury’s perihelion. Consequently, the residual 43arcsec/cy allocated previously to general relativity must in reality account for this new component and only 36arcsec/cy for general relativity. This means that the orbit of Mercury is grossly incompatible with the vacuum solution of GR.
Category: Astrophysics

Information – Entropy Theory of Artificial Intelligence

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 2 Pages.

The basic theory on which one chess program can be constructed is that there exists a general characteristic of the game of chess, namely the concept of entropy. We can think about the positive logarithmic values as the measure of entropy and the negative logarithmic values as the measure of information.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Chirality and Symmetry Breaking in a Discrete Internal Space

Authors: Bodo Lampe
Comments: 42 Pages.

In previous papers the permutation group S_4 has been suggested as an ordering scheme for elementary particles, and the appearance of this finite symmetry group was taken as indication for the existence of a discrete inner symmetry space underlying elementary particle interactions. Here it is pointed out that a more suitable choice than the tetrahedral group S_4 is the pyritohedral group A_4 x Z_2 because its vibrational spectrum exhibits exactly the mass multiplet structure of the 3 fermion generations. Furthermore it is noted that the same structure can also be obtained from a primordial symmetry breaking S_4 --> A_4. Since A_4 is a chiral group, while S_4 is achiral, an argument can be given why the chirality of the inner pyritohedral symmetry leads to parity violation of the weak interactions.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Geometry of Homological Triangles

Authors: Florentin Smarandache, Ion Patrascu
Comments: 244 Pages.

This book is addressed to students, professors and researchers of geometry, who will find herein many interesting and original results. The originality of the book The Geometry of Homological Triangles consists in using the homology of triangles as a “filter” through which remarkable notions and theorems from the geometry of the triangle are unitarily passed. Our research is structured in seven chapters, the first four are dedicated to the homology of the triangles while the last ones to their applications.
Category: Geometry

Time: Frequency, Irreversibility, and Connectedness of Matter

Authors: D.J. Pons
Comments: 17 Pages.

A novel conceptual model is described for time, one that is independent of existing theories. The cordus conjecture suggests that time consists of frequency oscillations of matter. The arrow is applied to time where irreversibility arises. The interconnectedness of matter, via its fields, creates a patchwork of temporal cause-and-effect. At its most basic level time originates with the frequency cycles of the particules of matter and photons. The rate of time is thus determined by the mass of the particule, in turn how it is assembled, from what subcomponents, and the external environment (hence also time-dilation). Thus time is locally generated, and cordus rejects the idea of an absolute clock. The forward arrow is only applied to the ticks of time when irreversibility arises. The paper explains how the irreversibility arises, in terms of the interaction between two volumes of matter and the statistically impossibility of returning all particules in the system to their original positions and states. Thus decoherence, irreversibility, entropy, cause-and-effect, and the arrow of time all arise at the same discontinuity in physics. There is a connectedness between volumes of matter that are at different geometric locations. A phenomena that occurs in one volume is communicated via photons, or massy particules, or fields, to other matter around it. This communication applies cause positional constraints on the recipient. The combination of connectedness, frequency, and irreversibility, results in temporal cause-and-effect. Thus human perceptions of time are a construct, with all the potential for illusion that implies, founded on a real physical principle of temporal causality. Time is a series of delayed irreversible interactions (temporal ratchets) between matter, not a dimension that can be traversed in both directions. Cordus provides a more basic concept of time from which quantum mechanics and general relativity emerge as different approximations. The resulting conceptual model provides a novel integration of quantum mechanics, general relativity, and the human-perception models of time.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

A Critique of Middle-Range Theory in Archaeology

Authors: Christopher D. Pierce
Comments: 10 Pages.

For the past decade, several archaeologists have advocated the development of middle-range theory as a way to give objective meaning to the archaeological record (e.g., Bettinger 1987; Binford 1977, 1983b; Thomas 1983, 1989; Torrence 1986). They argue that we must translate the static archaeological record into behaviorally dynamic terms by documenting causal linkages between relevant behaviors and their static material by-products. This is accomplished, they argue, by making observations today that establish signature patterns allowing the unambiguous recognition of particular dynamics from their static by-products, and inferring past dynamics from identification of signature patterns in the archaeological record. Further, it has been emphasized that the operations and products of middle-range theory must remain logically independent of the general theory we use to explain the past to avoid automatically confirming our ideas about the past through a tautology. This approach to middle-range research is flawed in two major respects. First, the justification of inferences relies on the establishment of universal behavioral laws and unambiguous signature patterns to validate the use of uniformitarian assumptions, neither of which can be accomplished in the manner proposed. Second, the tautological relationship between description and explanation is not only an unavoidable, but also a necessary aspect of science. Solutions to these problems lie in using the physical characteristics of the archaeological record itself as our source of knowledge about the past rather than translating the record into untestable behavioral reconstructions.
Category: Archaeology

Successful Search for Ether Drift in a Modified Michelson-Morley Experiment Using the GPS

Authors: Stephan J.G. Gift
Comments: 12 Pages. Accepted for publication in Applied Physics Research

Ether drift resulting from the rotation of the Earth has been detected. This was accomplished using GPS technology in a modified Michelson-Morley experiment. The original Michelson-Morley experiment searched for ether drift by observing round-trip light travel time differences using interference fringe shifts. This method is limited by length contraction effects that significantly reduce any fringe shifts. In the modified approach elapsed time for one-way light transmission is directly determined using GPS clocks. The method yields travel time differences for light transmission in the East-West direction but not in the North-South direction consistent with rotationally-induced ether drift.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Compatibility of Non-Negative Outcome of Michelson&Morley Experiments with Lorentz-Invariant Transformations of the Light Speed in Moving Optical Media

Authors: V. V. Demjanov
Comments: 13 Pages.

        From the first-principles of the relativistic theory of Lorentz-invariant addition of the speed of light (c/n) with speed (υ) of moving optical medium having a refractive index n >1 in the natural way there becomes clear the cause of the kinetic anisotropy of the speed of light, registered for more than 100 years in experiments like the Michelson&Morley (MM) experiment by non-zero amplitudes (A_m≠0) of the shift of interference fringe. Miller's measurement (1925) and my experiments (1968) showed (in my interpretation) that the cause of this anisotropy is always associated with the presence in the light carrying medium of polarizable particles translationally moving with respect to stationary aether. The anisotropy of refractive index n >1 of the light carrying medium is created by the electrodynamic connection between the polarization (Δε=n²–1) of its particles and polarization (ε_aether=1) of the aether. The absence of anisotropy of the speed of light in vacuum (in the aether without particles) is proved not by the disputed attribution of MM type experiments to "negative, A_m=0", but rather by a recognition that they are non-negative. In this case, by the actual experimental dependence of A_m(Δε)≠0 is easily proved the absence of anisotropy in vacuum in the asymptotic limit of the zero fringe shift A_m(Δε→0)→0 at the beginning of the trend A_m(Δε).
        Accounting for the effects of polarization of light-carrying media, of the first order of "smallness" (n²–1)<<1 in the gases and the second order of magnitude (n²–1)²~1 in media of higher permittivity, plays a key role in the proposed relativistic interpretation of my measurements and all the famous experiments of MM type. Revising the calculations of υ from measurements of non-zero fringe shift (A_m≠0), described by MM, 1887; Miller, 1925; Kennedy, 1926; Illingworth, 1927; Joos, 1930, and many others, I found their principal error. They did not take into account not only the relativistic structure (n²–1) of the polarization activity of particles of the luminiferous medium, but its real value n >1. As a result, they received the underestimated speed υ – units km/s. Accounting for the relativistic structure of only the first (n²–1) of the order of "smallness" in the gases immediately reveals (for the same non-zero measurements A_m≠0 of these authors) the real speed of "aether wind" υ as a few hundred km/s.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Non-Vanishing Cosmological Constant is Geometrodynamically Prohibited

Authors: K. Sandale
Comments: 14 Pages.

If one solves the electromagnetic wave equation in the Lorenz gauge for a charged particle moving with a uniform velocity, and then inserts this solution into the gauge condition, mathematically one gets the result that the current density must be the charge density times the velocity. Thus the field equations of electromagnetism through the gauge condition imply a correct velocity requirement for the current density four-vector, much like the field equations of General Relativity imply through the Bianchi Identities a correct acceleration requirement. Likewise we can construct a velocity requirement for the stress-energy tensor from the gauge condition of the Linear Field Equations of gravitation. However, the correct velocity relationship will be implied only if the cosmological constant vanishes. Thus the cosmological constant must vanish.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Geometrodynamic Mass Decrease During Gravitational Collapse

Authors: K. Sandale
Comments: 13 Pages.

The proof of Birkhoff's Theorem relies on a coordinate transformation to diagonalize the metric. This coordinate transformation is made to affect the vacuum region, but will nevertheless cause the matter in the non-vacuum region to have a different velocity in the new coordinate system than in the old coordinate system, because a coordinate transformation cannot be abruptly turned off where the two regions meet without violating the holonomy requirement. The effects of this coordinate transformation on the matter have never before been studied. In fact, the coordinate transformation turns out to cause part of a gravitationally collapsing mass distribution to at some point start to move backwards in time. This causes problems which invalidate the proof. Furthermore, we provide an actual counterexample to Birkhoff’s Theorem: In the particular circumstance of a spherically symmetric thin shell of matter collapsing it is shown that the Bianchi Identities give results contrary to Birkhoff’s Theorem.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Comment Pertaining to “Observation of the Dynamical Casimir Effect in a Superconducting Circuit”, Nature 10:1038 V 479

Authors: Vic Kley, John Celenza
Comments: 1 Page.

The recent measurements of the Casimir effect by Wilson, et al1 established the existence of a pervasive background of charged particles in what has been perceived as an empty Universe. As a result, photons moving through what we have hitherto taken as a vacuum will be slowed5, while neutrino speed will be unaffected. All our measurements of the propagation of light and its wavelength have not been been corrected for this slowing.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Alternate Interpretation of the Original Fleischmann and Pons Experiments

Authors: William L. Stubbs
Comments: 8 Pages.

A case is made for the fusion reactions apparently occurring in the original Fleischmann and Pons (F-P) experiments to be the result of free D+ ions formed at the anode during electrolysis colliding with deuterons trapped in the Pd lattice of the cathode, rather than trapped deuterons being squeezed together by the lattice. The data from the experiments show that the energy output of F-P cells was essentially proportional to the energy input, independent of the cathode size or the current strength, which implies that the cathode plays a passive role in the energy production. The number of D+ ions produced at the anode and their velocities are proportional to the current used in the cell, so that the number of D+ ions that survive the trip across the gap between the anode and the cathode is greater for greater currents. The larger numbers of D+ ions from the higher currents result in more collisions with trapped deuterons in the cathode producing more energy.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Efficient Energy Conversion of the 14mev Neutrons in DT Inertial Confinement Fusion

Authors: Friedwardt Winterberg
Comments: 10 Pages.

In DT fusion 80% of the energy released goes into 14MeV neutrons, and only the remaining 20% into charged particles. Unlike the charged particles, the uncharged neutrons cannot be confined by a magnetic field, and for this reason cannot be used for a direct conversion into electric energy. Instead, the neutrons have to be slowed down in some medium, heating this medium to a temperature of less than 103K, with the heat removed fom this medium to drive a turbo-generator. This conversion of nuclear into electric energy has a Carnot efficiency of about 30%. For the 80% of the energy released into neutrons, the efficiency is therefore no more than 24%. While this low conversion efficiency cannot be overcome in magnetic confinement concepts, it can be overcome in inertial confinement concepts, by surrounding the inertial confinement fusion target with a sufficiently thick layer of liquid hydrogen and a thin outer layer of boron, to create a hot plasma fire ball. The hydrogen layer must be chosen just thick and dense enough to be heated by the neutrons to 100,000K. The thusly generated, fully ionized, and rapidly expanding fire ball can drive a pulsed magnetohydrodynamic generator at an almost 100% Carnot efficiency, or possibly be used to generate hydrocarbons.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

On Milgrom’s Law

Authors: Friedwardt Winterberg
Comments: 10 Pages.

To explain Milgrom’s law (MOND) and the accelerated expansion of the universe, in both instances involving an acceleration of the same order of magnitude, it is assumed that the vacuum of space in a kind of plasma made up of an equal number of positive and negative mass Planck mass particles, gravitationally interacting with each other. This hypothesis leads to positive mass Dirac spinors, as composed particles, made up of positive and negative quasiparticles of this plasma. The formation of the positive mass Dirac spinors is accompanied by the emission of negative masses. The gravitationally self interacting positive mass spinors lead to the formation of a filamentary vortex tangle connecting neighboring galaxies with the galaxies formed by the Jeans instability of a cylindrical mass cylinder. This hypothesis not only explains the filamentary structure of the metagalaxy, but also Milgrom’s law by Newton’s gravitational force of a mass cylinder. The negative masses released during the formation of the positive mass Dirac spinors fill the space in between the positive mass filaments, explaining the observed voids.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Hunting the Higgs Boson Using the Cholesky Decomposition of an Indefinite Matrix

Authors: John R. Smith, Milan Nikolic, Stephen P. Smith
Comments: 27 pages, 3 Figures & 3 Tables

Linear models have found widespread use in statistical investigations. For every linear model there exists a matrix representation for which the ReML (Restricted Maximum Likelihood) can be constructed from the elements of the corresponding matrix. This method works in the standard manner when the covariance structure is non-singular. It can also be used in the case where the covariance structure is singular, because the method identifies particular non-stochastic linear combinations of the observations which must be constrained to zero.In order to use this method, the Cholesky decomposition has to be generalized to symmetric and indefinite matrices using complex arithmetic methods. This method is applied to the problem of determining the spatial size (vertex) for the Higgs Boson decay in the Higgs -> 4 lepton channel. A comparison based on the chi^2 variable from the vertex fit for Higgs signal and t-tbar background is presented and shows that the background can be greatly suppressed using the chi^2 variable. One of the major advantages of this method over the currently adopted technique of b-tagging is that it is not affected by multiple interactions (pile up).
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Undulating Relativity

Authors: Alfredo Dimas Moreira Garcia
Comments: 96 Pages. 96

ABSTRACT The Special Theory of Relativity takes us to two results that presently are considered “inexplicable” to many renowned scientists, to know: -The dilatation of time, and -The contraction of the Lorentz Length. The solution to these have driven the author to the development of the Undulating Relativity (UR) theory, where the Temporal variation is due to the differences on the route of the light propagation and the lengths are constants between two landmarks in uniform relative movement
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Largest Number Ever: a New Hierarchy of Super-Hyperoperators

Authors: Marco Ripà
Comments: The paper is in Italian, 4 pages long. It is related to Graham number. Traditional Copyright "all rights reserved"

In this paper we present a super-fast hyperoperator plus a method to create a new hierarchy of hyperoperators. For comparison, applying it to a base n=2, the result will be far larger than Graham's number. Finally we show a very large number based on Graham's one.
Category: Number Theory

The Decreasing Tunnel by Professor Florentin Smarandache

Authors: Markos Georgallides
Comments: 12 Pages.

In this work is given a new approach to the Open Question of professor Florentine Smarandache concerning the decreasing Tunnel for Orthocenter H on any triangle ABC . Circumcenter O , Centroid K and Ortocenter H lie on Euler line OH . The midpoint N of segment OH is the center of the nine - points circle which is passing from the three midpoints of each side and from the three feet of the altitudes , so this point N is orthic`s triangle circum center . This property of point N ( as it is the first link of a chain ) connects segment ( bar ) OH with an infinite set of segments OnHn of the orthic triangles where On coincides with point Nn-1 , that of each time midpoint of segments . This chain is the locus of point N and that of the repetitive ( rotating ) segment OnHn . On any triangle ABC and on the vertices of the triangle , is constructed an orthogonal hyperbola which passes from orthocenter and provides two fix points ( the foci ) in plane . As a result is the Axial Symmetry to the two axis , the orthogonal x,y and that of asymptotes . Since orthocenter H changes position , then AH is altering magnitude and direction , therefore AH is a repetitive damped Vector Quantity which assumes its extreme in the opposite direction relative to the first or prior positions . The above property results to a Central Symmetry to one of the vertices A , B , C with the two hyperbolas and after following the greatest of sides a , b , c . Damped Vector AHn can then convergent to Hn which is the Orthocenter of AnBnCn and it is the extreme in opposite direction . i.e. Orthocenter H… Hn limits to a point on a chain ( straight line or curved ) through A .
Category: Geometry

The Crux of Relativity

Authors: Glenn A. Baxter
Comments: 8 Pages. None

We identify exactly where Special Relativity went wrong in 1905 and present a practical modern day and easily reproducible experiment to exactly verify the newly developed Special Relativity mathematical equations presented here.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Collection of Papers 1

Authors: Rodolfo Henrique Cerbaro
Comments: 21 Pages.

Collection of 19 papers, whose titles are: Guiding Observers, Natural Selection vs. Societal Selection, Aim Hierarchy and Inconsistency, Death by Proposition, Phenomena Talk, Economic Agent Comparison and the Poor, Complementaridade Econômica, Comunicação de Organismos Econômicos, Aim-trappings, Conventional Phenomena, Aim, Anger and Capacities, Organized Game of Life and Inherent Conflict, Common Structures and Implied Notions, Success and Failure, Inconstancy of Demand, Same Universe (Closing In), On Intellectual Structure Building, Man-made, Faceless Real Phenomena
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Quantization and Discretization at Large Scales

Authors: Florentin Smarandache, V. Christianto, Pavel Pintr
Comments: 182 Pages.

The ongoing search of extrasolar planets is one of the most attractive fields of research in astrophysics and astronomy. Up to now, 360 extrasolar planets have been discovered near stars with similar mass as the Sun. With regards to these discoveries, one intriguing question is whether there is relationship between the distance of the planets and their stars. Various formulas have been suggested since 1980s, and they suggest that there may be reason to accept quantization of distances of those planets both in our solar system and also in extrasolar systems as well. This book discusses this issue (Rubcic & Rubcic), along with other interesting issues such as protoplanetary formation of solar system (Pintr, Perinova, Luks), precession in solar system (Pitkanen) and other topics. Another line of thought explored herein is the correspondence between cosmology and condensed matter systems, and therefore we can think that the quantization of orbits distances can be caused by superfluid helium quantization. This issue is explored by F. Smarandache and V. Christianto. Moreover, F. Smarandache also discusses possible new era of research, that is pertaining to superluminal physics and instantaneous physics. This book is published after our previous book: Quantization in astrophyisics, Brownian motion, and supersymmetry which was released about five years ago. We hope that this volume will add a new chapter in our understanding of the Universe, from the viewpoint of quantization and discretization at large scales.
Category: Astrophysics

Limits of Coherence: Where and Why is the Transition to Discoherence?

Authors: D.J. Pons
Comments: 12 Pages.

This paper provides a conceptual solution to the questions of what causes discoherence and where the limits of coherence might be. Coherence is reinterpreted from the cordus perspective, as being a state when all the particules have synchronised frequencies and phases thereof, i.e. a form of complementary frequency state synchronisation (CoFS). Alternatively coherence can be perceived as a special state of assembly where the particules provide for mutual preservation of the de-energised locations of each other. Cordus anticipates three mechanisms for discoherence. First, a coherent material cannot accept internal shear velocity. Second, higher temperatures lead to decoherence because phonons (internal thermal vibrations) disturb the stability. Third, more complex assemblies of matter are harder to put into coherence, and the complicating factors are expected to be the number of components in the assembly, and the variety of species (simplicity and purity). Accordingly, the upper limit for coherence could be a simple crystal, or perhaps even a virus, with a limited number of species (different molecules or elements), at low temperature. However this is thought to be an optimistic prediction. This model predicts that coherence is already unachievable at the assembly level of the smallest metal grains, mineral crystals, and cell organelles, at ambient temperature. Thus warm macroscopic objects and living creatures cannot be put into coherence or superposition. However there is no problem with having coherent domains within a discoherent body, e.g. molecules that are internally coherent. Single particules, such as electrons, are self-coherent under any conditions.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Witte-Ulianov Rotation Anisotropy Effect Rotating the Einstein’s Light Clock, to Show that the Neutrinos Travel at the Light Speed in Opera and Minos Experiments

Authors: Policarpo Yōshin Ulianov
Comments: 13 Pages.

This article explains why the neutrinos apparently are travel faster than light in the OPERA and MINOS experiments. This will be do with base in the Coriolis effect, Witte effect and some relativistic effects observed by rotating the light clock proposed by Einstein. These factors combined make the WURA effect (Witte-Ulianov Rotation Anisotropy effect) that generates a phase error between two clocks perfectly synchronized, due to rotation of the earth and its movement in space, during the travel time of a light signal between the clocks. For the OPERA experiment, the WURA effect describe a systematic timer error, that generate a theoretical time reduction of about 77.2ns, a value very close to the neutrino anticipation that was observed experimentally in the OPERA. This result indicates that in OPERA and MINOS the neutrinos are actually moving at the light speed.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

On Aberration of Freely-Walking Variables

Authors: Rodolfo Henrique Cerbaro
Comments: 1 Page.

Freely-walking variables can act in a manner which, toward the aims of the observer interpreting them, appear to be directed at a given worldview. Toward aberration of freely-walking variables, observers need to be extremely careful to not interpret the world wrongly and derive much else from it.
Category: Mind Science

Definition Intertwinement Analysis

Authors: Rodolfo Henrique Cerbaro
Comments: 1 Page.

The existence of two or more defined concepts implies the need for definition intertwinement analysis, inasmuch as two phenomena gives room to an analysis on whether there is a third – or more – because of the relation between the two. We start the field with a conditional.
Category: Linguistics

Act Equation

Authors: Rodolfo Henrique Cerbaro
Comments: 1 Page.

Consider the proposition: all conscious human-beings do is act. If taken to be correct, then an equivalence which answers what acting is stands as a possible basis for the human intellect, that is, something to derive all we do from. Here we suppose the proposition is correct and provide the equation.
Category: Mind Science

Natural Aim Limitation

Authors: Rodolfo Henrique Cerbaro
Comments: 1 Page.

Most animals are not intelligent enough for aim picking, being only allowed to select from the pool of a few, which is an observation that can be derived based on their actions. We intertwine aim-limitation and capacity to adapt and also look at the problems nearly total aim-freedom, expressed in human, has for survival.
Category: Mind Science

On the Structure of the Feeling of Envy

Authors: Rodolfo Henrique Cerbaro
Comments: 1 Page.

We provide a structure to understand the biological basis giving rise to the feeling of envy.
Category: Mind Science

On Beauty

Authors: Rodolfo Henrique Cerbaro
Comments: 1 Page.

Beauty is an existing phenomenon, yet defining it – therefore comprehending its essence – has proved to survive all attacks as of now. We attack it through setting a structure, inserting the phenomenon inside the structure, finding beauty and ugliness and then attacking it to unveil its naked nature.
Category: Mind Science

Problem Management

Authors: Rodolfo Henrique Cerbaro
Comments: 1 Page.

The life of any given observer is nothing but aims and problem management because of the aims. Hence, managers are us all and problem management is our task. Superiority in problem management, then, is hoped to be achieved through problem management theorizing. This makes the present work be one of the most important ones any given observer will ever encounter and read.
Category: Mind Science

What is the Form of Knowledge?

Authors: Rodolfo Henrique Cerbaro
Comments: 2 Pages.

A significant problem in education is pinpointing the importance of the information received. This work proposes a model, which argues that we can improve the understanding of the knowledge we are receiving through dividing it in two categories – problems and solutions/alleviations. The expected result of the model is an improved understanding of the knowledge received and its use, through critical thinking, and a way of understanding why the particular knowledge exists. It also provides us an understanding of the form of knowledge.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

On Significance and Intrinsic Value

Authors: Rodolfo Henrique Cerbaro
Comments: 1 Page.

Nothing has or lacks inherent significance, being such a quality attributed by observers. We reflect significance and attribution of, leading to a better picture of intrinsic value.
Category: Mind Science

Theory of Origin & Phenomenon of Life

Authors: Mohammad Shafiq Khan
Comments: 7 Pages. Theory substantiated on the physical level in the article Foundation of Theory of Everything

Origin of life and understanding the universe had been the matter of inquisitors to mankind. A new theory is put forward here that could also be called ‘Revitalism’ compared to the vitalism of previous two centuries. So far science has not visualized that besides matter and electromagnetic radiation any other form of ‘energy’ can exist. Now having realized that there could be dark energy which has been proved to be existing (vide ‘energy theory of matter & cosmology’ written by the author in the same issue). Scientists with an open mind look for other forms of ‘energies’ so as to better understand the universe, matter and the life forms. There is an energy which acts as the source of life in different life forms. ‘Soul’ which is also in the form of energy, does not interact directly with the matter or electromagnetic radiation but interacts directly with the ‘energy’ which forms the source of life. So it would be a far more difficult proposition to understand the ‘energy’ which constitutes the ‘soul’. The study of ‘energy’ which forms the source of life is very much possible because it interacts with the matter when in the form of cells. A fresh view of all the life sciences is required so as to have the perfect understanding of phenomenon of life.
Category: Mind Science

Mr. Wittgenstein: an Interpretation

Authors: Rodolfo Henrique Cerbaro
Comments: 1 Page.

We provide a new interpretation for Mr. Ludwig Wittgenstein’s intellectual endeavors.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Phenomena Toolbox

Authors: Rodolfo Henrique Cerbaro
Comments: 1 Page.

It has come to my perception that observers generally do not separate the human toolbox for understanding and passing the understanding of phenomena ahead – linguistics and mathematics – from the point of the toolbox itself: understanding phenomena. The lack of perception of this division gives room to a general lack of understanding of the importance of the toolbox, which can be used as a means by itself, but whose main utility is not so, and of the place of each component of knowledge intellectual structure for humans – phenomena and intellectual tools for managing phenomena.
Category: Mind Science

Constancy and Linguistics

Authors: Rodolfo Henrique Cerbaro
Comments: 1 Page.

We discuss a rule of constancy and linguistics.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

World-Trapping the Concept of Science

Authors: Rodolfo Henrique Cerbaro
Comments: 1 Page.

Defining the concept of science in a manner which allows marking the line between science and non-science has been a longstanding problem in the philosophy of science, known as the demarcation problem. Here we propose a solution which arrests the problem through worldblocking it, that is, we categorize all that is in the world through three categories and leave all the rest as non-science.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

On What is and What is Properly Represented

Authors: Rodolfo Henrique Cerbaro
Comments: 1 Page.

A given phenomena can be x, yet can be properly represented to all purposes by a non-x. We solely provide this observation.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Matter-Antimatter Gev Gamma Ray Laser Rocket Propulsion

Authors: Friedwardt Winterberg
Comments: 14 Pages.

It is shown that the idea of a photon rocket through the complete annihilation of matter with antimatter, first proposed by Sänger, is not a utopian scheme as it is widely believed. Its feasibility appears to be possible by the radiative collapse of a relativistic high current pinch discharge in a hydrogen-antihydrogen ambiplasma down to a radius determined by Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. Through this collapse to ultrahigh densities the proton-antiproton pairs in the center of the pinch can become the upper GeV laser level for the transition into a coherent gamma ray beam by proton-antiproton annihilation, with the magnetic field of the collapsed pinch discharge absorbing the recoil momentum of the beam and transmitting it to the spacecraft. The gamma ray laser beam is launched as a photon avalanche from one end of the pinch discharge channel.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Sense-Making and Aim-Setting

Authors: Rodolfo Henrique Cerbaro
Comments: 1 Page.

A relationship between sense-making and aim-setting seems to intrinsically exist, considering sense making or lack thereof can only be expressed through a visualization of aims. We briefly discuss the relationship.
Category: Mind Science

Observer View of Variables

Authors: Rodolfo Henrique Cerbaro
Comments: 1 Page.

Observers tend to view variables in two manners: variables in their benefit and variables against them, throwing variables which affect them against the aims they keep in mind. Variables do not take sides, however, unless they are observer controlled, as other observers are the only ones which can take sides.
Category: Mind Science

Unreachable Enclosure

Authors: Rodolfo Henrique Cerbaro
Comments: 1 Page.

Consider all of the world phenomena. Are we capable of having a proper understanding of all of them? Here we develop a conditioning which affirms that the amount of phenomena which we can understand is limited.
Category: Mind Science

Experimental & Theoretical Evidences of Fallacy of Space-Time Concept and Actual State of Existence of the Physical Universe

Authors: Mohammad Shafiq Khan
Comments: 30 Pages. Space-time concept is shown to be based on trickery

The postulate of constancy of velocity of light irrespective of relative uniform motion of the source and the observer introduced by Albert Einstein in the article ‘On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies’ Albert Einstein (1905a) is absolutely consistent with the physical and experimental observations. The other postulate of ‘laws by which physical systems undergo change are not affected when referred to different inertial reference frames’ is in contradiction with all the derivations in the article. Since the change in any physical system; due to whatever reason; could be mainly in reference to the space and time of that physical system; whereas article derives that space and time of any physical system would be different in different inertial reference frames. This article will establish theoretically as well as experimentally that the concept of length contraction in the direction of motion, as proposed by Lorentz & FitzGerald to explain Michelson–Morley experiment is fundamentally incorrect. Consequently the concept of exchangeability of mass and energy as proposed by Einstein in the article ‘Does the Inertial of the Body Depend upon its Energy Content’ Albert Einstein (1905b) fails conceptually, theoretically as well as experimentally. The theoretical and experimental evidences against the concept of contraction of space in the direction of motion leads to the failure of space – time concept and every theory and concept associated with it. The obvious conclusions are space is finite & absolute, time is relative & emergent, matter is emergent and radiation is the electromagnetic work capacity dissipated by the matter which propagates in the medium of ether as a wave motion. Consequent upon these experimental and theoretical evidences this unique state of existence of the physical universe emerges which has been partly described in the article ‘Foundation of Theory of Everything; Non-living Things & Living Things’ Mohammad Shafiq Khan (2010b). This article discusses in detail the experimental evidences of the coordinate transformation between two coordinates system in uniform motion derived in Mohammad Shafiq Khan (2010b); which in turn shows that Lorentz transformation which Einstein physically interpreted in the article Albert Einstein (1905a) is fundamentally incorrect. Consequently the physics which evolved in twentieth century is shown to be incorrect including the formulae E=mc2 and mv=m0/(1-v2/c2)1/2 .The final conclusion is that space is finite & absolute and accordingly the Big Bang Theory is established to be baseless.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Foundation of Theory of Everything: Non-Living Things and Living Things

Authors: Mohammad Shafiq Khan
Comments: 27 Pages. Historical article

For the first time in the human & scientific history the concepts of absolute space, emergent & relative time and aether or ether of classical physics (dark energy of modern physics now named as Luminiferous Energy) have been conceived simultaneously. The mystery of the above three concepts existed in the electromagnetic radiation or light as the phenomenon of electromagnetic radiations was not understood correctly resultantly the true nature of everything remained unknown to the mankind. A theistic Foundation of Theory of Everything: Non-living Things and Living Things is being proposed on purely scientific basis which would explain the yet unexplained concerns of human beings. The existence of ether is shown beyond any reasonable doubt and the electromagnetic properties of this medium have been defined. The mass, as we know it, is shown to be the manifestation of the energy; which constitutes the matter; due to the existence of ether resultantly the formula has been shown to be incorrect. The correct coordinate transformation instead of Galilean and Lorentz transformations has been derived. The very concept of space-time has been shown to be a mathematical misrepresentation. A unified theory of forces in nature has been proposed. The theistic Foundation of Theory of Everything also envisages the theory for living things with primary concern of the life of human beings. The characteristics of the ‘soul’ energy has been defined; besides proposal has been put forward regarding the characteristics of the ‘energies’ which being the source of life in all plants and animals. This article is in continuation of the author’s previous works (Mohammad Shafiq Khan, 2010a, b, c) [9] [10] [11].
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Michelson– Morley Experiment: a Misconceived & Misinterpreted Experiment

Authors: Mohammad Shafiq Khan
Comments: 11 Pages. Historical article

A thorough review of the Michelson–Morley experiment reveals that the experiment had been not only misinterpreted but also misconceived. Under the theory & methodology adopted by Michelson & Morley the reasons of misconception and misinterpretation have been found to be: 1. Doppler Effect of light was not taken into account and 2. The motion of the solar system was not also taken into account. Since this experiment formed the basis of misinterpretation of absence of luminiferous ether in the space and as the consequence of absence of luminiferous ether the concept of length contraction in the direction of motion, theories of relativity, space–time concept and big bang theory were adopted. The basis of all these theories and concepts is challenged. The present article is the detailed and corrected version of the article ‘Ultimate Proof of Energy Theory of Matter & Cosmology’ Mohammad Shafiq Khan (2010a) necessitated by the article ‘Foundation of Theory of Everything; Non-living & Living Things’ Mohammad Shafiq Khan (2010b). This article finally explains the Michelson-Morley experiment.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Energy Theory of Matter & Cosmology

Authors: Mohammad Shafiq Khan
Comments: 5 Pages. New Theory of Cosmology

A new theory ‘Energy Theory of Matter and Cosmology’, as an alternative theory, is proposed which could explain all the problems with different theories of physics; the main cause of which are the theories of relativity and resultantly the Big Bang Theory fails. Since it is established that the basic building substance of matter is energy and it has to be under the influence of a scalar force field this energy is converted into the matter. The scalar force field originated from the universal creator and with the initiation of the scalar force field energy, of which the matter is made up of, was converted into matter. During the process of conversion of energy into the particles, the particles attained high energies and collisions of the particles started. These particles in the process of fusion emit radiation which finally takes the form of cosmic background radiation and under the influence of said scalar force field, weak nuclear force; strong nuclear force and electromagnetic forces the atoms started forming. Then these atoms under the influence of gravitational force started clustering and thereby planets, stars and other astronomical bodies came into existence.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Simple Solution to Dark Energy

Authors: Paul Hoiland
Comments: 3 Pages.

A short rethink on the whole C as a constant issue.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is the Threshold Curvature that Corresponds to the Onset of the Uselessness of Mass-Energy for Work a Variable Measure?

Authors: Shawn Halayka
Comments: 2 Pages.

A duality between entropy and curvature is discussed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Relook at the no-Boundry Idea

Authors: Paul Hoiland
Comments: 5 Pages.

In considering the multiverse idea one comes across the subject of the domain wall that seperates our cosmos from that original false vacuum domain. In general that domain and the wall itself effects the evolution of the cosmos. But very few direct signatures would result.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Englobamento Econômico

Authors: Rodolfo Henrique Cerbaro
Comments: 2 Pages. In Portuguese

Municípios são englobados em decisões de política econômica de estados, que por sua vez são englobados nas decisões de países. Governos municipais, estaduais e federais precisam prestar atenção nos efeitos que uns exercem sobre os outros, já que, em prol de escolher a melhor política econômica possível precisa-se saber a posição da governança maior; e a governança maior deve adotar uma política econômica que beneficia a maioria da governança menor.
Category: Economics and Finance

The New Inverse-Coordinate Transformation of the New Accelerated System

Authors: sangwha Yi
Comments: 10 Pages. It is submission.

This article’s purpose is that discover the new inverse-coordinate transformation of the new accelerated theory in the article “The changed coordinate transformation of the constant accelerated coordinate system by tetrad”(vixra:1106,0054).
Category: Mathematical Physics

Prime Distribution in Pythagorean Triples(1)(the Greatest Problem in Mathematics)

Authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
Comments: 3 Pages.

Usina Jiang function we study prime distribution in Pythagporean triples(1)
Category: Number Theory

The Witte Effect: the Neutrino Speed and the Anisotropy of the Light Speed, as Defined in the General Theory of Relativity

Authors: Policarpo Yoshin Ulianov
Comments: 6 Pages.

In 1991, R. D. Witte performed an experiment to observe phase drift between two clusters of atomic clocks linked by a coaxial cable. Surprisingly, data from Witte observations showed cyclical phase drift variation with a periodicity very close to one sidereal day, in a phenomenon which along the present paper will be called “Witte effect”. Witte’s data were not accepted for publication, because they seemed to contradict the Einstein’s Special Relativity Theory. The Witte effect was thus ignored by the prevailing scientific paradigm until 2006, when R. T. Cahill found that the results by the Witte experiment were correct and could be explainable in the context of general relativity, due to an anisotropy in the speed of light that arises from the interaction between gravitational fields. Initially, Witte effect happens regardless the kind of signal is used to link the atomic clocks, be it RF (as used by Witte himself), light pulses or even bursts of neutrinos. Associating the OPERA experiment to the one by Witte (theoretically or linking the OPERA clocks with a coaxial cable), initially it will be observed phase drifts that vary according to the sidereal time when the experiment is being performed, a concern that is not known to have been regarded by the physicists designing the OPERA experiment. In the light of such facts, there are reasons to believe that the Witte effect explains why OPERA’s neutrinos seem to move at speeds above the light speed.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Relativistic Theory of Black Holes

Authors: Daniele Sasso
Comments: 5 Pages.

The gravitational theory is the most accredited theory for explaining black holes. In this paper we present a new interpretation based on the relativistic theory that explains black holes as a consequence of the relativistic speed of departure between the speed of celestial system and the speed of both light and quantum rays at very high energy, calculated with respect to the observer.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Discovery. Electron Flux Does not Exist in Conductors

Authors: Edmundas Jauniskis
Comments: 2 Pages.

Conclusion: elektron flux is not transferred from the battery minus to plus. As analogy would be contacting vessels with unequal amount of liquid. There is a valve in connection of these vessels and when it is opened, the liquid runs into lower vessel filled with.
Category: Classical Physics

Explaining How and Why the Muon Neutrinos Flow Faster Than the Speed of Light in the Opera Neutrino Experiment

Authors: Hamid Reza Karimi
Comments: 11 Pages.

In this paper an attempt is made to explain how and why the muon neutrinos flow faster than the speed of light in the OPERA neutrino experiment by using the theory of quantized space and time and internal structure of elementary particles derived from a new model of mine [1]. Also this paper shows that: 1-This motion is achieved by two velocities. The first is a speed of in the time and length quanta. Then there is a velocity greater than that of light in the super dimension. 2-In these tests, muon neutrinos move with a velocity . Only 23.98 m of this happens in the super dimension [2].
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Open Letter to Professor Brian Schmidt on His Alleged Black Hole in Nova Scorpii

Authors: Stephen J. Crothers
Comments: 3 Pages.

Brain Schmidt is a joint Nobel Prize winner for Physics in 2011. He is an astronomer at the Australian National University in Canberra, Australia, at the time of writing. He and his colleagues claim a black hole close binary system in Nova Scorpii. This Open Letter challenges the alleged black hole.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Calculation of the Elementary Particle Mass

Authors: N. Murata, YojaPanchan
Comments: 23 Pages. The language of this article is Japanese.

We derived various kinds of mass from g equation. We assume these mass to be mass of the quark-lepton. We calculate the mass of the main elementary particle from the mass of the quark-lepton. The difference between calculation result and observed value are within 2%.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Navier-Stokes Equation

Authors: Leonardo Rubino
Comments: 9 Pages.

In this paper you will find a simple demonstration of the Navier-Stokes equation, while, most of times, in books, you find it broken into its vectorial components whose proofs are usually not so clear, so getting confused on the topic. Moreover, in the appendixes, you can also find an original proof of the Stokes’ (rotor) theorem, by the author of this paper.
Category: Classical Physics

The Behaviours of Matter Ita Only

Authors: Leonardo Rubino
Comments: 19 Pages. In Italian only

In this paper (for the moment only in Italian language - sorry) you can find an explanation of the basic chemical/physical behaviours of matter. In the opinion of the author, this is one of the best example of the power of the Scientific Method, to understand how could the human beings’ minds find the rules of the microscopic world by looking at them from the macroscopic one.
Category: Classical Physics

Chaotic Attractor in Tumor Growth and Decay

Authors: Wen-sau Yim, Michael Harney
Comments: 14 Pages.

Cancer growth and decay can be modeled as a system of chaotic nonlinear differential equations. The system is based on a reaction-diffusion cancer growth model, expressed by a mathematical model that is simplified by Ivancevicet. al. This allows useful parameters to be applied for simulation and then recreated in C and Java, to directly compare with its predecessor project. A variation in a set of the parameters is found to decrease tumor growth in the early stages of tumor development.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Particle Mass Ratios

Authors: DT Froedge
Comments: 12 Pages.

This paper presents straightforward explanation of particle mass ratios, and the specific values for some well known particles. The additional nuclear modes postulated, are similar to the Schrödinger modes in the atom, and, though speculative, the mass ratios calculated for elementary particles are very close the observed mass ratios.
Category: Mathematical Physics

What a Coincidence! Strange Numerical Links in the Universe

Authors: Leonardo Rubino
Comments: 9 Pages.

In this paper you will find ten examples of numerical coincidences among the physical quantities of the universe. Unfortunately, you will unlikely find them somewhere else, as most of them are here presented in an environment which is hostile to the prevailing cosmology, made of an unjustifiable (thick, dark, transparent, heavy and invisible!!!) dark matter, of unacceptable theoretical densities of the universe and unacceptable rotation speeds on galaxies.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gauss Distribution-a Complete Proof Only Ita

Authors: Leonardo Rubino
Comments: 13 Pages.

In this paper (for the moment in Italian language only-sorry) you can find a rare proof of the Gauss Distribution Law, as almost all available books (in the opinion of who is writing) just show it, without giving any demonstration. Then, here you can also find a description of the 3-sigma rule, very used in the field of technologies. At last, a peculiarity of the quantum mechanics is here highlighted, where the claim of the equality sign in the Heisenberg indetermination equations leads to a Gaussian wave function, indeed, which reduces to a minimum value the quantum uncertainty situation.
Category: Statistics

A Three Step Program for Return to Reality in Physics

Authors: Paul J. Werbos
Comments: 16 Pages.

Modern physics has become so vast and so complicated that a deep connection between empirical technologically-oriented physics and the realm of basic theory becomes more and more a rare exercise in crossdisciplinary cooperation. This paper will give an overview of many important developments both on the empirical side and the theoretical side, well known to both but not to each other, and give the specifics of a way to connect them more effectively. After the initial review, it provides a three-step program for reorganizing and simplifying our fundamental assumptions about the laws of physics, starting by linking recent progress in areas like backwards time physics, coherence phenomena in quantum optics and cavity QED to the retrieval of an updated form of Einstein’s vision of a universe of mathematically elegant and rigorous continuous fields, addressing empirical and theoretical questions which are still open in the study of nuclear interactions and in the mathematical study of solitons, including the Higgs boson.
Category: Quantum Physics

On Equivalence Between Zeta and R-Sequence

Authors: Michael A. Bucko
Comments: 2 Pages.

Conjecture on equivalence between Zeta Riemann and R-sequence.
Category: Number Theory

On P2^n Blocker Conjecture and R2 Function

Authors: Michael A. Bucko
Comments: 2 Pages.

On p2n blocker conjecture and R2 function, ie. the conjecture based on R-sequence theory.
Category: Number Theory

Guided Impact Fusion

Authors: Colin Jack
Comments: 33 Pages.

There is a straightforward and cost-effective way to generate energy from fusion. The enabling technology has existed for at least a decade: it is an indictment of the way science currently progresses that it has been overlooked.

The basic method is familiar: a hollow fuel capsule implodes within a hohlraum. However the hohlraum is heated not by lasers, but by the impact of charged micropellets fired at ultravelocity from a modified particle accelerator. This technique has long been used to test spacecraft micrometeoroid shields, and has been suggested for fusion. The key novel step is that it is now possible to track and guide each pellet individually during flight, using COTS-available technology. This opens up options never before considered:

- The pellets catch up together over a long flightpath, so peak power level can be multiplied a millionfold. A train of pellets launched over a period of milliseconds arrives at the hohlraum within a span of nanoseconds: an accelerator of modest power can provide a larger peak input than is possible with lasers.
- The pellets are progressively discharged as they travel, so mutual repulsion at convergence is eliminated.
- The pellets impact the hohlraum in a precisely specified pattern, whose variation with time is also tailored to cause optimal fuel capsule implosion.

The method is ideally suited to standoff operation. Detonation can take place within a disposable projectile, within a lithium waterfall which extracts the energy while breeding replacement tritium. There is no need for a large vacuum chamber.

The only net fuel input is deuterium. Capital cost is modest. Equipment life is indefinite. It will be possible to retrofit existing coal-fired generating plant for fusion.

Overall length of the accelerator and standoff pipe is substantial, several kilometres. However even if the whole length has to be placed in a tunnel, its cost is small compared to that of a power station.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

A Dissertation on the Origins of Quantization in the Universe (With Unification Gravity Electromagnetism as Appendix)

Authors: Leonardo Rubino
Comments: 49 Pages.

The Universe is quantized simply because its age is very long, so its cycle frequency is very small, but not zero! From this, the quantizations of all physical quantities can be derived.
Category: Quantum Physics

Laser Theory

Authors: Leonardo Rubino
Comments: 18 Pages.

In this paper you can find not only a formal LASER Theory, but also useful appendixes which help you to understand the origins of all the equations used in the paper itself.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Complete Treatise on the General Theory of Relativity with the Special Theory of Relativity and Gravity from Electromagnetism as Appendixes

Authors: Leonardo Rubino
Comments: 86 Pages.

In this paper you can find a complete treatise on the General Theory of Relativity, starting from the basic geometry, through the Einstein's field equations, to the calculation of the deflection of light by the Sun and of the precession of the perihelion of planets. Moreover, as appendixes, you will also find the Restricted Theory of Relativity and an explanation on how I see the Gravity (coming from) the Electromagnetism!
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Hilbert Book Model; in Concise Format

Authors: J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 143 Pages.

The Hilbert Book Model is a simple model of fundamental physics that is strictly based on the axioms of traditional quantum logic. It uses a sequence of instances of an extension of a quaternionic separable Hilbert space that each represent a static status quo of the whole universe.
Category: Quantum Physics

Discovery. Electron Flux Does not Exist in Wires

Authors: Edmundas Jauniskis
Comments: 2 Pages.

The energy flow in the wires is the oscillation of atoms. The energy flow consists of the purposeful blows of atoms towards each other.
Category: Classical Physics

Getting Rid of Dark Matter and Fourth Dimension

Authors: Leonardo Rubino
Comments: 15 Pages.

The mysterious dark matter is a totally unknown and unjustifiable object which has been introduced to make theoretical and measured data match. The fourth dimension in the Theory of Relativity has no support from the real Universe. The fourth axis introduced in relativity through the 4-vectorial formulation of the quantities is just the falling axis of the matter towards the center of mass of the Universe, with speed c! And this axis is, of course, located in the 3-dimensional context of the Universe itself. Moreover, forget the tens of dimensions, rolled up over themselves, coming from the String Theory!
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Neutrinos Faster Than Light Speed

Authors: Stein Sivertsen
Comments: 4 Pages.

The OPERA neutrino anomaly is the detection by the OPERA experiment of subatomic particles, neutrinos, that appear to travel faster than light. This result was publicly announced on September 2011. The apparent finding is a subject of inquiry and debate. It is considered anomalous since speeds higher than that of light in a vacuum are generally thought to violate special relativity. In this paper I offer an explanation of this anomaly based upon my article: http://www.vixra.org/pdf/1010.0035v4.pdf (A Philosophical And Mathematical Theory Of Everything.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Building High-Level Features Using Large Scale Unsupervised Learning

Authors: Quoc V. Le, Rajat Monga, Matthieu Devin, Greg Corrado, Kai Chen, Marc'Aurelio Ranzato, Jeff Dean, Andrew Y. Ng
Comments: 10 Pages.

We consider the problem of building detectors for high-level concepts using only unsupervised feature learning. For example, we would like to understand if it is possible to learn a face detector using only unlabeled images downloaded from the internet. To answer this question, we trained a simple feature learning algorithm on a large dataset of images (10 million images, each image is 200x200). The simulation is performed on a cluster of 1000 machines with fast network hardware for one week. Extensive experimental results reveal surprising evidence that such high-level concepts can indeed be learned using only unlabeled data and a simple learning algorithm.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

To Implemet the Gravitational Constant and the Avogadro Number in Atomic, Nuclear and Particle Physics

Authors: U .V . S. Seshavatharam, S. Lakshminarayana
Comments: 15 Pages. Role of Avogadro number in grand unification. Hadronic Journal. Vol-33, No 5, 2010 Oct. p513.

It is very clear that, to unify 2 interactions if 5 dimensions are required, for unifying 4 interactions 10 dimensions are required. For 3+1 dimensions if there exists 4 (observed) interactions, for 10 dimensions there may exist 10 (observable) interactions. To unify 10 interactions 20 dimensions are required. From this idea it can be suggested that- with `n' new dimensions `unification' problem can not be resolved. By implementing the gravitational constant in atomic and nuclear physics, independent of the CGS and SI units, Avogadro number can be obtained very easily and its order of magnitude is $\cong N \cong 6 \times 10^{23}$ but not $6 \times 10^{26}.$ If $M_P$ is the Planck mass and $m_e$ is the rest mass of electron, semi empirically it is observed that, $M_g \cong N^{\frac{2}{3}}\cdot \sqrt{M_Pm_e} \cong 1.0044118 \times 10^{-3} \; Kg.$ If $m_{p} $ is the rest mass of proton it is noticed that $\ln \sqrt{\frac{e^{2} }{4\pi \varepsilon _{0} Gm_{P}^{2} } } \cong \sqrt{\frac{m_{p} }{m_{e} } -\ln \left(N^{2} \right)}.$ Key conceptual link that connects the gravitational force and non-gravitational forces is - the classical force limit $\left(\frac{c^{4} }{G} \right)$. For mole number of particles, if strength of gravity is $\left(N.G\right),$ any one particle's weak force magnitude is $F_{W} \cong \frac{1}{N} \cdot \left(\frac{c^{4} }{N.G} \right)\cong \frac{c^{4} }{N^{2} G} $. Ratio of `classical force limit' and `weak force magnitude' is $N^{2} $. Assumed relation for strong force and weak force magnitudes is $\sqrt{\frac{F_{S} }{F_{W} } } \cong 2\pi \ln \left(N^{2} \right)$. From SUSY point of view, `integral charge quark fermion' and `integral charge quark boson' mass ratio is $\Psi=2.262218404$ but not unity. With these advanced concepts an ``alternative" to the `standard model' can be developed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Absolute Motion as the Physical State of Bodies

Authors: J. Bajnok
Comments: 9 Pages. 4 figure

According to the theory of relativity as established before the 1900s, the mechanical and electromagnetic phenomena that occur in systems in inertial motion do not contain the information needed to detect absolute motion. Today we know two state variables, which depend on the motion state of a body that appear in measurements: one of them is mass, which changes with respect to velocity or kinetic energy; the other is radiation frequency, which characterizes the inner state of atoms, and also changes with respect to velocity. Going back to the equation m = E/c^2 deduced by Poincare, the body absolute motion and absolute velocity can be deduced from the true mass change and true frequency change. As a first step, in the course of studying the changes of physical states in connection with kinetic energy, it was established that a limit exists for those parameters of the body which change with respect to velocity in case of the state of absolute rest, devoid of translational motion. On these grounds, as a second step, the dynamic definition of absolute rest was formulated. As a third step, the relationship between the body absolute velocity and mass change was deduced knowing the limits. Conclusion: a body absolute velocity can be determined from its gravitational mass measured at various velocities or from the values of radiation frequency, which changes in inverse proportion.
Category: Classical Physics

Modified Newtonian Dynamics and Dark Matter from a Generalized Gravitational Theory

Authors: Juan Ramón González Álvarez
Comments: 9 Pages.

Vast amounts of data clearly demonstrate discrepancies between the observed dynamics, in large astronomical systems, and the predicted dynamics by Newtonian gravity and general relativity. The appearance of these discrepancies has two possible explanations: either these systems contain large quantities of a new kind of unseen matter −the Dark Matter (DM)− or the gravitational law has to be modified at this scale −as in MOdified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND)−. This dichotomy is not entirely new in the history of physics, with DM playing now the role of the old non-existent Vulcan planet.

We have shown how both (i) the MONDian form and (ii) Milgrom acceleration follow from an extended theory of gravity −characterized by a new kind of gravitational potentials h_μν(R(t))−, which (iii) was initially aimed to solve those deficiencies of general relativity shared with classical electrodynamics −and that were previously solved with new electromagnetic potentials Φ(R(t)) and A(R(t))−. We also show (iv) how the modified equation of motion can be cast into ordinary form, when an fictitious distribution of DM matter is added to the real mass. From our definition of DM, we obtain (v) the main properties traditionally attributed to it, in excellent agreement with the DM literature. Finally, (vi) we discuss further avenues of research opened by this new paradigm.

Electron Equivalent Circuit

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 7 Pages.

The electron is interpreted as a small electric current carrying the elementary charge and the elementary mass. The equivalent circuit is a quarter-wave short circuited transmission line, the line having characteristic impedance 25812.807449 Ohm, the von Klitzing constant. A similar line, closed on itself after a twist (as in a Moebius strip), not only justifies the charge and mass, but also the angular momentum of the electron.
Category: Condensed Matter

Equidistant Curve Coordinate System (Three Dimensions(2), Hyperboloid)

Authors: Morio Kikuchi
Comments: 13 Pages.

In hyperboloid model, a metric by use of equidistant curve coordinate system is obtained by parametric representation.
Category: Geometry

Moriond 2012 Theory Proposal: 3-Mass-State SM Higgs Preserves Consistency up to Planck Scale

Authors: Frank Dodd (Tony) Smith Jr.
Comments: 5 Pages.

CERN's analysis of 5/fb of data collected by the LHC by Halloween 2011 will be discussed at the Moriond 2012 Theory Conference in March 2012. A Standard Model Higgs with 3 Mass States at 145, 180-200, and 240 GeV will stabilize the Standard Model up to the Planck Scale and is consistent with the gamma-gamma and ZZ-4l data from the LHC. This paper is a proposal that the 3-mass-state SM Higgs should be discussed at the Moriond 2012 Theory Conference. (References are included in the body of the paper and in linked material.)
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Opera, Icarus and Sn1987a Interpretations According to the Modified Special Relativity Theory

Authors: Azzam AlMosallami
Comments: 8 Pages.

The OPERA experiment [1] at the Gran Sasso laboratory south of Rome, said they recorded neutrinos beamed to them from the CERN research center in Switzerland as arriving 60 nanoseconds before light would have done. But ICARUS [2], another experiment at Gran Sasso - which is deep under mountains and run by Italy's National Institute of National Physics - now argues that their measurements of the neutrinos energy on arrival contradict that reading. In their paper, the ICARUS [2] team says their findings "refute a superluminal (faster than light) interpretation of the OPERA [1] result." They argue, on the basis of the published studies by two top U.S. physicists, that the neutrinos pumped down from CERN, near Geneva, should have lost most of their energy if they had travelled at even a tiny fraction faster than light. But in fact, the ICARUS scientists say, the neutrino beam as tested in their equipment registered an energy spectrum fully corresponding with what it should be for particles traveling at the speed of light and no more. Neutrinos scarcely interact with matter, which means they escape an exploding star more quickly than photons, something the SN 1987A measurements confirmed. But SN 1987A is 170,000 light years away. If neutrinos moved slightly faster than the speed of light, they would have arrived at the Earth years - not hours - before the detected photons from the supernova. According to my modified special relativity theory (MSRT) [3], I’ll give an interpretation for the OPERA experiment, ICARUS and the SN 1987A, and how they are related with the same theory. The previous experiments are considered as a confirmation for my proposed modified special relativity theory, which is formulated in 1996 in order to unify between quantum theory (Copenhagen school) and relativity theory in concepts, principles and laws.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The New Prime Theorems(1391)-(1440)

Authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
Comments: 90 Pages.

Using Jiang function we prove the new prime theorems(13910-(1440)
Category: Number Theory

A Pedagogical Derivation of the Navier-Stokes Equation

Authors: Armando V.D.B. Assis
Comments: 13 pages. English.

This brief paper is part of my research on the origins of turbulence. Since the derivations of the Navier-Stokes equation are frequently cumbersome, I would like to provide this pedagogical derivation (I hope), discussing the properties of the continuum fluids under a heuristical approach.
Category: Condensed Matter

Camouflaged Camouflaged Contextual Posturing in the Laws of Nature: Hidden Riches for Novel Forms of Technology and Energy Generation

Authors: Donald Reed
Comments: 12 Pages.

Evidence will be presented from a wide spectrum of theoretical and empirical research to advance the thesis that the laws of nature, particularly in the astrophysical and microphysical arenas, are in some sense contextual, possibly dependent on both location and to a certain extent, direction...
Category: Quantum Physics

Comment on “Entanglement and the Thermodynamic Arrow of Time” and Correct Reply on “Comment on "Quantum Solution to the Arrow-of-Time Dilemma"” of David Jennings and Terry Rudolph

Authors: Oleg Kupervasser
Comments: 6 Pages.

The paper of D. Jennings, T. Rudolph (the authors) "Entanglement ..." is very interesting. But the Thermodynamic Arrow of Time is not applicable for microsystems. It is a nice paper about quantum fluctuation, but not a paper about Thermodynamic Arrow of Time. In the Abstract of the paper “Entanglement ...” the authors write: "We examine in detail the case of three qubits, and also propose some simple experimental demonstrations possible with small numbers of qubits." But no thermodynamics is possible for such a microsystem. The authors (like Maccone) don't understand that categories "thermodynamic arrow of time", “macroscopic thermodynamic entropy” are correct only for large macrosystems. Using these categories for small fluctuating systems has no physical sense. We give (instead of Maccone) the correct reply to “Comment ...”. We consider a quantum chaotic macrosystem and demonstrate that no contradiction exists for this correct thermodynamical case. It must be mentioned that big size of a system (quantum or classic) is also not an enough condition for a system to be macroscopic. The macroscopic system must also be chaotic (quantum or classic) and has small chaotic interaction with its environment/observer resulting in decoherence (decorrelation). Indeed thermodynamic-like terminology is widely and effectively used in quantum mechanics, quantum computers field, and information theory. The big number of the examples is in the references of the authors’ paper. The other nice example is Shannon’s entropy in information theory. But usually such an author does not consider such a paper as analysis of classical Thermodynamics. Contrarily the authors (in “Comment ...”) “disprove” the second law of Thermodynamics on the basis of the irrelevant microscopic system and give the announcement of their next paper “Entanglement …” as a correct consideration and a disproof of the second law.
Category: Quantum Physics

Derivation of the Drag Curve $C_{D}=C_{D}\left(\mathcal{R}\right)$

Authors: Armando V.D.B. Assis
Comments: 3 pages. English.

Through a convenient mathematical approach for the Navier-Stokes equation, we obtain the quadratic dependence $v^{2}$ of the drag force $F_{D}$ on a falling sphere, and the drag coefficient, $C_{D}$, as a function of the Reynolds number. Viscosity effects related to the turbulent boundary layer under transition, from laminar to turbulent, lead to the tensorial integration related to the flux of linear momentum through a conveniently choosen control surface in the falling reference frame. This approach turns out to provide an efficient route for the drag force calculation, since the drag force turns out to be a field of a non-inertial reference frame, allowing an arbitrary and convenient control surface, finally leading to the quadratic term for the drag force.
Category: Condensed Matter

LHC Signals Between 121-130 Gev Interpreted with Quantum-FFF Theory

Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 23 Pages. 23

Abstract, In Quantum Function Follows Form theory, (Q-FFF) the Higgs particle is interpreted as a massless transformer particle able to create the universe by transforming its shape after real mechanical collision and able to merge with other shaped particles into composite geometrical knots called Quarks and some Leptons (Muons and Tauons). Singular particles are; the two leptons: the electron and positron, different shaped photons, gluons and neutrinos all originated out of one single transformed Higgs. As a result, Q-FFF theory leads to a NON Standard Model of elementary particles, also described in this paper. As a consequence the recent Large Hadron Collider (LHC) results, showing special values between 121-130 GeV for the predicted signal of the massive Standard Model (SM) Higgs, should be interpreted as the result of one or more different composite particle decay- and collision processes and not as the result of Higgs decay. In this paper I present some possible transformations after the collision of (Non- SM) Proton particles interpreted as Quark- Gluon cloud collisions, into the observed production and decay results such as, gg into Di-photons, ZZ into 4 Lepton or WW into LvLv .
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

3 Dimensional String Theory

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper examines the possibility to origin the spontaneously broken symmetries from the Planck distribution law. In this way we get for example a unification of the strong, electromagnetic and weak interactions from the interference occurrences of oscillators.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Theory of Relativity is Absolutely Wrong

Authors: Emil Gigov
Comments: 10 Pages.

In the Nature exist countless facts, whereas only thing backing relativity is the hypothesis, that the speed of light is invariant universal constant. However this hypothesis is meaningless, because it is clear that there exist superluminal velocities and absolute quantities. In this case, the Theory of relativity is arbitrary and wrong. This has been mentioned by many true scientists, such as Rutherford, Soddy, Michelson, Sagnac, Lenard, Larmor, McMillan, Tesla, Tsiolkovsky and others, unlike the modern physics. As regards so-called relativistic proofs, they are mostly imaginary and hidden. For example, black holes are hidden under a layer of luminous atmosphere, gravitational lens is hidden in the atmospheric lens, gravitational redshift of a star is hidden in the Compton effect, mass of an electron is hidden in the mass of the beam, Lorentz contraction is hidden in stellar aberrational contraction etc. Also, the relativistic navigational system GPS, actually works in accordance with classical physics, because there is a privileged coordinate system, as well as disturbances in data, which are being corrected permanently by ground control stations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Units Independent Avogadro Number and Its Applications in Unification

Authors: U .V . S. Seshavatharam, S. Lakshminarayana
Comments: 16 Pages. Avogadro number couples the gravitational and non-gravitational interactions

By implementing the gravitational constant in atomic and nuclear physics, independent of the CGS and SI units, Avogadro number can be obtained very easily. It is observed that, either in SI system of units or in CGS system of units, value of the order of magnitude of Avogadro number $\cong N \cong 6 \times 10^{23}$ but not $6 \times 10^{26}.$ Key conceptual link that connects the gravitational force and non-gravitational forces is - the classical force limit $\left(\frac{c^{4} }{G} \right)$. For mole number of particles, if strength of gravity is $\left(N.G\right),$ any one particle's weak force magnitude is $F_{W} \cong \frac{1}{N} \cdot \left(\frac{c^{4} }{N.G} \right)\cong \frac{c^{4} }{N^{2} G} $. Ratio of `classical force limit' and `weak force magnitude' is $N^{2} $. This may be the beginning of unification of `gravitational and non-gravitational interactions'.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Matter and Energy

Authors: R G Kulkarni
Comments: 16 Pages.

Equivalence of mass and energy relation can be proved by Newtonian mechanics. The law of conservation of energy necessitates to assume that when the body moves increase in mass of the body is real so total energy of the body measured by all observers is same irrespective of their state of motion. Second postulate of theory of relativity can be proved. But theory of relativity is not correct. Mass and time are absolute quantities. This also indicates that nature has upper limit for velocity and absolute frame of reference exists.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Towards a New Paradigm?

Authors: Robert L. Oldershaw
Comments: 11 Pages. First draft; Goal is to stimulate discussion

Arguments are presented for the contention that a new fractal cosmological paradigm is on the verge of replacing the previous standard paradigm of physics. The old and new paradigms are compared and contrasted.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Nonlocality and Interaction

Authors: Manfred Buth
Comments: 6 Pages.

Three statements are asserted: (a) There is no contradiction between quantum mechanics and special relativity, if the role of interaction in the analysed experiments is sufficiently respected. (b) There is no paradoxical situation in the gedankenexperiment of Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen. (c) The principles of quantum statistics describe nonlocal effects. From (b) one can infer that the whole discussion about EPR and all that was and is dispensable. It could have been avoided, if in time the analysis of possible experiments would have been carried out a bit more carefully.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Magnetic Field of the Electric Current and the Magnetic Induction

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 3 Pages.

This paper intend to explain the magnetic effect of the steady electric current, from some new point of view based on the simple observed effects of the accelerating electrons, causing naturally the experienced changes of the electric field potential along the electric wire. The changing acceleration of the electrons explains the created negative electric field of the magnetic induction also.
Category: Classical Physics

Surmounting the Cartesian Cut: Klein Bottle Logophysics, the Dirac Algebra and the Genetic Code

Authors: Diego Lucio Rapoport
Comments: 22 Pages.

We reintroduce the Klein Bottle (KB) logophysics at the foundations of the unification of quantum geometry, cell biology, embryology and evolution, to extend it to the genetic code and allosteric recognition. We find that the genetic code has three possible fractal topologies: two different families of KBs embedded in HyperKBs, or still a 2-torus, depending which pair of three subalphabets for the genetic “letters” is chosen; this does not require the double helix. We complete the genetic codification of embryological differentiation introduced in an accompanying article. We discuss the Hadamard-KB representation of this codification and discuss its robustness and that of embryological development with respect to environmental noise. We discuss this KB codification of the 64 codons with its isomorphic representation in terms of the Dirac Algebra (DA) of Quantum Mechanics, in the Nilpotent Universal Computational Rewrite System (NUCRS), a self-referential syntax that generates much of mathematics and the fundamental symmetries of physics. We show that the double helix can be obtained from the duplication of the KB associated with the bistable perception of the tetrahedron representation of the four genetic letters. The DA and its double tetrahedron codification in NUCRS is found to be associated with a pair of superposed KBs, yielding the double 3D (space and momentum) space of physics, and the double helix of DNA, which thus appears related to a pair of KBs, being the case that only one is necessary to construct the genome. We show that the depth-time variable of visual perception materializes as space Thus, the DA is derivable from two KBs, and the purported dualism of physics as presented in NUCRS, is rendered to be based in the non-dualistic KBL. We discuss the relations with a theory of evolutions, and between biological periodicities and the KB of the Mendeleev table (Boeyens). We present relations between metacognition and the HyperKlein Bottle, and evolution in terms of time waves defining in toto the different structures. We present rudiments of the ontoepistemology of the Hyper KB Logic, its relations with the anthropic principles and the universal physical constants, which are found to be contextual.
Category: Physics of Biology

On the Fusion of Physics and Klein Bottle Logic in Biology, Embryogenesis and Evolution

Authors: Diego Lucio Rapoport
Comments: 20 Pages.

We introduce a new paradigm for embryological differentiation with its relations to the genome and evolution, in terms of the fusion of logic and physics: logophysics (LGP), associated to the ontology and epistemology of the Klein Bottle (KB). We introduce LGP through the subversion of the fixed dualistic categories of exterior and interior, basis for much of science, in terms of the eversion: turning inside-out of the two dimensional elastic sphere (ovum), which is the actual case. We propose bauplans unfolding from a 6d space in which time waves manifest through torsion fields in real space and in which the eversion is mediated by KBs. We present the torsion geometry, quantum and elastodynamical, of self-referential biology. We apply this to the problem of the physics of embryological differentiation in terms of quantum torsion-elastodynamics waves and the light tensegrity of the cell. We associate it with a topological transformation which extends the proposal by Maxwell and Poynting, founders of electromagnetics, for the interaction of the inanimate and animate worlds. We present a new conception of the world in terms of time waves and the KB, that appears in the natural number system, in cosmology, in vision recognition, in the topographic map of the sensorium, in the periodic table of elements, the genome, etc. We surmount the ancient problem of what life is, providing a LGP basis for both the inanimate and animate realms.
Category: Physics of Biology

Higgs-Limited Boson Surface (Higgs-LBS) is a Mass-Surface – Thus not a Singular Higgs-Boson and is Related to Faster-Than-Light-Neutrinos.

Authors: Dan Visser
Comments: 4 Pages. Avalable only for arXiv and informing me by email.

In this paper I give a formulation for why a new Higgs-mass is considered otherwise than is usually done. This leads to an additional explanation of my earlier posted papers about neutrinos-faster-than-light-in-vacuum; I also refer to my earlier calculated new Higgs-mass. The addition is a deeper analysis, which does not change the result in the former paper. It is extending the Higgs-energy. The first prediction is the Higgs-particle is a Limited Boson-Surface, or Higgs-LBS. This means: It is not a singular Higgs-mass boson. The second prediction is: The occurrence of an Higgs-LBS may be about 60 nanoseconds before a proton-proton collision in an accelerator, such as the LHC in CERN. This is possible because the Higgs-energy is related to a new dark energy force squared. These predictions are supposed to fit in a new cosmological hypothesis, called the Double Torus of dark energy and dark matter, wherein a new dark energy force is defined as a force smaller than the smallest gravity, which could act beyond General Relativity.
Category: Mathematical Physics

126 Gev Boson Constitutes Higgs Charged Boson and W Boson

Authors: U .V . S. Seshavatharam, S. Lakshminarayana
Comments: 9 Pages. SUSY and strong nuclear gravity in (120-160) GeV mass range. Hadronic journal, Vol-34, No 3, 2011 June, p277-300

It is suggested that, in super symmetry, the fermion and boson mass ratio is equal to 2.62218404 but not unity. Based on strong nuclear gravity and super symmetry it is suggested that: there exists a charged Higgs fermion of rest energy 103125 MeV. Its charged susy boson rest energy is 45586 MeV. The charged Higgs fermion and nuclear charge radius play a crucial role in the emission of the electron in Beta decay. The recently discovered neutral boson of rest energy 123 to 127 MeV seems to be composed of a Higgs charged boson and a W boson. Its obtained rest energy is 126 GeV.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Classical Mechanics ( General Definitions )

Authors: Alejandro A. Torassa
Comments: 8 Pages.

This paper presents general definitions in classical mechanics.
Category: Classical Physics

E = MC Squared and λ = H/p Are not Identities and Time is an Illusion

Authors: Glenn A. Baxter
Comments: 3 Pages.

We show that E = MC squared and λ = h/p Are Not Identities and Time is an Illusion
Category: Classical Physics

Related Images from the Rendlesham Forest Ufo Event and Two Crop Formations

Authors: William C. Treurniet
Comments: 26 Pages.

This article demonstrates that the 1980 Rendlesham Forest UFO event, the 2002 Crabwood crop formation, and the 2010 Wilton Windmill crop formation are all logically connected. Each event yielded a set of binary data which was decoded using a single image decoding algorithm discovered in part of the Wilton Windmill data set. Remarkably, four meaningful images were decoded from that data set by ordering the data bits in different ways. One image shows a bipedal figure with one arm raised. Another shows the same figure in a different pose with the other arm raised. A third image shows a face with large ears as in a drawing of a bunny in a child's book. A fourth image shows what appears to be a child riding a tricycle. The data set from the Crabwood formation was decoded as a bipedal figure extending a three-fingered hand in greeting. Finally, the data set from the UFO encounter in Rendlesham Forest was decoded as the profile of a sitting cat or dog. Evidently, a plan was devised before 1980 to deliver the encoded images, and to allow them to be revealed only in 2010 when the decoding algorithm would be provided. The anomalous flight technologies reported by witnesses at Rendlesham Forest, the extraordinary methods and technology required to construct the Crabwood formation, and the extremely complicated way that images were encoded in the Wilton Windmill formation, are evidence that an agency with exceptional capabilities orchestrated the events. The symbols of greeting in the images and other benign content convey the message that a meeting is anticipated and that we should not fear it. This further implies that the meeting will be with non-terrestrial entities, else the message would be trivial.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Gravitational Constant in Nuclear Interactions

Authors: U .V . S. Seshavatharam, S. Lakshminarayana
Comments: 13 Pages. Strange relations can not be ignored.

Till today no atomic principle implemented the gravitational constant in nuclear physics. Considering the electromagnetic and gravitational force ratio of electron and proton a simple semi empirical relation is proposed for estimating the strong coupling constant. Obtained value is $\alpha_s \cong 0.117378409.$ It is also noticed that $\alpha_s\cong \ln\left(r_Ur_D\right)$ where $r_U$ and $r_D$ are the geometric ratios of Up and Down quark series respectively. It is noticed that proton rest mass is equal to $\left(\frac{1}{\alpha}+\frac{1}{\alpha_s}\right)\sqrt{UD}.$ With reference to the the electromagnetic and gravitational force ratio of electron, 137 can be fitted at $r_U $ and 128 can be fitted at $r_D.$ Finally semi empirical mass formula energy constants are fitted.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Universe Accelerating Expansion: a Counterexample

Authors: Faycal Ben Adda
Comments: 15 Pages. 7 Figures

In this paper we build a counterexample that raises a fundamental distinction between recession movement of matter and space expansion. We prove that observing matter recession at an accelerating rate is not an indication for the acceleration of the universe expansion. More precisely, we show that the observed acceleration in the recession movement of galaxies is naturally due to a universe deceleration. The counterexample provides us with a possible space with independent movement that might produce the observed behavior of galaxies registered for the redshift $z<0.5$ as well as for the redshift $z>0.5$. This counterexample calls into question the recent interpretation of the accelerating recession movement of galaxies as a sign of universe acceleration.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Proposed New Model

Authors: Paul Karl Hoiland
Comments: 6 Pages.

I examine a slight modification to the so-called Higgless models that allows for a real Higg’s particle and some cosmological constant that varies over time via vacuum decay. In this Model you find Dark Matter as a Higg's decay mode, and a variable cosmological constant resulting from dark matters uncoupling from the EW scale.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Nonexistence of Risk-Neutral Measures

Authors: Adam Chmaj
Comments: 1 Page.

Any comments?
Category: Economics and Finance

A 10-Dimensional and 11-Dimensional Hidden Variables Duality Model of a ‘D-Brane and Type I String Structure’

Authors: Gary Heen
Comments: 24 Pages.

In this paper a 'hidden variables' interpretation of the quantum world is presented. A hidden variables explanation assumes current quantum mechanical theories are imperfect in that they do not incorporate a physical reality to the quantum world. At the Solvay conference of 1927, Louis De Broglie presented a hypothesis which was to be the forerunner to hidden variables theory: at the quantum level, a 'matter wave' steered particles. Under the powerful influence of Neils Bohr, Louis De Broglie's matter wave was disregarded in favor of the 'Copenhagen Interpretation' championed by Bohr himself, and the Copenhagen interpretation became the de facto accepted theory of quantum mechanics. In 1932, John Von Neumann presented a supposed "proof" that no hidden variables theory could properly describe the quantum world. He was first shown to be wrong by Grete Hermann, but she was largely ignored do to Neumann's immense stature as a mathematician. Later in 1966, John Bell further established that the proof was flawed, and the hidden variables interpretation has since seen a renewal of interest amongst researchers. The model presented in this paper incorporates d-branes and Type I strings into a hidden variables quantum structure; this physical structure can be interpreted as both 10-dimensional and 11- dimensional, and is designated: the D-string.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On the Connectivity in One-Dimensional ad Hoc Wireless Networks with a Forbidden Zone

Authors: Xiaodong Hu, Evgeniy Grechnikov
Comments: 11 Pages.

This paper investigates the connectivity in one-dimensional ad hoc wireless networks with a forbidden zone. We derive the probability of the wireless networks which are composed of exactly m clusters by means of the methods of combinatorics and probability. The probability of connectivity, i.e. $m = 1$, can be obtained as a special case. Further, we explain how the transmission range of node affects the connectivity of the wireless network.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Theoretical Feasibility of Cold Fusion According to the BSM Supergravitation Unified Theory

Authors: Stoyan Sarg Sargoytchev
Comments: Monograph, 26 pages, 17 figures.

Advances in the field of cold fusion and the recent success of the nickel and hydrogen exothermal reaction, in which the energy release cannot be explained by a chemical process, need a deeper understanding of the nuclear reactions and, more particularly, the possibility for modification of the Coulomb barrier. The current theoretical understanding based on high temperature fusion does not offer an explanation for the cold fusion or LENR. The treatise "Basic Structures of Matter - Supergravitation Unified Theory", based on an alternative concept of the physical vacuum, provides an explanation from a new point of view by using derived three-dimensional structures of the atomic nuclei. For explanation of the nuclear energy, a hypothesis of a field micro-curvature around the superdense nucleus is suggested. Analysis of some successful cold fusion experiments resulted in practical considerations for modification of the Coulomb barrier. The analysis also predicts the possibility of another cold fusion reaction based on some similarity between the nuclear structures of Ni and Cr.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Of Geometrical Axiom Resolving a Continuum Power Problem

Authors: Dm. Vatolin
Comments: 19 Pages. In Russian

The unconditional verification of geometrical axiom which is enough to solve a continuum problem has been given at the present work. The work method is similar to forcing, but is differed by that ultrafilter is applied for direct proofs essentially resolved a continuum power problem.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Simple Proof that Dark Energy is Back-from-the-Future Wheeler-Feynman Hawking-Unruh de Sitter Horizon Black Body Radiation

Authors: Jack Sarfatti
Comments: 4 Pages.

The dark energy accelerating our observable patch of the multiverse is Wheeler-Feynman Hawking-Unruh black body radiation back from our future de Sitter cosmological horizon. This horizon is also a hologram computer along the lines suggested by Seth Lloyd at MIT. The Stefan-Boltzmann-Planck blackbody radiation law is that the energy density ~ T^4, therefore, as expected, the advanced Wheeler-Feynman Hawking radiation density at the future horizon is the Planck value hc/LP^4 and it is redshifted back from our future to us at hc/\/LP^2.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is Entanglement Signaling Really Impossible?

Authors: Jack Sarfatti
Comments: 9 Pages.

Quantum entanglement cannot be used as a communication channel without an auxiliary light speed limited classical key to unlock the message at the receiver? Hermitian observables guarantee orthogonal sender base states that erase any nonlocal influence of the sender settings on the detection probabilities at the receiver. However, this is no longer true when the entangled whole has different macro-quantum coherent Glauber sender states. Glauber states are non-orthogonal eigenstates of the non-Hermitian photon destruction operator. The Born probability interpretation breaks down because of "phase rigidity" (P.W. Anderson's "More is different"). This is a new regime that is to orthodox quantum theory what general relativity is to special relativity. Antony Valentini has argued that the breakdown of the Born probability rule entails "signal non locality" (aka entanglement signals). The space-time interval between the sending and the receiving irreversible measurements is irrelevant depending only on the free will of the local observers. That is, this is a pre-metrical topological information effect. There is asymmetry between the sending and the receiving. Therefore, there is no ambiguity between active (retro) cause and passive effect. In particular a message can be decoded back from the future before it is sent, but only if it will be sent in a globally self-consistent Novikov time loop.
Category: Quantum Physics

Maxwell's Equations Derived from Minimum Assumptions

Authors: Valery P.Dmitriyev
Comments: 5 Pages.

Electrodynamics can be presented in the course of physics as a chapter, or special case of continuum mechanics. At the macroscopic level of description it is the mechanics of an incompressible elastic-plastic medium with point defects. The key point is the properties of these defects. Currently, however, their derivation from the first principles does not seem to be feasible. So, in the present report I discuss the minimum requirements that must be imposed on the term of the "external" force in the Lame equation in order that the resulting system of equations appeared to be isomorphic to Maxwell's equations.
Category: Classical Physics

The Physical Interpretation of the Energy-Momentum Transport Wave Function for the Gravitational and Electrostatic Interactions

Authors: Mirosław J. Kubiak
Comments: 4 Pages.

In the paper [1] we have presented simple model of the energy-momentum transport wave function (EMTWF). In this paper we will discuss the physical interpretation of the EMTWF for the elementary quanta of action connected with the gravitational and electrostatic interactions.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Legend of Cosmological Homogeneity

Authors: Robert L. Oldershaw
Comments: 11 Pages. a bit dated, but still relevant

For more than a half century cosmologists have been guided by the assumption that matter is distributed homogeneously on sufficiently large scales. On the other hand, observations have consistently yielded evidence for inhomogeneity in the distribution of matter right up to the limits of most surveys. The apparent paradox can be understood in terms of the role that paradigms play in the evolution of science.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Uncertainty Relations as Consequence of the Lorentz Transformations

Authors: V.N. Matveev, O.V. Matveev
Comments: 11 Pages.

It is believed that the uncertainty relation of momentum and coordinates, as well as the uncertainty relation of energy and time in practice are not observed in the macrocosm. The objective of the work at hand was to demonstrate the existence of general physical uncertainty relations that extend to macrobodies. A macroscopic object consisting of a rod equipped with a pair of synchronized clocks and a macroscopic object in and of itself performing the function of an ideal physical clock are examined. General physical relations are directly derived from Lorentz transformations for the case of the object's one-dimensional motion (along the X axis) – the uncertainty relation of the object's x coordinate and the projection of its impulse along the X axis, px, and the uncertainty relation of the object's observation time, t, and its energy, E. The relations take the form: ΔpxΔx ≥ H and ΔEΔt ≥ H. The H value in the relation has action dimensions and is dependent upon the precision of the object's clocks and/or upon the properties of the physical clock. Despite the interpretation of the concept of uncertainty being different from that in quantum mechanics, the relations derived in the limiting case with ideal physical clock take the form of ΔpxΔx ≥ h and ΔEΔt ≥ h, where h is the Planck constant.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

LHC Higgs: 140 Gev or 125 Gev ?

Authors: Frank Dodd (Tony) Smith Jr.
Comments: 8 Pages.

CERN's analysis of 2/fb of data collected by the LHC in the first part of 2011 shows two likely possibilities for Higgs with the expected total cross section: Standard Model Higgs with 3 Mass States at 140 and 200 and 240 GeV and SuperString Higgs with 1 Mass State at 125 GeV. By Halloween 2011 the LHC had collected 5/fb of data that may indicate which is correct. Despite a preponderance of rumors in favor of a SuperString Higgs at 125 GeV my view is in favor of a Standard Model Higgs with 3 Mass States including 140 GeV. (References are included in the body of the paper and in linked material.)
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

How to Generate a Warp Drive

Authors: Paul Karl Hoiland
Comments: 9 Pages.

A closer look at tachyon decay engineered vacuum state changes via reheat and inflation and if they could lead to a micro warp bubble as proposed by Fernando Loup and based upon the work of Glashow-Cohen and Gonzalez-Mestres.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Theory of the Elementary Particles

Authors: Michael P. Dotson
Comments: 64 Pages.

A new formulation of particle physics is developed in which the fermion field amplitudes are constructed directly as functionals of boson fields. The properties of conventional field theory are established through a system of definitions for the state function and for the field operators, demonstrating the origin and essential purpose of the commutation rules for fields, and providing an explanation for the role of probability in quantum field theory. This theory is predicated on the fundamental conjecture that the universe has an intrinsic cardinality that is some very large but finite number. The theory makes specific predictions for the kinds of interactions and field equations that can exist. These restrictions are severe, and the field equations are dissimilar from common expectations. However, corrections using perturbative expansion show that, for energies much less than the Planck energy, the fields behave as gauge fields. We discover that the fields specifically allowed in this theory correspond to the fields found in a simple extension of the Standard Model, giving a deeper understanding for various aspects of its structure: the left-handed coupling of the weak bosons; the existence of the four forces; the necessity for three generations of fermions; and also some details of the fermion mass spectrum, such as the large mass of the top quark and zero mass for neutrinos. Relationships between the various parameters of the theory allow semi-empirical calculations of the fermion masses and the coupling constants of the fields. KEY WORDS: gauge invariance, commutation rules, renormalization, quantum gravity, quantization, probability, particle models
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Thermodynamic Perspective on the Interaction of Radio Frequency Radiation with Living Tissue

Authors: Michael Peleg
Comments: 8 Pages.

The existence of biological effects of radio frequency (RF) radiation on living tissue is well established, including also effects which are not caused by plain warming. Still the exact mechanisms of interaction between the RF radiation and the living tissue are mostly unknown. In this work a thermodynamic perspective relevant to some aspects of those yet unknown mechanisms is presented. This perspective reveals that living tissue under RF radiation should not be assumed to be in thermal equilibrium since it is governed by two temperatures: The ambient temperature of its surroundings and a vastly higher temperature TR which is assigned by certain criteria to the RF radiation. The criteria presented here to determine the radiation temperature TR are not unique and other approaches may lead to different temperature values, however TR as presented here has an interesting physical significance. The possible relevance of this approach to the interaction mechanisms is presented.
Category: Physics of Biology

Gews Interactions in Strong Nuclear Gravity

Authors: U .V . S. Seshavatharam, S. Lakshminarayana
Comments: 32 Pages. To be published in the Hadronic journal.

In the atomic or nuclear space, till today no one measured the value of the gravitational constant. To bring down the planck mass scale to the observed elementary particles mass scale a large scale factor is required. Ratio of planck mass and electron mass is close to $\textrm{Avogadro number}/8 \pi\cong N/8 \pi$. The idea of strong gravity originally referred specifically to mathematical approach of Abdus Salam of unification of gravity and quantum chromo-dynamics, but is now often used for any particle level gravity approach. In this connection it is suggested that, key conceptual link that connects the gravitational force and non-gravitational forces is - the classical force limit $\left(\frac{c^{4} }{G} \right)$. For mole number of particles, if strength of gravity is $\left(N.G\right),$ any one particle's weak force magnitude is $F_{W} \cong \frac{1}{N} \cdot \left(\frac{c^{4} }{N.G} \right)\cong \frac{c^{4} }{N^{2} G} $. Ratio of `classical force limit' and `weak force magnitude' is $N^{2} $. This is another significance of Avogadro number. If $R_0\cong 1.21$ fermi is the nuclear charge radius, to a very good accuracy it is noticed that in Hydrogen atom, ratio of total energy of electron and nuclear potential is equal to the electromagnetic and gravitational force ratio of electron where the operating gravitational constant is $N^2G_C$ but not $G_C.$ Square root of ratio of strong and weak force magnitudes can be expressed as $2 \pi \ln\left(N^2\right).$ With the defined strong and weak force magnitudes observed elementary particles masses and their magnetic moments can be generated. Interesting application is that: characteristic building block of the cosmological ‘dark matter’ can be quantified in terms of fundamental physical constants. No extra dimensions are required in this new approach.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Nuclear Mass Density in Strong Gravity and Grand Unification

Authors: U.V.S.Seshavatharam, S.Lakshminarayana
Comments: 5 Pages. Poster presentation in the 3rd Galileo - Xu Guangqi meeting, Beijing, China, October, 2011.

It is noticed that, when the black hole mass density reaches the nuclear mass density, mass of the black hole approaches to $1.81\times 10^{31} \rm{\;Kg\;} \cong 9.1M_\odot.$ This characteristic mass can be called as the Fermi black hole mass. This proposed mass unit plays an interesting role in grand unification and primordial black holes. Mass ratio of Fermi black hole mass and Chandrasekhar's mass limit is $2\pi.$ Mass ratio of Fermi black hole mass and neutron star mass limit is $\sqrt{2\pi}.$ Considering strong nuclear gravity, Fermi black hole mass can be obtained in a grand unified approach.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Design of High Speed 64 Bits Multiplier by Square Function

Authors: Wu Sheng-Ping
Comments: 2 Pages.

This article propose a new Booth multiplier design that the booth expansion is rearranged in square term like: \[ ab=((a+b)^2-a^2-b^2)/2 \] If the code length of $a,b$ is $n$, the multiplier on the right is with the size $2^{2n}$, but multiplier on the left is with the size $2^n$.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Evolutionary Computation Hybrids with Monte Carlo Method for Differential Equation

Authors: Sheng-Ping Wu
Comments: 2 Pages.

This article uses the hybrids between the evolutionary method and Monte Carlo method to solve the differential equation, for example in this article, the Schrodinger equation for atom
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Manipulating Standard and Inverse Chladni Patterns by Modulating Adhesive, Frictional, and Damping Forces

Authors: Mohit Shridhar
Comments: 19 Pages.

Particles on a plate form Chladni patterns when the plate is acoustically excited. To better understand these patterns and their possible real-world applications, I present a new analytical and numerical study of the transition between standard and inverse Chladni patterns on an adhesive surface at any magnitude of acceleration. By spatial autocorrelation analysis, I examine the effects of surface adhesion and friction on the rate of pattern formation. Next, I explore displacement models of particles translating on a frictional surface with both adhesive and internal particle-plate frictions. In addition, I find that both adhesion and damping forces serve as exquisite particle sorting mechanisms. Finally, I discuss the possible real-world applications of these sorting mechanisms, such as separating nanoparticles, organelles, or cells.
Category: Condensed Matter

Strong Nuclear Gravity a Very Brief Report

Authors: U V Satya Seshavatharam, S Lakshminarayana
Comments: 2 Pages. Full paper to be published in the Hadronic journal.

Key conceptual link that connects the gravitational force and non-gravitational forces is - the classical force limit $\left(\frac{c^{4} }{G} \right)$. For mole number of particles, if strength of gravity is $\left(N.G\right),$ any one particle's weak force magnitude is $F_{W} \cong \frac{1}{N} \cdot \left(\frac{c^{4} }{N.G} \right)\cong \frac{c^{4} }{N^{2} G} $. Ratio of `classical force limit' and `weak force magnitude' is $N^{2} $. This can be considered as the beginning of `strong nuclear gravity'. Assumed relation for strong force and weak force magnitudes is $\sqrt{\frac{F_{S} }{F_{W} } } \cong 2\pi \ln \left(N^{2} \right)$. If $m_{p} $ is the rest mass of proton it is noticed that $\ln \sqrt{\frac{e^{2} }{4\pi \varepsilon _{0} Gm_{P}^{2} } } \cong \sqrt{\frac{m_{p} }{m_{e} } -\ln \left(N^{2} \right)}.$ From SUSY point of view, `integral charge quark fermion' and `integral charge quark boson' mass ratio is $\Psi=2.262218404$ but not unity. With these advanced concepts starting from nuclear stability to charged leptons, quarks, electroweak bosons and charged Higgs boson's origin can be understood. Finally an ``alternative" to the `standard model' can be developed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Nucleus in Strong Nuclear Gravity

Authors: U V Satya Seshavatharam, S Lakshminarayana
Comments: 2 Pages. DAE Symposium on Nuclear Physics, December 26-30, 2011, India.

Based on strong nuclear gravity, $N$ being the Avogadro number and $\left(\frac{c^4}{N^2G}\right)$ being the weak force magnitude, electron`s gravitational mass generator $= X_{E} \cong m_{e} c^{2} \div \sqrt{\frac{e^{2} }{4\pi \varepsilon _{0} } \left(\frac{c^4}{N^2G}\right) } \cong 295.0606338$. Weak coupling angle is $\sin \theta _{W} \cong \frac{1}{\alpha X_{E} } \cong 0.464433353\cong \frac{{\rm Up}\; {\rm quark}\; {\rm mass}}{{\rm Down}\; {\rm quark}\; {\rm mass}} $. $X_{S} \cong \ln \left(X_{E}^{2} \sqrt{\alpha } \right)\cong 8.91424\cong \frac{1}{\alpha _{s} } $ can be considered as `inverse of the strong coupling constant'.The proton-nucleon stability relation is $A_{S} \cong 2Z+\frac{Z^{2} }{S_{f} }$ where $S_{f} \cong X_{E} -\frac{1}{\alpha } -1\cong 157.0246441$. With reference to proton rest energy, semi empirical mass formula coulombic energy constant is $E_{c} \cong \frac{\alpha }{X_{S} } \cdot m_{p} c^{2} \cong \alpha \cdot \alpha _{s} \cdot m_{p} c^{2} \cong {\rm 0}.7681\; MeV.$ Pairing energy constant is $E_{p} \cong \frac{m_{p} c^{2} +m_{n} c^{2} }{S_{f} } \cong 11.959\; {\rm M}eV$ and asymmetry energy constant is $E_{a} \cong 2E_{p} \cong 23.918\; {\rm M}eV$. It is also noticed that, $\frac{E_{a} }{E_{v} } \cong 1+\sin \theta _{W} $ and $\frac{E_{a} }{E_{s} } \cong 1+\mathop{\sin }\nolimits^{2} \theta _{W} $. Thus $E_{v} \cong 16.332$ MeV and $E_{s} \cong 19.674\; {\rm M}eV.$ Nuclear binding energy can be fitted with 2 terms. In scattering experiments minimum distance between electron and the nucleus is $R_0 \cong \left(\frac{\hbar c}{\left(N.G\right)m_e^2}\right)^2 \frac{2Gm_e}{c^2}.$
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Integral Charge Susy in Strong Nuclear Gravity

Authors: U V Satya Seshavatharam, S Lakshminarayana
Comments: 2 Pages. Poster presentation in DAE Symposium on Nuclear Physics, December 26-30, 2011, India.

‘Quark flavor’ is a property of ‘strong interaction charge’ and nowhere connected with ‘fermions’ or ‘bosons’. There exists nature friendly ‘integral charge quark flavors’. If a ‘charged quark flavor’ rests in a ‘fermionic container’ it is a ‘quark fermion’. Similarly if a ‘charged quark flavor’ rests in a ‘bosonic container’ it is a ‘quark boson’. Strong interaction charge contains ‘multiple flavors’ and can be called as the ‘hybrid charge quark’. No 3 quark fermions couples together to form a baryon and no 2 quark fermions couples together to form a meson. In super symmetry, quark fermion and quark boson mass ratio is $\Psi \cong 2.262218404$ but not unity. Quark fermions convert into quark baryons and effective quark fermions convert into effective quark baryons. Similarly quark bosons convert into quark mesons. Effective quark baryons generates charged and unstable multi flavor baryons and light quark bosons couples with these charged baryons and generates doublets or triplets. Any two oppositely charged quark mesons generates neutral and unstable mesons. <br> Based on strong nuclear gravity and super symmetry it is suggested that: charged $W$ boson is the super symmetric boson of top quark fermion and charged Higgs boson pair generates the neutralized $Z$ boson. Rest energy of Higgs charged boson is 45586 MeV. It is noticed that charged SUSY Higgs fermion, and nuclear charge radius play a crucial role in the emission of electron in Beta decay. Recently discovered neutral boson of rest energy 120 to 160 MeV seems to be composed of Higgs charged boson and W boson. Its obtained mass is 126 GeV}.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

How the World Works

Authors: Ir J.A.J. (Hans) van Leunen
Comments: 14 Pages. The paper concerns a tale that explains quantum mechanics

I wrote this for all people that hate a car load of formulas.
Category: Quantum Physics

Understanding the Particle Mass Spectrum (100 1860 Mev)

Authors: Robert L. Oldershaw
Comments: 16 Pages. comments welcome

The goal of the research presented below is to provide a basic and general first approximation explanation for the unique patterns of masses and stabilities found at the lower end of the subatomic particle mass spectrum, where the patterns are most restricted, unique and diagnostic. The Standard Model of particle physics has achieved limited success in this effort, but only by resorting to putting the hypothetical “quark” masses and numerous other parameters into the analysis “by hand”. This way of doing science is ad hoc “model-building”, at best, and possibly borders on Ptolemaic pseudo-science. Discrete Scale Relativity, on the other hand, may offer a more realistic potential for understanding how nature actually works in the Atomic Scale domain, and how the unique particle mass spectrum is the product of fundamental physics: General Relativity, Quantum Mechanics and Discrete Cosmological Self-Similarity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Some Remarks Concerning the Theory of Gravitation

Authors: Manfred Buth
Comments: 6 Pages.

It is shown that the gap between the theory of gravity and the gauge theories of standard model is not so great, as one might think. (a) The theory of gravity can equivalently be written as a theory with interaction between gravitation and matter, but without curvature of space. (b) The task of carrying out second quantization is not only dispensable for gravitation but also for quantum field theory in general. (c) A model for massive elementary particles is sketched on a qualitative level. In this model massive elementary particles can be considered as quantum field theorical counterparts of black holes. (d) Some proposals are made how to begin the search for a gauge theory of gravitation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Classical and Quantum Limits in Unified GTR

Authors: U.V.S.Seshavatharam
Comments: 16 Pages. U. V. S. Seshavatharam and S. Lakshminarayana. Unied model of universe and the atom. Book. ISBN: 9783843393966, LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing GmbH & Co. KG, Germany, 2011 March.

It is noticed that $\frac{c^4}{G}$ is the classical limit of force and ($\frac{c^5}{G}$ is the classical limit of power. With these two limits, mathematical complexity involved in GTR can be simplified. Planck mass can be derived very easily. Light speed rotating black hole’s formation can be understood. Force $\frac{c^4}{G}$ keeps the light speed rotating black hole stable. It is noticed that, any elementary particle can escape from the light speed rotating black hole’s equator. Origin of cosmic ray can be understood in this view. GTR and quantum mechanics can be coupled in a unified manner. Rotating black hole temperature formula can be derived very easily. Finally a rotating model of ’black hole cosmology’ can be developed.
Category: Astrophysics

Nuclear Binding Energy in Strong Nuclear Gravity

Authors: U V Satya Seshavatharam, S Lakshminarayana
Comments: 26 Pages. Journal of Vectorial Relativity, JVR 6 (2011) 3 . (To be published online)

It is noticed that ratio of coulombic energy coefficient and proton rest energy is close to the product of fine structure ratio and the strong coupling constant. Strong coupling constant plays a crucial role in binding energy saturation. Based on strong nuclear gravity, semi empirical mass formula and with reference to the gravitational mass generator,$X_E \cong 295.0606338,$ an expression is proposed for neutron and proton rest masses at quantum numbers n =1 and 2. Nuclear binding energy can be fitted with 2 terms and one energy constant. For these 2 terms, coulombic energy constant $E_c \cong0.7681 $ MeV is applied. Another attempt is made to fit the nuclear binding energy with a product of 5 factors with 0.7681 MeV. At Z = 2 and A = 4 obtained binding energy is 28.8 MeV. For any Z error in binding energy is very small near the stable mass number and increasing above and below the stable mass number. In these two methods new nuclear stability factor $S_f \cong 157.025$ plays a crucial role in proton-neutron stability.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Reminiscences on the End of the Hope for Primates in Space

Authors: Paul J. Werbos
Comments: 18 Pages. 18p. Draft for comment of invited submitted paper.

This paper addresses the question of whether humans will ever be able to settle space in an economically sustainable way and, if there is still hope of this, where the greatest hope may lie. It reviews key developments of the last 40 years relevant to this issue, such the space shuttle, the National Aerospace Plane, the Russian Ajax effort, nonlinear control challenges, challenges of developing a “skin” to withstand re-entry, current space programs around the world, and key markets for using such vehicles, such as energy from space and space manufacturing.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

The Hidden Meaning of Planck's Constant

Authors: Robert L. Oldershaw
Comments: 16 Pages. constructive comments welcome

A new cosmological paradigm based upon global discrete scale invariance proposes a radical revision in our understanding of atomic scale dynamics. The discrete self-similar scaling of this paradigm predicts a very large and discrete scale-dependence for gravitational coupling factors. This alternative gravitational scaling leads to revised values for the Planck mass, Planck length and Planck time, which appear to be more unified and physically comprehensible than is the case with the conventional Planck scale values. The fundamental interrelationship of the revised Planck mass, the corrected gravitational constant for atomic scale systems, the reduced Planck’s constant and the velocity of light suggests a hidden meaning for Planck’s constant. Within the context of the discrete fractal cosmological paradigm, Planck’s constant is revealed as the fundamental unit of gravitational action for atomic scale systems. Implications for atomic scale dynamics are briefly outlined.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Meaning of the Fine Structure Constant

Authors: Robert L. Oldershaw
Comments: 11 Pages. constructive comments welcome

A possible explanation is offered for the longstanding mystery surrounding the meaning of the fine structure constant. The reasoning is based on a discrete self-similar cosmological paradigm that has shown promise in explaining the general scaling properties of nature’s global hierarchy. The discrete scale invariance of the paradigm implies that “strong gravity” dominates the dynamical interactions within atomic scale systems. A new atomic scale gravitational coupling constant G(-1) is derived with a value of roughly 10^38 G(0) , where G(0) is the conventional Newtonian gravitational constant. G(-1) is then used to calculate a revised Planck scale. Given G(-1) and the revised Planck mass, one can demonstrate that within the context of the discrete self-similar paradigm the fine structure constant is the ratio of the strengths of the unit electromagnetic interaction and the unit gravitational interaction within atomic scale systems.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Towards a Resolution of the Vacuum Energy Density Crisis

Authors: Robert L. Oldershaw
Comments: 13 Pages. constructive comments welcome

The theoretical vacuum energy density estimated on the basis of the standard model of particle physics and very general quantum assumptions is 59 to 123 orders of magnitude larger than the measured vacuum energy density for the observable universe which is determined on the basis of the standard model of cosmology and empirical data. This enormous disparity between the expectations of two of our most widely accepted theoretical frameworks demands a credible and self-consistent explanation, and yet even after decades of sporadic effort a generally accepted resolution of this crisis has not surfaced. Very recently, however, a discrete self-similar cosmological paradigm based on the fundamental principle of discrete scale invariance has been found to offer a rationale for reducing the vacuum energy density disparity by at least 115 orders of magnitude, and possibly to eliminate the vacuum energy density crisis entirely.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

An Alternative Model for the Rotation of Spiral Galaxies: the Connections Among Shape, Kinematics and Evolution

Authors: Mario E. de Souza
Comments: 26 Pages. Paper presented in a plenary talk in the San Marino Worshop on Cosmology and Astrophysics for Matter and Antimatter, 5-9 September 2011, San Marino; to be published in the Open Hadronic Journal, Vol. 34, No.4, 2011

It is proposed that the arms of spiral galaxies are formed by the continuous outflow of matter from their centers. It is then shown that the ratio between the radial and tangential velocities of the outflow is the parameter responsible for the logarithmic spiral structure of spiral galaxies. The fitting of some spiral galaxies to the model allows the calculation of the radial velocities of matter in these galaxies and such values completely agree with the observational data. An approximate general equation is proposed for the description of the arms of spiral galaxies with or without bars. Some important consequences are discussed with respect to dark matter, galactic evolution and cosmology. It is concluded that a quantitative representation of the dynamics of the spiral galaxies can be entirely represented with data on their formation without any need to use the far-reaching conjecture of dark matter. We finally indicate that this conclusion is fully in agreement with the absence of dark matter inferred from Santilli's IsoRedShift within the inhomogeneous and anisotropic inner galactic medium that light has to traverse before reaching intergalactic spaces, as well as with the recent demise of symmetries and other recent advances.
Category: Astrophysics

Realities Out of Total Simultaneity

Authors: Ir Wilhelmus P.C.M. de Wilde
Comments: 9 Pages.

After the wall of Planck reality as we perceive that “NOW” no longer exists, we are entering a “fifth” dimension the TOTAL SIMULTANAIETY , called TS , we pass the limits of causality at the quantum scale. This non causal side of TS can be “reached” on every point of our 4 dimensional universe, every quantum of the universe has the diameter of 1.616252 x 10^ -33cm, singularities only exist in our consciousness. The other limit of causality is the local speed of light c, where time stands still so there is no more before and after. In TS all information of all parallel universes and multiversity constitution is simultaneously present and available, our consciousness is able to align points out of this TS and so create the observable analogue universe that we are aware of. The totality of information from other universes (also partly observable by other consciousnesses) is influencing our linear causal deterministic universe, the origin of gravity , dark matter and the dark force possible emerge from here. The Big Bang is an imaginary non existing point in the TS area. Inflation is avoided by projecting inflation time into the area after the Wall of Planck, uniformity in the structure of space-time is so guaranteed. Our mind with its 100 billion neurones is able to cope with infinities because it has parallels with the qualities of TS. By entanglement we created our own baryonic universe.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Breakthrough Propulsion: It's Future

Authors: Paul Karl Hoiland
Comments: 2 Pages.

A relook at what is needed for the realization of breakthrough propulsion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Universe the Primordial Black Hole

Authors: U.V.S.Seshavatharam
Comments: 9 Pages. Physics of Rotating and Expanding Black Hole Universe'', Progress in Physics, vol. 2, April, 2010, p. 7-14

The concept of `dark energy' is still facing and raising a number of fundamental unresolved problems. `Cosmic acceleration',`dark energy' and `inflation', are the results of Edwin Hubble's incomplete conclusions. If there is a misinterpretation in Hubble's law - flat model of cosmology can not be considered as a correct model of cosmology. If the primordial universe is a natural setting for the creation of black holes and other nonperturbative gravitational entities, it is also possible to assume that throughout its journey, the whole universe is a primordial cosmic black hole. Planck particle can be considered as the baby universe. Key assumption is that, ``at any time, cosmic black hole rotates with light speed''. Cosmic temperature is inversely proportional to the geometric mean of cosmic mass and planck mass. For this growing cosmic sphere as a whole, while in light speed rotation, `rate of decrease' in temperature is a ``primary'' measure of cosmic `rate of expansion'. It can be suggested that, `rate of increase in galaxy red shift' from and about the cosmic center is a ``secondary'' measure of cosmic `rate of expansion'. Present `cosmic mass density' and `cosmic time' are fitted with the natural logarithm of ratio of cosmic volume and planck particle's volume. If present CMBR temperature is isotropic at 2.725 ${}^{0}$Kelvin, present angular velocity is 2.17 x 10${}^{-18}$ rad/sec = 67 Km/sec/Mpc.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Theory of Observation Rede Ning Special Theory of Relativity

Authors: Subodh Vashist
Comments: 6 Pages.

Contradiction of `Principle of relativity' with the conclusions of Special Theory of Relativity(STR) that which represent the physical phenomenons like Time Dilation of Muons, is well known, and supposedly can be nullified by considering the `Time Dilation' due to General Relativity. Moreover, the nuclear decay rates from the family of Muons(involving weak nuclear force), are apparently found to depend on the Earth-Sun distance and Solar activities like Solar ares, undoubtedly questions the absoluteness of the Time Dilation of the Muons. Whereas, STR is based on the principle of constancy of speed of light for every inertial observer, present paper argues the possibility of constancy of speed of light as a consequence of absence of ether. Utilising the relativistic nature of light proves that, speed of light is not relatively invariant and vice-versa. While all the relativistic results are produced and explained, with `rate of time' constant, including the Time Dilation of Muons and the correlations with the Earth-Sun distance and Solar ares.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Speculation on the Higg's

Authors: Paul Karl Hoiland
Comments: 2 Pages.

I take a look at the rumored Higg’s at 125 GeV and abstract a bit with a Non-Standard decay of a metastable vacuum state. In this model you end up with a Cold Dark Matter state that while appearing as the Neutralino, is actually more a decayed Higg’s resultant.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

General Relativity and Holographic Conjecture Tangles with Quantum Mechanics and Sub Quantum Theories :New Insights and Interpretations About Strings and Quantization with Cosmological Significance

Authors: Sourish kumar Maitra
Comments: 14 Pages. A new look about holographic priciple and quantum randomness

General relativity and various possibilities about its proper combination with Quantum mechanics is a central topic in theoretical physics. In this article we explain various links which bridge between different views about Quantum Gravity theories. It turns out that these have very close relation with different interpretations about what quantization mean.We try to justify basic questions like what a string tension mean. First, we start with qualitative analysis and then we confirm these with quantitative results. These are shown to have relation with Quantum Gravity noise, Dark Energy, Hogan's noise and the Holographic principle. We clarify a long standing confusion in entropic Gravity, whether increase in entropy ($\triangle s$) makes the particle to move ($\triangle x$) or vice-versa. We indicate the possibility about non-local entanglement operation carried out by space-time which will increase entropy and a particle in space will move causing $\triangle x$. We relate noise with dissipation, much like a statistical system. In this context, we discuss the hierarchy issue. We try to see string as a natural consequence of intrinsic computation in space-time in planck scale. We clarify that although we talk about dissipative sub-quantum models, as quantization track only equivalence class (according to T'Hooft), it does not contradict with information conservations in quantum mechanics; equivalence class informations are conserved. We try to describe why we can attach entropy to an arbitrary spatial surface ( like a black hole horizon) and can derive Einstein's equation as the second law of thermodynamics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Research Program in History of Mathematics

Authors: Giuseppe Iurato
Comments: 6 Pages. This preliminary form is in Italian Language

It is presented a first estimate summary of a possible research program in history of mathematics.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

The Simple Universe

Authors: Alireza Malekzadeh
Comments: 16 Pages, 13 Figures

This paper presents a unified theory for the universe which encompasses the dominant theories of physics. Our work is strictly based on the philosophy that the work of the universe is extremely simple in the fundamental level. We provide a minimal set of elements as the fundamental constituents of the universe, and demonstrate that all natural phenomena can be explained by a minimum number of laws governing these fundamental elements and their minimal set of properties.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Newton’s Laws of Motion, Reference Frames and Inertia

Authors: Chris O'Loughlin
Comments: 9 Pages.

The validity of Newton’s Laws of Motion depends on the type of reference frame they act in. They are valid in inertial reference frames and not valid in non-inertial reference frames. Reference frames thus play a pivotal role any understanding of the laws themselves. So, what must we know in general about reference frames? And if a reference frame can be inertial or non-inertial, what must we know about inertia? This paper addresses these concepts and clarifies some common misconceptions surrounding them. Additionally, a modified definition of inertia is proposed that allows for a different formulation of Newton’s laws making them valid in either type of reference frame.
Category: Classical Physics

Are the Concepts of Mass in Quantum Theory and in General Relativity the Same?

Authors: Armin Nikkhah Shirazi
Comments: 5 Pages.

The predominant approaches to understanding how quantum theory and General Relativity are related to each other implicitly assume that both theories use the same concept of mass. Given that despite great efforts such approaches have not yet produced a consistent falsifiable quantum theory of gravity, this paper entertains the possibility that the concepts of mass in the two theories are in fact distinct. It points out that if the concept of mass in quantum mechanics is defined such that it always exists in a superposition and is not a gravitational source, then this sharply segregates the domains of quantum theory and of general relativity. This concept of mass violates the equivalence principle applied to active gravitational mass, but may still produce effects consistent with the equivalence principle when applied to passive gravitational mass (in agreement with observations) by the correspondence principle applied to a weak field in the appropriate limit. An experiment that successfully measures the gravity field of quantum objects in a superposition, and in particular of photons, would not only falsify this distinction but also constitute the first direct empirical test that gravity must in fact be described fundamentally by a quantum theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The New Prime Theorems 1341-1390

Authors: Chun-xuan Jiang
Comments: 90 Pages.

Using Jiang function we are able to prove almost all prime problems in prime distribution. This is the Book proof. No great mathematicians study prime problems and prove Riemann hypothesis in AIM, CLAYMA, IAS, THES, MPIM, MSRI. Recently<Annals of Mathematics> publish the many false papers of the prime numbers to see P52-53. In this paper using Jiang function J2 (w) we prove that the new prime theorems (1341)-(1390) contain infinitely many prime solutions and no prime solutions. From (6) we are able to find the smallest solution πk(N0 ,2) 1 k. This is the Book theorem
Category: Number Theory

Stability and Decay: Mechanisms for Stability and Initiators of Decay in the Neutron

Authors: D.J. Pons
Comments: 17 Pages.

Why is the neutron stable in the nucleus? Why is the free neutron unstable outside the atom? This paper applies the cordus conjecture to address these questions. The proposed explanation is that in the nucleus the discrete field structures (cordus HED) of the proton and neutron fulfil each other, thereby providing a joint stability. When the neutron is removed from the nucleus, its stability becomes compromised. By comparison the single proton on its own does not need the neutron, so it remains stable. The free neutron is able to maintain a dynamic stability by moving its field structures around. It can do this indefinitely. However it is in a compromised state, and vulnerable to perturbation by external fields. Two initiators are anticipated for decay. One is randomly occurring field fluctuations from the external fabric, and these are proposed for the conventional decay route. The second is impact by another particule. In both cases it is the external fields that cause the decay, by constraining the neutron so that it cannot dynamically adjust. Hence it is trapped in a state that leads to decay at its next frequency cycle. The second path could involve any particule with sufficient energy to disturb the neutron. Also, the impact of a neutrino is specifically identified as a potential initiator of decay. The implications if this is correct, are that the neutron has two separate decay paths, which are mixed together in what we perceive as the beta minus process. The first is determined by the local density of the (spacetime) fabric, and the second by the number of energetic particules and neutrinos encountered. The significance of the two decay paths is that neutron decay rates are predicted to be variable rather than constant. A general set of assumptions are extracted for stability and decay of particules in general.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Problems of Science Research and Technical Progress

Authors: Alexander Bolonkin, Shmuel Neumann
Comments: 15 pages

At the present time the USA’s Federal Government spends enormous sums of taxpayer money for Scientific Research and Development (R&D). How to best organize this vast governmental activity, how to best estimate its ultimate utility and profitability (real and potential), how to best increase efficiency of innovation and production, how to best estimate the worth of new discoveries and innovations, how to properly fund R&D of new concepts and innovations, and how to correctly estimate their results are all complex and pressing questions that require answers for further industrial progress and scientific improvements. These are critical macro-problems which because of its scope have evolved into new macro-systems that require a new approach for successful planning of scientific research. The authors consider these major-system problems and offer many remarkable innovations in organization, estimation, suggestions for entirely new research efficiency criteria, development, new methods for assessments of new ideas, innovations in science and industry, and new methods in patenting technology. These suggestions are based largely on the personal experiences of one of the authors, A.A. Bolonkin who worked for many years within the USA’s Federal Government entities (scientific laboratories of NASA, Air Force), and USSR and USA universities and industry.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

More on Tachyon Decay

Authors: Paul Karl Hoiland
Comments: 4 Pages.

A closer look at tachyon decay engineered vacuum state changes via reheat and inflation.
Category: Quantum Physics

Consequences of Quantum Diffusion on Special Relativity

Authors: John L. Haller Jr.
Comments: 5 Pages.

An explanation for the super-luminal neutrinos measured by OPERA is given by Jensen's inequality. Specifically, the quantity measured by OPERA is the average of the length of the displacement over time which is greater than the length of the average velocities (which determines and does not break Lorenz invariance). We examine quantum diffusion to explain the physics behind the particle's variance resulting in an excess average velocity of h-bar/mc²(t+τ), where is the baseline and τ is the coherence time . We show this effect vis a vis the OPERA experiment and explain how the angular distribution is limiting. We show consistency with Fermilab 1979 and supernova 1987A. In conclusion we comment on arguments refuting the OPERA results and note a similar consequence of quantum mechanics that conservation of energy can be violated, if only for a short time.
Category: Quantum Physics

Special Relativity Ultimate Test

Authors: M. Hernando-Guevara
Comments: 28 Pages.

From the hypothesis of the validity of Newton's dynamics and space as a privileged reference frame, the null results of Michelson and Morley's type of experiments are experimentally reinterpreted and invalidated as a proof of the non existence of the Luminous Ether. Other recent experiments to test Special Relativity, such as Brillet-Hall’s, Cedarholm-Townes’, etc, are also epistemologically revisited and an alternative explanation of their null results is given. Finally, using two-beam interferometry techniques, two conclusive experiments to test the validity of the Special Theory of Relativity under this new perspective are proposed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Sheldrake's Morphic Fields and TGD View About Quantum Biology

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 11 Pages.

This article is inspired by the study of two books of Rupert Sheldrake. What makes the study of the books of Sheldrake so rewarding is that Sheldrake starts from problems of the existing paradigm, analyzes them thoroughly, and proposes solutions in the framework provided by his vision. There is no need to accept Sheldrake′s views, just the reading of his arguments teaches a lot about the fundamental ideas and dogmas underlying recent day biology and forces the reader to realize how little we really know - not only about biology but even about so called established areas of physics such as condensed matter physics. These books are precious gems for anyone trying to build overall view.

The idea that Nature would have habits just as we do is probably one of those aspects in Sheldrake's work, which generate most irritation in physicalists believing that Nature is governed by deterministic laws with classical determinism replaced with quantum statistical determinism. Sheldrake is one of those very few scientists able to see the reality rather than only the model of reality. Morphic resonance would make possible to establish the habits of Nature and the past would determine to high extent the present but on organic manner and in totally different sense as in the world of physicalist.

In this article I propose an interpretation for the vision of Sheldrake based on zero energy ontology and TGD based view about geometric time and experienced time forcing to accept the notions of 4-dimensional brain and society. In this framework the problem is to understand why our sensory perception is 3-dimensional whereas the standard problems related to memory disappear since memory corresponds to 4-D aspects of perception and of conscious experience and memory storage is 4-dimensional. The vision about gene expression as something to some extend analogous to a democratic decision of 4-D society looks rather natural in this framework and would explain some still poorly understood aspects of gene expression known from the days of Mendel. Therefore the term ″the prence of the past″ appearing in the title of one of Sheldrake's books has quite a concrete meaning in TGD Universe. This article is inspired by the study of two books of Rupert Sheldrake. What makes the study of the books of Sheldrake so rewarding is that Sheldrake starts from problems of the existing paradigm, analyzes them thoroughly, and proposes solutions in the framework provided by his vision. There is no need to accept Sheldrake′s views, just the reading of his arguments teaches a lot about the fundamental ideas and dogmas underlying recent day biology and forces the reader to realize how little we really know - not only about biology but even about so called established areas of physics such as condensed matter physics. These books are precious gems for anyone trying to build overall view.

The idea that Nature would have habits just as we do is probably one of those aspects in Sheldrake's work, which generate most irritation in physicalists believing that Nature is governed by deterministic laws with classical determinism replaced with quantum statistical determinism. Sheldrake is one of those very few scientists able to see the reality rather than only the model of reality. Morphic resonance would make possible to establish the habits of Nature and the past would determine to high extent the present but on organic manner and in totally different sense as in the world of physicalist.

In this article I propose an interpretation for the vision of Sheldrake based on zero energy ontology and TGD based view about geometric time and experienced time forcing to accept the notions of 4-dimensional brain and society. In this framework the problem is to understand why our sensory perception is 3-dimensional whereas the standard problems related to memory disappear since memory corresponds to 4-D aspects of perception and of conscious experience and memory storage is 4-dimensional. The vision about gene expression as something to some extend analogous to a democratic decision of 4-D society looks rather natural in this framework and would explain some still poorly understood aspects of gene expression known from the days of Mendel. Therefore the term ″the prence of the past″ appearing in the title of one of Sheldrake's books has quite a concrete meaning in TGD Universe.

Quantum Model for Remote Replication

Authors: Matti Pitkänen, Peter Gariaev
Comments: 10 Pages.

A model for remote replication of DNA is proposed. The motivating experimental discoveries are phantom DNA, the evidence for remote gene activation by scattered laser light from similar genome, and the recent findings of Montagnier's and Gariaev's groups suggesting remote DNA replication.

Phantom DNA is identified as dark nucleon sequences predicted by quantum TGD with dark nucleons defining naturally the analogs of DNA, RNA, tRNA, and amino-acids and realization of vertebrate genetic code. The notion of magnetic body defining a hierarchy of flux quanta realize as flux tubes connecting DNA nucleotides contained inside flux tubes connecting DNA codons and a condensed at flux sheets connecting DNA strands is an essential element of the model. Dark photons with large value of Planck constant coming as integer multiple of ordinary Planck constant propagate along flux quanta connecting biomolecules: this realizes the idea about wave DNA. Biomolecules act as quantum antennas and those with common antenna frequencies interact resonantly.

Biomolecules interacting strongly - in particular DNA nucleotides- would be characterized by same frequency. An additional coding is needed to distinguish between nucleotides: in the model for DNA as topological quantum computer quarks (u,d) and their antiquarks would code for the nucleotides A,T,C, and G would take care of this. The proposed role of quarks in biophysics of course makes sense only if one accepts the new physics predicted by quantum TGD. DNA codons (nucleotide triplets) would be coded by different frequencies which correspond to different values of Planck constant for photons with same photon energy propagating along corresponding flux tubes. This allows to interpret the previously proposed TGD based realization of so called divisor code proposed by Khrennikov and Nilsson in terms of quantum antenna mechanism.

In this framework the remote replication of DNA can be understood. DNA nucleotides interact resonantly with DNA strand and attach to the ends of the flux tubes emerging from DNA strand and organized on 2-D flux sheets. In Montagnier's experiment the interaction between test tubes A and B would be mediated by dark photons between DNA and dark nucleon sequences and amplify the dark photon beam, which in turn would induce remote replication. In the experiment of Gariaev scattered laser light would help to achieve the same purpose. Dark nucleon sequences would be generated in Montagnier's experiment by the homeopathic treatment of the test tube B.

Dark nucleon sequences could characterize the magnetic body of any polar molecule in water and give it a "name" written in terms of genetic codons so that genetic code would be much more general than usually thought. The dark nucleon sequence would be most naturally assigned with the hydrogen bonds between the molecule and the surrounding ordered water being perhaps generated when this layer of ordered water melts as the molecule becomes biologically active. Water memory and the basic mechanism of homeopathy would be due to the "dropping" of the magnetic bodies of polar molecules as the water is treated homeopathically and the dark nucleon sequences could define an independent life form evolving during the sequence of repeated dilutions and mechanical agitations taking the role environmental catastrophes as driving force of evolution. The association of DNA, RNA and amino-acid sequences associated with the corresponding dark nucleon sequences would be automatic since also also they are polar molecules surrounded by ordered water layers.

The transcription of the dark nucleon sequences associated the with the polar invader molecule to ordinary DNA sequences in turn coding of proteins attaching to the invader molecules by the quantum antenna mechanism could define the basic mechanism for functioning and evolution of the immune system.

Equidistant Curve Coordinate System (Differential Forms)

Authors: Morio Kikuchi
Comments: 7 Pages.

The differential forms of two kinds in equidistant curve coordinate system can be changed into the differential forms in spherical orthogonal coordinate system by making a radius of infinity sphere smaller limitlessly and making a constant of length larger limitlessly.
Category: Geometry

A Relook at Tachyons

Authors: Paul Karl Hoiland
Comments: 5 Pages.

Via a look at the math and the modern theory behind tachyons one can discover that inspite common belief the tachyon does have a place in our current best models.
Category: Quantum Physics

U(1) X SU(2) X Su(3) Quantum Gravity Successes

Authors: Nige Cook
Comments: 63 Pages.

See paper for technical abstract. Paper covers checked predictions for a theory which modifies the Standard Model's electroweak group representations to include quantum gravity, replacing the Higgs mechanism with checkable predictions. The model correctly predicted the cosmological acceleration in 1996. Full references, analysis, and feedback from peer-reviewed string theory dominated journals is included.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Oil Droplets as a Primitive Life Form?

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 12 Pages.

The origin of life is one the most fascinating problems of biology. The classic Miller-Urey experiment was carried out almost 60 years ago. In the experiment sparks were shot through primordial atmosphere consisting of methane, ammonia, hydrogen and water and the outcome was many of the aminoacids essential for life. The findings raised the optimism that the key to the understanding of the origins of life. After the death of Miller 2007 scientists re-examined sealed test tubes from the experiment using modern methods found that well over 20 aminoacids-more than the 20 occurring in life- were produced in the experiments.

The Urey-Miller experiments have yielded also another surprise: the black tar consisting mostly of hydrogen cyanide polymer produced in the experiments has turned out to be much more interesting than originally thought and suggests a direction where the candidates for precursors of living cells might be found. In earlier experiments nitrobenzene droplets doped with oleic anhydride exhibited some signatures of life. The droplets were capable to metabolism using oleic anhydride as ″fuel″ making for the droplet to move. Droplets can move along chemical gradients, sense each other′s presence and react to it and have also demonstrated rudimentary memory. Droplets can even ″solve″ a maze having ″food″ at its other end.

The basic objection against identification as primitive life form is that droplets have no genetic code and do not replicate. The model for dark nucleons however predicts that the states of nucleon are in one-one correspondence with DNA, RNA, tRNA, and aminoacid molecule and that vertebrate genetic code is naturally realized. The question is whether the realization of the genetic code in terms of dark nuclear strings might provide the system with genetic code and whether the replication could occur at the level of dark nucleon strings. In this article a model for oil droplets as a primitive life form is developed on basis of TGD inspired quantum model of biology. In particular, a proposal for how dark genes could couple to chemistry of oil droplets is developed.

Generalization of Thermodynamics Allowing Negentropic Entanglement and a Model for Conscious Information Processing

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 11 Pages.

Costa de Beauregard considers a model for information processing by a computer based on an analogy with Carnot's heat engine. As such the model Beauregard for computer does not look convincing as a model for what happens in biological information processing.

Combined with TGD based vision about living matter, the model however inspires a model for how conscious information is generated and how the second law of thermodynamics must be modified in TGD framework. The basic formulas of thermodynamics remain as such since the modification means only the replacement S→ S-N, where S is thermodynamical entropy and N the negentropy associated with negentropic entanglement. This allows to circumvent the basic objections against the application of Beauregard's model to living systems. One can also understand why living matter is so effective entropy producer as compared to inanimate matter and also the characteristic decomposition of living systems to highly negentropic and entropic parts as a consequence of generalized second law.

DNA Waves and Water

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 11 Pages.

The group of HIV Nobelist L. Montagnier has published two articles challenging the standard views about genetic code and providing strong support for the notion of water memory. Already the results of the first article suggested implicitly the existence of a new kind nano-scale representation of genetic code and the the recent article makes this claim explicitly. The TGD based model for the findings was based on the notion of magnetic body representing biologi- cally relevant aspects of molecules in terms of cyclotron frequencies. The model involved also the realization of genetic code using electromagnetic field patterns and as dark nucleon strings and led to a proposal that the analogs of trancription and translation are realized for the dark variants of DNA, RNA, tRNa, and aminoacids represented in terms of dark nucleon strings. Also processes transcribing ordinary and dark variants of the biomolecules to each other were proposed. This would make possible R&D-like controlled evolution based on experimentation using dark representations of biomoleculesd defining kind of virtual world.

The recent findings of the group of Montagnier allow a more detailed formulation of the model and suggest a general mechanism for generalized transcription and translation processes based on the reconnection of magnetic flux tubes between the molecules in question. A new element is the proposed role of ordered water and hydrogen bonds in the formation of water memories. These representation would result from the dropping of the magnetic bodies of molecules as the hydrogen bonds connecting the molecule to water molecules of the ordered water layer around it-analogous to ice layer- are split during the mechanical agitation. A similar process occurs quite generally when external energy feed excites the resting state of cell and induces protein folding and its reversal and the formation of protein aggregates. Good metaphors for resting state and excited states are cellular winter and summer. The necessity of a repeated dilution and mechanical agitation could be understood if agitation provides metabolic energy for the replication of the magnetic bodies filling the diluted water volume and gives rise to a series of "environmental catastrophes" inducing evolutionary leaps increasing the typical value of Planck constant associated with the magnetic bodies until the energy E = hf of 7 Hz dark photons exceeds the thermal energy at room temperature.

Model for the Findings About Hologram Generating Properties of DNA

Authors: Peter Gariaev, Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 27 Pages.

A TGD inspired model for the strange replica structures observed when DNA sample is radiated by red, IR, and UV light using two methods by Peter Gariaev and collaborators. The first method produces what is tentatively interpreted as replica images of either DNA sample or of five red lamps used to irradiate the sample. Second method produce replica image of environment with replication in horizontal direction but only at the right hand side of the apparatus. Also a white phantom variant of the replica trajectory observed in the first experiment is observed and has in vertical direction the size scale of the apparatus.

The presence of the hologram image for method II requires the self-sustainment of the reference beam only whereas the presence of phantom DNA image for method I requires the self-sustainment of both beams. Non-linear dynamics for the energy feed from DNA to the magnetic body could make possible self-sustainment for both beams simultaneously. Non-linear dynamics for beams themselves could allow for the self-sustainment of reference beam and/or reflected beam. The latter option is favored by data.

A New Force Smaller Than the Smallest Gravity.

Authors: Dan Visser
Comments: 7 Pages.

In the formulations of this 'paper' speaks the existence of a force smaller than the smallest gravity. This is a new dark energy force, which affects neutrinos differently than is assumed according to current physics. The formulations also imply a different look on the Higgs-mass and dark matter-mass. The 'paper' is also is an overview of recent 'papers' [1] , which already described these issues, but a deeper analysis became important, because a new cosmological hypothesis is involved. The CERN-experiments on these issues are the falsification for my formulations, but until now my formulations withstand several experimental results, and in this case the match with the latest neutrino-faster-than-light experiments is very convincing (more attention might be given to this 'paper' towards institutional disciplines by the Arxiv or Nature).
Category: Mathematical Physics

A Hamiltonian Operator Whose Zeros Are the Roots of the Riemann XI-Function

Authors: Jose Javier Garcia Moreta
Comments: 23 Pages.

We give a possible interpretation of the Xi-function of Riemann as the Functional determinant for a certain Hamiltonian quantum operator in one dimension for a real-valued function V(x) , this potential V is related to the half-integral of the logarithmic derivative for the Riemann Xi-function, through the paper we will assume that the reduced Planck constant is defined in units where and that the mass is
Category: Functions and Analysis

Work, Motion and Energy (According to "hypothesis on Matter")

Authors: Nainan K. Varghese
Comments: 5 Pages.

Energy, an undefined entity derived from work, is generally equated to motion. This has necessitated introduction of certain motion of physical bodies, wherever energy is envisaged. All actions are results of work-done rather than energy. Although energy has no definite form, structure or existence, it has gradually come to usurp rightful status of work-done about a physical body. Author proposes an alternative concept that may restore work, motion and energy to their fair and logical status.
Category: Classical Physics

Goal-Trapping Problems

Authors: Rodolfo Henrique Cerbaro
Comments: 1 Page.

After clarification of terms, an argument outlining the relation of problems with goals follows. The expectation is to show that problems cannot arise separated from goals, that is, that they are intrinsically tied. In order for the argument to function, one must adopt stable definitions of the concepts goal and problem. A clarification of their relation allows us to handle problems more efficiently through realizing why there can be agreement or disagreement regarding what is and what is not a problem for different observers.
Category: Mind Science

Expanding Relative Theory to Including Supper-C-Neutrino

Authors: Sheng-Ping Wu
Comments: 2 Pages.

This article expands the classical velocity to surpassing that of light and does not vary the formula of Relative Theory, to construct a theory well explains the current measures like the velocity and energy of neutrinos tested between Gran Sasso and Cern.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Zero Point Field

Authors: Paul Karl Hoiland
Comments: 5 Pages.

Via a look at the Ricci and Weyl curvature tensors I show that from a quantum perspective the Zero Point Field or ZPF is the origin of both inertia and gravity. I also point out that accelerated expansion of the cosmos and a observational slow down of C should have been expected.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Two Faces Myth Figure in Chess

Authors: Martiros Khurshudyan
Comments: 1 Page.

A new version of Chess game is proposed, where in general case a figure(or figures) has "two faces": white and black. Depending on the position of the figure on the board, it could change its color(face) and be used by opponent. Initially which of figures should have "two faces" as well as positions of the colored cells will be defined by players before game will start.
Category: General Mathematics

Inertia

Authors: Meir Amiram
Comments: 12 Pages.

I indicate that the key factor in the mechanism of inertia is the proximity of any elementary particle to itself, and consequently show that Newton laws of motion are derivatives of Newton's inverse square law of gravity. Inertia is originated in the microscopic realm, in the particle's diameter scale of reality, and is the response of an elementary particle to the gravitational field of itself, nothing more or less. Experimental evidences and several consequences of the discovery are discussed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Mathematical Objects :Past, Present, Future.

Authors: Vyacheslav Telnin
Comments: 4 Pages. This paper also fit for Mathematical Physics

Abstract. There are three main mathematical operations : [1] – addition, [2] - multiplication, [3] – raising to the power. Also there are three kinds of operands : A – numbers, B – vectors, C – vector spaces. This paper shows how to define new kinds of operands : D, E, F, … and new operations : [4], [5], [6], … ; [0], [-1], [-2], [-3], … . The study of inverse operations for new operations can open new classes of operands like it was with the operations [1], [2], [3]. Also there is a way to description of field with spin = 1/3.
Category: General Mathematics

Determining the True Cause Behind Superconductivity, Development of a New Theory to Explain it

Authors: Kunwar Jagdish Narain
Comments: 49 Pages. Number of figures:7

In order to explain why (i.e. cause) and how (i.e. way) superconductivity is generated and related properties and its effects take place, presently a new theory has been propounded determining such a cause over which unfortunately, despite having its knowledge, nobody ever tried to think, while it acts as the true cause. Consequently, the present theory gives a very clear and complete explanation (picture) why and how superconductivity is generated and related properties and its effects take place. So far unexplained some properties have also been explained, e.g.: 1. Why and how transition temperature ( ) varies from substance to substance; 2. Why and how very good conductors of current, e.g. gold, silver, copper do not superconduct even down to very low temperatures; 3. Why and how ferromagnetic substances do not superconduct; etc. Most important- it has also been tried to explain how currently known some non-superconducting (e.g. ferromagnetic) substances can be made superconducting. In order to verify/justify the truth of the determined cause, plausible arguments and evidences have been given from the well-established knowledge. The existing theories fail to give a clear and complete explanation as to how superconductivity is generated and related properties and effects take place, which is their great drawback. Because, whenever any phenomenon takes place, there occurs always a way (procedure), how that phenomenon and related properties take place, and hence if any theory is developed in order to explain that phenomenon, the theory must give a clear and complete explanation how that phenomenon and related properties take place. The existing theories, in addition, give rise to several such questions of which no any explanation can be given. The BCS theory for which it is claimed that it provides better explanation and accounts very well for all the properties exhibited by the superconductor. But if we examine this theory closely, we find that it is based on such concepts which: 1. Are practically not possible; 2. Contradict two well-observed facts; 3. Give rise to numerous such questions of which no explanation can be given. These drawbacks raise serious question mark over the truth of the BCS theory. Finally, some possible new effects have been predicted and it has been tried to explain why and how they shall take place.
Category: Condensed Matter

Reconciliation of QM and GR and the Need for a Pulsating Entangled CPT Symmetric Raspberry Shaped Multiverse.

Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 14 Pages.

In (Q-FFF) Quantum Function Follows Form theory, the Higgs particle is interpreted as a massless but energetic oscillating transformer particle, equipped with a complex internal structure and able to create the universe by transformation of its shape, after real mechanical collision and merging with other transformed Higgs particles into knots called Quarks and Leptons. The best place to create Higgs particle based plasma out of the “nothingness” of the oscillating super dense Higgs vacuum lattice, seems to be not only direct after the Black hole splitting Big Bang Multiverse, but even more at the event horizon of smaller “new paradigm” black holes proliferated through the multiverse. This multiverse seems to have a raspberry shape equipped with a restricted number of CPT (Charge Parity Time) symmetrical universes as berries or lobes. One of these lobes is supposed to be OUR material universe which is supposed to be entangled down to the Planck scale (thus even at the human scale) with at least one opposing anti-material mirror universe of the raspberry. The raspberry multiverse is supposed to be pulsating. due to the existence of a process of evaporation of the vacuum Higgs vacuum particles (Dark Energy) during the big bang inflation process and in succession, by the consumption of the same Higgs vacuum by individual black holes (Dark Matter) created at all scales from Super Nova black holes down to Sunspots, Comets, Micro Comets and even Ball Lightning.
Category: Astrophysics

2011 New Mexico Book Award for Science & Math

Authors: Mircea Eugen Selariu
Comments: 4 pages.

Prof. W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy, from Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai - India and Prof. Florentin Smarandache, from the University of New Mexico - USA, have received the 2011 New Mexico Book Award at the category Science and Mathematics for their book "Algebraic Structures Using Natural Class of Intervals", published by the Education Publ. Hse. from Columbus, in 2011.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Another Cern Solution

Authors: Paul Karl Hoiland
Comments: 2 pages.

The CERN Problem is examined from another prespective.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Armadilhas Fiscais e Monetárias

Authors: Rodolfo Henrique Cerbaro
Comments: 5 pages.

Especificou-se em trabalhos passados como uma economia começa (Ignição do Crescimento Econômico) e como a governança desta deve ser em diferentes fases do crescimento (Crescimento, Economia de Oferta e de Demanda). Com a compreensão da formação da economia e de quais políticas fiscais e monetárias adotar no progredir desta no tempo, ou seja, sabendo-se como governar, tem-se apenas que lidar com as armadilhas fiscais e monetárias que se encontram pelo caminho durante a governança. Aqui buscamos compreender as causas destas armadilhas e prover aos governantes maneiras de evitá-las e resolvê-las, objetivando a proteção da economia e, consequentemente, dos agentes econômicos presentes nesta.
Category: Economics and Finance

Smooth Infinitesimal Analysis Based Model of Multidimensional Geometry

Authors: Alexander Egoyan
Comments: 6 pages.

In this work a new approach to multidimensional geometry based on smooth infinitesimal analysis (SIA) is proposed. An embedded surface in this multidimensional geometry will look different for the external and internal observers: from the outside it will look like a composition of infinitesimal segments, while from the inside like a set of points equipped by a metric. The geometry is elastic. Embedded surfaces possess dual metric: internal and external. They can change their form in the bulk without changing the internal metric.
Category: Geometry

Langlands Conjectures in TGD Framework

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 24 pages.

The arguments of this article support the view that in TGD Universe number theoretic and geometric Langlands conjectures could be understood very naturally. The basic notions are following.

1. Zero energy ontology (ZEO) and the related notion of causal diamond CD (CD is short hand for the cartesian product of causal diamond of M⁴ and of CP₂). ZEO leads to the notion of partonic 2-surfaces at the light-like boundaries of CD and to the notion of string world sheet. These notions are central in the recent view about TGD. One can assign to the partonic 2-surfaces a conformal moduli space having as additional coordinates the positions of braid strand ends (punctures). By electric-magnetic duality this moduli space must correspond closely to the moduli space of string world sheets.

2. Electric-magnetic duality realized in terms of string world sheets and partonic 2-surfaces. The group G and its Langlands dual ^LG would correspond to the time-like and space-like braidings. Duality predicts that the moduli space of string world sheets is very closely related to that for the partonic 2-surfaces. The strong form of 4-D general coordinate invariance implying electric-magnetic duality and S-duality as well as strong form of holography indeed predicts that the collection of string world sheets is fixed once the collection of partonic 2-surfaces at light-like boundaries of CD and its sub-CDs is known.

3. The proposal is that finite measurement resolution is realized in terms of inclusions of hyperfinite factors of type II₁ at quantum level and represented in terms of confining effective gauge group. This effective gauge group could be some associate of G: gauge group, Kac-Moody group or its quantum counterpart, or so called twisted quantum Yangian strongly suggested by twistor considerations. At space-time level the finite measurement resolution would be represented in terms of braids at space-time level which come in two varieties correspond to braids assignable to space-like surfaces at the two light-like boundaries of CD and with light-like 3-surfaces at which the signature of the induced metric changes and which are identified as orbits of partonic 2-surfaces connecting the future and past boundaries of CDs.

   There are several steps leading from G to its twisted quantum Yangian. The first step replaces point like particles with partonic 2-surfaces: this brings in Kac-Moody character. The second step brings in finite measurement resolution meaning that Kac-Moody type algebra is replaced with its quantum version. The third step brings in zero energy ontology: one cannot treat single partonic surface or string world sheet as independent unit: always the collection of partonic 2-surfaces and corresponding string worlds sheets defines the geometric structure so that multilocality and therefore quantum Yangian algebra with multilocal generators is unavoidable.

   In finite measurement resolution geometric Langlands duality and number theoretic Langlands duality are very closely related since partonic 2-surface is effectively replaced with the punctures representing the ends of braid strands and the orbit of this set under a discrete subgroup of G defines effectively a collection of "rational" 2-surfaces. The number of the "rational" surfaces in geometric Langlands conjecture replaces the number of rational points of partonic 2-surface in its number theoretic variant. The ability to compute both these numbers is very relevant for quantum TGD.

4. The natural identification of the associate of G is as quantum Yangian of Kac-Moody type group associated with Minkowskian open string model assignable to string world sheet representing a string moving in the moduli space of partonic 2-surface. The dual group corresponds to Euclidian string model with partonic 2-surface representing string orbit in the moduli space of the string world sheets. The Kac-Moody algebra assigned with simply laced G is obtained using the standard tachyonic free field representation obtained as ordered exponentials of Cartan algebra generators identified as transversal parts of M⁴ coordinates for the braid strands. The importance of the free field representation generalizing to the case of non-simply laced groups in the realization of finite measurement resolution in terms of Kac-Moody algebra cannot be over-emphasized.

5. Langlands duality involves besides harmonic analysis side also the number theoretic side. Galois groups (collections of them) defined by infinite primes and integers having representation as symplectic flows defining braidings. I have earlier proposed that the hierarchy of these Galois groups define what might be regarded as a non-commutative homology and cohomology. Also G has this kind of representation which explains why the representations of these two kinds of groups are so intimately related. This relationship could be seen as a generalization of the MacKay correspondence between finite subgroups of SU(2) and simply laced Lie groups.

6. Symplectic group of the light-cone boundary acting as isometries of the WCW geometry kenociteallb/compl1 allowing to represent projectively both Galois groups and symmetry groups as symplectic flows so that the non-commutative cohomology would have braided representation. This leads to braided counterparts for both Galois group and effective symmetry group.

7. The moduli space for Higgs bundle playing central role in the approach of Witten and Kapustin to geometric Landlands program is in TGD framework replaced with the conformal moduli space for partonic 2-surfaces. It is not however possible to speak about Higgs field although moduli defined the analog of Higgs vacuum expectation value. Note that in TGD Universe the most natural assumption is that all Higgs like states are "eaten" by gauge bosons so that also photon and gluons become massive. This mechanism would be very general and mean that massless representations of Poincare group organize to massive ones via the formation of bound states. It might be however possible to see the contribution of p-adic thermodynamics depending on genus as analogous to Higgs contribution since the conformal moduli are analogous to vacuum expectation of Higgs field.

How Infinite Primes Relate to Other Views About Mathematical Infinity?

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 18 pages.

Infinite primes is a purely TGD inspired notion. The notion of infinity is number theoretical and infinite primes have well defined divisibility properties. One can partially order them by the real norm. p-Adic norms of infinite primes are well defined and finite. The construction of infinite primes is a hierarchical procedure structurally equivalent to a repeated second quantization of a supersymmetric arithmetic quantum field theory. At the lowest level bosons and fermions are labelled by ordinary primes. At the next level one obtains free Fock states plus states having interpretation as bound many particle states. The many particle states of a given level become the single particle states of the next level and one can repeat the construction ad infinitum. The analogy with quantum theory is intriguing and I have proposed that the quantum states in TGD Universe correspond to octonionic generalizations of infinite primes. It is interesting to compare infinite primes (and integers) to the Cantorian view about infinite ordinals and cardinals. The basic problems of Cantor's approach which relate to the axiom of choice, continuum hypothesis, and Russell's antinomy: all these problems relate to the definition of ordinals as sets. In TGD framework infinite primes, integers, and rationals are defined purely algebraically so that these problems are avoided. It is not surprising that these approaches are not equivalent. For instance, sum and product for Cantorian ordinals are not commutative unlike for infinite integers defined in terms of infinite primes.

Set theory defines the foundations of modern mathematics. Set theory relies strongly on classical physics, and the obvious question is whether one should reconsider the foundations of mathematics in light of quantum physics. Is set theory really the correct approach to axiomatization?

1. Quantum view about consciousness and cognition leads to a proposal that p-adic physics serves as a correlate for cognition. Together with the notion of infinite primes this suggests that number theory should play a key role in the axiomatics.
2. Algebraic geometry allows algebraization of the set theory and this kind of approach suggests itself strongly in physics inspired approach to the foundations of mathematics. This means powerful limitations on the notion of set.
3. Finite measurement resolution and finite resolution of cognition could have implications also for the foundations of mathematics and relate directly to the fact that all numerical approaches reduce to an approximation using rationals with a cutoff on the number of binary digits.
4. The TGD inspired vision about consciousness implies evolution by quantum jumps meaning that also evolution of mathematics so that no fixed system of axioms can ever catch all the mathematical truths for the simple reason that mathematicians themselves evolve with mathematics.

Motives and Infinite Primes

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 79 pages.

In this article the goal is to find whether the general mathematical structures associated with twistor approach, superstring models and M-theory could have a generalization or a modification in TGD framework. The contents of the chapter is an outcome of a rather spontaneous process, and represents rather unexpected new insights about TGD resulting as outcome of the comparisons.

1. Infinite primes, Galois groups, algebraic geometry, and TGD

In algebraic geometry the notion of variety defined by algebraic equation is very general: all number fields are allowed. One of the challenges is to define the counterparts of homology and cohomology groups for them. The notion of cohomology giving rise also to homology if Poincare duality holds true is central. The number of various cohomology theories has inflated and one of the basic challenges to find a sufficiently general approach allowing to interpret various cohomology theories as variations of the same motive as Grothendieck, who is the pioneer of the field responsible for many of the basic notions and visions, expressed it.

Cohomology requires a definition of integral for forms for all number fields. In p-adic context the lack of well-ordering of p-adic numbers implies difficulties both in homology and cohomology since the notion of boundary does not exist in topological sense. The notion of definite integral is problematic for the same reason. This has led to a proposal of reducing integration to Fourier analysis working for symmetric spaces but requiring algebraic extensions of p-adic numbers and an appropriate definition of the p-adic symmetric space. The definition is not unique and the interpretation is in terms of the varying measurement resolution.

The notion of infinite has gradually turned out to be more and more important for quantum TGD. Infinite primes, integers, and rationals form a hierarchy completely analogous to a hierarchy of second quantization for a super-symmetric arithmetic quantum field theory. The simplest infinite primes representing elementary particles at given level are in one-one correspondence with many-particle states of the previous level. More complex infinite primes have interpretation in terms of bound states.

1. What makes infinite primes interesting from the point of view of algebraic geometry is that infinite primes, integers and rationals at the n:th level of the hierarchy are in 1-1 correspondence with rational functions of n arguments. One can solve the roots of associated polynomials and perform a root decomposition of infinite primes at various levels of the hierarchy and assign to them Galois groups acting as automorphisms of the field extensions of polynomials defined by the roots coming as restrictions of the basic polynomial to planes x_n=0, x_n=x_n-1=0, etc...

2. These Galois groups are suggested to define non-commutative generalization of homotopy and homology theories and non-linear boundary operation for which a geometric interpretation in terms of the restriction to lower-dimensional plane is proposed. The Galois group G_k would be analogous to the relative homology group relative to the plane x_k-1=0 representing boundary and makes sense for all number fields also geometrically. One can ask whether the invariance of the complex of groups under the permutations of the orders of variables in the reduction process is necessary. Physical interpretation suggests that this is not the case and that all the groups obtained by the permutations are needed for a full description.

3. The algebraic counterpart of boundary map would map the elements of G_k identified as analog of homotopy group to the commutator group [G_k-2,G_k-2] and therefore to the unit element of the abelianized group defining cohomology group. In order to obtains something analogous to the ordinary homology and cohomology groups one must however replaces Galois groups by their group algebras with values in some field or ring. This allows to define the analogs of homotopy and homology groups as their abelianizations. Cohomotopy, and cohomology would emerge as duals of homotopy and homology in the dual of the group algebra.

4. That the algebraic representation of the boundary operation is not expected to be unique turns into blessing when on keeps the TGD as almost topological QFT vision as the guide line. One can include all boundary homomorphisms subject to the condition that the anticommutator δⁱ_kδ^j_k-1+δ^j_kδⁱ_k-1 maps to the group algebra of the commutator group [G_k-2,G_k-2]. By adding dual generators one obtains what looks like a generalization of anticommutative fermionic algebra and what comes in mind is the spectrum of quantum states of a SUSY algebra spanned by bosonic states realized as group algebra elements and fermionic states realized in terms of homotopy and cohomotopy and in abelianized version in terms of homology and cohomology. Galois group action allows to organize quantum states into multiplets of Galois groups acting as symmetry groups of physics. Poincare duality would map the analogs of fermionic creation operators to annihilation operators and vice versa and the counterpart of pairing of k:th and n-k:th homology groups would be inner product analogous to that given by Grassmann integration. The interpretation in terms of fermions turns however to be wrong and the more appropriate interpretation is in terms of Dolbeault cohomology applying to forms with homomorphic and antiholomorphic indices.

5. The intuitive idea that the Galois group is analogous to 1-D homotopy group which is the only non-commutative homotopy group, the structure of infinite primes analogous to the braids of braids of braids of ... structure, the fact that Galois group is a subgroup of permutation group, and the possibility to lift permutation group to a braid group suggests a representation as flows of 2-D plane with punctures giving a direct connection with topological quantum field theories for braids, knots and links. The natural assumption is that the flows are induced from transformations of the symplectic group acting on δ M²_+/-× CP₂ representing quantum fluctuating degrees of freedom associated with WCW ("world of classical worlds"). Discretization of WCW and cutoff in the number of modes would be due to the finite measurement resolution. The outcome would be rather far reaching: finite measurement resolution would allow to construct WCW spinor fields explicitly using the machinery of number theory and algebraic geometry.

6. A connection with operads is highly suggestive. What is nice from TGD perspective is that the non-commutative generalization homology and homotopy has direct connection to the basic structure of quantum TGD almost topological quantum theory where braids are basic objects and also to hyper-finite factors of type II₁. This notion of Galois group makes sense only for the algebraic varieties for which coefficient field is algebraic extension of some number field. Braid group approach however allows to generalize the approach to completely general polynomials since the braid group make sense also when the ends points for the braid are not algebraic points (roots of the polynomial).

This construction would realize the number theoretical, algebraic geometrical, and topological content in the construction of quantum states in TGD framework in accordance with TGD as almost TQFT philosophy, TGD as infinite-D geometry, and TGD as generalized number theory visions.

2. p-Adic integration and cohomology

This picture leads also to a proposal how p-adic integrals could be defined in TGD framework.

1. The calculation of twistorial amplitudes reduces to multi-dimensional residue calculus. Motivic integration gives excellent hopes for the p-adic existence of this calculus and braid representation would give space-time representation for the residue integrals in terms of the braid points representing poles of the integrand: this would conform with quantum classical correspondence. The power of 2π appearing in multiple residue integral is problematic unless it disappears from scattering amplitudes. Otherwise one must allow an extension of p-adic numbers to a ring containing powers of 2π.

2. Weak form of electric-magnetic duality and the general solution ansatz for preferred extremals reduce the Kähler action defining the Kähler function for WCW to the integral of Chern-Simons 3-form. Hence the reduction to cohomology takes places at space-time level and since p-adic cohomology exists there are excellent hopes about the existence of p-adic variant of Kähler action. The existence of the exponent of Kähler gives additional powerful constraints on the value of the Kähler fuction in the intersection of real and p-adic worlds consisting of algebraic partonic 2-surfaces and allows to guess the general form of the Kähler action in p-adic context.

3. One also should define p-adic integration for vacuum functional at the level of WCW. p-Adic thermodynamics serves as a guideline leading to the condition that in p-adic sector exponent of Kähler action is of form (m/n)^r, where m/n is divisible by a positive power of p-adic prime p. This implies that one has sum over contributions coming as powers of p and the challenge is to calculate the integral for K= constant surfaces using the integration measure defined by an infinite power of Kähler form of WCW reducing the integral to cohomology which should make sense also p-adically. The p-adicization of the WCW integrals has been discussed already earlier using an approach based on harmonic analysis in symmetric spaces and these two approaches should be equivalent. One could also consider a more general quantization of Kähler action as sum K=K₁+K₂ where K₁=rlog(m/n) and K₂=n, with n divisible by p since exp(n) exists in this case and one has exp(K)= (m/n)^r × exp(n). Also transcendental extensions of p-adic numbers involving n+p-2 powers of e^1/n can be considered.

4. If the Galois group algebras indeed define a representation for WCW spinor fields in finite measurement resolution, also WCW integration would reduce to summations over the Galois groups involved so that integrals would be well-defined in all number fields.

3. Floer homology, Gromov-Witten invariants, and TGD

Floer homology defines a generalization of Morse theory allowing to deduce symplectic homology groups by studying Morse theory in loop space of the symplectic manifold. Since the symplectic transformations of the boundary of δ M⁴_+/-× CP₂ define isometry group of WCW, it is very natural to expect that Kähler action defines a generalization of the Floer homology allowing to understand the symplectic aspects of quantum TGD. The hierarchy of Planck constants implied by the one-to-many correspondence between canonical momentum densities and time derivatives of the imbedding space coordinates leads naturally to singular coverings of the imbedding space and the resulting symplectic Morse theory could characterize the homology of these coverings.

One ends up to a more precise definition of vacuum functional: Kähler action reduces Chern-Simons terms (imaginary in Minkowskian regions and real in Euclidian regions) so that it has both phase and real exponent which makes the functional integral well-defined. Both the phase factor and its conjugate must be allowed and the resulting degeneracy of ground state could allow to understand qualitatively the delicacies of CP breaking and its sensitivity to the parameters of the system. The critical points with respect to zero modes correspond to those for Kähler function. The critical points with respect to complex coordinates associated with quantum fluctuating degrees of freedom are not allowed by the positive definiteness of Kähler metric of WCW. One can say that Kähler and Morse functions define the real and imaginary parts of the exponent of vacuum functional.

The generalization of Floer homology inspires several new insights. In particular, space-time surface as hyper-quaternionic surface could define the 4-D counterpart for pseudo-holomorphic 2-surfaces in Floer homology. Holomorphic partonic 2-surfaces could in turn correspond to the extrema of Kähler function with respect to zero modes and holomorphy would be accompanied by super-symmetry.

Gromov-Witten invariants appear in Floer homology and topological string theories and this inspires the attempt to build an overall view about their role in TGD. Generalization of topological string theories of type A and B to TGD framework is proposed. The TGD counterpart of the mirror symmetry would be the equivalence of formulations of TGD in H=M⁴× CP₂ and in CP₃× CP₃ with space-time surfaces replaced with 6-D sphere bundles.

4. K-theory, branes, and TGD

K-theory and its generalizations play a fundamental role in super-string models and M-theory since they allow a topological classification of branes. After representing some physical objections against the notion of brane more technical problems of this approach are discussed briefly and it is proposed how TGD allows to overcome these problems. A more precise formulation of the weak form of electric-magnetic duality emerges: the original formulation was not quite correct for space-time regions with Euclidian signature of the induced metric. The question about possible TGD counterparts of R-R and NS-NS fields and S, T, and U dualities is discussed.

5. p-Adic space-time sheets as correlates for Boolean cognition

p-Adic physics is interpreted as physical correlate for cognition. The so called Stone spaces are in one-one correspondence with Boolean algebras and have typically 2-adic topologies. A generalization to p-adic case with the interpretation of p pinary digits as physically representable Boolean statements of a Boolean algebra with 2ⁿ>p>p^n-1 statements is encouraged by p-adic length scale hypothesis. Stone spaces are synonymous with profinite spaces about which both finite and infinite Galois groups represent basic examples. This provides a strong support for the connection between Boolean cognition and p-adic space-time physics. The Stone space character of Galois groups suggests also a deep connection between number theory and cognition and some arguments providing support for this vision are discussed.

Could One Generalize Braid Invariant Defined by Vacuum Expecation of Wilson Loop to and Invariant of Braid Cobordisms and of 2-Knots?

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 17 pages.

Witten was awarded by Fields medal from a construction recipe of Jones polynomial based on topological QFT assigned with braids and based on Chern-Simons action. Recently Witten has been working with an attempt to understand in terms of quantum theory the so called Khovanov polynomial associated with a much more abstract link invariant whose interpretation and real understanding remains still open.

The attempts to understand Witten's thoughts lead to a series of questions unavoidably culminating to the frustrating "Why I do not have the brain of Witten making perhaps possible to answer these questions?". This one must just accept. In this article I summarize some thoughts inspired by the associations of the talk of Witten with quantum TGD and with the model of DNA as topological quantum computer. In my own childish manner I dare believe that these associations are interesting and dare also hope that some more brainy individual might take them seriously.

An idea inspired by TGD approach which also main streamer might find interesting is that the Jones invariant defined as vacuum expectation for a Wilson loop in 2+1-D space-time generalizes to a vacuum expectation for a collection of Wilson loops in 2+2-D space-time and could define an invariant for 2-D knots and for cobordisms of braids analogous to Jones polynomial. As a matter fact, it turns out that a generalization of gauge field known as gerbe is needed and that in TGD framework classical color gauge fields defined the gauge potentials of this field. Also topological string theory in 4-D space-time could define this kind of invariants. Of course, it might well be that this kind of ideas have been already discussed in literature.

Could the Notion of Hyperdeterminant be Useful in TGD Framework?

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 4 pages.

The vanishing of ordinary determinant tells that a group of linear equations possesses non-trivial solutions. Hyperdeterminant generalizes this notion to a situation in which one has homogenous multilinear equations. The notion has applications to the description of quantum entanglement and has stimulated interest in physics blogs. Hyperdeterminant applies to hyper-matrices with n matrix indices defined for an n-fold tensor power of vector space - or more generally - for a tensor product of vector spaces with varying dimensions. Hyper determinant is an n-linear function of the arguments in the tensor factors with the property that all partial derivatives of the hyper determinant vanish at the point, which corresponds to a non-trivial solution of the equation. A simple example is potential function of n arguments linear in each argument.

Why the notion of hyperdeterminant- or rather its infinite-dimensional generalization- might be interesting in TGD framework relates to the quantum criticality of TGD stating that TGD Universe involves a fractal hierarchy of criticalities: phase transitions inside phase transitions inside... At classical level the lowest order criticality means that the extremal of Kähler action possesses non-trivial second variations for which the action is not affected. The system is critical. In QFT context one speaks about zero modes. The vanishing of the so called Gaussian (of functional) determinant associated with second variations is the condition for the existence of critical deformations. In QFT context this situation corresponds to the presence of zero modes.

The simplest physical model for a critical system is cusp catastrophe defined by a potential function V(x) which is fourth order polynomial. At the edges of cusp two extrema of potential function stable and unstable extrema co-incide and the rank of the matrix defined by the potential function vanishes. This means vanishing of its determinant. At the tip of the cusp the also the third derivative vanishes of potential function vanishes. This situation is however not describable in terms of hyperdeterminant since it is genuinely non-linear rather than only multilinear.

In a complete analogy, one can consider also the vanishing of n:th variations in TGD framework as higher order criticality so that the vanishing of hyperdeterminant might serve as a criterion for the higher order critical point and occurrence of phase transition. Why multilinearity might replace non-linearity in TGD framework could be due to the non-locality. Multilinearty with respect to imbedding space-coordinates at different space-time points would imply also the vanishing of the standard local divergences of quantum field theory known to be absent in TGD framework on basis of very general arguments. In this article an attempt to concretize this idea is made. The challenge is highly non-trivial since in finite measurement resolution one must work with infinite-dimensional system.

What Could be the Generalization of Yangian Symmetry of N=4 Susy in TGD Framework?

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 45 pages.

There have been impressive steps in the understanding of N=4 maximally sypersymmetric YM theory possessing 4-D super-conformal symmetry. This theory is related by AdS/CFT duality to certain string theory in AdS₅× S⁵ background. Second stringy representation was discovered by Witten and is based on 6-D Calabi-Yau manifold defined by twistors. The unifying proposal is that so called Yangian symmetry is behind the mathematical miracles involved.

In the following I will discuss briefly the notion of Yangian symmetry and suggest its generalization in TGD framework by replacing conformal algebra with appropriate super-conformal algebras. Also a possible realization of twistor approach and the construction of scattering amplitudes in terms of Yangian invariants defined by Grassmannian integrals is considered in TGD framework and based on the idea that in zero energy ontology one can represent massive states as bound states of massless particles. There is also a proposal for a physical interpretation of the Cartan algebra of Yangian algebra allowing to understand at the fundamental level how the mass spectrum of n-particle bound states could be understood in terms of the n-local charges of the Yangian algebra.

Twistors were originally introduced by Penrose to characterize the solutions of Maxwell's equations. Kähler action is Maxwell action for the induced Kähler form of CP₂. The preferred extremals allow a very concrete interpretation in terms of modes of massless non-linear field. Both conformally compactified Minkowski space identifiable as so called causal diamond and CP₂ allow a description in terms of twistors. These observations inspire the proposal that a generalization of Witten's twistor string theory relying on the identification of twistor string world sheets with certain holomorphic surfaces assigned with Feynman diagrams could allow a formulation of quantum TGD in terms of 3-dimensional holomorphic surfaces of CP₃× CP₃ mapped to 6-surfaces dual CP₃× CP₃, which are sphere bundles so that they are projected in a natural manner to 4-D space-time surfaces. Very general physical and mathematical arguments lead to a highly unique proposal for the holomorphic differential equations defining the complex 3-surfaces conjectured to correspond to the preferred extremals of Kähler action.

A Possible Explanation for Shnoll Effect

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 17 pages.

Shnoll and collaborators have discovered strange repeating patterns of random fluctuations of physical observables such as the number n of nuclear decays in a given time interval. Periodically occurring peaks for the distribution of the number N(n) of measurements producing n events in a series of measurements as a function of n is observed instead of a single peak. The positions of the peaks are not random and the patterns depend on position and time varying periodically in time scales possibly assignable to Earth-Sun and Earth-Moon gravitational interaction.

These observations suggest a modification of the expected probability distributions but it is very difficult to imagine any physical mechanism in the standard physics framework. Rather, a universal deformation of predicted probability distributions would be in question requiring something analogous to the transition from classical physics to quantum physics.

The hint about the nature of the modification comes from the TGD inspired quantum measurement theory proposing a description of the notion of finite measurement resolution in terms of inclusions of so called hyper-finite factors of type II₁ (HFFs) and closely related quantum groups. Also p-adic physics -another key element of TGD- is expected to be involved. A modification of a given probability distribution P(nkenovert λ_i) for a positive integer valued variable n characterized by rational-valued parameters λ_i is obtained by replacing n and the integers characterizing λ_i with so called quantum integers depending on the quantum phase q_m=exp(i2π/m). Quantum integer n_q must be defined as the product of quantum counterparts p_q of the primes p appearing in the prime decomposition of n. One has p_q= sin(2π p/m)/sin(2π/m) for p≠ P and p_q=P for p=P. m must satisfy m≥ 3, m≠ p, and m≠ 2p.

The quantum counterparts of positive integers can be negative. Therefore quantum distribution is defined first as p-adic valued distribution and then mapped by so called canonical identification I to a real distribution by the map taking p-adic -1 to P and powers Pⁿ to P^-n and other quantum primes to themselves and requiring that the mean value of n is for distribution and its quantum variant. The map I satisfies I(∑ P_n)=∑ I(P_n). The resulting distribution has peaks located periodically with periods coming as powers of P. Also periodicities with peaks corresponding to n=n⁺n^-, n⁺_q>0 with fixed n^-_q<0, are predicted. These predictions are universal and easily testable. The prime P and integer m characterizing the quantum variant of distribution can be identified from data. The shapes of the distributions obtained are qualitatively consistent with the findings of Shnoll but detailed tests are required to see whether the number theoretic predictions are correct.

The periodic dependence of the distributions would be most naturally assignable to the gravitational interaction of Earth with Sun and Moon and therefore to the periodic variation of Earth-Sun and Earth-Moon distances. The TGD inspired proposal is that the p-dic prime P and integer m characterizing the quantum distribution are determined by a process analogous to a state function reduction and their most probably values depend on the deviation of the distance R through the formulas Δ p/p≈ k_pΔ R/R and Δ m/m≈ k_mΔ R/R. The p-adic primes assignable to elementary particles are very large unlike the primes which could characterize the empirical distributions. The hierarchy of Planck constants allows the gravitational Planck constant assignable to the space-time sheets mediating gravitational interactions to have gigantic values and this allows p-adicity with small values of the p-adic prime P.

Does the Opera Experiment Reveal a Systematic Error in the Satellite Ephemeris of the Global Positioning System ?

Authors: Yves-Henri Sanejouand
Comments: 3 pages.

When the difference between the speed of neutrinos measured in the OPERA experiment and the speed of light is assumed to be the error made on the GPS-based measurement of the distance between the source of neutrinos and the detector, the magnitude of this error is, within error bars, found to be equal to twice the ratio of the orbital velocity of the GPS satellites and the speed of light. So, it seems likely that the OPERA experiment, instead of revealing a new, unexpected and challenging aspect of the physics of neutrinos, has demonstrated that the Global Positioning System still suffers from a rather important error, which remained unoticed until now, probably as a consequence of its systematic nature.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Three Paths to Superluminal Travel

Authors: Paul Karl Hoiland
Comments: 21 pages, A redo of a article I did

A short look at some of the paths to superluminal travel.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On a Theoretical Proof of the Weak Equivalence Principle from Within the Confines of Newtonian Gravitation

Authors: Golden Gadzirayi Nyambuya
Comments: 10 pages

The great Italian scientist and philosopher, Galileo Galilee, is reported to have stood at the learning tower of Pisa in Italy and famously dropped objects of different masses (and compositions), thereby demonstrating that the motion of matter in a gravitational field is independent of the body's composition since these objects, despite their different masses (and compositions), their free-fall time was practically equal. By so doing, Galileo demolished a more than one and a half millennium of dogma that had been set forth by the Greek philosopher, Aristotle, namely that, in a gravitational field, heavier objects fall faster than lighter ones. Galileo's conclusion is a posteriori justified current scientific dogma, we all accept this as a durable fact of experience. Gently and modestly, this reading appears to furnish this hypothesis. We unambiguously demonstrate beyond any shadow of doubt that Newtonian gravitation implies that gravitational and inertial mass are equal.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Artificially Creating Solar Eclipses

Authors: Dhananjay P. Mehendale
Comments: 12 pages

In this paper we inform about the partial solar eclipse we created artificially. It aims at inviting those who are interested in the study of solar eclipses to set up their own laboratory to artificially create and study solar eclipses at any time of the day and at any convenient spot on the earth. Anybody interested in the study of solar eclipses can setup his laboratory without much expenditure. What essentially required is a small piece of land exposed to sunlight to arrange the equipment and equipment consists of a telescope, some spherical objects of appropriate size, a mechanical arrangement to hold and move a chosen spherical object at hand, appropriate filters to protect eyes, and a good camera to take photographs of artificially eclipsed sun We report here about our initial efforts done regarding artificially creating solar eclipse of any kind. We provide towards the end of the paper two sample photographs of artificially created partial solar eclipse taken using orange fruit in the role of moon and a photograph of naturally occurred partial solar eclipse for the sake of demonstrating their similarity. We propose here a way to artificially create eclipses of all types, namely, total, partial, or annular in the laboratory at our will. We discuss how to create solar eclipses at any location on earth at any daytime and at any location of the sun on its daytime trajectory. These eclipses formed artificially will be same in every respect to naturally occurring eclipses due to perfect alignment of earth, moon, and sun along a straight line. The only difference in naturally occurring solar eclipses and artificially created solar eclipses lies in replacing the moon by any spherical body of appropriate size to work as artificial moon to obstruct sunrays to form solar eclipses artificially. We may use any spherical body in place of moon, which has diameter matching with the diameter of parallel sun beam entering the telescope, to hide the real image of the sun by this artificial moon.
Category: Astrophysics

Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and Elementary Particles and Forces

Authors: Thomas J. Buckholtz
Comments: 39 pages

Patterns link properties of six quarks and three leptons, the set of fundamental forces, and possible properties of dark matter and dark energy.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Condensation States and Landscaping with the Theory of Abstraction

Authors: Subhajit Ganguly
Comments: 11 pages

The Abstraction theory is applied in landscaping. A collection of objects may be made to be vast or meager depending upon the scale of observations. This idea may be developed to unite the worlds of the great vastness of the universe and the minuteness of the sub-atomic realm. Keeping constant a scaling ratio for both worlds, these may actually be converted into two self-same representatives with respect to scaling. The Laws of Physical Transactions are made use of to study Bose-Einstein condensation. As the packing density of concerned constituents increase to a certain critical value, there may be evolution of energy from the system.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Finite Neutrosophic Complex Numbers

Authors: W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 222 pages

In this book for the first time the authors introduce the notion of real neutrosophic complex numbers.
Category: Algebra

DSm Super Vector Space of Refined Labels

Authors: W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 299 pages

In this book authors for the first time introduce the notion of supermatrices of refined labels. Authors prove super row matrix of refined labels form a group under addition. However super row matrix of refined labels do not form a group under product; it only forms a semigroup under multiplication. In this book super column matrix of refined labels and m x n matrix of refined labels are introduced and studied.
Category: Algebra

Neutrosophic Interval Bialgebraic Structures

Authors: W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 197 pages

In this book the authors for the first time introduce the notion of neutrosophic intervals and study the algebraic structures using them. Concepts like groups and fields using neutrosophic intervals are not possible. Pure neutrosophic intervals and mixed neutrosophic intervals are introduced and by the very structure of the interval one can understand the category to which it belongs.
Category: Algebra

On the Origin of Mass

Authors: Ir J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 2 pages

Mass is caused by fields of elementary particles that are able of creating cavities at their center. Another cause is the presence of a different geometric anomaly such as a black hole.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Origin of Physical Fields

Authors: Ir J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 2 pages

Physical fields form the solution of nature for the problem that the set of observations is overwhelming the set of underlying variables.
Category: Quantum Physics

Kullback-Leibler Simplex

Authors: Popon Kangpenkae
Comments: 12 pages

This technical reference presents the functional structure and the algorithmic implementation of KL (Kullback-Leibler) simplex. It details the simplex approximation and fusion. The KL simplex is fundamental, robust, adaptive an informatics agent for computational research in economics, finance, game and mechanism. From this perspective the study provides comprehensive results to facilitate future work in such areas.
Category: Statistics

Theory Which Explains Several Greatly Important Mysterious Phenomena and it Determines a New Force Having Characteristics of Nuclear Force.

Authors: Kunwar Jagdish Narain
Comments: 58 pages, 13 figures, This manuscript is submitted for publication in “PHYSICS ESSAYS” (an international research journal published through American Institute of Physics). As soon as it is published online, I shall request you to change to the comment to show the journal refer

When an electric current flows through any conducting rod: 1- Why and how is a magnetic field generated around the rod? 2- Why and how does this field occur in a plane perpendicular to the direction of flow of current and possesses direction? 3- How and which type of magnetism (electromagnetism) is generated? How do electrons move together in electron beams despite having repulsive Coulomb force between them? Why and how does the Lorentz force come into play? No explanation is found how these phenomena take place. Electromagnetic theory has wide success to its credit but it and other theories fail to do so. These theories fail because there are some causes behind the occurrence of these phenomena but no account of those causes have been taken into consideration. The causes are, e.g.: 1- The electron possesses magnetism by virtue of nature similarly as it possesses charge by virtue of nature, and magnetism occurs in the form of a ring around the charge of electron, 2- The magnetism of the electron spins similarly as it's charge spins but in opposite directions, 3- The interaction between magnetic fields of interacting particles (e.g. between magnetic fields of electrons in electron beams) or interacting systems give rise to a force between them. Presently, taking into account the above causes, a new theory has been propounded which gives a very clear and complete explanation of all the above phenomena. The force caused due to interaction between magnetic fields of electrons has some very important and striking properties: this force is strong, short range and charge independent. Since the nature of this force is exactly similar to what we speculate for nuclear force between nucleons, and nucleons possess a magnetic field too, the nuclear force should be due to interaction between magnetic fields of nucleons in nuclei. Most importantly, this force has a repulsive component too, which is very essential to cause, e.g. alpha and beta decays etc. because the Coulomb repulsive force is too weak and hence cannot cause these decays. How this force varies, that has been determined. To confirm the truth of the determined force, so far unexplained an important mysterious nuclear phenomenon has been explained. Finally: i- effects of the present theory on some important current concepts and their consequences have been discussed; and ii- some possible new effects have been predicted and explained why and how they shall take place.
Category: Condensed Matter

Do We Really Understand the Solar System?

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 16 pages

The recent experimental findings have shown that our understanding of the solar system is surprisingly fragmentary. As a matter fact, so fragmentary that even new physics might find place in the description of phenomena like the precession of equinoxes and the recent discoveries about the bullet like shape of heliosphere and strong magnetic fields near its boundary bringing in mind incompressible fluid flow around obstacle. TGD inspired model is based on the heuristic idea that stars are like pearls in a necklace defined by long magnetic flux tubes carrying dark matter and strong magnetic field responsible for dark energy and possibly accompanied by the analog of solar wind. Heliosphere would be like bubble in the flow defined by the magnetic field inside the flux tube inducing its local thickening. A possible interpretation is as a bubble of ordinary and dark matter in the flux tube containing dark energy. This would provide a beautiful overall view about the emergence of stars and their helio-spheres as a phase transition transforming dark energy to dark and visible matter. Among other things the magnetic walls surrounding the solar system would shield the solar system from cosmic rays.
Category: Astrophysics

TGD Inspired Vision About Entropic Gravitation

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 21 pages

Entropic gravity (EG) introduced by Verlinde has stimulated a great interest. One of the most interesting reactions is the commentary of Sabine Hossenfelder. The article of Kobakhidze relies on experiments supporting the existence of Schrödinger amplitudes of neutron in the gravitational field of Earth develops an argument suggesting that EG hypothesis in the form in which it excludes gravitons is wrong. Indeed, the mere existence of gravitational bound states suggests strongly the existence of transitions between them by graviton emission. The following arguments represent TGD inspired view about what entropic gravity (EG) could be if one throws out the unnecessary assumptions such as the emerging dimensions and absence of gravitons. Also the GRT limit of TGD is discussed leading to rather strong implications concerning the TGD counterparts of blackholes.

1. If one does not believe in TGD, one could start from the idea that stochastic quantization">stochastic quantization or something analogous to it might imply something analogous to entropic gravity (EG). What is required is the replacement of the path integral with functional integral. More precisely, one has functional integral in which the real contribution to Kähler action of the preferred extremal from Euclidian regions of the space-time surface to the exponent represents Kähler function and the imaginary contribution from Minkowskian regions serves as a Morse function so that the counterpart of Morse theory in WCW is obtained on stationary phase approximation in accordance with the vision about TGD as almost topological QFT. The exponent of Kähler function is the new element making the functional integral well-defined and the presence of phase factor gives rise to the interference effects characteristic for quantum field theories although one does not integrate over all space-time surfaces. In zero energy ontology one has however pairs of 3-surfaces at the opposite light-like boundaries of CD so that something very much analogous to path integral is obtained.

2. Holography requires that everything reduces to the level of 3-metrics and more generally, to the level of 3-D field configurations. Something like this happens if one can approximate path integral integral with the integral over small deformations for the minima of the action. This also happens in completely integral quantum field theories.

   The basic vision behind quantum TGD is that this approximation is much nearer to reality than the original theory. In other words, holography is realized in the sense that to a given 3-surface the metric of WCW assigns a unique space-time and this space-time serves as the analog of Bohr orbit and allows to realize 4-D general coordinate invariance in the space of 3-surfaces so that classical theory becomes an exact part of quantum theory. This point of view will be adopted in the following also in the framework of general relativity where one considers abstract 4-geometries instead of 4-surfaces: functional integral should be over 3-geometries with the definition of Kähler metric assigning to 3-geometry a unique 4-geometry.

3. A powerful constraint is that the functional integral is free of divergences. Both 4-D path integral and stochastic quantization for gravitation fail in this respect due to the local divergences (in super-gravity situation might be different). The TGD inspired approach reducing quantum TGD to almost topological QFT with Chern-Simons term and a constraint term depending on metric associated with preferred 3-surfaces allows to circumvent this difficulty. This picture will applied to the quantization of GRT and one could see the resulting theory as a guess for what GRT limit of TGD could be. The first guess that Kähler function corresponds to Einstein-Maxwell action for this kind of preferred extremal turns out to be correct. An essential and radically new element of TGD is the possibility of space-time regions with Euclidian signature of the induced metric replacing the interiors of blackholes: this element will be assumed also now. The conditions that CP₂ represents and extremal of EYM action requires cosmological constant in Euclidian regions determined by the constant curvature of CP₂ and one can ask whether the average value of cosmological constant over 3-space could correspond to the cosmological constant explaining accelerating cosmic expansion.

4. Entropic gravity is generalized in TGD framework so that all interactions are entropic: the reason is that in zero energy ontology (ZEO) the S-matrix is replaced with M-matrix defining a square root of thermodynamics in a well defined sense.

Gravity and Mass not Fundamental?

Authors: Paul Karl Hoiland
Comments: 4 pages

In this article a suggestion is raised where by gravity and mass are both emergent, not fundamental.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Cause of Gravitation

Authors: Ir J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 2 pages

The interpretation of the causality of the gravitation field can be changed considerably.
Category: Quantum Physics

Essentials of Quantum Movement

Authors: Ir J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 2 pages

This is a concise list of the main points of "Continuity Equation for Quaternionic Quantum Fields
Category: Quantum Physics

Hilbert Book Model Essentials

Authors: Ir J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 3 pages

The essentials of the Hilbert book model are listed.
Category: Quantum Physics

Continuity Equation for Quaternionic Quantum Fields

Authors: Ir J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 19 pages

The continuity equation is specified in quaternionic format. It means that the density and current of the considered "charge" is combined in a quaternionic probability amplitude distribution (QPAD). Next, the Dirac equation is also put in quaternionic format. It is shown that it is a special form of continuity equation. Further it is shown that two other quaternionic continuity equations can be derived from the quaternionic Dirac equation. The square and the squared modulus of the QPAD play an essential role in these new equations. Further, a whole series of equivalent equations of motions is derived from the possible sign flavor couplings. The corresponding particles are identified as member of the standard model. The coupling constant of the particles can be computed from their fields. In this way all known particles in the standard model can be identified.
Category: Quantum Physics

Femtotechnology: Stability of AB-Needles. Fantastic Properties and Application

Authors: A.A. Bolonkin
Comments: 19 pages

In article "Femtotechnology: Nuclear AB-Matter with Fantastic Properties" *1+ American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences. 2 (2), 2009, p.501-514. (http://www.scribd.com/doc/24045154) author offered and consider possible super strong nuclear matter. But many readers asked about stability of the nuclear matter. It is well known, the conventional nuclear matter having more 92 protons or more 238 nucleons became instability. In given work the author shows the special artificial forms of nuclear AB-matter make its stability and give the fantastic properties. For example, by the offered AB-needle you can pierce any body without any damage, support motionless satellite, reach the other planet, researched Earth's interior. These forms of nuclear matter are not in Nature now, but nanotubes also is not in Nature. That is artificial matter is made men. The AB-matter also is not now, but research and investigation their possibility, stability and properties are necessary for creating them.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Koide and the Mass of the Proton

Authors: A. Rivero
Comments: 3 pages

We look at the quark spectrum using as unique inputs the mass of the top and bottom quarks, plus Koide sum rule. We get the mass of the nucleon, which was already known to appear (as constituient quark mass) in the charged lepton formula.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Black Hole Horizon Curvature Dependent Balance Between Plasma Creation and e-e+ Annihilation in Quantum FFF Theory.

Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 39 pages

In particle physics it is an interesting challenge to postulate that the FORM and structure of elementary particles is the origin of different FUNCTIONS of these particles. In former papers we presented possible solutions based on complex 3-D ring shaped particles, which are equipped with three point like hinges and one splitting point, all four points divided equally over the ring surface. The 3-D ring itself is postulated to represent the "Virgin Mother" of all other particles and is coined Higgs particle, supplied with the 3-hinges coded (OOO), which gives the particle the opportunity to transform after some sort of mechanical collision with other particles into a different shape, with a different function. Thus in the (Q-FFF) Quantum Function Follows Form theory, the Higgs is interpreted as a massless transformer particle able to create the universe by transformation of its shape after real mechanical collision and merge with other shaped particles into complex and compound knots like Quarks. The best place to create such plasma out of the "nothingness" of the Higgs vacuum seems to be not only direct after the Black hole splitting big bang, but even more at the event horizon of new paradigm black holes. However the balance between e- e+ annihilation and plasma creation seems to depend on the curvature of the black hole event horizon or better the size of the black hole. Smaller black holes have stronger horizon curvature related to the vacuum Higgs vacuum structure (or Planck scale) and as a result a better balance between Quark production and e-e+ annihilation. The Tarantula- and Eagle nebula seem to show us this difference.
Category: Astrophysics

Geometric Quantum Gravity

Authors: Antony Ryan
Comments: 37 pages

Naturally existing geometry that describes the Pre-Big Bang singularity is derived, reconciling the three paradoxes of cosmogony; infinite regression, causality and the conservation laws. The geometry unifies the forces of nature, explains the Arrow of Time, Baryon Asymmetry, Cosmic Inflation, Neutrino Oscillations and interprets Quantum Entanglement and the Double Slit Experiment by illustrating what spin and wave function collapse are. Further, it explains Dark Energy and Dark Matter, the mechanism of Black Hole formation from Neutron Stars, the origin and fate of the Universe, and why we have three spatial dimensions. The point where two equal spheres of any size touch is infinitesimally small, like a singularity. This is analogous to the Newton Number Problem (1), but without a central sphere. We get what I would describe as the Quantum Newton Number Problem, from which geometries for the 36 Standard Model Elementary particles are derived. Applying the Koide formula (2) to the Electron, Proton and Neutron masses, with simple logical adjustments taken from the geometry, predicts a 1/2 and obtains a 0.49999994 result. Further the geometry matches the quantum mechanical cosine predictions for entangled spin measurements perfectly. The theory is potentially testable too.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The New Prime Theorems (1291)-(1340)

Authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
Comments: 90 pages

Using Jiang function we are able to prove almost all prime problems in prime distribution. This is the Book proof. No great mathematicians study prime problems and prove Riemann hypothesis in AIM, CLAYMA, IAS, THES, MPIM, MSRI. In this paper using Jiang function J₂ (ω) we prove that the new prime theorems (1291)-(1340) contain infinitely many prime solutions and no prime solutions. From (6) we are able to find the smallest solution π_k(N₀,2) ≥ 1. This is the Book theorem.
Category: Number Theory

Quantum Arithmetics and the Relationship Between Real and P-Adic Physics

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 32 pages

p-Adic physics involves two only partially understood questions.

1. Is there a duality between real and p-adic physics? What is its precice mathematic formulation? In particular, what is the concrete map p-adic physics in long scales (in real sense) to real physics in short scales? Can one find a rigorous mathematical formulation of canonical identification induced by the map p→ 1/p in pinary expansion of p-adic number such that it is both continuous and respects symmetries.

2. What is the origin of the p-adic length scale hypothesis suggesting that primes near power of two are physically preferred? Why Mersenne primes are especially important?

A possible answer to these questions relies on the following ideas inspired by the model of Shnoll effect. The first piece of the puzzle is the notion of quantum arithmetics formulated in non-rigorous manner already in the model of Shnoll effect.

1. Quantum arithmetics is induced by the map of primes to quantum primes by the standard formula. Quantum integer is obtained by mapping the primes in the prime decomposition of integer to quantum primes. Quantum sum is induced by the ordinary sum by requiring that also sum commutes with the quantization.

2. The construction is especially interesting if the integer defining the quantum phase is prime. One can introduce the notion of quantum rational defined as series in powers of the preferred prime defining quantum phase. The coefficients of the series are quantum rationals for which neither numerator and denominator is divisible by the preferred prime.

3. p-Adic--real duality can be identified as the analog of canonical identification induced by the map p→ 1/p in the pinary expansion of quantum rational. This maps maps p-adic and real physics to each other and real long distances to short ones and vice versa. This map is especially interesting as a map defining cognitive representations.

Quantum arithmetics inspires the notion of quantum matrix group as counterpart of quantum group for which matrix elements are ordinary numbers. Quantum classical correspondence and the notion of finite measurement resolution realized at classical level in terms of discretization suggest that these two views about quantum groups are closely related. The preferred prime p defining the quantum matrix group is identified as p-adic prime and canonical identification p→ 1/p is group homomorphism so that symmetries are respected.

1. The quantum counterparts of special linear groups SL(n,F) exists always. For the covering group SL(2,C) of SO(3,1) this is the case so that 4-dimensional Minkowski space is in a very special position. For orthogonal, unitary, and orthogonal groups the quantum counterpart exists only if quantum arithmetics is characterized by a prime rather than general integer and when the number of powers of p for the generating elements of the quantum matrix group satisfies an upper bound characterizing the matrix group.

2. For the quantum counterparts of SO(3) (SU(2)/ SU(3)) the orthogonality conditions state that at least some multiples of the prime characterizing quantum arithmetics is sum of three (four/six) squares. For SO(3) this condition is strongest and satisfied for all integers, which are not of form n= 2^2r(8k+7)). The number r₃(n) of representations as sum of squares is known and r₃(n) is invariant under the scalings n→ 2^2rn. This means scaling by 2 for the integers appearing in the square sum representation.

3. r₃(n) is proportional to the so called class number function h(-n) telling how many non-equivalent decompositions algebraic integers have in the quadratic algebraic extension generated by (-n)^1/2.

The findings about quantum SO(3) suggest a possible explanation for p-adic length scale hypothesis and preferred p-adic primes.

1. The basic idea is that the quantum matrix group which is discrete is very large for preferred p-adic primes. If cognitive representations correspond to the representations of quantum matrix group, the representational capacity of cognitive representations is high and this kind of primes are survivors in the algebraic evolution leading to algebraic extensions with increasing dimension.

2. The preferred primes correspond to a large value of r₃(n). It is enough that some of their multiples do so (the 2^2r multiples of these do so automatically). Indeed, for Mersenne primes and integers one has r₃(n)=0, which was in conflict with the original expectations. For integers n=2M_m however r₃(n) is a local maximum at least for the small integers studied numerically.

3. The requirement that the notion of quantum integer applies also to algebraic integers in quadratic extensions of rationals requires that the preferred primes (p-adic primes) satisfy p=8k+7. Quite generally, for the integers n=2^2r(8k+7) not representable as sum of three integers the decomposition of ordinary integers to algebraic primes in the quadratic extensions defined by (-n)^1/2 is unique. Therefore also the corresponding quantum algebraic integers are unique for preferred ordinary prime if it is prime also in the algebraic extension. If this were not the case two different decompositions of one and same integer would be mapped to different quantum integers. Therefore the generalization of quantum arithmetics defined by any preferred ordinary prime, which does not split to a product of algebraic primes, is well-defined for p=2^2r(8k+7).

4. This argument was for quadratic extensions but also more complex extensions defined by higher polynomials exist. The allowed extensions should allow unique decomposition of integers to algebraic primes. The prime defining the quantum arithmetics should not decompose to algebraic primes. If the algebraic evolution leadis to algebraic extensions of increasing dimension it gradually selects preferred primes as survivors.

Is Kähler Action Expressible in Terms of Areas of Minimal Surfaces?

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 5 pages

The general form of ansatz for preferred extremals implies that the Coulombic term in Kähler action vanishes so that it reduces to 3-dimensional surface terms in accordance with general coordinate invariance and holography. The weak form of electric-magnetic duality in turn reduces this term to Chern-Simons terms.

The strong form of General Coordinate Invariance implies effective 2-dimensionality (holding true in finite measurement resolution) so that also a strong form of holography emerges. The expectation is that Chern-Simons terms in turn reduces to 2-dimensional surface terms.

The only physically interesting possibility is that these 2-D surface terms correspond to areas for minimal surfaces defined by string world sheets and partonic 2-surfaces appearing in the solution ansatz for the preferred extremals. String world sheets would give to Kähler action an imaginary contribution having interpretation as Morse function. This contribution would be proportional to their total area and assignable with the Minkowskian regions of the space-time surface. Similar but real string world sheet contribution defining Kähler function comes from the Euclidian space-time regions and should be equal to the contribution of the partonic 2-surfaces. A natural conjecture is that the absolute values of all three areas are identical: this would realize duality between string world sheets and partonic 2-surfaces and duality between Euclidian and Minkowskian space-time regions.

Zero energy ontology combined with the TGD analog of large N_c expansion inspires an educated guess about the coefficient of the minimal surface terms and a beautiful connection with p-adic physics and with the notion of finite measurement resolution emerges. The t'Thooft coupling λ should be proportional to p-adic prime p characterizing particle. This means extremely fast convergence of the counterpart of large N_c expansion in TGD since it becomes completely analogous to the pinary expansion of the partition function in p-adic thermodynamics. Also the twistor description and its dual have a nice interpretation in terms of zero energy ontology. This duality permutes massive wormhole contacts which can have off mass shell with wormhole throats which are always massive (also for the internal lines of the generalized Feynman graphs).

An Attempt to Understand Preferred Extremals of Kähler Action

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 23 pages

There are pressing motivations for understanding the preferred extremals of Kähler action. For instance, the conformal invariance of string models naturally generalizes to 4-D invariance defined by quantum Yangian of quantum affine algebra (Kac-Moody type algebra) characterized by two complex coordinates and therefore explaining naturally the effective 2-dimensionality. One problem is how to assign a complex coordinate with the string world sheet having Minkowskian signature of metric. One can hope that the understanding of preferred extremals could allow to identify two preferred complex coordinates whose existence is also suggested by number theoretical vision giving preferred role for the rational points of partonic 2-surfaces in preferred coordinates. The best one could hope is a general solution of field equations in accordance with the hints that TGD is integrable quantum theory.

A lot is is known about properties of preferred extremals and just by trying to integrate all this understanding, one might gain new visions. The problem is that all these arguments are heuristic and rely heavily on physical intuition. The following considerations relate to the space-time regions having Minkowskian signature of the induced metric. The attempt to generalize the construction also to Euclidian regions could be very rewarding. Only a humble attempt to combine various ideas to a more coherent picture is in question.

The core observations and visions are following.

1. Hamilton-Jacobi coordinates for M⁴ > define natural preferred coordinates for Minkowskian space-time sheet and might allow to identify string world sheets for X⁴ as those for M⁴. Hamilton-Jacobi coordinates consist of light-like coordinate m and its dual defining local 2-plane M²⊂ M⁴ and complex transversal complex coordinates (w,w*) for a plane E²_x orthogonal to M²_x at each point of M⁴. Clearly, hyper-complex analyticity and complex analyticity are in question.

2. Space-time sheets allow a slicing by string world sheets (partonic 2-surfaces) labelled by partonic 2-surfaces (string world sheets).

3. The quaternionic planes of octonion space containing preferred hyper-complex plane are labelled by CP₂, which might be called CP₂^mod. The identification CP₂=CP₂^mod motivates the notion of M⁸--M⁴× CP₂. It also inspires a concrete solution ansatz assuming the equivalence of two different identifications of the quaternionic tangent space of the space-time sheet and implying that string world sheets can be regarded as strings in the 6-D coset space G₂/SU(3). The group G₂ of octonion automorphisms has already earlier appeared in TGD framework.

4. The duality between partonic 2-surfaces and string world sheets in turn suggests that the CP₂=CP₂^mod conditions reduce to string model for partonic 2-surfaces in CP₂=SU(3)/U(2). String model in both cases could mean just hypercomplex/complex analyticity for the coordinates of the coset space as functions of hyper-complex/complex coordinate of string world sheet/partonic 2-surface.

The considerations of this section lead to a revival of an old very ambitious and very romantic number theoretic idea.

1. To begin with express octonions in the form o=q₁+Iq₂, where q_i is quaternion and I is an octonionic imaginary unit in the complement of fixed a quaternionic sub-space of octonions. Map preferred coordinates of H=M⁴× CP₂ to octonionic coordinate, form an arbitrary octonion analytic function having expansion with real Taylor or Laurent coefficients to avoid problems due to non-commutativity and non-associativity. Map the outcome to a point of H to get a map H→ H. This procedure is nothing but a generalization of Wick rotation to get an 8-D generalization of analytic map.

2. Identify the preferred extremals of Kähler action as surfaces obtained by requiring the vanishing of the imaginary part of an octonion analytic function. Partonic 2-surfaces and string world sheets would correspond to commutative sub-manifolds of the space-time surface and of imbedding space and would emerge naturally. The ends of braid strands at partonic 2-surface would naturally correspond to the poles of the octonion analytic functions. This would mean a huge generalization of conformal invariance of string models to octonionic conformal invariance and an exact solution of the field equations of TGD and presumably of quantum TGD itself.

The Master Formula for the U-Matrix Finally Found?

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 12 pages

In zero energy ontology U-matrix replaces S-matrix as the fundamental object characterizing the predictions of the theory. U-matrix is defined between zero energy states and its orthogonal rows define what I call M-matrices, which are analogous to thermal S-matrices of thermal QFTs. M-matrix defines the time-like entanglement coefficients between positive and negative energy parts of the zero energy state. M-matrices identifiable as hermitian square roots of density matrices. In this article it is shown that M-matrices form in a natural manner a generalization of Kac-Moody type algebra acting as symmetries of M-matrices and U-matrix and that the space of zero energy states has therefore Lie algebra structure so that quantum states act as their own symmetries. The generators of this algebra are multilocal with respect to partonic 2-surfaces just as Yangian algebras are multilocal with respect to points of Minkowski space and therefore define generalization of the Yangian algebra appearing in the Grassmannian twistor approach to N=4 SUSY.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Turn-up in the Differential GCR Proton Energy Spectrum Below 100 Mev

Authors: Henry D. May
Comments: 6 pages

The high energy portion of galactic cosmic ray proton spectrum in the vicinity of Earth, above about 500 MeV per nucleon, can be well approximated by the "force field" model, whose only formal parameter is the modulation potential. Here I show that the entire spectrum can be well approximated by the force field model, when the force field is treated as an electric field. The analysis also explains the origin of the anomalously energetic ions in the solar wind.
Category: Astrophysics

Absurdity of Relativity and Root of Its Success

Authors: Ji Qi, YinLing Jiang
Comments: 49 pages

There has existed the focus of debate between the viewpoint of space-time of classical physics and that of relativity for almost a hundred years. Which is more reasonable on earth? The fundamental principle of the theory of relativity and its basic transformation will be discussed in detail in this study. By discussion, I hope we can see the essence of the theory of relativity clearly and make people profoundly understand the fundamental conception of physics on time and space. I wish we can return a sunny sky to physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Universe Invariant and Universe Specific Concepts in the Niv Bible

Authors: James R. Akerlund
Comments: 4 pages

The point of this paper is for you to see universe invariant (UI) and universe specific (US) aspects in your own life. We do this by showing verses from the Bible that seem to show how the world is divided into UI and US realms. This will broaden your understanding of UI and US. We give specific examples from 22 verses and suggest 6 more verses with an additional verse as a counterexample to the previous 28 verses. The author uses verses from the New International Version (NIV) Bible and does not attempt to interpret the verses from their original languages.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

Final Book on Fundamental Theoretical Physics

Authors: G. Quznetsov
Comments: Book, 174 pages

This book title is "Final Book on Fundamental Theoretical Physics" because it offers full logic explanation of all fundamental notions and statements of theoretical physics: Time and Space, Quantum Physics, Quarks and Gravitation.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Proposed Solutions to Dark Energy, Dark Matter, and Gravity Mysteries.

Authors: Nikolas S Lewis
Comments: 11 pages

This article puts forth the theory that mass is energy in a dimensional form; mass doesn't just create gravity, but the dimensions themselves. The main part of this theory is when gravity gives a force on mass it will balance, but when gravity gives a force on anything without mass, such as light, there is imbalance. This article consists of explanation and evidence that centers on a new particle, the oreka, created when gravity alters the direction of photons.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Positive Energy Solution to Exotic Energy Requirement of Any Generic Warp Drive Metric

Authors: Paul Karl Hoiland
Comments: 4 pages

In this article I look at some of the math behind replacing the exotic energy of any warp metric with an inflation field with a focus on a simple generic solution to the frame switch in the recent CERN superluminal neutrino detection to that of a Newtonian metric.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Quantum Origins of the Question of God.

Authors: Paul Karl Hoiland
Comments: 6 pages

By taking a closer look at true quantum theory stemming from the idea of Hyperspace and it's effects on lightcones versus our observational state I show the question of is there a God cannot honestly be eliminated from what is possible. I also in brief discuss the possibility of the human soul or spirit from the aspect of Observation and Quantum Theory in the first place.
Category: Religion and Spiritualism

Problems with Warp Drive Examined

Authors: Paul Karl Hoiland
Comments: 11 pages

In a short examination of some of the major problems raised as objections to Doctor Alcubierre?s original proposal of warp drive within General Relativity(1) by many author?s in both peer review publication and archive articles one discovers that solutions to these problems do exist if one is willing to consider a modified version of that original proposal. It is the findings of this Author that Warp Drive cannot be properly ruled out at this time at least as a possible future method of sub-light propulsion with the possible added benefit of working as a superluminal field propulsion drive.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Anthropic Principle and Intelligent Design Continued

Authors: Paul Karl Hoiland
Comments: 3 pages

In this short article I continue to discuss the idea of could the Universe or even multiverse be a product of Intelligent Design. I avoid the assumptions used by Christian writers on this subject and simply point out an alternative venue under which this whole idea could be studied in science. I also supply a possible solution to the origin of life and how life started here.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

The Anthropic Principle and Intelligent Design

Authors: Paul Karl Hoiland
Comments: 6 pages

In this short article I discuss the Anthropic Principle, some of the possible solutions, and focus on the idea of could the Universe or even multiverse be a product of Intelligent Design. I avoid the assumptions used by Christian writers on this subject and simply point out an alternative venue under which this whole idea could be studied in science.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Towards a More Realistic Gravitomagnetic Displacement Drive

Authors: Paul Karl Hoiland
Comments: 47 pages

I have been at both physics and Electrical Engineering going on about 32 years now. But I have had two major interests all along. One is to better understand the Cosmos we live in. The other stems back to two events in my life several years removed from each other. The first event happened in Texas back in 1973 while taking a short trip across east Texas with my folks. The event was witnessing something that would be classified as a close encounter of the first type. What my folks and I saw out in east Texas was a very brilliant glowing object circular in shape due south of the road we where on above a cattle field. I and my folks remember pulling over to look at it and we remember driving away afterwards. But we do not remember anything in between. The second event took place back in 1983 in Tucson Arizona while working for the Military. One evening I and several others had gone out into the desert northeast of Tucson to cook out and have a good time. What we did not know was several unidentified objects had been spotted out south of Tucson by workers up on Kitt Peak in the area of Ryan Field a small local airport south of Tucson.. These objects took a slow flight path out across Tucson towards the direction we where at.. I ended up being about 100 yards from one of these as it progressed across the valley. Close enough to see a lot of detail, to get a good idea by its general shape and size and flight aspects that this was not anything our Military had at the time. While I never saw any aliens or little green men. What I witnessed was intelligently controlled, had some motive power different from anything our planet uses and could have been a robotic probe similar to one's we launch at present into space.. I also learned later that the Military on Davis Monthan had tracked these same objects that evening also. These two events sparked keen interests in space propulsion which later got utilized during the era of Alcubierre Warp Drive research with the group ESAA.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Another Alternative to Superluminal Propulsion

Authors: Paul Karl Hoiland
Comments: 7 pages

In this article as based upon an alternative answer to the measured superluminal velocity of Neutrinos at CERN I propose an alternative approach to superluminal propulsion that on the surface does not suffer from some of the problems of the more standard Alcubierre Drive.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Quantum Classical Correspondence of Dirac Equation

Authors: Pranaav Sinz
Comments: 9 pages

it has been shown that unphysical results of quantum classical correspondence pertaining to Dirac equation have their roots in unjustified calculation of commutation relation involving 4x4 component operators acting on single component non normalized wave function. Zitterbewegung like unphysical phenomena have been completely eliminated as the treatment establishes a seamless connection between operators and observables both in relativistic and non relativistic limits. Intrinsic nature of spin angular momentum has been found questionable. data.
Category: Quantum Physics

Explanation of Apparent Superluminal Neutrino Velocity in the Cern-Opera Experiment

Authors: Tim Joslin
Comments: 10 pages

The CERN-OPERA neutrino experiment at the Gran Sasso Laboratory obtained a measurement, v_n, of the muon neutrino velocity with respect to the speed of light, c, of (v_n-c)/c = (2.48 ± 0.28 (stat.) ± 0.30 (sys.)) x10^-5. The neutrino flight path from CERN to OPERA was established using distances and timings based on "round-trip" light speed signals. These are incommensurate with the reference frame dependent "one-way" flight times of neutrinos over the same path. We perform a Lorentz transformation to demonstrate the frame-dependence of the result. We conclude that an Earth system (ES) reference frame defined by a timing system which assumes isotropic light speed, such as the UTC, is not able to support experiments requiring accurate one-way light speed measurement. We hypothesise that v_n = c and consider the 2.7K CMB as a possible candidate for the isotropic frame of reference where round-trip and one-way light speeds are equal. On this basis we find that the CERN-OPERA experiment would be expected to measure deviations in neutrino arrival times compared to the expected light speed transmission of up to ±~2ns/km of neutrino flight path, but usually of less magnitude and with a bias towards early arrival. Only the N-S component (relative to the Earth's axis) of the motion of the neutrino flight path relative to the isotropic frame would be statistically significant in the CERN-OPERA experiment. Assuming no bias in the mean of the other components of the experiment's motion against the isotropic frame in the neutrino timing, because of the Earth's rotation and orbit, we find a mean early neutrino arrival time of ~113ns would be expected were the CMB the isotropic frame. That is, the potential error is of the same order as the early arrival time of the neutrinos of (60.7 ± 6.9 (stat.) ± 7.4 (sys.)) ns, suggesting further analysis of possible sources of deviation from our theoretical estimate may be worthwhile. We propose further statistical methods to test the hypotheses that v_n = c and that the CMB represents the isotropic frame, using the existing OPERA neutrino velocity measurement data.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The New Prime Theorems (1241)-(1290)

Authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
Comments: 90 pages

Using Jiang function we are able to prove almost all prime problems in prime distribution. This is the Book proof. No great mathematicians study prime problems and prove Riemann hypothesis in AIM, CLAYMA, IAS, THES, MPIM, MSRI. In this paper using Jiang function J₂ (ω) we prove that the new prime theorems (1241)-(1290) contain infinitely many prime solutions and no prime solutions. From (6) we are able to find the smallest solution π_k(N₀,2) ≥ 1. This is the Book theorem.
Category: Number Theory

Decay Modes of Excited 4he Below the Fragmentation Levels

Authors: A. Meulenberg, K P Sinha
Comments: 10 pages

Three reasons are given to dispute the claims of numerous experimenters that higher-than-expected heat and radiation are obtained from nuclear fusion of deuterium atoms at room temperature: 1) the inability of two low-energy protons or deuterons to penetrate the mutual Coulomb barrier; 2) the production of heat in excess of that possible for the measured particulate radiation, and 3) the high levels of ⁴He measured (much beyond that permitted by present nuclear physics models). The first has been addressed earlier. This paper discusses the second and how it leads to an understanding of a critical mechanism behind low-energy nuclear reactions.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

On a Strengthened Hardy-Hilbert's Type Inequality

Authors: Guangsheng Chen
Comments: 8 pages

In this paper, by using the Euler-Maclaurin expansion for the zeta function and estimating the weight function effectively, we derive a strengthenment of a Hardy-Hilbert's type inequality proved by W.Y. Zhong. As applications, some particular results are considered. work.
Category: Number Theory

The Reaction Force Does no Work?: a Comment on Physica Scripta 84 (2011) 055004

Authors: Ron Bourgoin
Comments: 3 pages

Yes, Newton's third law will not produce correct results as long as the work of the reacting force is not calculated. We have always only focused on the work of the acting force. We have never considered the work of the reacting force, but to obtain correct results at the microscopic level we have no choice but to admit that the reacting force performs work.
Category: Classical Physics

Not Linear Element, Cosmological Redshift and Deflection of Light in the Gravitational Field

Authors: Daniele Sasso
Comments: 18 pages

Starting from some questions on General Relativity we make a few critical considerations in concordance with the Theory of Reference Frames (TR). TR represents firstly a critical viewpoint and secondly an alternative solution with regard to whether Special Relativity or General Relativity, moreover it represents a new answer to problems of dynamics of motion. The new definition of not linear element is the most important concept expressed in this article and particularly we consider the physical explanation of the change of the linear element into a not linear curved element when it is in a gravitational field. In the absence of gravitational field, the geodetic (trajectory along which the work carried out by a force is the smallest) coincides with the linear element and inside the gravitational field it changes into the curved element. We prove that in a gravitational field this change is caused by energy reasons and not by the space and time kinematic warp. A few classical experiments, like cosmological redshift and deflection of light, at last are considered and a new interpretation is given outside General Relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Preponderance of Matter: Asymmetrical Genesis Via the Antineutrino Route

Authors: D. Pons, A.D. Pons, A.J. Pons
Comments: 19 pages

The existence of the universe is an enigma because the energy at genesis should have created equal amounts of matter and antimatter, which should have subsequently annihilated. What happened in the baryogenesis process to cause matter to predominate in the cosmos? A candidate conceptual solution is presented based on the cordus conjecture, and featuring the antineutrino in a prominent role. A detailed model is produced for the production of an electron-antielectron pair from photons. The novel contribution is showing how the discrete field structures of the photon dynamically transform into those of the two massy particules. A new production process is detailed whereby an energetic antielectron is remanufactured into a proton and two antineutrinos. The production process could equally have converted electrons to antiprotons, and a tentative explanation is given for why this might not have happened. Therefore it is suggested that the apparent asymmetry of baryogenesis is because the antimatter is hiding in plain sight, having been remanufactured into the matter baryons themselves. In this model four photons are transformed into an electron and proton, i.e. a hydrogen atom, and two antineutrinos. The antimatter field structure of the antielectron is carried away by the antineutrinos as a waste stream. This paper therefore provides an alternative conceptual solution to the baryogenesis asymmetry in the universe, and it also explains the leptogenesis asymmetry. As a corollary, the conditions are identified under which the proton may decay.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

The Errors of Statistical Hypotheses and Scientific Theories

Authors: Stephen P. Smith
Comments: 16 pages

The process of error recognition is explored first in statistics, and then in science. The Type II error found in statistical hypothesis testing is found analogous to Karl Popper's "logical probability" that is intended to measure the likelihood that a scientific theory can avoid its refutation. Nevertheless, Popper's reliance on deductive thinking is found detracting from his demarcation that separates science and metaphysics. An improved critical logic for science is presented that permits error recognition more broadly: for induction by Popper's falsification principle; but also for deduction and emotionality. The reality of induction creates a limitation for a science that has not accommodated a fuller menu of error recognition. The reality of induction places limits of what can be known from empiricism, and this has philosophical implications.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Gravity Without the Equivalence Principle

Authors: Andrew Downing
Comments: 17 pages, dedicated under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication

A simple method is presented to account for the macroscopic effects of potential unknown attractive and repulsive forces that obey the inverse square law. This method is implemented in an n-body simulation. Graphs and screenshots from the simulation are then used to show that practically any quantum mechanical big bang theory with many arbitrary types of particles and fundamental forces would necessitate cosmic inflation, structure formation in the early universe, Hubble's law, the cosmological principle, slightly accelerated expansion of the universe, and, in specific cases (such as protoplanetary disks), the equivalence principle, regardless of what the particles and forces in the theory are.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Black Hole Catastrophe: a Short Reply to J. J. Sharples

Authors: Stephen J. Crothers
Comments: This paper was published in The Hadronic Journal, 34, 197-224 (2011) and is an abridged version of the paper, ‘The Black Hole Catastrophe: A Reply to J. J. Sharples', http://vixra.org/abs/1011.0062

A recent Letter to the Editor (Sharples J. J., Coordinate transformations and metric extension: a rebuttal to the relativistic claims of Stephen J. Crothers, Progress in Physics, v.1, 2010) has analysed a number of my papers. Dr. Sharples has committed errors in both mathematics and physics. His notion that r = 0 in the so-called "Schwarzschild solution" marks the point at the centre of the related manifold is false, as is his related claim that Schwarzschild's actual solution describes a manifold that is extendible. His post hoc introduction of Newtonian concepts and related mathematical expressions into the "Schwarzschild solution" is invalid; for instance, Newtonian two-body relations into what is alleged to be a one-body problem. Each of the objections are treated in turn and their invalidity fully demonstrated. Black hole theory is riddled with contradictions. This article provides definitive proof that black holes do not exist.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Explain the Phenomenon of Neutrino Superluminal

Authors: Ji Qi, Wei Feng Ni, Yinling Jiang
Comments: 8 Pages.

An interesting experimental phenomenon attracted the whole world's attention. European researchers found that the neutrinos traveled faster than the speed of light, which was difficult to explain. This result was reported on the website of British "Nature" journal on September 22, 2011. Meanwhile, many strange phenomena from the experiment of Foucault pendulum were found by us. In 1921, Millar conducted an experiment and found that the light presented a drift motion relative to the earth by an amount of 10km/s. These experiments implied that there existed another state substance in nature and it might account for the motion laws of all the objects. In this paper, an objective interpretation for the superluminal phenomenon of neutrinos was presented, as well as a reasonable prediction for this kind of experiments.
Category: Classical Physics

The Strange Phenomena of Foucault Pendulum and Movement Laws of Celestial Bodies

Authors: Ji Qi, Sheng Wang, Yinling Jiang
Comments: 18 Pages.

"Ether" is existing? Can say that this is a very important question in physics! A strange phenomenon is found by studying on Foucault pendulum again and again. It is that when Swing ball is located in the north-south direction at the initial time, the rotation angular velocity in the swing plane is relatively large, while Swing ball is located in the east-west direction at the initial time, the angular velocity is much smaller, or even almost no rotation. And, when the ball is north-south swing, the swing state itself can be distorted to clockwise swing; However, when the ball is east-west swing, the swing state itself is hardly changed, or even slightly distorted toward counter-clockwise direction. The experimental phenomenon is in contradiction with the classical theory. The experimental results can prove the existence of another substance in the nature, which is No-Shape-Substance. At the same time, we can well understand the stellar run of peculiar regularity.
Category: Classical Physics

Physical Space of no-Shape-Substance

Authors: Ji Qi, Yinling Jiang
Comments: 21 Pages.

People used to establish physical laws on the mathematical frame directly, without considering the existence of the No-Shape-Substance. We believe such physical laws are separated from their nature. Since we have known something about the No-Shape-Substance, we must review physical laws on the ground of objectivity and reality. We will discuss more profoundly space, universal gravitation, Coulomb force, magnetic force, the theory of relativity, and the like. We are trying to make basic physical laws more exactly and more clear. There is a general presentation to No-Shape-Substance in this paper, as well as an elementary calculation of the density and volume modulus of No-Shape-Substance. On the ground of the calculation, we can get a profound understand on the influence of medium on the velocity of light and that of temperature on the refractive index.
Category: Classical Physics

Do the Observations of Superluminal Neutrinos Lead to the Model Where Light Speed Increases Over Time?

Authors: Mark Zilberman
Comments: 3 Pages.

In the recent research the OPERA collaboration has reported the observation of superluminal neutrinos. They did not state what exact value they used as the speed of light c, but we could safely assume that in accordance to the SI system it was 299,792,458 m/s. In the following research A.G. Cohen and S. L. Glashow showed that "superluminal neutrinos would lose energy rapidly via the bremsstrahlung of electronpositron pairs" and that "most of the neutrinos would have suffered several pair emissions en route". This obvious paradox between experiment and theory can easily be resolved if the speed of light is slowly increasing and is now (or at least was during the experiment) higher than in 1970-1980 when mentioned that 299,792,458 m/s was measured. In this case the speed of neutrinos in the OPERA experiment can be higher than 299,792,458 m/s, but at the same time be lower or equal to the current c. Without subscribing to the model where c increases over time, it can still be a good idea to measure the speed of light c during the replication of the experiment. In addition, if slow increase of c will be proven, it may also explain the red shift of distant galaxies without the big-bang theory, since the more distant and earlier periods of time we observe - the slower the light speed there, and less is the energy of photons emitted there; what for current observer appears as a red shift in the spectrum.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Two Proofs of Catalan-Mihailescu Theorem

Authors: Jamel Ghanouchi
Comments: 8 Pages.

( MSC=11D04) More than one century after its formulation by the Belgian mathematician Eugene Catalan, Preda Mihailescu has solved the open problem. But, is it all ? Mihailescu's solution utilizes computation on machines, we propose here not really a proof as it is entended classically, but a resolution of an equation like the resolution of the polynomial equations of third and fourth degrees. This solution is totally algebraic and does not utilize, of course, computers or any kind of calculation.
Category: Number Theory

Electron as Magnetic Monopole

Authors: Malcolm Macleod
Comments: 2 Pages.

A formula for an electron as a geometrical shape whose axis is a magnetic monopole is proposed. The electron formula is constructed from Planck length, Planck mass, elementary charge and c. This geometrical shape is symmetrical for an electron at rest.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

The Velocity of Neutrino in the 4D Medium Model

Authors: V. Skorobogatov
Comments: 3 Pages.

The simple explanation of the neutrino's velocity anomaly is presented in the frame of the 4D medium model. It is shown that there is no the faster then light motion in our Unverse. The effect of neutrino detection before the light with supernova SN1987A is also discussed.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Non-Redundant and Natural Variables Definition of Heat Valid for Open Systems

Authors: Juan Ramón González Álvarez
Comments: 7 Pages.

Although an unambiguous definition of heat is available in the classical thermodynamics for closed systems, the question of how best to define heat transfer in open systems is not yet settled.

This article begins by reviewing the different definitions of heat for open systems used by Callen, Casas-Vazquez, DeGroot, Fox, Haase, Jou, Kondepudi, Lebon, Mazur, Misner, Prigogine, Smith, Thorne, and by Wheeler in irreversible thermodynamics, emphasizing their main pros and cons. In a posterior section, this author introduces a new definition of heat that avoids the main difficulties of the existent definitions and provides us (i) a non-redundant definition that (ii) agrees with the definition used in the kinetic theory of gases, (iii) uses natural variables for the thermodynamic potentials, and (iv) properly generalizes the classical thermodynamic expressions to open systems.

Weak Interaction: Reassembly of Particules

Authors: D.J. Pons
Comments: 9 Pages.

The Standard Model interprets the weak interaction, e.g. neutron beta decay, to be a short-range field carried by the W and Z bosons. In that interpretation the short range arises because of the heavy mass of the W and Z bosons. This paper reconceptualises the weak interaction and the bosons. The cordus HED notation was used to work out the field structures of the bosons, giving W^-(r.^1.1 .a_.1^1.1 .t₁¹) and W⁺( r_{1.1. .a1 .t). The theory suggests that there is no single Z boson, but several varieties. Cordus suggests that the W and Z bosons do not exist in the form of 0D point particles with static characteristics, but instead are complex structures undergoing dynamic assembly and disassembly processes. The conventional concept that the bosons change the flavour of the quark is questioned. Instead the model shows that the bosons not the cause or the mechanism for the change, but merely the by-products and waste process stream from the conversion process. The neutrino-antineutrino annihilation process is modelled and predicted to result in either an electron-positron pair and two photons, or four photons.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics}

Structure of the Neutrino and Antineutrino

Authors: D.J. Pons
Comments: 27 Pages.

The neutrino is involved in many of the unsolved areas of fundamental physics and cosmology, and therefore a better understanding of the causes of its behaviour is useful. This paper develops a conceptual theory for the internal structure of the neutrino, particularly the arrangement of its discrete field structures. The model is created using the concept of the cordus hyff emission directions (HEDs). Using the known quark composition of the neutron and proton, and the existing cordus models for their discrete field structures, and using the beta decay processes, we determine the discrete field structure of the neutrino by a reverse-engineering process. The structure of the neutrino in HED notation is found to be v(r₁¹ .a .t₁¹) or variants thereof, and the antineutrino to be v(r₁¹ .a .t₁¹) etc. The results are consistent whether using beta - decay, beta +, or electron capture. The results suggest that the neutrino is not its own antiparticle. Consequently neutrinoless double beta decay is predicted to be infeasible. The model predicts the neutrino has zero nominal mass, though a dynamic noise-mass is expected. The reasons why the neutrino moves at the speed of light are explained, and involve the engagement of its field structures, which are incomplete, with the fabric (spacetime). The gravitational bending of its trajectory is explained, even for a massless neutrino. This explanation requires the abandonment of both locality and the invariance of the vacuum-speed of light. The model also explains why neutrinos are always found with left-spin-hand, and antineutrinos with right, and suggests that the opposite structures are fundamentally unavailable. By moving away from the 0D point assumption of orthodox physics, cordus is able to generate a novel and radical model of the neutrino, and ground its behaviour in physically realistic interpretations.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Do X and Y Mesons Provide Evidence for Color Excited Quarks or Squarks?

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 11 Pages.

This article was motivated by a blog posting in Quantum Diaries with the title "Who ordered that?! An X-traordinary particle?". The learned that in the spectroscopy of ccbar type mesons is understood except for some troublesome mesons christened with letters X and Y. X(3872) is the firstly discovered troublemaker and what is known about it can be found in the blog posting and also in Particle Data Tables. The problems are following.

1. These mesons should not be there.
2. Their decay widths seem to be narrow taking into account their mass.
3. Their decay characteristics are strange: in particular the kinematically allow decays to DDbar dominating the decays of Ψ(3770) with branching ratio 93 per cent has not been observed whereas the decay to DDbarπ⁰ occurs with a branching fraction >3.2× 10^-3. Why the pion is needed?
4. X(3872) should decay to photon and charmonium state in a predictable way but it does not.

1. The first basic objection is that the decay widths of intermediate gauge bosons do not allow new light particles. This objection is encountered already in the model of leptohadrons. The solution is that the light exotic states are possible only if they are dark in TGD sense having therefore non-standard value of Planck constant and behaving as dark matter. The value of Planck constant is only effective and has purely geometric interpretation in TGD framework.
2. Second basic objection is that light quarks do not seem to have such excitations. The answer is that gluon exchange transforms the exotic quark pair to ordinary one and vice versa and considerable mixing of the ordinary and exotic mesons takes place. At low energies where color coupling strength becomes very large this gives rise to mass squared matrix with very large non-diagonal component and the second eigenstate of mass squared is tachyon and therefore drops from the spectrum. For heavy quarks situation is different and one expects that charmonium states have also exotic counterparts.
3. The selection rules can be also understood. The decays to DDbar involve at least two gluon emissions decaying to quark pairs and producing additional pion unlikes the decays of ordinary charmonium state involving only the emission of single gluon decaying to quark pair so that DDbar results.
The decay of the lightest X to photon and charmonium is not possible in the lowest order since at least one gluon exchange is needed to transform exotic quark pair to ordinary one. Exotic charmonia can however transform to exotic charmonia. Therefore the basic constraints seem to be satisfied.

Are Neutrinos Superluminal?

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 8 Pages.

OPERA collaboration in CERN has reported that the neutrinos travelling from CERN to Gran Sasso in Italy move with a super-luminal speed. There exists also earlier evidence for the super-luminality of neutrinos: for instance, the neutrinos from SN1987A arrived for few hours earlier than photons. The standard model based on tachyonic neutrinos is formally possible but breaks causality and is unable to explain all results. TGD based explanation relies on sub-manifold geometry replacing abstract manifold geometry as the space-time geometry. The notion of many- sheeted space-time predicts this kind of effects plus many other effects for which evidence exists as various anomalies which have not taken seriously by the main stream theorists. In this article the TGD based model is discussed in some detail.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Is the New Boson Reported by CDF Pion of Scaled up Variant of Hadron Physics?

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 18 Pages.

p-Adic length scale hypothesis strongly suggests a fractal hierarchy of copies of hadron physics labelled by Mersenne primes. M₈₉ hadron physics whose mass scales relates by a factor 512 to that of ordinary M₁₀₇ hadron physics was predicted already for 15 years ago but only now the TeV energy region has been reached at LHC making possible to test the prediction. Pions of any hadron physics are produced copiously in hadronic reactions and their detection is the most probable manner how the new hadron physics will be discovered if Nature has realized them. Neutral pions produce monochromatic gamma pairs whereas heavy charged pions decay to W boson and gluon pair or quark pair. The first evidence -or should we say indication- for the existence of M₈₉ hadron physics has now emerged from CDF which for more than two years ago provided evidence also for the colored excitations of tau lepton and for leptohadron physics. What CDF has observed is evidence for the production of quark antiquark pairs in association with W bosons and the following arguments demonstrate that the interpretation in terms of M₈₉ hadron physics might make sense.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Explanation for the Soft Photon Excess in Hadron Production

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 3 Pages.

There is quite a recent article entitled "Study of the Dependence of Direct Soft Photon Production on the Jet Characteristics in Hadronic Z⁰ Decays" discussing one particular manifestation of an anomaly of hadron physics known for two decades: the soft photon production rate in hadronic reactions is by an averge factor of about four higher than expected. In the article soft photons assignable to the decays of Z⁰ to quark-antiquark pairs. This anomaly has not reached the attention of particle physics which seems to be the fate of anomalies quite generally nowadays: large extra dimensions and blackholes at LHC are much more sexy topics of study than the anomalies about which both existing and speculative theories must remain silent.
TGD leads to an explanation of anomaly in terms of the basic differences between TGD and QCD.

1. The first difference is due to induced gauge field concept: both classical color gauge fields and the U(1) part of electromagnetic field are proportional to induced Kähler form. Second difference is topological field quantization meaning that electric and magnetic fluxes are associated with flux tubes. Taken together this means that for neutral hadrons color flux tubes and electric flux tubes can be and will be assumed to be one and same thing. In the case of charged hadrons the em flux tubes must connect different hadrons: this is essential for understanding why neutral hadrons seem to contribute much more effectively to the brehmstrahlung than charged hadrons- which is just the opposite for the prediction of hadronic inner bremsstrahlung model in which only charged hadrons contribute. Now all both sea and valence quarks of neutral hadrons contribute but in the case of charged hadrons only valence quarks do so.
2. Sea quarks of neutral hadrons seem to give the largest contribution to bremsstrahlung. p-Adic length scale hypothesis predicting that quarks can appear in several mass scales represents the third difference and the experimental findings suggest that sea quarks are by a factor of 1/2 lighter than valence quarks implying that brehmstrahlung for given sea quark is by a factor 4 more intense than for corresponding valence quark.

The Incredibly Shrinking Proton

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 13 Pages.

The recent discovery that the charge radius of proton deduced from quantum average of nuclear charge density from the muonic version of hydrogen atom is 4 per cent smaller than the radius deduced from hydrogen atom challenges either QED or the view about proton or both. In TGD framework topological quantization leads to the notion of field body as a characteristic of any system. Field body is expected to contain substructures with sizes given by the primary and secondary p-adic length scales at at least. u and d quarks would have field bodies with size much larger than proton itself. In muonic atom the p-adic size scale of the field body of u quark having mass of 2 MeV according to the last estimates would be roughly twice the Boh radius so that the anomaly might be understood as a signature of field body.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Could Neutrinos Appear in Several Mass Scales?

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 5 Pages.

There are some indications that neutrinos can appear in several mass scales from neutrino oscillations. These oscillations can be classified to vacuum oscillations and to solar neutrino oscillations believed to be due to the so called MSW effect in the dense matter of Sun. There are also indications that the mixing is different for neutrinos and antineutrinos. In the following the possibility that padic length scale hypothesis might explain these findings is discussed.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Change of Density of Quantum Vacuum Might Generate Mass

Authors: Amrit Sorli
Comments: 2 Pages.

Recent report of CERN does not give much chance to the existence of Higgs boson. An alternative solution for mass generating is change of density of quantum vacuum.
Category: Quantum Physics

Special Relativity is Theorem Based and Some Suggestions About Opera Experiment

Authors: Hamid Bassera
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this work I show that special relativity is mathematical theorem based on just Chasles relation in Euclidian space. So special relativity will appears just as a direct consequence of Euclidean geometry no more, no less. In the end of this paper some light is brought about OPERA experiment.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

How the 17 Gev Opera Superluminal Neutrino from Cern Arrived at Gran Sasso Without Desintegration??: it Was Carried Out by a Natario Warp Drive. Explanation for the Results Obtained by Glashow-Cohen and Gonzalez-Mestres

Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 20 Pages.

Recently Superluminal Neutrinos have been observed in the OPERA experiment at CERN.Since the neutrino possesses a non-zero rest mass then according to the Standard Model,Relativity and Lorentz Invariance this Superluminal speed result would be impossible to be achieved.This Superluminal OPERA result seems to be confirmed and cannot be explained by errors in the measurements or break-ups in the Standard Model,Relativity or Lorentz Invariance. In order to conciliate the Standard Model,Relativity and Lorentz Invariance with the OPERA Superluminal Neutrino we propose a different approach: Some years ago Gauthier,Gravel and Melanson introduced the idea of the micro Warp Drive:Microscopical particle-sized Warp Bubbles carrying inside sub-atomic particles at Superluminal speeds. These micro Warp Bubbles according to them may have formed spontaneously in the Early Universe after the Big Bang and they used the Alcubierre Warp Drive geometry in their mathematical model.We propose exactly the same idea of Gauthier,Gravel and Melanson to explain the Superluminal Neutrino at OPERA however using the Natario Warp Drive geometry.Our point of view can be resumed in the following statement:In a process that modern science still needs to understand,the OPERA Experiment generated a micro NatarioWarp Bubble around the neutrino that pushed it beyond the Light Speed barrier.Inside the Warp Bubble the neutrino is below the Light Speed and no break-ups of the Standard Model,Relativity or Lorentz Invariance occurs but outside the Warp Bubble the neutrino would be seen at Superluminal speeds.Remember that the CERN particle accelerators were constructed to reproduce in laboratory scale the physical conditions we believe that may have existed in the Early Universe so these micro Warp Bubbles generated after the Big Bang may perhaps be re-created or reproduced inside particle accelerators. We believe that our idea borrowed from Gauthier,Gravel and Melanson can explain what really happened with the neutrinos in the OPERA experiment.We also explain here the results obtained by Glashow-Cohen and Gonzalez-Mestres
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Question of Planck's Constant in Dark Matter Direct Detection Experiments

Authors: Joseph F. Messina
Comments: 3 Pages.

It is argued that the failure of conventional experiments to detect dark matter may be attributable to an enigmatic, non-Planckian, elementary quantum of least "action" that is indigenous to quantum mechantics. It is pointed out, as a preliminary to advancing this argument, that no purely dark matter measurement of Planck's constant exists. The resulting hypothesis mandates the existence of a new, experimentally verifiable, dark matter candidate. It is emphasized that an unequivocal test of this hypothesis necessitates probing previously uncharted sensitivity thresholds. Finally, some of the more immediate, observationally verifiable, cosmological implications of such a non-Planckian "action" are examined.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Photon-Neutrino Symmetry and the Opera Anomaly

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 9 Pages.

The OPERA collaboration has recently claimed discovery of superluminal propagation of neutrino beams. Excluding the possibility of unaccounted measurement errors, the most natural interpretation of OPERA anomaly is that, sufficiently far from the source, long-range neutrinos and photons may be regarded as components of the same field. In particular, we suggest that it is possible to construct a neutrino-photon doublet where the two components behave as dual entities. We examine conditions that enable the symmetry between neutrinos and photons to be unbroken. The benefit of this interpretation is that Lorentz invariance stays valid regardless of the relative velocity of neutrinos and their mean energy.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Notes on Gravitons, Gravitational Waves and Bohr

Authors: Malcolm Macleod
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this essay, I outline a simple model based on a premise that wave-particle duality reflects a correspondent electric-gravity duality. It is the wave-state that characterizes the electric force interaction and the particle-state which characterizes the gravitational force interaction. Gravitons become waves mathematically equivalent to gravitational waves, differing only in phase. The counterparts for the atom are photons and atomic orbitals. The function is the same. A gravitational Rydberg formula is proposed, it suggests that gravitational waves are standing waves delineating the orbital path.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Is the Self-Destruction of Mankind Inevitable?

Authors: Mark Sverdlov
Comments: 6 Pages.

It has been shown that men cannot objectively percept and cognize the world but are organically connected with it, feel its total unity. This unity includes living - unloving synthesis. Mankind - world uncorrelation during civilization epoch prevents from feeling this and from forming of common human unity, leading to confrontation between peoples, to destruction of nature. Escalation of these processes led mankind to the verge of self-destruction. Science is directed to objective cognizing of the world which is inaccessible for men because of subjectivity of their perception and thinking. That is why science cannot help to understand the present situation. New science is necessary, taking into account the nature of human perception and thinking. It is shown that men can restore their natural feeling of the world and form united mankind, organically connected with it, on this foundation.
Category: Social Science

United Humanity ... is it Possible?

Authors: Mark Sverdlov
Comments: 2 Pages.

It is shown that the human perception of the world was divided into two principally different representations - Eastern and Western. The Eastern school of thought was attempting to deepen its perception and viewed its knowledge in this context. The Western school of thought was based on subjectively logical modeling of the information obtained from the perception. It assumed that this way it was learning about the world. It is shown that the Western understanding was the basis of the human being created its own world during the time of civilization. This was not taken place not from the federative structure which is natural for the makeup of the world, but rather based on the system of monogovernments, which was built on the repression of weak people by the strong ones, as well as the exhostion by the human being of the natural resources. It was shown that the development of humanity in this way has led to almost complete extinction of the natural resources, and has put the humanity on the border of self distraction. It was shown that many-centuries-long development of humanity in this way did not ruin the initially representative of the human nature, basis for the world, federative structures. It was shown in the formation of federative governments as well as international market system in the 19-th and 20-th centuries. It is assumed to be possible, in case of appropriate, fundamental, qualified efforts, the formation on the federative basis the unified all-humanity-system, which is correlated with the makeup of the world and, because of this, retaining the ability to live.
Category: Social Science

Mark Sverdlov to Know the World ... is it Possible?

Authors: Mark Sverdlov
Comments: 2 Pages.

The world represents the unified system of many soliton formations of different kinds. These formations distort the vibrational signals as they pass through their borders. The size of these solitons oscillates from microsolitons to galaxies, universes and so forth. The human being lives inside one of these solitons. Since the signals passing through the borders of solitons are distored, the human being has a possiblity of obtaining relatively adequate information only in the area where he resides, instead of the whole world. The possible degree of obtaining a knowledge about the world by a person in this situation is the problem discussed in this paper. It is concluded that the human can possess only limitted ability of modeling, as well as a necessity of creating a fundamentally new physics.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Equidistant Curve Coordinate System (3 Dimensions)

Authors: Morio Kikuchi
Comments: 16 Pages.

PIn 3-dimensional equidistant curve coordinate system, a constant of length on a sphere depends upon its radius. Equidistant curve and round line have the relation of the inversion between a plane and a coordinate sphere, generally between a coordinate sphere and another coordinate sphere.
Category: Geometry

A no-Shape-Substance is the Foundation All Physics Laws Depend on the Second Part of New Physics

Authors: Ji Qi, Yinling Jiang
Comments: 21 Pages.

People used to establish physical laws on the mathematical frame directly, without considering the existence of the No-Shape-Substance. Such physical laws are separated from nature. By analyzing the interaction between the body and the No-Shape-Substance, we will have a newer and better understanding of physical laws or concepts as inertial mass, Newton's Second Law, kinetic energy equation, mass-energy equation and momentum. And now we are going to uncover the essence of the physical laws.
Category: Classical Physics

A no-Shape-Substance is the Propagating Medium of Light the First Part of New Physics

Authors: Ji Qi, Yinling Jiang
Comments: 19 Pages.

Through analyzing a variety of physical phenomena, the author proposes that there exists a special kind of substance - No-Shape-Substance. The author believes that this matter is the medium through which light propagates and the foundation on which all laws of motion can be built. On the same foundation we can explain a great many physical experiments as well. The No-Shape-Substance is an actual substance with mass in another state. The No-Shape-Substance is a more profound element in the nature, which can make people know the nature more thoroughly, as well as make the physics more objective, more natural and more logical.
Category: Classical Physics

The New Prime Theorems (1191)-(1240)

Authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
Comments: 90 Pages.

Using Jiang function we are able to prove almost all prime problems in prime distribution. This is the Book proof. No great mathematicians study prime problems and prove Riemann hypothesis in AIM, CLAYMA, IAS, THES, MPIM, MSRI. In this paper using Jiang function J₂ (ω) we prove that the new prime theorems (1191)-(1240) contain infinitely many prime solutions and no prime solutions. From (6) we are able to find the smallest solution π_k(N₀,2) ≥ 1. This is the Book theorem.
Category: Number Theory

A Modified Special Relativity Theory in the Light of Breaking the Speed of Light

Authors: Azzam AlMosallami
Comments: 22 Pages.

In the OPERA experiment the neutrino broke the speed of light. It moved with speed greater than the highest speed in the universe (the speed of light in vacuum) according to the special relativity [32]. This experiment if it is confirmed will contradict the main basis that the special relativity built on which is the constancy of speed of light, and no particle or electromagnetic wave can exceed this speed [37]. In 2000, NEC Research Institute in Princeton claims to have achieved propagation speeds of 310 c (c= speed of light) by Quantum tunneling [34]
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Fairy Rings, Psi-Lines, Smugglers, and Venus

Authors: Jeffrey S. Keen
Comments: 12 Pages, 14 Figures, an Appendix.

Although there is much ancient folk lore and horticultural documentation regarding Fairy Rings, they are not often associated with mind science and astronomical events. Fortuitously, a Fairy Ring suddenly appeared on the grass in a friend's garden. On prompt investigation, apart from the usual necessary biological conditions, the essential trigger that probably created this particular Fairy Ring was a rare combination of the intersection of 2 psi-lines, coupled with a conjunction of Venus at the time of a new moon. As this is another example of cosmic events significantly affecting life on earth, together with the influence of the mind, the author felt there was sufficient scientific interest to document these findings for the benefit of other researchers, even though the sudden appearance of the phenomenon has been known for many thousands of years. Subsequent research proved conclusively that the psilines (or psi-tracts) were created by smugglers for their navigation.
Category: Mind Science

Is the Principle of Energy a Tautology ?

Authors: Alejandro A. Torassa
Comments: 1 page.

This paper shows that it is possible to obtain the principle of energy starting from the acceleration of a particle.
Category: Classical Physics

The Logical Structure of Space-Time

Authors: Miguel A. Sanchez-Rey
Comments: 9 pages.

The manuscripts objectives are to establish Khovanov homology as a new mathematical framework of superstring theory within D5-D6 branes to show what string theory is by establishing a universal law of nature by embedding stochastic quantization states as evolutionary Fock spaces: demonstrating the rate of natural laws between differentiated quantum universes by using the cosmological wavefunction to determine the Jones polynomial in D3-D4 branes.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Bases of the Unifying Theory of Physics

Authors: Mihai Gheorghe
Comments: 130 pages.

In this book, a new theory is developed which has as a starting point the Planck quantum of mass-space-time and can answer the five big unsolved problems of modern physics: the unification of general relativity with quantum mechanics; deterministic formulation of fundaments of quantum mechanics; the description of different particles and forces in physics using one single theory; the elimination of adjustable variables in physics of elementary ; the nature of the phenomena known as the dark energy.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Mean Value Theorems for Local Fractional Integrals on Fractal Space

Authors: Guang-Sheng Chen
Comments: 6 pages.

In this paper, by some properties of Local fractional integral, we establish the generalized Mean value theorems for Local Fractional Integral.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Maximum Entropy Boundaries in Lattice Boltzmann Method

Authors: Vasili Baranau
Comments: 37 pages.

We propose a universal approach in the framework of the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) to modeling constant velocity constraints and constant temperature constraints on curved walls, which doesn't depend on dimensionality, LBM scheme, boundary geometry; which is numerically stable, accurate and local and has a good physical background. This technique, called a maximum entropy method, utilizes the idea of recovering unknown populations on boundary nodes through minimizing node state deviation from equilibrium while assuring velocity or temperature restrictions. Also, theoretical justifications of a popular Zou-He boundaries technique and isothermal boundaries algorithm are provided on the basis of the method derived. Finally, while conducting numerical benchmarks, typical straight boundaries algorithm (Zou-He) was compared to a typical curved boundaries algorithm (Guo-Zheng).
Category: Condensed Matter

The Hyperbolic Smarandache Theorem in the Poincaré Upper Half-Plane Model of Hyperbolic Geometry

Authors: Nilgün Sönmez, Catalin Barbu
Comments: 4 pages.

In this study, we give a hyperbolic version of the Smarandache's theorem in the Poincaré upper half-plane model.
Category: Geometry

Zero Point Energy from the Viewpoint of an Alternative Concept of Space According to the BSM-Supergravitation Unified Theory

Authors: Stoyan Sarg
Comments: 37 pages. The material was firstly presented in a plenary talk at the Tesla Science conference, 7-10 July, 2011, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

According to the BSM-Supergravitation Unified theory the space known as a physical vacuum contains two types of Zero Point Energy (ZPE): a Static and a Dynamic. The first, much stronger energy, is behind the strong nuclear forces, while the second one, weaker, is associated with the existence and propagation of the Electrical and Magnetic fields. The Static ZPE is accessible by the nuclear reaction, while the Dynamic ZPE could be accessed by a physical effect called a Heterodyne Resonance Mechanism.
Category: Classical Physics

The Physical Consequences of Using of the Energy-Momentum Transport Wave Function in the Gravitational and Electrostatic Interactions

Authors: Mirosław J. Kubiak
Comments: 5 pages

Contemporary physics does not explain, how the energy and momentum are transported with the particle (body) by means of the elementary quanta of action, when the velocity of the particle has the speed of light or decrease from the relativistic case to the nonrelativistic. We applied simple model of the energy-momentum transport wave function for the elementary quanta of action connected with the gravitational and electrostatic interaction [1] and we have found one equation, which describes unification of the gravitation and electrostatic interactions.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Principle of Least Action in Covariant Theory of Gravitation

Authors: Sergey G. Fedosin
Comments: v1 in Russian (28 pages), v2 in English (25 pages)

By variation of action integral equations for computing